外文翻译模版
本科毕业论文外文翻译【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目:不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法学院：机械自动化专业：工业工程学号: 201003166045学生姓名: 宋倩指导教师：潘莉日期: 二○一四年五月Assembly line balancing under uncertainty: Robust optimization modelsand exact solution methodÖncü Hazır , Alexandre DolguiComputers ＆Industrial Engineering，2013,65：261–267不确定条件下生产线平衡：鲁棒优化模型和最优解解法安库·汉泽，亚历山大·多桂计算机与工业工程，2013，65：261–267摘要这项研究涉及在不确定条件下的生产线平衡，并提出两个鲁棒优化模型。
假设了不确定性区间运行的时间。
该方法提出了生成线设计方法,使其免受混乱的破坏。
基于分解的算法开发出来并与增强策略结合起来解决大规模优化实例.该算法的效率已被测试,实验结果也已经发表。
本文的理论贡献在于文中提出的模型和基于分解的精确算法的开发.另外，基于我们的算法设计出的基于不确定性整合的生产线的产出率会更高，因此也更具有实际意义。
此外,这是一个在装配线平衡问题上的开创性工作,并应该作为一个决策支持系统的基础。
关键字：装配线平衡；不确定性; 鲁棒优化；组合优化；精确算法1.简介装配线就是包括一系列在车间中进行连续操作的生产系统。
零部件依次向下移动直到完工。
它们通常被使用在高效地生产大量地标准件的工业行业之中。
在这方面，建模和解决生产线平衡问题也鉴于工业对于效率的追求变得日益重要。
生产线平衡处理的是分配作业到工作站来优化一些预定义的目标函数。
那些定义操作顺序的优先关系都是要被考虑的,同时也要对能力或基于成本的目标函数进行优化。
就生产（绍尔，1999）产品型号的数量来说，装配线可分为三类：单一模型（SALBP）,混合模型(MALBP）和多模式（MMALBP）。
英语作文四级翻译模板
英语作文四级翻译模板English Composition Level Four Translation Template。
Introduction。
Translation is the process of converting a text from one language to another while preserving its meaning and intent. The ability to translate effectively is a valuable skill in various fields, including academia, business, and international communication. For students preparing for English Composition Level Four, mastering translation techniques is crucial for achieving high scores. This article provides a comprehensive template for English Composition Level Four translation, guiding students through the essential steps and strategies to produce accurate and high-quality translations.Steps in English Composition Level Four Translation。
1. Understanding the Source Text。
Read the source text carefully and thoroughly to grasp its overall meaning and structure.Identify the main idea, supporting points, and any underlying cultural or contextual references.Pay attention to the tone, style, and register of the source text.2. Analyzing the Source Text。
毕业论文外文翻译格式【范本模板】
因为学校对毕业论文中的外文翻译并无规定，为统一起见,特做以下要求：1、每篇字数为1500字左右，共两篇；2、每篇由两部分组成:译文+原文.3 附件中是一篇范本，具体字号、字体已标注。
外文翻译（包含原文)(宋体四号加粗）外文翻译一（宋体四号加粗）作者：(宋体小四号加粗）Kim Mee Hyun Director, Policy Research & Development Team，Korean Film Council（小四号）出处：(宋体小四号加粗)Korean Cinema from Origins to Renaissance(P358～P340) 韩国电影的发展及前景（标题：宋体四号加粗）1996～现在数量上的增长(正文:宋体小四）在过去的十年间，韩国电影经历了难以置信的增长。
上个世纪60年代，韩国电影迅速崛起，然而很快便陷入停滞状态,直到90年代以后，韩国电影又重新进入繁盛时期。
在这个时期，韩国电影在数量上并没有大幅的增长，但多部电影的观影人数达到了上千万人次。
1996年，韩国本土电影的市场占有量只有23.1%。
但是到了1998年，市场占有量增长到35。
8%，到2001年更是达到了50%。
虽然从1996年开始，韩国电影一直处在不断上升的过程中，但是直到1999年姜帝圭导演的《生死谍变》的成功才诞生了韩国电影的又一个高峰。
虽然《生死谍变》创造了韩国电影史上的最高电影票房纪录，但是1999年以后最高票房纪录几乎每年都会被刷新。
当人们都在津津乐道所谓的“韩国大片”时，2000年朴赞郁导演的《共同警备区JSA》和2001年郭暻泽导演的《朋友》均成功刷新了韩国电影最高票房纪录.2003年康佑硕导演的《实尾岛》和2004年姜帝圭导演的又一部力作《太极旗飘扬》开创了观影人数上千万人次的时代。
姜帝圭和康佑硕导演在韩国电影票房史上扮演了十分重要的角色。
从1993年的《特警冤家》到2003年的《实尾岛》，康佑硕导演了多部成功的电影。
翻译格式模板
外文翻译（译文字数不少于2000字）齿叶夜睡莲对曼扎拉湖(尼罗河三角洲)周边栽培的水稻的生长及产量的化感作用*学生：×××指导老师：×××摘要：（黑体，小四）在埃及曼扎拉湖周边新开垦的与外界阻隔的湖田中，莲属侵入稻田是导致农作物破坏和谷粒产量下降的一个主要原因。
本研究针对齿叶夜睡莲对水稻的化感作用提出了深刻的见解(Oryza sativa cavr. Giza-177)。
莲根状茎的提取液对水稻种子萌发和幼苗的生长具有抑制作用。
抑制的程度主要是受提取液的类型和浓度的影响。
其中乙醇提取液和水提取液的抑制作用要比氯仿提取液的抑制作用强。
乙醇提取液中的酚醛含量显示了它的最大的抑制作用。
在一个目标作物（水稻）和它的近邻（莲）的盆载实验中，大米的干重和相对生长率受种子年龄和莲根状茎密度的影响，生长率随着莲密度的增大而降低。
对一个生长了莲和未生长莲的稻田中的数据处理证明了生长莲的稻田中水稻的叶面积指数和产量均降低。
通过气相色谱法或质谱分析法识别潜在的化感化合物显示了莲根状茎中存在化感化合物酚醛。
（宋体，小四）关键词：（黑体，小四）莲提取液，酚醛，萌发，幼苗，生长，叶面积指数，谷粒产量，水稻，埃及（宋体，小四）引言(大标题，黑体，四号)在过去的几十年里，尼罗河上大规模面积的湿地都因为各种各样的发展目的而被开垦。
曼扎拉湖的大部分面积也被开垦，并且倾向于当作农田使用。
因为高水位和水稻土，水稻是新开垦区域种植的主要农作物。
很多农田中都有记录大米的产量严重降低。
但是明显的全年的栽培大米和苜蓿并相互更替并不是导致大米产量严重降低的主要原因，其中还包括很多其它因素，但是它们的重要性*原文：Ahmad K. Hegazy, W. M.Amer, A. A. Khedr. Allelopathic effect of Nymphaea lotus L. on growth and yield of cultivated rice around Lake Manzala (Nile Delta). Hydrobiologia, 2001,464: 133–142.还没有完全理解；比如，差的排水系统和部分稻子的不可收割。
水产养殖系统外文翻译【范本模板】
《Application of an expert system to monitoring and control in aquaculture》外文翻译专家系统在水产养殖监测和控制方面中的应用David D。
Harris,Feng Zhang,Peter H。
Sydenham摘要当任何测量任务接近于所需要的学科观点时，我们发现，这个学科通常包含一系列的数据，而且这个学科被解释为一整套的控制语言。
现在的应用程序中，测量和控制水质是鱼健康育种的基础。
这也是之前所说控制的基础,实时提供测量数据,对于确保鱼的健康来说是很重要的在。
计算机把简化专家系统的应用作为基础控制,以此来进行实时监控和控制。
这篇文章论述了计算机的基础发展、分布式监测和建立专家控制系统。
该系统集成了启发式和实时变化的知识，增强了自动决策的基础。
该系统一个重要的特佂是，仅仅使用简单的计算机技能，直接通过访问专家系统的创建者, 就能改变系统的应用程序和操作规程。
并允许陌生的用户，通过构建“传感器知识”来简化传感器的设计和操作，或指定所需的传感器，并通过系统提供的要求来建立它们。
测量和仪表系统中心（MISC）是一个澳大利亚南部大学的研究中心,它的目标是发展更好的测量方法和设备.所有项目的基础方法就是运用。
最近,这个研究中心正与澳大利亚南部的渔业部门开展一个项目，这个项目将把这方面的专业知识与特定应用程序应用到水产养殖的监测和控制当中.关键词专家系统、监测和控制、知识库、用户交互1 背景为了体现该地区一套以知识为基础的方法论，有必要开发一个基本的应用程序。
2 当前的水产养殖实践从海洋网箱到陆地上的池塘，世界各地普遍存在水产养殖.无论淡水或海洋鱼类都是养殖的对象,包括鳍鱼、甲壳类和软体动物等.然而一些常见的问题出现在这一课题中：•通常水产养殖设施的成本很高。
•水产养殖的可行性操作依赖于劳动力和运营成本。
•因为典型工业过程的差异和水产养殖情况，传统工业过程的方法和控制工程并不能简单的应用，•对鱼的生理和行为的了解,尤其是在集约农业的情况下，通常是有限的、局部的。
外文翻译合同模板
外文翻译合同模板甲方（委托方）：＿____法定代表人：＿____地址：＿____联系方式：＿____乙方（受托方）：＿____法定代表人：＿____地址：＿____联系方式：＿____鉴于甲方需要将具体文件名称等相关文件从源语言翻译成目标语言，乙方具备相应的翻译能力和资质，双方经友好协商，达成以下协议：一、翻译服务内容1、甲方委托乙方翻译的文件包括但不限于：详细列举需要翻译的文件名称、类型、主题等2、翻译的具体要求包括：例如，翻译的准确性、语言风格、格式要求等二、翻译质量1、乙方应保证翻译内容准确、完整、通顺，符合目标语言的表达习惯和专业要求。
2、对于专业术语和特定领域的词汇，乙方应遵循相关行业标准和规范进行翻译。
3、乙方应进行必要的校对和审核，确保翻译质量达到双方约定的标准。
三、交付时间1、乙方应在具体日期前完成翻译工作，并将翻译成果交付给甲方。
2、如因特殊情况需要延期交付，乙方应提前约定提前通知的时间通知甲方，并获得甲方的书面同意。
四、翻译费用及支付方式1、本次翻译服务的总费用为人民币具体金额元。
2、甲方应在收到翻译成果并验收合格后的约定的付款时间内，向乙方支付费用。
3、支付方式为：例如，银行转账、支票等，并注明具体的账户信息五、双方权利和义务（一）甲方权利和义务1、甲方有权要求乙方按照本合同的约定提供翻译服务，并对翻译成果进行验收。
2、甲方应向乙方提供翻译所需的相关资料和信息，并确保其真实、准确、完整。
3、甲方应按照本合同的约定按时支付翻译费用。
（二）乙方权利和义务1、乙方有权要求甲方提供翻译所需的必要资料和信息。
2、乙方应严格按照本合同的约定按时、按质完成翻译工作，并交付翻译成果。
3、乙方应对甲方提供的资料和信息严格保密，不得泄露给任何第三方。
六、保密条款1、双方应对在履行本合同过程中知悉的对方商业秘密、技术秘密和其他机密信息予以保密。
2、未经对方书面同意，任何一方不得向第三方披露或使用上述机密信息。
机器人自动寻迹控制系统-外文翻译【范本模板】
南京理工大学毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译学院（系）：机械工程学院专业:机械工程及其自动化姓名：陆建学号：0701500122外文出处：IEEE/IEE Electronic(用外文写)library(IEL）附件：1。
外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1:外文资料翻译译文导电胶粘剂机器人—一种新型，健壮，电力可控制附着技术的爬墙机器人Harsha Prahlad, Ron Pelrine，Scott Stanford，John Marlow, and Roy Kornbluh摘要本文介绍了一种新型夹紧称为兼容电胶合技术，同时也是第一次将这种技术应用于爬墙机器人.正如其名称所示电胶合是一种电气控制粘连技术,它涉及到采用电源连接到适合机器人移动的顺滑板来诱导墙体表面的静电荷。
立足于移动机人，夹紧力高（1平方厘米的夹紧表面承受0.2-1.4牛顿的力,力的具体大小取决于基板）已经在各种各样的常见的建筑基质中得到证实,无论是在粗糙还是光滑抑或是导电体还是绝缘体中都得到证实，与传统的粘合剂或干燥粘合剂不同，它可以为了符合流动性或配合清洗而被调制或关掉，该技术利用数量非常小的力量(大约20微瓦/牛顿的承受力量）并且展示了能重复地夹在有大量灰尘或其他杂物覆盖在基板的墙中的能力，通过使用这项技术，国际斯坦福研究所展示了各种各样的爬墙机器人包括跟踪和腿机器人。
I 引言最近的事件，诸如自然灾害，军事行动,或公众安全的威胁,强大的侦察机器人已经得到越来越多的重视，而能在三维空间里穿越地形复杂的城市的机器人更加受到重视。
创新地机器人具有良好的净空能力,通常使用很多模式的移动，如轮式或跟踪运动，腿运动，跳跃运动的机器人。
然而,它的攀爬或者停在垂直的表面建筑物及其他设施的能力,对其在军事用途提供了独特的应用空间.如城市侦察，传感器部署，建立城市网络节点,以及在民事搜索和救援行动.其垂直机动性和在高处栖息方面的能力也有众多的商业应用，如管道和槽罐检查或访问够不着的场合,如窗口区域清洁。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译【范本模板】
华南理工大学广州学院本科生毕业设计(论文）翻译英文原文名Review of Vibration Analysis Methods for Gearbox Diagnostics and Prognostics中文译名对变速箱振动分析的诊断和预测方法综述学院汽车工程学院专业班级车辆工程七班学生姓名刘嘉先学生学号201130085184指导教师李利平填写日期2015年3月15日英文原文版出处：Proceedings of the 54th Meeting of the Society for Machinery Failure Prevention Technology, Virginia Beach，V A, May 1-4，2000，p. 623-634译文成绩：指导教师(导师组长）签名：译文：简介特征提取技术在文献中有描述;然而，大多数人似乎掩盖所需的特定的预处理功能。
一些文件没有提供足够的细节重现他们的结果，并没有一个全面的比较传统的功能过渡齿轮箱数据。
常用术语,如“残差信号”,是指在不同的文件不同的技术.试图定义了状态维修社区中的常用术语和建立所需的特定的预处理加工特性。
本文的重点是对所使用的齿轮故障检测功能。
功能分为五个不同的组基于预处理的需要。
论文的第一部分将提供预处理流程的概述和其中每个特性计算的处理方案。
在下一节中，为特征提取技术描述，将更详细地讨论每一个功能。
最后一节将简要概述的宾夕法尼亚州立大学陆军研究实验室的CBM工具箱用于齿轮故障诊断。
特征提取概述许多类型的缺陷或损伤会增加机械振动水平。
这些振动水平，然后由加速度转换为电信号进行数据测量。
原则上,关于受监视的计算机的健康的信息被包含在这个振动签名。
因此，新的或当前振动签名可以与以前的签名进行比较,以确定该元件是否正常行为或显示故障的迹象。
在实践中，这种比较是不能奏效的。
由于大的变型中,签名的直接比较是困难的。
相反,一个涉及从所述振动署名数据特征提取更多有用的技术也可以使用。
外文文献翻译译稿和原文【范本模板】
外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列(可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。
在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。
同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。
例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标.但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。
卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计.这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计(滤波),也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑).命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫。
E。
卡尔曼(Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。
斯坦利。
施密特（Stanley Schmidt)首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。
卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时,发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。
关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。
目前,卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现.卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。
除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种.也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。
以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。
卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型(hidden Markov model）上.其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。
