历年托福听力考试真题下载三(原文+音频)
2024托福考试必备听力历年真题练习
2024托福考试必备听力历年真题练习Part 1: Conversation-based Questions1. What is the main topic of the conversation?2. Where does the conversation most likely take place?3. What can be inferred about the woman?Part 2: Problem-Solving Questions1. What is the man's problem?2. What are the possible solutions mentioned?3. What solution does the woman suggest?Part 3: Academic Discussions1. What is the main purpose of the discussion?2. What is the man's opinion on the topic?3. What evidence does the woman provide to support her argument? Part 4: Academic Lectures1. What is the topic of the lecture?2. What is the professor's main point?3. How does the example illustrate the professor's main point?Part 5: Campus Life1. Which club is the woman a member of?2. Why does the woman need financial support?3. What does the man offer to do for the woman?Part 6: Academic and Social Skills1. What topic does the professor introduce?2. What is one characteristic of the topic?3. How can this characteristic be beneficial?Part 7: Science and Technology1. What is the main function of the new software?2. How does the new software differ from the old version?3. What benefit does the new software bring to users?Part 8: Advanced Level Discussions1. What is the main topic of the conversation?2. What is the man's opinion on the topic?3. How does the woman respond to the man's opinion?As the 2024 TOEFL exam is approaching, it is essential for test-takers to engage in practice sessions that familiarize them with the format and content of the listening section. One effective way to prepare is by practicing with authentic past TOEFL listening questions.In the first part of the listening section, conversation-based questions are asked. These questions assess your ability to understand the main topic of aconversation, the location where the conversation is most likely taking place, and inferencing skills about the individuals involved.The second part of the listening section focuses on problem-solving questions. These questions require you to identify the problem the speaker is facing, analyze potential solutions mentioned, and determine the best solution based on the information provided.Part three comprises academic discussions, where you are expected to identify the main purpose of the discussion, the opinions of the speakers, and supporting evidence used in the conversation.In the fourth part, academic lectures are presented, and you need to comprehend the lecture topic, understand the professor's main point, and recognize how examples or illustrations are used to support the main point.The fifth part revolves around campus life, where you must gather information about the activities, clubs, and student organizations, as well as understand the financial support and assistance offered by individuals or institutions.For the sixth part, academic and social skills are discussed. You are required to recognize the topic introduced by the professor, identify specific characteristics, and understand the potential benefits associated with these characteristics.The seventh part focuses on science and technology, exploring advancements and innovations. It requires you to understand the main functions of software or devices, identify differences between different versions, and recognize the benefits provided by newer technologies.The eighth part consists of advanced level discussions, where complex topics are debated. You are expected to identify the main topic of the conversation, grasp the speakers' opinions, and understand how the conversation unfolds based on different perspectives.By practicing with past TOEFL listening questions, you can improve your listening skills, become more familiar with various question types, and enhance your understanding of spoken English. Regular practice will help you feel more confident and prepared for the listening section of the 2024 TOEFL exam.Remember to listen carefully, take notes when necessary, and pay attention to key details and information. Developing good listening strategies and practicing with a variety of listening materials will significantly contribute to your success in the TOEFL listening section.。
TPO3 listening 听力文本
TPO 03 – Listening PartSection 1ConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a receptionist at the Registrar’s Office on the first day of the semester.StudentExcuse me, I’m supposed to be having my physics class in the science building, but no one’s in the classroom. Could you tell me where the class is? Physics 403 — has it been moved?ReceptionistWell, there’s a room assignment sheet on the bulletin board outside this office.StudentYeah, I know, but my class isn’t listed there. There must be some kind of mistake or something. Could you look it up, please?ReceptionistHmmm... ok, let me check on the computer. It’s physics, right? Wait, did you say physics 403?StudentYeah.ReceptionistEr…I’m sorry, but it says here that it was cancelled. You should have got note letter from the registrar’s office about this.StudentWhat? I’ve never got it.ReceptionistAre you sure? ‘Cause it says on the computer that the letter was sent out to students a week ago.StudentReally? I should have got it by now. I wonder if I threw it away with all the junk mail by mistake.ReceptionistWell, it does happen. Er… let me check something. What’s your name?StudentWoodhouse, Laura Woodhouse.ReceptionistOk, hmmm…Woodhouse, let me