英语语法专项:动词不定式与一般将来时
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英语语法篇之动词不定式
动词不定式用法灵活多样;尽管有些动词或短语后面既可以接to do 又可以接doing ,但只要用心观察,发现还是可以找到规律的。与其说是动词不定式,到还不如说是动词“定式”。因为我们可以大体上把它分为三类形式,即: do / to do / doing
动词不定式没有人称和数的变化,在句中不能独立作谓语,是非谓语形式的一种。但动词不定式具有名词、形容词和副词特征,在句中可以作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、表语和状语等多种成分。另外,动词不定式具有动词特点,可以有自己的宾语和状语,组成动词不定式短语。动词不定式的基本(肯定)形式是to+do,有时可以不带to;
其否定形式是not to+do。
1.作主语可以直接作主语。
如:To see is to believe.
但在英语中,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语即动词不定式放在后面。
如:It's wrong to play tricks on other people.
It's our duty to keep our environment clean and tidy.
规律:动词不定式在句中作主语时,常放在It is +adj.(形容词)+to do sth.或It is +n.(名词)+to do sth.句型中,it仅作形式主语。
2.作宾语
常可接动词不定式作宾语的动词有:
agree(同意), hope(希望), decide(决定), need(需要), mean(打算), wish(希望), fail(失败), want(想要), begin(开始), would like(想要等。Ask(请求), beg(乞求), leave, like, love, hate(讨厌), prefer(宁愿), order(命令), teach, (教)tell,(告诉)believe(相信), find,(找出)know,(知道)want,(想要)think,(认为)understand,(明白)
a.want,decide ,agree等动词后面跟并且只能跟不定式。
如:We agreed to start early. She wants to be a doctor.
b.love,like ,begin,start,hate ,prefer等词后面可以接不定式。
规律:上述动词后面除接不定式外,还可以接动名词,意思无很大区别。
贴士:like doing指经常性动作,而like to do指一次性的动作。
如:I like swimming,but I don't like to swim now.我喜欢游泳,但我现在不想游。
c.stop,forget,remember,go on ,try等词或短语后面可以接不定式。规律:上述动词后面接不定式和接动名词意思大不相同。
贴士:
1)stop to do sth.:停止一件事,去做另一件事。
2)stop doing sth.:停止正在做的事。
例句:When the teacher came in,the students stopped talking;when he came out,the students stopped to talk.
当老师走进来时,学生们停止说话;当老师走出去时,学生们又开始说话。自己思考:forget,remember,go on,try等词或短语后面接不定式和动名词用法的区别(后续详情见最后的“动名词与不定式的区别”)
remember to do 记住要做某事remember doing 记得曾经做过某事
forget to do忘记要做某事forget doing 忘记曾经做过某事
stop to do 停下来去做某事stop doing 停止做某事
go on to do 继续做另一件事go on doing 继续做原来在做的事d.在find/feel/think+it+adj.+to do sth.句型中,it是形式宾语,真正的宾语是后面的动词不定式。
如:The man downstairs found it difficult to get to sleep.
I feel it easy to recite the text.
规律:某些动词或短语后面既可以接动词不定式作宾语,又可接动名词作宾语,二者用法上的区别可以通过造句子加以区分,如上stop例句。
3.作宾语补足语
a.tell,ask,want,order,teach,invite,warn,wish,help,get等词后面常接不定式作宾补。
如:I tell him not to go there by bus .
Edison's mother taught him to read and write.
b.let,make,have,see,hear,feel,watch,notice后面接不带to的不定式作宾补。
如:The boss makes them work 16 hours a day.
I heard her sing in the next room.
贴士:若变成被动语态,在上述结构中,不定式符号to要加上。
如:They are made to work 16 hours a day by the boss.
She was heard to sing in the next room.
4.作定语:放在被修饰的名词、代词后面
如:I have a lot of work to do.
The doctor said he could do nothing to help the boy.
规律:动词不定式若在句中作定语,常放在被修饰的名词、代词之后。
贴士:如果动词不定式和前面所修饰的词构成动宾关系,若动词是不及物动词,切记不要忘掉介词。
如:I have a small bedroom to live in.
Have you got some pens to write with?
5.表语:放在连系动词be后面
例句:His wish is to become a scientist.
The first important thing is to save the soldiers'lives.
当务之急是抢救战士们的生命。
规律:动词不定式在句中作表语时,通常对连系动词前面的名词进行诠释说明。
6.作状语
a.目的状语:放在go,come,use,live,in order等词后面。
如:I come to see you.
He runs fast in order to get there in time.
b.原因状语:放在sorry,glad,surprised,disappointed,excited等词后面。
如:I am glad to see you here. I am sorry to trouble you.
c.作结果状语。
如:Some of the apples are hard to reach.
The room is large enough to hold 1000 people.
7.与what,who,whose,when,where,how等疑问词连用,作宾语、宾语补足语、主语等。
如:I don't know what to do next.(宾语)
He taught us how to use the computer.(宾语补足语)
It's still a question how to get there.(主语)
后面跟动词不定式的动词口诀有:
三个希望两答应(wish hope want promis agree)
两个要求莫拒绝(ask beg refuse )