系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示.随着离散时间的每一个增加，这个线性算子就会作用在当前状态上，产生一个新的状态,并也会带入一些噪声,同时系统的一些已知的控制器的控制信息也会被加入。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】
南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系：机械系专业：车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处：EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件：1。
外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文.附件1：外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本：在NT 和Unix上：脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。
CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。
0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。
在NT 平台上：自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。
ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。
在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。
这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。
CATIA V5 自动化：介绍（仅限NT）自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上：接口COM：Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说)，Visual Basic 为应用（适合前:Word/Excel )，Visual Basic。
COM（零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。
Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。
ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。
OLE（对象的链接与嵌入）意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑）.在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别：Visual Basic(VB）是全部的版本。
它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。
它可以被编辑。
VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。
外文翻译模板也要一样么
外文翻译模板也要一样么
1、原文必须选用与课题相关的国外学者的学术专著或学术文章，不得选用教材或中国作者撰写的英文文章。
2、原文的处理方式针对所选资料不同，区别对待:
(1)学术专著、期刊、论文集，需包含其封面、目录。
提交影印电子文档，电子文档采用A4纸，页边距同本科毕业论文(设计)用纸要求。
(2)节选自网络文章，电子文档采用A4纸，页边距同本科毕业论文(设计)用纸要求。
内容采用英文TimesNewRoman字体，一级标题四号加粗，二级标题小四号加粗，三级标题五号加粗，正文五号。
原文为PDF格式的不需再录入成WORD 文档，用A4纸按规定的格式直接打印即可。
外文翻译 模板
外文翻译03汉语言文学 20034921112 莫庆才摘自：/2242/2005-11-24/177@280893.htmQin Qiang is not only the latest work by Jia Pingwa, but is also widely considered to be this writer's last major work. While previously Jia's most notable effort was The Abandoned Capital, an urban novel, Qin Qiang takes up his favorite topic, the Sha’anxi peasantry, and their lives during China's reforms and urbanization. The book is considered by some as another masterpiece, but others call it gloomy, difficult to read and nowhere near the quality of The Abandoned Capital.Unlike the Abandoned Capital, which provided insight into modern urban living, Qin Qiang is constructed within the rustic world, while its author, Jia Pingwa, happily expresses his love towards rural living. In fact, as the material for this earthy novel, Jia had used real life stories from his own family history."This book is about my own folks back home, my last and most precious resource for writing. I wouldn't touch this material if I had any other choice, as it directly tells a lot of things that happened to my own family. Before I began writing this book, I personally paid homage to all my dead family members from the past ten years, and gave a glass of wine as offering for those still living on Dihua street. During the writing process, incense burned night and day in a giant vase in my study, and the smoke swirled around my ceiling. Then all the spirits of the dead walked before me. I wrote down all those things that happened to my father's generation with respect and uneasiness, yet I needed only one year and nine months to complete this work."Although the title of the book, Qin Qiang, might not directly indicate the content, it actually provides a subtle connection with the rural area where this story takes place. Qin Qiang is the name of a local clapper opera, which dates back some two thousand years to the Qin dynasty, and is still a favored past-time for farmers on the loess plateau of Northern Sha'anxi. Indeed, for the old Sha’anxi generation, Qin Qiang opera represents the spirit of the land and its inhabitants, while the glamorous seduction of pop music disturbs people, leaving them eager to pull their muddy roots from the earth and move on.The book Qin Qiang is narrated by a madman named Yinsheng. Eccentric and asocial, he's obsessed by the beautiful Qin Qiang actress Bai Xue. In return, she is sympathetic to him but nothing more. After being beaten up and ridiculed by other villagers for his transgressions, Yinsheng mutilated himself.As told by Jia, Yinsheng is more ghost than man as he roams about the village,seeing, hearing and sensing those things which are out of reach for others. Through the observations of this wayward figure, we experience the whole panorama of village life; bawdy, brutal, joyful, and sad. As a result, this book is concerned with far more than just Yinsheng's own story.Author Jia Pingwa is a native of Danfeng county in Sha'anxi province. Born in 1953 to a farming family, he has since written several dozen books, with Turbulence, The Abandoned Capital and Shangzhou City his main works. The Abandoned Capital was released in 1993. Known as Feidu in Chinese, this thick, juicy story of contemporary life in an old Chinese city aroused much controversy, mainly because of its bold sexual content."Following that book a lot of people began to call my work vulgar and me an indecent rogue, because of the sexual descriptions. Newspapers also criticized me. Previously my works were all very "clean," and I think that I can’t just become a vulgar rogue overnight. Nevertheless, at that time, people talked about me everyday."Although The Abandoned Capital was banned in for its explicit sexual content by the State Publishing Administration, it's still described by journalists as "causing a great literary and publishing earthquake in 1993."In the case of his new work, Qin Qiang, some critics believe it is an epic on rural life. They hold that from this book, Jia Pingwa has returned to his most natural writing style, with a unique narrative angle--the angle of the madman Yinsheng.But criticism accompanies praise, for a book which certainly makes for an uncomfortable read. Nor is Qin Qiang a straightforward book to read, with all dialogue provided in the Sha’anxi dialect. Furthermore, some readers feel that the whole story lacks an obvious central plot; Jia Pingwa gives a strictly factual narrative on the lives of farmers and their experiences of invading urbanization, and abstains from any comments or value judgments."My hometown is on Dihua street. For my story I changed this to Qingfeng street. If Dihua street is the moon to me, then Qingfeng street is the reflection of this moon upon the water. Still, no matter how beautiful these streets are to me, they're made up of illness and death, parting and reunion, eating and drinking, and other everyday chores. Writing in this dry chronicler's style, I know that those who live or have lived in rural areas can understand it, but how about those living in the cities? Sha'anxi people can understand it, but can those living outside the province? It's not that I don’t understand this, nor that I refuse to, or have never writte n in a more meaningful and dramatic style. Instead it's because I'm only recording the petty affairs of everyday rural life, and as such, the book can only be written in this way."In his book's epilogue, Jia Pingwa states "I'm determined to erect a tablet for my home village on Dihua street…In the meantime my writing has proceeded with self-contradiction and pain. I don’t know whether I should sing praises to reality or curse life, to cheer for my folks or to feel sad for them…"Perhaps this is also why tho se who like his story will not be able to suppress an ambivalent sigh, upon completing the book and closing its pages.Readers also treasure the book because, although this may not be the last work of Jia Pingwa, the author did announce that he'd not write any major novels in the next ten years. He said this is because he'd used up his life experience with Qin Qiang and he'd been suffered too much during writing the book. Well, let's hope that there will be other good works coming out from thisprominent writer when he's fully recovered from the sufferings of Qin Qiang.秦腔不但是贾平凹的最新作品，而且被广泛地认为是作者最后的主要作品。
外文文献翻译译文【范本模板】
在激光作用下核压力容器钢焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能摘要：设计间接热冲压工艺，利用有限元法对零件的几何尺寸和力学性能进行了预测.在间接热冲压过程的情况下，生产性能与适应车身部件,冷却路径造成扩散和扩散控制的相变。
通过人脸的相变引起的体积膨胀为面心立方（FCC）为体心立方（BCC）和体心四方（BCT）马氏体的形成导致相变诱导株的整体应力热冲压的车身部件的计算是很重要的。
计算的应力和应变状态正确，它是必要的模型的扩散和扩散控制的相变现象，考虑到间接热冲压过程的边界条件。
现有的材料模型进行分析和扩展以提高计算铁氧体、珍珠岩的数量和分布,其预测的准确性，整个退火过程中贝氏体和马氏体.工业用新方法在有限元程序LS-DYNA 971实现关键词：核钢稳压器压水反应堆反应堆压力容器结构完整性焊接韧性SA508钢通常用于民用核反应堆的关键部件,如反应堆压力容器。