see… ah, it says here we sent it to your apartment on er… Center Street.StudentOh, that’s my old apartment. I moved out of there a little while ago.ReceptionistWell, and I suppose you haven’t changed your mailing address at the adm inistration office. Well that would explain it.StudentYeah, I guess that’s it. But how can they cancel the class after offering it. If I’d known this was going to happen, I would have taken it last semester.ReceptionistI know, it’s really inconvenient for you, I understand that, but er… if we don’t have enough students sign up for the course, the college can’t offer it. You know, it’s a practical issue, like we can’t have an instructor when there’re only a few students in the class. You see what I m ean?StudentI guess, but now I don’t know what course I should take instead.ReceptionistOk, let’s see. Do you have any courses you’re going to take next semester? If you do, you might want to take them now and sign up for physics 403 next semester.StudentYeah, I guess I could do that. I just hope it won't be cancelled again. Do you know how many people have to be enrolled in order to keep a class from being cancelled?ReceptionistWell, it depends on the class, but for that class, you have to h ave er… let’s see, usually it’d be at least ten people, but since it was cancelled this semester, they might even do it with less. But do you know what you should do? Give the physics department a call a couple of weeks before the semester starts. They’ll be able to tell you if they’re planning to go through with it. It's their decision, actually.StudentOh, ok, I will do that. Thanks for the info.ReceptionistNo problem. Sorry about the class. Oh, why aren’t you to go change a mail address now. It lo nely takes a minute.StudentOh, oh, sure, I will do that right way.LectureNarratorListen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class.ProfessorNow, we’ve been talking about the loss of animal habitat from housing developments,uh …, growing cities – small habitat losses. But today I wanna begin talking about what happens when habitat is reduced across a large area. There are, of course, animal species that require large areas of habitat, and some migrate over very long distance s. So what’s the impact of habitat loss on those animals – animals that need large areas of habitat?Well, I’ll use the humming birds as an example. Now you know a humming bird is amazingly small, but even though it’s really tiny, it migrates over very lo ng distances, travels up and down the western hemisphere – the Americas, back and forth between where it breeds in the summer and the warmer climates where it’s spent the winter.So you would say that this whole area over which it migrates is its habitat because on this long- distance journey, it needs to come down to feed and sleep every so often, right? Well, the humming bird beats its wings – get this – about 3 thousand times per minute. So you think, wow, it must need a lot of energy, a lot of food, right?Well, it does. It drinks a lot of nectar from flowers and feeds on some insects, but it’s energy- efficient too. You can’t say it isn’t. I mean, as it flies all the way across the Mexico Gulf, it uses up none of its body fat. But that doesn’t mean it doesn’t need to eat. So humming birds have to rely on plants in their natural habitat.And it goes without saying, but the opposite is true as well, plants depend on humming birds too. There are some flowers that can only be pollinated by the humming birds. Without its stoppingto feed and spread pollen from flower to flower, these plants would cease to exist.But the problem, well, as natural habitat along these migration routes is developed by humans for housing or agriculture or cleared for raising cattle, for instance, there is less food available for migrating humming birds. Their nesting sites are affected too, the same by the same sorts of human activities. And all of these activities pose a real threat to the humming bird population.So help them survive, we need to preserve their habitats. And one of the concrete ways people have been doing this is by cleaning up polluted habitat areas and then replanting flowers, um, replanting native flowers that humming birds feed on.Promoting ecological tourism is another way to help save their habitat. As the number of visitors, eco-tourists who come to humming bird habitats to watch the birds, the more the number of visitors grows, the more local businesses’ profit, so ecological tourism can bring financ ial rewards, all the more reason to value these beautiful little creatures in their habitat, right?But to understand more about how to protect them to support the humming birds the best we can,we’ve got to learn more about their breeding, nesting sites and migration routes, and also about the natural habitats we find there. That just helps us determine how to prevent further decline in the population.A good research method, a good way to learn more, is by running a banding study. Banding the birds allo ws us to track them over their lifetime. It’s been a practice that’s been used by researchers for years. In fact, most of what we’ve known about humming birds comes from banding studies, where we capture a humming bird and make sure all the information about it, like its weight and age and length, are all recorded and put into an international information database.And then we place an extremely lightweight band on one of its