经济学十大原理作业题

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复习题

1,列举3个你生活中要面对的重要的权衡取舍。

2,看一场电影的机会成本是什么?

3,水是生活必需品,一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢?

4,为什么决策者应该考虑激励?

5,为什么国家之间的贸易,不同于必然有输有赢的比赛竞技?

6,市场中,“看不见的手”起什么作用?

7,解释市场失灵的两个主要原因,并分别给出实例

8,为何生产率是重要的?

9,什么是通货膨胀?由什么引起的?

10,短期内通货膨胀和失业之间的关联如何?

应用题:

1,describle some of the tradeoffs faced by following (描述下列情景所面临的一些权衡取舍):

a, a family deciding whether to buy a new car (一个家庭决定是否买辆新车)。

答案:可能的权衡取舍是:家庭减少一次度假,少买一些衣服,少买一些股票等。

b, a member of Congress deciding how much to spend on national parks (国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少)

答案:可能的权衡取舍:减少军火购买,减少政府转移支付等。

c, a company deciding whether to open a new factory(公司总裁决定是否新建工厂)。

答案:可能的权衡取舍:减少对现有工厂的能力提升改造,减少对工人增加工资的激励等。

d, a professor deciding how much to prepare for class(一个教授决定用多少时间备课)。

答案:可能的权衡取舍:减少演讲稿的准备时间,减少新课题的研究时间等。

2,you are trying to dicide whether to take a vacation, most of the costs of the vacation (airfare,hotel,forgone wages) are measured in dollars, but the benefits of the vacation are psychological. how can you compare the benefits to costs? (你在计划度假,度假的成本可以用美元衡量,如机票、旅馆费等,但是你的度假收益却是心理上的,如何比较收益成本?

答案:这种收益成本比较不是很容易。但是,毕竟还有两种方法来比较。第一,如果你不去度假,那么这笔钱你用来干什么,是办健身年卡?那么你可以比较,你更喜欢是健身还是度假。第二,计算一下,你需要工作多长时间才能挣够你度假的钱,而这段工作期间的心理成本比上度假的心理收益如何?---说到底,是机会成本比较。

3,you were planning to spend your Saturday at your part-time job, but a friend asks you to go to skiing, what is the true cost of the skiing? Now suppose that you had been planning spend the day studying at the library, then what is the cost in this case? explain. (你本计划周六去做小时工,但是一个朋友邀请你去滑雪,那么滑雪的机会成本是什么?假设你本计划周六去图书馆看书,那么这次滑雪的机会成本又是什么?)

答案:如果本计划去打工,那么这次滑雪的机会成本就是滑雪费用(金钱费用)和少挣得打工收入(时间费用)。如果你计划去图书馆读书,则这次滑雪的机会成本是滑雪费用(金钱费用)和低的考试成绩(时间费用)。

4,you win $100 in a basket pool, you have a choice between spending the money now or putting it away in a bank account that pays 5 percent interest. what is the opportunity cost of spending the $100 now? (你赌篮球赛赢了100美元,你有两中选择,现在花掉100美元或存入5%年息的银行账户。如果你现在花掉100美元,则其机会成本是什么?)

答案:机会成本就是"一年后的$105". 这就牵涉到货币的时间价值,是金融学的研究课题。

5,the company that you manage has invested $5 million in developing a new product, but the development is quite not finished. at a recent meeing, your salespeople report that the introduction of competing products has

reduced the expected sales of your new product to $3 million, if

it would cost $1 million to finish the development and make the product, should you go ahead or do so? what is the most you should pay to complete development? ( 公司已投资5百万美元开发新产品,但是还没有完成开发。最近市场上出现了竞争产品,所以该新产品的盈利预期只有3百万美元。再投入1百万美元就可完成该新产品的开发生产。公司应该继续投入吗?最多投入多少?

答案:选项一:不投入,则损失5百万美元。

选项二:投入1百万,则损失5+1-3=3百万美元。很明显应该继续投入1百万美元。

损失计算:5+x-3<5, x<3 .即只要后续投入不超过3百万,都能止损。

6, Three managers of the Magic Potion Company are discussing a possible increase in production. Each suggest a way to make this decision.魔剂制药公司的三位经理正在讨论是否提高产量的问题。每个经理都提出了一个判断指标。

Harry: we should examine whether our company's productivity

-gallons of portion per worker-would rise or fall.哈里:看看提高产量后,每个工人的产量是否增加。

Ron: we should examine whether our average cost-cost per worker-would rise or fall.罗恩:我们应该检查,提高产量是否有利用降低人工成本。

Hermione: we should examine the extra revenue from selling the additional potion would be greater or smaller than the extra costs. 郝缪恩:我们应该检查多卖一服药的收益和成本孰大孰小。

who do you think is right? why? 谁说的对?为何?

答案:郝缪恩说的对。公司的目标是效益,效益就是收益减成本。决定增产与否,就是看边际收益与边际成本孰大孰小。

7,The Social Security system provides income for people over age 65. If a recipient of Social Security decides to work and earn some income, the

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