核部件通常采用电弧焊接工艺，但与设计为未来的新建设项目超过60年的生活，新的焊接技术正在寻求.在这种探索性的研究,为第一时间，自体激光焊接6毫米厚的进行SA508 Cl。
3钢板使用16千瓦激光系统在4千瓦的功率运行。
这个显微组织和力学性能（包括显微硬度、抗拉强度、延伸率等夏比冲击韧性)的特点和结构进行了比较电弧焊接.基于移动体热的三维瞬态模型源模型也发展到模拟激光焊接热循环，以估计冷却速率的过程。
初步结果表明，激光焊接工艺可以无宏观缺陷的焊缝，激光焊接的强度和韧性在这项研究中的联合，得到的值,在焊接的母材条件。
反应堆压力容器的寿命和安全运行（RPV)，这是核电站中最关键的部件之一.取决于高温压力容器材料的耐久性，高压力和放射性环境.具有较高强度，韧性和抗辐照脆化的材料的需要是上升的，由于增加的发电容量和核电厂的设计寿命［1 ］，[ 2 ］，[ 3 ］，[ 4 ]，[ 5 ]，［7 ］，［8 ]和[ 6 ].SA508钢已经用于许多RPV？的压水反应堆制造因为他们提供的结合强度，延展性好，断裂韧性,相对于机械性能的均匀性，和他们的经济［9 ］、[ 10 ］、[ 11 ]和［12 ］.无人机是采用焊接厚环形锻件或SA508钢板在一起。
毕业设计外文文献翻译【范本模板】
毕业设计（论文)外文资料翻译系别：专业：班级:姓名：学号:外文出处:附件： 1. 原文; 2。
译文2013年03月附件一：A Rapidly Deployable Manipulator SystemChristiaan J。
J。
Paredis, H. Benjamin Brown，Pradeep K. KhoslaAbstract:A rapidly deployable manipulator system combines the flexibility of reconfigurable modular hardware with modular programming tools，allowing the user to rapidly create a manipulator which is custom-tailored for a given task. This article describes two main aspects of such a system，namely，the Reconfigurable Modular Manipulator System （RMMS)hardware and the corresponding control software。
1 IntroductionRobot manipulators can be easily reprogrammed to perform different tasks, yet the range of tasks that can be performed by a manipulator is limited by mechanicalstructure。
Forexample，a manipulator well-suited for precise movement across the top of a table would probably no be capable of lifting heavy objects in the vertical direction. Therefore，to perform a given task,one needs to choose a manipulator with an appropriate mechanical structure.We propose the concept of a rapidly deployable manipulator system to address the above mentioned shortcomings of fixed configuration manipulators。
外文翻译模板
Waste Management 30 (2010) 1544–1555Large-scale direct shear testing of municipal solid waste Dimitrios Zekkos a,*, George A. Athanasopoulos b, Jonathan D. Bray c, Athena Grizi b, AndreasTheodoratos ba Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, 2358 GG BrownLaboratory, 2350 Hayward Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USAb Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Patras, 26500 Rion, Greecec Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, CA94720-1710, USAABSTRACTLarge direct shear testing (300 mm _ 300 mm box) of municipal solid waste (MSW) collected from a landfill located in the San Francisco Bay area was performed to gain insight on the shear response of MSW. The study investigated the effects of waste composition, confining stress, unit weight, and loading rate on the stress–displacement response and shear strength of MSW. The amount and orientation of the fibrous waste materials in the MSW were found to play a critical role. The fibrou s material had little effect on the MSW’s strength when it was oriented parallel to the shear surface, as is typically the case when waste material is compressed vertically and then tested in a direct shear apparatus. Tests in which the fibrous material was oriented perpendicular to the horizontal shear surface produced significantly stronger MSW specimens. The test results indicate that confining stress and loading rate are also important factors. Based on 109 large-scale direct shear tests, the shear strength of MSW at low moisture contents is best characterized by cohesion = 15 kPa, friction angle = 36_ at a normal stress of 1 atmosphere, and a decrease in the friction angle of 5_ for every log-cycle increase in normal stress.1. IntroductionThe response in shear of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important consideration in landfill design, particularly for the evaluation of a landfill’s static and seismic stability. Several MSW landfill instabilities have occurred in recent years, including the Rumpke Landfill in Ohio (Eid et al., 2000), Dona Juanna Landfill in Colombia (Hendron et al., 1999), Payatas Landfill in Philippines (Kavazanjian and Merry, 2005), and Java landfill in Indonesia (Koelschet al., 2005). These failures had significant economic consequences and in some cases resulted in the loss of human life. An improved understanding of the shear response of MSW is required to support sound stability evaluations of landfills.With the aim of providing insights regarding the mechanical response of MSW, acollaborative research program that involved the University of California at Berkeley, Arizona State University, Geosyntec Consultants, University of Patras (Greece), and the University of Texas at Austin was undertaken. One of its primary objectives was to evaluate the static and dynamic properties of MSW by systematically characterizing and testing MSW in the field and laboratory. Findings of the collaborative investigation are summarized in Zekkos et al. (2008a). Recommendations for estimating the unit weight of MSW (Zekkos et al., 2006) and the dynamic properties of MSW (Zekkos et al., 2008a) have been presented elsewhere. An overall assessment of the shear strength of MSW using.2. Literature reviewThe strength envelope recommended by Kavazanjian et al. (1995) is often used in engineering practice to characterize the shear strength of MSW. This bilinear strength envelope consists of a purely cohesive material with cohesion (c) of 24 kPa for normal stresses up to 30 kPa and a purely frictional material with a friction angle (/) of 33_ at higher normal stresses. The envelope was intended to be a conservative estimate of the shear strength of MSW; it was based on a limited number of laboratory and field tests and the back-calculation of stable waste slopes. More recently,Eid et al. (2000) relied on a larger database of laboratory data and back-calculations of three unstable slopes in developing a linear shear strength envelope that was characterized on average by c = 25 kPa and / = 35_. Zekkos (2005) performed an extensive review of the literature and identified significant differences in the MSW shear strength parameters proposed by other researchers. Mohr–Coulomb strength parameters with cohesions varying from 0 to 80 kPa and friction angles varying from 0_ to 60_ have been proposed by several different researchers (Fig. 1). The selected value of the cohesion and friction angle used in conducting andfill analyses is obviously critical.3. Characterization of the waste tested in this studyTwo large-diameter (760 mm) borings were augered to depths of 10 m and 32 m using a bucket auger at the Tri-Cities landfill, located in the San Francisco Bay area in north California. Bulk waste samples from small and large depths, varying in age from 0 to 15 years old, were retrieved and stored separately in 39 sealed 55-gallon drums of bulk waste material. Excessive grinding of the waste particles was not observed, so the collected waste materials are assumed to be unprocessed. Two to four drums of waste were collected at each 3 m sampling interval. The in situ unit weight of waste was measured using the procedures described in Zekkos et al. (2006). Its unit weight increased from 10 kN/m3 near the surface to 16 kN/m3 at greater depths. Waste material was transported to the Richmond Field Station of the University of California at Berkeley, where it was characterized. Waste characterizationincluded separating the waste material into material larger and smaller than 20 mm. This segregation is considered useful, because material <20 mmis composed of soil-like material that is derived primarily from daily cover, other soil materials, and some fine waste inclusions, whereas material >20 mm generally consists of bulk and fibrous waste materials. Additionally, material <20 mm can be characterized using conventional soil mechanics index tests, such as sieve analyses and Atterberg limits, and it can be tested using geotechnical testing equipment.Waste samples that were collected as part of this study form three general classes. Class A is relatively ‘‘deep old waste” and included sample groups A1–A4. Class B is ‘‘deep old waste with fibrous <20 mm material” and included sample group B1. Class C is ‘‘shallow fresh waste” and included sample groups C1–C6. Classes A and B waste were placed in 1987; whereas Class C waste was placed after 1999. The percentage by weight of the <20 mm material and the amount of plastic, paper, wood, gravel and other constituents of the >20 mm material were measured for a total of 6 waste sample groups. The mass of the processed samples varied from 60 to 320 kg. About 50–75% of the total waste sample by weight was <20 mm material, and the >20 mm material consisted primarily of paper, plastic, wood, and gravel. Other constituents such as metals, glass, stiff plastics, and textiles, comprised a significantly lower percentage of the material by weight and by volume. Details of the field investigation and waste characterization are provided in Zekkos (2005).ReferencesAthanasopoulos, G., Grizi, A., Zekkos, D., Founta, P., Zisimatou, E., 2008. Municipal Solid Waste as a Reinforced Soil: Investigation Using Synthetic Waste. ASCE, GSP No. 177, pp. 168–175.Bray, J.D., Zekkos, D., Kavazanjian Jr., E., Athanasopoulos, G.A., Riemer, M.F., 2009. Shear strength of municipal solid waste. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 135 (6),709–722.Caicedo, B., Yamin, L., Giraldo, E., Coronado, O., 2002. Geomechanical properties of municipal solid waste in Dona Juana sanitary landfill. In: Proceeding of the Fourth International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, Brazil, vol. 1, pp. 177–182.Duncan, J.M., Wright, S.G., 2005. Soil Strength and Slope Stability. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. Edincliler, A. Benson, C.H., Edil, T.B., 1996. Shear strength of municipal solid waste. Interim Report –Year 1, Environmental Geotechnics Report 96-2, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison.Eid, H.T., Stark, T.D., Douglas, W.D., Sherry, P.E., 2000. Municipal solid waste slope failure 1. Waste and foundation properties. Journal of Geotecnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 126 (5), 397–407. Gabr, M.A., Valero, S.N., 1995. Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste. Geotechnical Testing Journal 18, 241–254.Grizi, A., 2006. Mechanical Behavior of MSW-Laboratory Test Results in Large Shear Box Apparatus. Diploma Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, Patras (in Greek).Hendron, D.M., Fernandez, G., Prommer, P.J., Giroud, J.P., Orozco, L.F., 1999. Investigation of the cause of the 27 September 1997 slope failure at the Dona Juana landfill. In: Proceedings of Sardinia, p. 99. Houston, W.N., Houston, S.L., Liu, J.W., Elsayed, A., Sanders, C.O., 1995. In situ testing methods for dynamic properties of MSW landfills. Earthquake design and performance of solid waste landfills. ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication No. 54, pp. 73–82.Kavazanjian Jr., E., Matasovic, N., Bonaparte, R., Schmertmann, G.R.,1995. Evaluation of MSW properties for seismic analysis. Geoenvironment 2000. Geotechnical Special Publication No. 46, pp.1126–1141.Kavazanjian Jr., E., 1999. Seismic design of solid waste containment facilities. In: Proceedings of the Eighth Canadian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver, BC, pp. 51–89.Kavazanjian Jr., T., Merry S.M., 2005. The 10 July 2000 Payatas landfill failure. In: Proceedings of Sardinia.Koelsch, F., Fricke, K., Mahler, C., Damanhuri, E., 2005. Stability of landfills – the Bandung dumpsite disaster. In: Proceedings of Sardinia.Landva, A.O., Clark, J.I., 1986. Geotechnical testing of wastefill. In: Proceedings, 39th Canadian Geotechnical Conference Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 371–385.Landva, A.O., Clark, J. I., 1990. Geotechnics of waste fill. In: Landva and Knowles (Ed.), Theory and Practice, STP 1070, ASTM, pp. 86–103.Mahler, C.F., De Lamare Netto, A., 2003. Shear resistance of mechanical biological pre-treated domestic urban wast. In: Proceedings Sardinia 2003, Ninth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 6–10 October 2003.Matasovic, N., Kavazanjian, E. Jr., 1998. Cyclic characterization of OII landfill solid waste. ASCE, Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124(3), 197–210.Mazzucato, N., Simonini, P., Colombo, S., 1999. Analysis of block slide in a MSW landfill. In: Proceedings Sardinia 1999, Seventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, 4–8 October 1999.Pelkey, S.G., 1997. Geotechnical properties of municipal solid waste. Thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of New Brunswick.Richardson, G., Reynolds, D., 1991. Geosyntetic considerations in a landfill on compressible clays. Procee dings of Geosynthetics ‘91, vol. 2. Industrial Fabrics Association International, St. Paul, MN. Siegel, R.A., Robertson, R.J., Anderson, D.G., 1990. Slope stability investigations at a landfill in southern California, American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM. Special Technical Publication, STP 1070,pp. 259–284.Stoll, O.W., 1971. Mechanical properties of milled refuse. In: ASCE National Water Resources Engineering Meeting, Phoenix, Arizona, January 11–15.Theodoratos, A., 2007. Evaluation of MSW Shear Strength With Laboratory Direct Shear Testing. M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, Patras (in Greek).Vilar, O.M., Carvalho, M.F., 2002. Shear strength properties of municipal solid waste. In: Proceeding of the Fourth International Congress on Environmental Geotechnics, Brazil, vol. 1, pp. 59–64.Withiam, J.L., Tarvin, P.A., Bushell, T.D., Snow, R.E., German, H.W., 1995.Prediction and performance of municipal landfill slope. In: Proceedings nternational Conference the Geoenvironment 2000, ASCE GSP No. 46, NY, pp. 1005–1019.Zekkos, D.P., 2005. Evaluation of static and dynamic properties of municipal solidwaste. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of California at Berkeley.Zekkos, D., Bray, J.D., Kavazanjian Jr., E., Matasovic, N., Rathje, E.M., Riemer, M.F., Stokoe, K .H., 2006. Unit weight of municipal solid waste. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 132 (10), 1250–1261.Zekkos, D., Bray J.D., Athanasopoulos, G.A., Riemer, M.F., Kavazanjian, E., Founta, X., Grizi, A., 2007. Compositional and loading rate effects on the shear strength of municipal solid waste. In: 4th International Conference on Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece, June 25–28, 2007, Paper No. 1525.Zekkos, D., Bray, J. D., Stokoe, K., Kavazanjian, E., Rathje, E., Athanasopoulos, G.A., Riemer, M., Matasovic, N., Lee, J.J., Seos, B., 2008a. Recent Findings on the Static and Dynamic Properties of Municipal Solid Waste, ASCE-Geoinstitute Geocongress 2008a, Geotechnics of Waste Management and Remediation. Geotechnical Special Publication (GSP) No. 177, pp. 176–183.Zekkos, D., Bray, J.D., Riemer, M .F., 2008b. Large-scale cyclic triaxial characterization of the dynamic properties of municipal solid waste. Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45 (1), 45–58.废物管理30 (2010) 1544–1555大规模的都市固体废物直接剪切试验Dimitrios Zekkos a,*, George A. Athanasopoulos b, Jonathan D. Bray c, Athena Grizi b, AndreasTheodoratos ba土木与环境工程学院，密歇根大学，布朗实验室，海沃德街，安阿伯，美国b土木工程系，大学。
外文翻译原文模板
1、外文资料翻译内容要求：外文资料的内容应为本学科研究领域，并与毕业设计（论文）选题相关的技术资料或专业文献，译文字数应不少于3000汉字以上，同时应在译文末注明原文的出处。
不可采用网络中直接有外文和原文的。
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英文原文如果为打印的话用新罗马（Times New Roman）小四号字。
装订时原文在前，译文在后。
文章中有引用的地方在原文中也要体现。
参考文献也要翻译成中文！An Energy-Efficient Cooperative Algorithm for Data Estimation inWireless Sensor NetworksAbstract – In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), nodes operate on batteries and network’s lifetime depends on energy consumption of the nodes. Consider the class of sensor networks where all nodes sense a single phenomenon at different locations and send messages to a Fusion Center (FC) in order to estimate the actual information. In classical systems all data processing tasks are done in the FC and there is no processing or compression before transmission. In the proposed algorithm, network is divided into clusters and data processing is done in two parts. The first part is performed in each cluster at the sensor nodes after local data sharing and the second part will be done at the Fusion Center after receiving all messages from clusters. Local data sharing results in more efficient data transmission in terms of number of bits. We also take advantage of having the same copy of data at all nodes of each cluster and suggest a virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (V-MIMO) architecture for data transmission from clusters to the FC. A Virtual-MIMO network is a set of distributed nodes each having one antenna. By sharing their data among themselves, these nodes turn into a classical MIMO system. In the previously proposed cooperative/virtual MIMO architectures there has not been any data processing or compression in the conference phase. We modify the existing VMIMO algorithms to suit the specific class of sensor networks that is of our concern. We use orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) for MIMO part and by simulation show that this algorithm saves considerable energy compared to classical systems.I. INTRODUCTIONA typical Wireless Sensor Network consists of a set of small, low-cost and energy-limited sensor nodes which are deployed in a field in order to observe a phenomenon