语言学-合作原则

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(H. P. Grice, Logic and Conversation, 1975)
Four Maxims
Four Maxims of Cooperative principle
Quantity 数量原则
1. Make your contribution as informative as is required (for the current purposes of the exchange)
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Cooperative Principle
合作原则
By HLLLin
CONTENTS
目录
01 Definition of CP 02 Four Maxims 03 Violation of CP
Definition of CP
合作原则的定义
Definition of CP
Grice noticed that in daily conversations people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them.
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肯定对方话语的内容是对质量准则的遵守, 因为质量准则要求人们不要生 成自己知道是虚假的话,如果应答语否定对方的发话内容,就等于宣布对方 说假话,这将使对方十分尴尬,且使对话难以正常进行下去。
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Definition of CP
Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
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Four Maxims of Cooperative principle
Example :
1)A: I like your shoes, Sharon. B: Thank you, Deb. I like yours too. “Thank you”是对发话人发话的答谢,也是对对方话语内容真实性的肯定。
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Four Maxims of Cooperative principle
Relation
1. Make sure that whatever you say is relevant to the conversation at hand.
确保你说的任何话都与谈话主题相关
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Four Maxims of Cooperative principle
Manner
1. Be clear and lucid 2. Avoid obscurity of expression. 2. Avoid ambiguity 3. Be brief 4. Be orderly
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A basic underlying assumption we make when we speak to one another is that we are trying to co-operate with one another to construct meaningful conversation.
2. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
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Four Maxims of Cooperative principle
Example :
Jane: John, when did you graduate from college? John: many years ago. (John must know the time when he graduated from college, but he did not say it. Here, John is being under informative.)
Four Maxims of Cooperative principle
Quality 质量原则
1. Do not say what you believe to be false. 不要说自知是虚假的话。 1. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. 不要说缺乏足够证据的话。
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Four Maxims of Cooperative principle
Example :
1) Jane: John, let’s go to watch the movie The Avenger 3 tonight . John: I have a lot of homework to do. (Obviously, John's response has no connection with Jane's request. The lack of relevance is at the literal level, in fact, at an deep level, John does give Jane a sufficient replay. )