曼昆经济学原理第16章
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u Oligopoly
u Only a few sellers, each offering a similar or identical product to the others.
u Monopolistic Competition
u Many firms selling products that are similar but not identical.
由于寡头市场只有几个卖者，所以寡头的关 键特征是合作与利己之间的冲突。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
MARKETS WITH ONLY A FEW SELLERS
n Characteristics of an Oligopoly Market
事——生产少量产品并收取高于其边际成 本的价格，它们的状况会最好。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
A Duopoly Example 双头的例子
（Chap14）
• Tap water • Cable TV
• Tennis balls • Crude oil
• Novels • Movies
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
• Wheat • Milk
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION
在垄断和完全竞争之间
Imperfect competition includes industries in which firms have competitors but do not face so much competition that they are price takers.
图1. 市场结构的四种类型
企业数量?
许多企业
一家 企业
几家 企业
有差别产量
产品类型？
相同产品
垄断 （15章）
寡头 （16章）
垄断竞争 （17章）
完全竞争 （14章）
• 自来水 • 有线电视
• 网球 • 原油
•小说 • 电影
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Oligopoly 寡头
Chapter 16
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION
在垄断和完全竞争之间
Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect competition and pure monopoly. 不完全竞争——介于完全竞争和纯垄断 之间的市场结构。
ä Few sellers offering similar or identical products
ä Interdependent firms ä Best off cooperating and acting like a
monopolist by producing a small quantity of output and charging a price above marginal cost
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
来自百度文库 只有少数几个卖者的市场
n 寡头市场的特征
ä 只有少数几个卖者提供相似或相同的 产品。
ä 企业之间的行为相互影响。 ä 寡头集体合作起来并像一个垄断者那样行
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Figure 1 The Four Types of Market Structure
Number of Firms?
One firm
Few firms
不完全竞争 产业中的企业有竞争对手，但 同时又没有面临使它们成为价格接受者的 激烈竞争。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Types of Imperfectly Competitive Markets
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
不完全竞争市场的类型
u 寡头
u 只有少数几个卖者的市场结构，每个卖者 都提供与其它企业相似或相同的产品。
u 垄断竞争
u 很多企业出售相似但不相同的产品。
Many firms
Type of Products?
Differentiated products
Identical products
Monopoly （Chap15）
Oligopoly (Chap16)
Monopolistic Competition
(Chap17)
Perfect Competition
• 小麦 • 牛奶
Markets With Only a Few Sellers 只有少数几个卖者的市场
Because of the few sellers, the key feature of oligopoly is the tension between cooperation and self-interest.
u Only a few sellers, each offering a similar or identical product to the others.
u Monopolistic Competition
u Many firms selling products that are similar but not identical.
由于寡头市场只有几个卖者，所以寡头的关 键特征是合作与利己之间的冲突。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
MARKETS WITH ONLY A FEW SELLERS
n Characteristics of an Oligopoly Market
事——生产少量产品并收取高于其边际成 本的价格，它们的状况会最好。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
A Duopoly Example 双头的例子
（Chap14）
• Tap water • Cable TV
• Tennis balls • Crude oil
• Novels • Movies
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
• Wheat • Milk
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION
在垄断和完全竞争之间
Imperfect competition includes industries in which firms have competitors but do not face so much competition that they are price takers.
图1. 市场结构的四种类型
企业数量?
许多企业
一家 企业
几家 企业
有差别产量
产品类型？
相同产品
垄断 （15章）
寡头 （16章）
垄断竞争 （17章）
完全竞争 （14章）
• 自来水 • 有线电视
• 网球 • 原油
•小说 • 电影
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Oligopoly 寡头
Chapter 16
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
BETWEEN MONOPOLY AND PERFECT COMPETITION
在垄断和完全竞争之间
Imperfect competition refers to those market structures that fall between perfect competition and pure monopoly. 不完全竞争——介于完全竞争和纯垄断 之间的市场结构。
ä Few sellers offering similar or identical products
ä Interdependent firms ä Best off cooperating and acting like a
monopolist by producing a small quantity of output and charging a price above marginal cost
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
来自百度文库 只有少数几个卖者的市场
n 寡头市场的特征
ä 只有少数几个卖者提供相似或相同的 产品。
ä 企业之间的行为相互影响。 ä 寡头集体合作起来并像一个垄断者那样行
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Figure 1 The Four Types of Market Structure
Number of Firms?
One firm
Few firms
不完全竞争 产业中的企业有竞争对手，但 同时又没有面临使它们成为价格接受者的 激烈竞争。
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
Types of Imperfectly Competitive Markets
Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
不完全竞争市场的类型
u 寡头
u 只有少数几个卖者的市场结构，每个卖者 都提供与其它企业相似或相同的产品。
u 垄断竞争
u 很多企业出售相似但不相同的产品。
Many firms
Type of Products?
Differentiated products
Identical products
Monopoly （Chap15）
Oligopoly (Chap16)
Monopolistic Competition
(Chap17)
Perfect Competition
• 小麦 • 牛奶
Markets With Only a Few Sellers 只有少数几个卖者的市场
Because of the few sellers, the key feature of oligopoly is the tension between cooperation and self-interest.