and transmit it to a Fusion Center (FC). These sensors are deployed close to one another and their readings of the environment are highly correlated. Their objective is to report a descriptive behavior of the environment based on all measurements to the Fusion Center. This diversity in measurement lets the system become more reliable and robust against failure. In general, each node is equipped with a sensing device, a processor and a communication module (which can be either a transmitter or transmitter/receiver).Sensor nodes are equipped with batteries and are supposed to work for a long period of time without battery replacement. Thus, they are limited in energy and one of the most important issues in designing sensor networks will be the energy consumption of the sensor nodes. To deal with this problem, we might either reduce the number of bits to be transmitted by source compression or reduce the required power for transmission by applying advanced transmission techniques while satisfying certain performance requirement.A lot of research has been done in order to take advantage of the correlation among sensors’ data for reducing the number of bits to be transmitted. Some are based on distributed source coding[1]while others use decentralized estimation[2-5]. In [1], authors present an efficient algorithm that applies distributed compression based on Slepian – Wolf[14] encoding technique and use an adaptive signal processing algorithm to track correlation among sensors data. In [2-5] the problem of decentralized estimation in sensor networks has been studied under different constraints. In these algorithms, sensors perform a local quantization on their data considering that their observations are correlated with that of other sensors. They produce a binary message and send it to the FC. FC combines these messages based on the quantization rules used at the sensor nodes and estimates the unknown parameter. Optimal local quantization and final fusion rules are investigated in these works. The distribution of data assumed for sensor observation in these papers has Uniform probability distribution function. In our model we consider Gaussian distribution introduced in [17] for sensor measurements which ismore likely to reality.As an alternative approach, some works have been done using energy-efficient communication techniques such as cooperative/virtual Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) transmission in sensor networks [6-11]. In these works, as each sensor is equipped with one antenna, nodes are able to form a virtual MIMO system by performing cooperation with others. In [6] the application of MIMO techniques in sensor networks based on Alamouti[15] space-time block codes was introduced. In [8,9] energy-efficiency of MIMO techniques has been explored analytically and in [7] a combination of distributed signal processing algorithm presented and in [1] cooperative MIMO was studied.In this paper, we consider both techniques of compression and cooperative transmission at the same time. We reduce energy consumption in two ways; 1) processing data in part at the transmitting side, which results in removing redundant information thus having fewer bits to be transmitted and 2) reducing required transmission energy by applying diversity and Space-Time coding. Both of these goals will be achieved by our proposed two-phase algorithm. In our model, the objective is to estimate the unknown parameter which is basically the average of all nodes’ measurements. That is, exact measurements of individual nodes are not important and it is not necessary to spend a lot of energy and bandwidth to transmit all measured data with high precision to the FC. We can move some part of data processing to the sensors side. This can be done by local data sharing among sensors. We divide the network into clusters of ‘m’ members. The number of members in the cluster (m) is both the compression factor in data processing and also the diversity order in virtual-MIMO architecture. The remaining of this paper is organized as following: in section II we introduce our system model and basic assumptions. In section III we propose our collaborative algorithm. In section IV we present the mathematical analysis of the proposed algorithm and in section V we give some numerical simulations. Finally section VI concludes the paper.II. SYSTEM MODELA. Network ModelThe network model that we use is similar to the one presented in [2-5].Our network consists of N distributed Sensor Nodes (SN) and a Fusion Center (FC). Sensors are deployed uniformly in the field, close to one another and each taking observations on an unknown parameter (θ). Fusion Center is located far from the nodes. All nodes observe same phenomenon but with different measurements. These nodes together with the Fusion Center are supposed to find the value of the unknown parameter. Nodes send binary messages to Fusion Center. FC will process the received messages and estimate the unknown value.B. Data ModelIn our formulation we use the data model introduced in[17]. We assume that all sensors observe the same phenomenon (θ) which has Gaussian distribution with variance σx 2. They observe different versions of θ and we model this difference as an additive zero mean Gaussian noisewith variance σn 2. Therefore, sensor observations will be described byn i i θx += （1） Where θ ~ N (0, σx 2) and n i ~ N (0, σn 2) for i = 1, 2, … , N .Based on thisassumption the value of θ can be estimated by taking the numerical average of the nodes observations, i.e.∑==N i i x N 11θ（2）C. Reference System ModelOur reference system consists of N conventional Single Input Single Output (SISO) wireless links, each connecting one of the sensor nodes to the FC. For the reference system we do not consider any communication or cooperation among the sensors. Therefore each sensor quantizes its observation by an L-bit scalar quantizer designed for distribution of θ, generates a message of length L and transmits it directly to the FC. Fusion Center receives all messages and performs the processing, which is calculation of the numerical average of these messages.III. COOPERATIVE DATA PROCESSING ALGORITHMSensor readings are analog quantities. Therefore, each sensor has to compress its data into several bits. For data compression we use L -bit scalar quantizer [12,13].In our algorithm, network is divided into clusters, each cluster having a fixed and pre-defined number of members (m). Members of each cluster are supposed to cooperate with one another in two ways:1. Share, Process and Compress their data2. Cooperatively transmit their processed data using virtual MIMO.IV. ANALYSISThe performance metric considered in our analysis is the total distortion due to compression and errors occurred during transmission. The first distortion is due to finite length quantizer, used in each sensor to represent the analog number by L bits. This distortion depends on the design of quantizer.We consider a Gaussian scalar quantizer which is designed over 105 randomly generated samples. The second distortion is due to errors occurred during transmission through the channel. In our system, this distortion is proportional to the probability of bit error. Since the probability of bit error (Pe) is a function of transmission energy per bit (Eb), total distortion will be a function of Eb. In this section we characterize the transmission and total consumed energy of sensors and find the relationship between distortion and probability of bit error.V. SIMULATION AND NUMERICAL RESULTS To give a numerical example, we assume m = 4 members in each cluster. Therefore our Virtual-MIMO scheme will consist of 4 transmit antennas. We assume that network has N = 32 sensors. Sensor observations are Gaussian with σx2= 1 and are added to a Gaussian noise of σn2= 0.1 .Nodes are deployed uniformly in the field and are 2 meters apart from each other and the Fusion Center is located 100 meters away from the center of the field. The values for circuit parameters are quoted from [6] and are listed in Table I. These parameters depend on the hardware design and technological advances. Fig. 1 illustrates the performance (Distortion) of reference system and proposed two-phase V-MIMO scheme versus transmission energy consumption in logarithmic scale. As shown in the figures, depending on how much precision is needed in the system, we can save energy by applying the proposed algorithm.TABLE IFig. 2 illustrates the Distortion versus total energy consumption of sensor nodes. That is, in this figure we consider both the transmission and circuit energy consumption. The parameters that lead us to these results may be designed to give better performance than presented here. However, from these figures we can conclude that the proposed algorithm outperforms the reference system when we want to have distortion less than 10−3 and it can save energy as high as 10 dB.VI. CONCLUSIONIn this paper we proposed a novel algorithm which takes advantage of cooperation among sensor nodes in two ways: it not only compresses the set of sensor messages at the sensor nodes into one message, appropriate for final estimation but also encodes them into orthogonal space-time symbols which are easy to decode and energy-efficient. This algorithm is able to save energy as high as 10 dB.REFERENCES[1] J.Chou,D.Petrovic and K.Ramchandran “A distributed and adaptive signalprocessing approach to reducing energy consumption in sensornetworks,”Proc. IEEE INFOCOM,March 2003.