legs, well, what looks like a leg, although technically it’s considered part of the bird’s foot. Anyway, these bands are perfectly safe, and some humming birds have worn them for years with no evidence of any problems. Theband is labeled with tracking number, oh, and there is a phone number on the band for people to call for free, to report a banded bird to be found or recaptured.So when a banded bird is recaptured and reported, we learn about its migration route, its growth, and how long it has been alive, its lifespan. One recaptured bird was banded almost 12 years earlier – she was one of the oldest humming birds on record. Another interesting thing we learned is that some humming birds no longer use a certain route. They travel by a different route to reach their destination.And findings like these have been of interest to biologists and environmental scientists in a number of countries who are trying to understand the complexities of how changes in a habitat affect the species in it.LectureNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a film history class.ProfessorOkay, we’ve been discussing films in the 1920s and 30s, and how back then film categories, as we know them today, had not yet been established. We said that by today’s standards, many of the films of the 20s and 30s would be considered hybrids, that is, a mixt ure of styles that wouldn’t exactly fit into any of today’s categories, and in that context.Today we are going to talk about a film-maker who began making very unique films in the late 1920s. He was French, and his name was Jean Painlevé.Jean Painlevéwas born in 1902. He made his first film in 1928. Now in a way, Painlevé’s films conform to norms of the 20s and 30s, that is, they don’t fit very neatly into the categories we use to classify films today. That said, even by the standards of the 20s and 30s, Painlevé’s films were unique, a hybrid of styles. He had a special way of fusing, or some people might say confusing, science and fiction.His films begin with facts, but then they become more and more fictional. They gradually add more and more fictional elements. In fact, Painlevé was known for saying that science is fiction.Painlevéwas a pioneer in underwater film-making, and a lot of his short films focused on the aquatic animal world. He liked to show small underwater creatures, displaying what seemed like familiar human characteristics – what we think of as unique to humans.He might take a clip of a mollusk going up and down in the water and set it to music. You know, to make it look like the mollusk were dancing to the music like a human being – that sort of thing. But then he suddenly changed the image or narration to remind us how different the animals are, how unlike humans. He confused his audience in the way he portrayed the animals he filmed, mixing up on notions of the categories of humans and animals.The films make us a little uncomfortable at times because we are uncertain about what we are seeing. It gives him films an uncanny feature: the familiar made unfamiliar, the normal madesuspicious. He liked twists, he liked the unusual. In fact, one of his favorite sea animals was the seahorse because with seahorses, it’s the male that carries the eggs, and he thought that was great. His first and most celebrated underwater film is about the seahorse.Susan, you have a question?Student 1But underwater film-making wasn’t that unusual, was it? I mean, weren’t there other people making movies underwater?ProfessorWell, actually, it was pretty rare at that time. I mean, we are talking about the early 1920s Student 1But what about Jacques Cousteau? Was he like an innovator, you know, with underwater photography too?ProfessorAh, Jacques Cousteau. Well, Painlevé and Cousteau did both film underwater, and they were both innovators, so you are right in that sense. But that’s pretty m uch where the similarities end. First of all, Painlevé was about 20 years ahead of Cousteau. And Cousteau’s adventures werehigh-tech, with lots of fancy equipment, whereas Painlevé kind of patched the equipment together as he needed it.Cousteau usually filmed large animals, usually in the open sea, whereas Painlevé generally filmed smaller animals, and he liked to film in shallow water. Uh, what else, oh well, the main difference was that Cousteau simply investigated and presented the facts –he didn’t mix in fiction. He wasa strict documentarist. He set the standard really for the nature documentary. Painlevé, on the other hand, as we said before, mixed in elements of fiction. And his films are much more artistic, incorporating music as an important element.John, you have a question?Student 2Well, maybe I shouldn’t be asking this, but if Painlevé’s films are so special, so good, why haven’t we ever heard of them? I mean, everyone’s heard of Jacques Cousteau.ProfessorWell, that’s a fair question. Uh, the short answer is that Painlevé’s style just never caught on with the public. I mean, it probably goes back at least in part to where we mentioned earlier, that people didn’t know what to make of his films –they were confused by them, whereas Co usteau’s documentaries were very straightforward, met people’s expectations more than Painlevé’s films did. But you are true: film history is about what we know about them. And Painlevé is still highly respected in many circles.Section 2ConversationNarratorListen to a conversation between a student and a