[2] Z.Q.Luo, “Universal decentralized estimation in a bandwidth constrainedsensor network,” IEEE rmation The ory, vol.51,no.6,June 2005.[3] Z.Q.Luo,“An Isotropic Universal decentralized estimation scheme for abandwidth constrained Ad Hoc sensor network,”IEEEm. vol.23,no. 4,April 2005.[4] Z.Q.Luo and J.-J. Xiao, “Decentralized estimation i n an inhomogeneoussensing environment,” IEEE Trans. Information Theory, vol.51, no.10,October 2005.[5] J.J.Xiao,S.Cui,Z.-Q.Luo and A.J.Goldsmith, “Joint estimation in sensornetworks under energy constraints,” Proc.IEEE First conference on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks, (SECON 04),October 2004.[6] S.Cui, A.J.Goldsmith, and A.Bahai,“Energy-efficiency of MIMO andcooperative MIMO techniques in sensor networks,”IEEEm,vol.22, no.6pp.1089–1098,August 2004.[7] S.K.Jayawe era and M.L.Chebolu, “Virtual MIMO and distributed signalprocessing for sensor networks-An integrated approach”,Proc.IEEEInternational Conf. Comm.(ICC 05)May 2005.[8] S.K.Jayaweera,"Energy efficient virtual MIMO-based CooperativeCommunications for Wireless Sensor Networks",2nd International Conf. on Intelligent Sensing and Information Processing (ICISIP 05),January 2005.[9] S.K.Jayaweera,“Energy Analysis of MIMO Techniques in Wireless SensorNetworks”, 38th Annual Conference on Information Sciences and Systems (CISS 04),March 2004.[10] S.K.Jayaweera and M.L.Chebolu,“Virtual MIMO and Distributed SignalProcessing for Sensor Networks - An Integrated Approach”,IEEEInternational Conf.on Communications (ICC 05),May 2005.[11] S.K.Jayaweera,“An Energy-efficient Virtual MIMO CommunicationsArchitecture Based on V-BLAST Processing for Distributed WirelessSensor Networks”,1st IEEE International Conf.on Sensor and Ad-hocCommunications and Networks (SECON 2004), October 2004.[12] J.Max,“Quantizing for minimum distortion,” IRE rmationTheory,vol.IT-6, pp.7 – 12,March 1960.[13] S.P.Lloyd,“Least squares quantization in PCM ,”IEEE rmationTheory,vol.IT-28, pp.129-137,March 1982.[14] D.Slepian and J.K.Wolf “Noiseless encoding of correlated inf ormationsources,” IEEE Trans. on Information Theory,vol.19, pp.471-480,July1973.[15] S.M.Alamouti,“A simple transmit diversity technique for wirelesscommunications,” IEEE m., vol.16,no.8,pp.1451–1458,October 1998.[16] V.Tarokh,H.Jafarkhani,and A.R.Calderbank. “Space-time block codesfrom orthogonal designs,’’IEEE rmationTheory,vol.45,no.5,pp.1456 -1467,July 1999.[17] Y.Oohama,“The Rate-Distortion Function for the Quadratic GaussianCEO Problem,” IEEE Trans. Informatio nTheory,vol.44,pp.1057–1070,May 1998.。
外文翻译-参考模板
外文翻译:光催化剂CeFeO3的合成和表征及其光催化降解龙胆紫J. Ameta a, A. Kumar a, R. Ameta b,*, V.K. Sharma a and S.C. Ameta aa光化学与太阳能实验室，化学系，科学学院，穆汉拉尔苏哈迪亚大学，乌代布尔，印度b Meera女子公立学院，乌代布尔-313001（拉贾斯坦邦），印度摘要：三元氧化物作为有效的光催化剂已在众多化学反应中应用。
这些氧化物催化剂的制备方法对其催化性能有重要影响。
在近期研究中，铈铁氧化物催化剂通过共沉淀法和独特的加热周期已成功合成。
合成的催化剂用X射线衍射仪表征。
染料龙胆紫作为降解物，用合成的催化剂对其光催化降解，反应进行的程度用分光光度计检测。
文中讨论了一些影响因素，例如龙胆紫溶液的浓度，pH，半导体的用量和光照强度，并且提出了龙胆紫光催化降解的机理。
关键词：光催化剂，CeFeO3,光催化降解，龙胆紫引言治理水污染的方法很多，例如加热脱水，碳吸附等。
其中最经济环保的方法就是光催化反应。
下述是文献查阅到的光催化反应在污水治理方面的应用。
Alton和Ferry把SiW12O4作为光催化剂，光催化降解酸性橙7[1]。
Blajeni等人在SrTiO3和TiO2悬乳液中，把CO2和水光还原成甲醛和甲醇[2]。
Domen等人研究用催化剂NiO-SrTiO3光催化分解水蒸气[3]。
Priya和Madras研究用煅烧合成的纳米TiO2光催化降解硝基苯[4]。
Chen等人研究在紫外光和可光照射下，一维纳米TiO2光降解有色染料污染[5]。
Wang等人进行了Sn(IV)掺杂纳米TiO2降解橘黄G的动力学研究[6]。
Kako等人针对TiO2催化降解H2S的催化中毒提出预防措施[7]。
Chittora等人用ZnO,Fe2O3等光催化剂光还原CO2[8]。
Muradav等人用催化剂Pt/CdS胶粒在H2S溶液里脱氢[9]。
Swarnkar等人研究了龙胆紫在CdS半导体表面的光催化漂白[10]。
毕业论文翻译稿件【范本模板】
本科毕业论文外文翻译外文译文题目：对于E类型的简单生产线平衡问题的解决过程学院: 机械自动化专业: 工业工程学号: 201003166078学生姓名：谭柱森指导教师: 李颖日期: 二○一四年五月A solution procedure for type E simple assembly linebalancing problemNai—Chieh Wei , I-Ming ChaoIndustrial Engineering and Management，I—Shou University，No. 1，Section 1, Syuecheng Rd. Dashu District, KaohsiungCity 84001，Taiwan, ROC.对于E类型的简单生产线平衡问题的解决过程Nai-Chieh Wei , I-Ming Chao工业工程与管理，中华人民共和国，台湾省，高雄市，Syuecheng Rd。
Dashu街一号，义守大学，第一章第一节摘要本文提出了结合SALBP—1和SALBP-2的E型简单装配线平衡问题（SALBP—E），更多的,本研究为提出的模型提供了解决方法。
提出的模型在最小化空闲时间的同时优化装配线平衡率，为管理实践提供了更好的理解,计算结果表明：给出周期的上限ct以后,提出的模型可以最优的解决问题，因为它含有最少的变量,约max束和计算时间。
1前言从研究者第一次讨论装配线平衡问题以来，大约有50年了，在众多有关生产线平衡问题中,最基本的是简单装配线平衡问题，早在1954年，Bryton就定义并且研究了生产线平衡问题。
后一年，Salverson建立了第一个生产线平衡的数学模型并提出了定性的解决步骤,这引来了很大的兴趣，在Gutjahr 和Nemhauser说明生产线平衡是一种NP组合优化难题，大多数研究者希望开发一种能高效解决多种装配线问题的方法。
在随后的几年,生产线平衡成为了一个流行的主题，Kim，Kim，and Kim （1996）把生产线平衡分为五类问题，其中的问题1（SALBP —1）和问题Ⅱ（SALBP—Ⅱ)是两种基本的优化问题。
黑白作文模板英语翻译版
黑白作文模板英语翻译版Title: Black and White Essay Template。
Introduction:Black and white are two contrasting colors that have been used to convey various emotions and meanings throughout history. In this essay, we will explore the significance of black and white in art, literature, and culture, and how they are used to convey different ideas and emotions.Body:1. The symbolism of black and white in art:In art, black and white are often used to create contrast and emphasize certain elements of a composition. 。
Black is often associated with darkness, mystery, and power, while white is associated with purity, innocence, and light.Artists use black and white to create striking and dramatic images that evoke strong emotions in the viewer.2. The use of black and white in literature:In literature, black and white are used to symbolize good and evil, light and darkness, and the duality of human nature.Writers often use black and white imagery to create a sense of tension and conflict in their stories, highlighting the struggle between opposing forces.Black and white are also used to convey moral and ethical dilemmas, as characters grapple with the choices between right and wrong.3. The cultural significance of black and white:In many cultures, black and white are used to symbolize life and death, beginnings and endings, and the cyclical nature of existence.Black and white are also associated with rituals and ceremonies, such as weddings and funerals, where they represent the union of two people or the passage from life to death.In fashion and design, black and white are often used to create timeless and elegant looks, as they are classic and versatile colors that never go out of style.Conclusion:In conclusion, black and white are powerful and versatile colors that have been used to convey a wide range of emotions and ideas in art, literature, and culture. Whether used to create dramatic images, symbolize moral dilemmas, or represent the cycle of life and death, black and white continue to be important and meaningful elements in human expression. Their timeless appeal and ability to evoke strong emotions make them essential components of our creative and cultural landscape.。
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毕业论文（设计）外文翻译题目：输送机系统系部名称：机械工程系专业班级：机自102学生姓名：白历男学号：201006024202指导教师：杨丽娜教师职称：教授2014年 3 月28 日译文：输送机系统输送机时使用的材料必须在特定位置之间相对大量贴路径。
固定路径由一个跟踪系统实现,这可能是in-the-floor,above-the-floor,或开销。
输送机分为两个基本类别:(1)powered和(2)no-powered。
在驱动输送机,权力机制包含在固定的路径,使用链、腰带、旋转卷,或其他设备驱动加载路径。
驱动输送机常用的自动化物料运输系统在制造工厂,仓库,配送中心。
在non-powered输送机,材料是由人类工人搬手动推动沿固定路径加载或重力在海拔较低的海拔高度。
输送机的类型各种输送商用设备。
在下面的文章中,我们描述了驱动输送机的主要类型,根据组织类型的机械功率提供了固定的路径。
辊和溜冰轮输送机。
这些输送带卷或车轮上加载。
负载必须具备足够的平底表面区域跨几个相邻的滚轴。
托盘、手提包锅,或纸箱很好地服务于这个目的。
这个类别中的两个主要入口辊道输送机和溜冰轮输送机。
辊道输送机的途径由一系列管(滚筒)垂直的方向旅行。
辊是包含在一个固定的框架,提升上述通路地板水平从几英寸到几英尺。
平面托盘或手提包锅携带单位负载辊旋转前进。
辊道输送机可以驱动或non-powered。
动力滚筒输送机驱动皮带或链条。
non-powered 辊道输送机通常由重力比路径有一个向下的斜坡足以克服滚动摩擦。
辊道输送机用于各种各样的应用程序,包括生产、组装、包装、分类和分布。
Skate-wheel输送机在操作辊道输送机是相似的。
而不是辊,它们使用滑板车轮转动轴连接到框架上,托盘或手提包锅或其他容器沿路径。
这为滑板轮输送机提供了一个更轻的重量比辊子输送机建设。
应用Skate-wheel输送机是辊道输送机的类似,除了交往以来的负载通常必须轻负荷和输送机必须更加集中。
因为他们的重量轻,溜冰轮输送机有时被构建为便携式设备,可用于装卸卡车拖车运输和接收码头工厂和仓库。
带式输送机带式输送机由一个连续循环:一半的长度是用于交付材料,而另一半是返回运行。
带是由钢筋弹性体(橡胶),因此,它具有高灵活性,但低可扩展性。
一端的皮带输送机是一种主动辊,权力。
灵活的带是由一个框架,辊或支持滑块沿正向循环。
带式输送机在两种常见形式:(1)平带托盘,个人部分,甚至某些类型的散装材料;和(2)槽腰带对于散装材料。
材料放置在皮带表面沿着路径移动。
在带式输送机槽的情况下,辊和支持提供灵活的带一个v字形向前(交付)循环包含散装材料,如煤炭、砾石、粮食、或类似的颗粒材料。
输送机驱动链和电缆。
本集团是由输送机驱动链形成一个无尽的循环或有线电视。
在某些情况下,循环形成一条直线,在每一端有一个滑轮。
这通常是在一个自动配置。
在其它输送机,循环有一个更复杂的路径,有超过两个滑轮需要定义路径的形状。
我们将讨论以下这类输送机:(1)链式输送机,(2)板条输送机,(3)链板输送机,(4)开销电车,(5)power-and-free可触。
链式输送机由链循环自动配置在驱动链轮的两端途径。
一个或多个链并行操作可用于输送机。
链沿着通道提供支持灵活的地板链部分。
链条滑动沿着通道或他们骑辊通道。
负载通常沿着路径使用酒吧拖这个项目从移动链。
板条输送机起诉个人平台,称为板条,连接到一个不断移动链。
尽管驱动机构驱动链,它的运作就像一个带式输送机。
加载放在板条和运输。
直线流是常见的板条式输送机系统。
然而,由于链传动和能力改变使用链轮链方向,连续循环的输送途径可以转。
链板输送机的另一个变种是in-floor拖链输送机。
这些输送机利用四轮马车由移动链或电缆位于战壕在地板上。
链或电缆拖链;因此,输送机的名称,路径定义的输送机系统沟和电缆,电缆是驱动滑轮系统驱动。
驱动路径之间切换是可能的在拖链系统中实现路由的灵活性。
车使用钢销项目低于地板水平到海沟与拖链。
(夹持设备代替针电缆使用时滑轮系统,类似于旧金山电车。
)可以退出了链销(或夹释放电缆)脱离购物车加载,卸载,切换、积累的部分,并手动推着购物车主要途径。
拖链输送机系统是用于制造工厂和仓库。
前面的所有连和电缆驱动输送机运行在地板水平或略高于地板。
链传动的输送机也可以用来操作开销，悬挂在天花板上的设施，以免消耗地板空间。
最常见的类型是开销电车输送机。
这些都可以像power-and-free恒速（同步）或（异步）系统。
电车在物料搬运是一种轮式运输的高架铁路上运行负载小车输送机可以暂停。
一个开销,包含多个手推车,通常沿着一个固定的等距的轨道。
手推车连接在一起,沿着轨道通过形成一个完整的循环链或电缆。
暂停手推车钩子,篮子,或其他容器加载。
链(或电缆)附加到驱动轮,供应能转移链以恒定速度。
输送路径是由轨道系统的配置,将高程和可能的变化。
开销电车输送机经常使用在工厂之间移动部件和总成主要生产部门。
它们可以用于交付和存储。
power-and-free开销小车输送机类似于小车输送机开销,除了手推车能够断开传动链,提供这种输送机与异步功能。
这通常是通过使用两个,一个略高于另一个,上道包含不断移动的循环链,并携带负载的手推车骑低轨道。
每个车都包含一个机制,它可以连接到传动链并断开连接。
连接时,电车是拉动其轨道的运动链上道。
当断开连接时,电车是空闲的。
其他驱动输送机输送机类型。
包括carton track、螺丝、vibration-based系统和垂直提升输送机。
cart-on-track输送机由个人车乘坐轨道上面几英尺地板水平。
车通过一个旋转的轴驱动,驱动轮,在车的底部,设置在一个角度旋转管,依靠它,向前驱动车。
车速度控制通过调节驱动轮之间的接触角和旋转管。
当驱动轮的轴45°,马车向前推动。
当驱动轮的轴平行管,车不动。
因此,控制驱动轮角的车允许power-and-free操作输送机的优点之一。
cart-on-track系统相对于其他许多输送机是车可以与高精度定位。
这使得他们在生产过程中使用定位工作。
cart-on-track的应用系统包括机器人点焊在汽车车身工厂和机械装配系统。
螺旋输送机是基于阿基米德螺旋,water-raising设备设计在远古时代(公元前236年左右),组成的一个大型螺杆气缸内,用手转向泵水麦垛灌溉目的。
Vibration-based输送机使用平面跟踪连接到一个电磁铁,给予一个角振动运动来推动项目的跟踪所需的方向。
这同样的原则用于振动碗喂交付组件自动装配系统,垂直提升输送机包括各种机械电梯设计提供垂直运动,如层间连接大厅输送机输送机与开销。
其他的输送机类型包括非动力降落伞、坡道、管子和由重力驱动的。
输送机的操作和功能我们前面的讨论表明,输送机设备涵盖了各种各样的操作和功能。
让我们限制我们的讨论来驱动输送机,排除非驱动类型。
输送机系统分为两种基本类型的材料特性的运动系统所感动:(1)持续的和(2)异步。
连续动作传送带匀速移动沿着路径v。
它们包括腰带、辊、skate-wheel,开销电车,板条式输送机。
异步式输送机操作,走走停停的运动负荷,通常包含在运营商(如钩、篮子、车),之间移动站,然后停止并保持在车站,直到释放。
异步处理允许独立运动中的每个载波系统。
这种类型的例子包括开销power-and-free电车,in-floor拖链,和cart-on-track输送机。
一些辊和skate-wheel输送机也可以使用异步式输送机异步操作。
原因包括:(1)积累,(2)临时存储,(3)允许生产率差异相邻加工领域,(4)顺利生产周期变化时站在输送机,和(5),以适应不同的输送速度的途径。
输送机也可以分为:(1)单一方向,(2)连续循环,和(3)循环。
在下面的文章中,我们描述这些类别的操作特性,10.6.3节我们提出方程和技术来分析这些输送机输送机系统。
单一的方向是用来运输装载一个方法从起始点到目标点。
这些系统适当的时候不需要加载在两个方向上移动或返回容器或航空公司卸货站回装车站。
单方向驱动输送机包括压路机、溜冰轮、皮带,和chain-in-floor类型。
另外,所有重力式输送机操作在一个方向上。
连续循环输送机组成一个完整的电路。
一个开销小车输送机这种输送机类型的一个例子。
然而,任何输送机类型可以配置为一个循环,甚至那些先前定义为单方向输送机,只需连接几个单一方向输送部分闭环。
循环系统减缓材料沿着路径移动任意两个站点之间。
连续循环输送机使用加载时搬到运营商(如钩,篮子)加载和卸载站和运营商之间的粘贴到输送机循环。
在这个设计中,返回的空航空公司会自动卸载站回负载站。
前面描述的连续循环输送机假设项目加载在负载站在卸载站卸下。
没有返回循环加载,返回循环的目的只是为重载发回空载体。
这种操作方法忽视了一个重要机会提供的闭环式输送机:存储以及交付部分。
输送机系统,允许部分继续返回循环为一个或多个革命称为循环输送机。
提供一个存储功能,输送机系统可以用来积累部分消除影响装卸站在输送机变化。
有两个问题,瘟疫的操作循环输送系统。
一个是在输送机的操作可能会有多次,没有空航空公司立即在装载站。
另一个问题是,没有航空公司立即在加载卸载站在需要的时候。
可以构建分支和合并点到传送带上跟踪允许不同的工艺路线对不同加载系统中移动。
在几乎所有输送机系统,可以构建开关,航天飞机,或其他机制来实现这些替代工艺路线。
在一些系统中,一个推拉机制或lift-and-carry设备需要积极行动从当前路径加载到新途径。
本文摘译自中华文本库原文：CONVEYOR SYSTEMSConveyors are used when material must be moved in relatively large quantities bet ween specific locations over affixed path. The fixed path is implemented by a track sy stem, which may be in-the-floor, above-the-floor, or overhead. Conveyors divide into tw o basic categories: (1) powered and (2) no-powered. In powered conveyors, the power mechanism is contained in the fixed path, using chains, belts, rotating rolls, or other de vices to propel loads along the path. Powered conveyors are commonly used in automa ted material transport systems in manufacturing plants, warehouses, and distribution cent ers. In non-powered conveyors, materials are moved either manually by human workers who push the loads along the fixed path or by gravity from one elevation to a lower elevation.Types of ConveyorsA variety of conveyor equipment is commercially available. In the following paragr aphs, we describe the major types of powered conveyors, organized according to the ty pe of mechanical power provided in the fixed path.Roller and Skate Wheel Conveyors. These conveyors have rolls or wheels on whic h the loads ride. Loads must possess a flat bottom surface of sufficient area to span se veral adjacent rollers. Pallets, tote pans, or cartons serve this purpose well. The two m ain entries in this category are roller conveyors and skate wheel conveyors, pictured in Figure 10.6.In roller conveyors, the pathway consists of a series of tubes (rollers) that are per pendicular to the direction of travel. The rollers are contained in a fixed frame that ele vates the pathway above floor level from several inches to several feet. Flat pallets or tote pans carrying unit loads are moved forward as the rollers rotate. Roller conveyors can either be powered or non-powered. Powered roller conveyor are driven be belts or chains. Non-powered roller conveyors are often driven by gravity so than the pathway has a downward slope sufficient to overcome rolling friction. Roller conveyors are used in a wide variety of applications, including manufacturing, assembly, packaging, sortati on and distribution.Skate-wheel conveyors are similar in operation to roller conveyors. Instead of rolle rs, they use skate wheels rotating on shafts connected to a frame to roll pallets or totepans or other containers along the pathway. This provides the skate wheel conveyor w ith a lighter weight construction than the roller conveyor. Applications of skate-wheel c onveyors are similar to those of roller conveyors, except that the loads must generally be lighter since the contacts between the loads and the conveyor are must more concen trated. Because of their light weight, skate wheel conveyors are sometimes built as port able equipment that can be used for loading and unloading truck trailers at shipping an d receiving docks at factories and warehouses.Belt Conveyors. Belt conveyors consist of a continuous loop: Half its length is use d for delivering materials, and the other half is the return run. The belt is made of rei nforced elastomer (rubber), so that it possesses high flexibility but low extensibility. At one end of the conveyor is a drive roll that powers the belt. The flexible belt is supp orted by a frame that has rollers or support sliders along its forward loop. Belt convey ors are available in two common forms: (1) flat belts for pallets, individual parts, or e ven certain types of bulk materials; and (2) trough of belts for bulk materials. Material s placed on the belt surface travel along the moving pathway. In the case of trough of belt conveyors, the rollers and supports give the flexible belt a V-shape on the forwar d (delivery) loop to contain bulk materials such as coal, gravel, grain, or similar partic ulate materials.Conveyors Driven by Chains and Cables. The conveyors in this group are driven by a powered chain or cable that forms an endless loop. In some cases, the loop form s a straight line, with a pulley at each end. This is usually in an over-and-under confi guration. In other conveyors, the loop has a more-complex path, with more than two p ulleys needed to define the shape of the path. We discuss the following conveyors in t his category: (1) chain, (2) slat, (3) in –floor towline, (4) overhead trolley, and (5)pow er-and-free over-head trolley.Chain conveyors consist of chain loops in an over-and-under configuration around powered sprockets at the ends of the pathway. One or more chains operating in paralle l may be used to form the conveyor. The chains travel along channels in the floor that provide support for the flexible chain sections. Either the chains slide along the chann el or they ride on rollers in the channel. The loads are generally dragged along the pat hway using bars that project up from the moving chain.The slat conveyor sues individual platforms, called slats, connected to a continuous ly moving chain. Although the drive mechanism is a powered chain, it operates much l ike a belt conveyor. Loads are placed on the slats and are transported along with them.Straight line flows are common in slat conveyors systems. However, because of the c hain drive and the capability to alter the chain direction using sprockets, the conveyor pathway can have turns in its continuous loop.Another variation of the chain conveyor is the in-floor towline conveyor. These co nveyors make use of four-wheel carts powered by moving chains or cables located in t renches in the floor, as in Figure 10.8. The chain or cable is called a towline; hence, t he name of the conveyor. Pathways for the conveyor system are defined by the trench and cable, and the cable is driven as a powered pulley system. Switching between pow ered pathways is possible in a towline system to achieve flexibility in routing. The cart s use steel pins that project below floor level into the trench to engage the chain for t owing. (Gripper devices are substituted for pins when cable is used as the pulley syste m, similar to the San Francisco trolley.) The pin can be pulled out of the chain (or th e gripper releases the cable ) to disengage the cart for loading, unloading, switching, a ccumulation of parts, and manually pushing a cart the main pathway. Towline conveyor s systems are used in manufacturing plants and warehouses.All of the preceding chain and cable drive conveyors operate at floor level or slig htly above. Chain-driven conveyors can also be designed to operate overhead, suspende d from the ceiling of the facility so as not to consume floor space. The most common types are overhead trolley conveyors. These are available either as constant speed (syn chronous) or as power-and-free (asynchronous) systems.A trolley in material handling is a wheeled carriage running on an overhead rail fr om which loads can be suspended. An overhead trolley conveyor, Figure 10.9, consists of multiple trolleys, usually equally spaced along a fixed track. The trolleys are conne cted together and moved along the track by means of a chain or cable that forms a co mplete loop. Suspended from the trolleys are hooks, baskets, or other receptacles to car ry loads. The chain (or cable) is attached to a drive wheel that supplies power to mov e the chain at a constant velocity. The conveyor path is determined by the configuratio n of the track system, which has turns and possible changes in elevation. Overhead tro lley conveyors are often used in factories to move parts and assemblies between major production departments. They can be used for both delivery and storage.A power-and-free overhead trolley conveyor is similar to the overhead trolley conv eyor, except that the trolleys are capable of being disconnected from the drive chain, p roviding this conveyor with an asynchronous capability. This is usually accomplished by using two tracks, one just above the other. The upper track contains the continuouslymoving endless chain, and the trolleys that carry loads ride on the lower track. Each tr olley includes a mechanism by which it can be connected to the drive chain and disco nnected from it. When connected, the trolley is pulled along its track by the moving c hain in the upper track. When disconnected, the trolley is idle.Other Conveyor Types. Other powered conveyors include cart-on-track, screw, vibra tion-based systems, and vertical lift conveyors. Cart-on-track conveyors consist of indivi dual carts riding on a track a few feet above floor level. The carts are driven by mea ns of a rotating shaft. A drive wheel, attached to the bottom of the cart and set at an angle to the rotating tube, rests against it and drives the cart forward. The cart speed is controlled by regulating the angle of contact between the drive wheel and the spinn ing tube. When the axis of the drive wheel is 45°, the cart is propelled forward. When the axis of the drive wheel is parallel to the tube, the cart does not move. Thus, cont rol of the drive wheel angle on the cart allows power-and-free operation of the convey or. One of the advantages of cart-on-track systems relative to many other conveyors is that the carts can be positioned with high accuracy. This permits their use for positioni ng work during production. Applications of cart-on-track systems include robotic spot w elding lines in automobile body plants and mechanical assembly systems.Screw conveyors are based on the Archimedes screw, the water-raising device devi sed in ancient times (circa 236 B.C.), consisting of a large screw inside a cylinder, tur ned by hand to pump water up-hill for irrigation purposes. Vibration-based conveyors u se a flat track connected to an electromagnet that imparts an angular vibratory motion t o the track to propel items in the desired direction. This same principle is used in vibr atory bowl feeders to deliver components in automated assembly systems . Vertical lift conveyors include a variety of mechanical elevators designed to provide vertical motion, such as between floors or to link floor-based conveyors with overhead conveyors. Oth er conveyor types include non powered chutes, ramps, and tubes, which are driven by gravity.Conveyor Operations and FeaturesAs indicated by our preceding discussion, conveyor equipment covers a wide variet y of operations and features. Let us restrict our discussion here to powered conveyors, excluding non powered types. Conveyor systems divide into two basic types in terms of the characteristic motion of the materials moved by the system: (1) continuous and(2) asynchronous. Continuous motion conveyors move at a constant velocity V along the path. They include belt, roller, skate-wheel, overhead trolley, and slat conveyors.Asynchronous conveyors operate with a stop-and-go motion in which loads, usually contained in carriers (e.g., hooks, baskets, carts), move between stations and then stop and remain at the station until released. Asynchronous handling allows independent mo vement of each carrier in the system. Examples of this type include overhead power-an d-free trolley, in-floor towline, and cart-on-track conveyors. Some roller and skate-wheel conveyors can also be operated asynchronously. Reasons for using asynchronous conve yors include: (1) to accumulate loads, (2) temporary storage, (3) to allow for difference s in production rates between adjacent processing areas, (4)to smooth production when cycle times vary at stations along the conveyor, and (5) to accommodate different conv eyor speeds along the pathway.Conveyors can also be classified as: (1) single direction, (2) continuous loop, and(3) recirculating. In the following paragraphs, we describe the operating features of these categories. In Section 10.6.3, we present equations and techniques with which to anal yze these conveyor systems. Single direction conveyors are used to transport loads one way from origination point to destination point. These systems are appropriate when the re is no need to move loads in both directions or to return containers or carriers from the unloading stations back to the loading stations. Single direction powered conveyors include roller, skate wheel, belt, and chain-in-floor types. In addition, all gravity conve yors operate in one direction.Continuous loop conveyors form a complete circuit. An overhead trolley conveyor is an example of this conveyor type. However, any conveyor type can be configured as a loop, even those previously defined as single direction conveyors, simply by connect ing several single direction conveyor sections into a closed loop. A continuous loop sys tem slows materials to be moved between any two stations along the pathway. Continu ous loop conveyors are used when loads are moved in carriers (e.g., hooks, baskets) be tween load and unload stations and the carriers are affixed to the conveyor loop. In thi s design, the empty carriers are automatically returned from the unload station back to the load station.The preceding description of a continuous loop conveyor assumes that items loade d at the load station are unloaded at the unload station. There are no loads in the retu rn loop; the purpose of the return loop is simply to send the empty carriers back for r eloading. This method of operation overlooks an important opportunity offered by a clo sed loop conveyor: to store as well as deliver parts. Conveyor systems that allow parts to remain on the return loop for one or more revolutions are called recirculating conv中原工学院信息商务学院外文翻译eyors. In providing a storage function, the conveyor system can be used to accumulate parts to smooth out effects of loading and unloading variations at stations in the conv eyor. There are two problems that can plague the operation of a recirculating conveyor system. One is that there may be times during the operation of the conveyor that no empty carriers are immediately available at the loading station when needed. The other problem is that no loaded carriers are immediately available at the unloading station when needed.It is possible to construct branching and merging points into a conveyor track to p ermit different routings for different loads moving in the system. In nearly all conveyor systems, it is possible to build switches, shuttles, or other mechanisms to achieve thes e alternate routings. In some systems, a push-pull mechanism or lift-and-carry device is required to actively move load from the current pathway onto the new pathway. (end)10。