professor.StudentHi, Professor Archure, you know how in class last week you said you were looking for students who are interested in volunteering for your archeology project?ProfessorOf course, are you volunteering?StudentYes, I am. It sounds really interesting, but er… do I need to have any experience for these kinds of projects?ProfessorNo, not really. I assume that most students taking the introductory level of class would have little or no experience with the archeological research, but that’s ok.StudentOh, good, that’s a relief. Actually, that’s why I’m volunteering for the project — to get experience. What kind of work is it?ProfessorWell, as you know, we're studying the history of the campus this semester. This used to be an agricultural area and we already know that where the main lecture hall now stands, there once were farm house and barn that were erected in the late 1700s. We are excavating near the lecture hall to see what types of artifacts we find, you know, things people used in the past that got buried when the campus was constructed. We’ve already began to find some very interesting items like old bottles, buttons, pieces of clay pottery.StudentButtons and clay pottery? Did the old owners leave in such a hurry that they left their clothes anddishes behind?ProfessorHmmm… that’s just one of the questions we hope to answer with this project.StudentWow, and it’s all right here on campus.ProfessorThat’s right, no traveling involved. I wouldn't expect volunteers to travel to a site, especially in the middle of the semester. We expect to find many more things, but we do need more people to help.StudentSo… how many student volunteers are yo u looking for?ProfessorI’m hoping to get five or six. I’ve asked for volunteers in all of the classes I teach, but no one has responded. You are the first person to express interest.StudentSounds like it could be a lot of work. Is there er… is ther e anyway I can use the experience to get some extra credit in class? I mean, can I write a paper about it?ProfessorI think it’ll depend on what type of work you do in the excavation, but I imagine we can arrange something. Actually I’ve been considering offering extra credit for class because I’ve been having a tough time getting volunteers. Extra credit is always a good incentive for students.StudentAnd how often would you want the volunteers to work?ProfessorWe’re asking for three or four ho urs per week, depending on your schedule. A senior researcher, I think you know John Franklin, my assistant, is on site every day.StudentSure, I know John. By the way, will there be some sort of training?ProfessorYes, er… I want to wait still Friday to see how many students volunteer, and then I’ll schedule the training class next week at a time that’s convenient for everyone.StudentOk. I’ll wait to hear from you. Thanks a lot for accepting me.LectureNarratorListen to part of a lecture in an Art History class. The professor has been discussing the origins of art.ProfessorSome of the world’s oldest preserved art is the cave art of Europe, most of it inSpain and France. And the earliest cave paintings found to date are those of the Chauvet Cave in France discovered in 1994.And you know, I remember when I heard about the results of the dating of the Chauvet paintings, I said to my wife, “Can you believe these paintings are over 30,000 years old?” And my 3-year-old daughter piped up and said, “Is that older than my great-grandmother?” That was the oldest age she knew.And you know, come to think of it. It’s pretty hard for me to really understand how long 30,000 years is too. I mean, we tend to think that people who lived at that time must have been pretty primitive. But I’m gonna show you some slides in a few minutes and I think you will agree with me that this art is anything but primitive. They are masterpieces. And they look so real, so alive that it’s very hard to imagine tha t they are so very old.Now, not everyone agrees on exactly how old. A number of the Chauvet paintings have been dated by a lab to 30,000 or more years ago. That would make them not just older than any other cave art, but about twice as old as the art in the caves at Altamira or Lascaux, which you may have heard of.Some people find it hard to believe Chauvet is so much older than Altamira and Lascaux, and they noted that only one lab did the dating for Chauvet, without independent confirmation from any o ther lab. But be that as it may, whatever the exact date, whether it’s 15,000, 20,000 or30,000 years ago, the Chauvet paintings are from the dawn of art. So they are a good place to start our discussion of cave painting.Now, one thing you’ve got to rem ember is the context of these paintings. Paleolithic humans - that’s the period we are talking about here, the Paleolithic, the early stone age, not too long after humans first arrived in Europe - the climate was significantly colder then and so rock shelters, shallow caves were valued as homes protected from the wind and rain. And in some cases at least, artists drew on the walls of their homes. But many of the truly great cave art sites like Chauvet were never inhabited. These paintings were made deep inside a dark cave, where no natural light can penetrate. There’s no evidence of people ever living here. Cave bears, yes, but not humans. You would have had to make a special trip into the cave to make the paintings, and a special trip to go see it. And each time you’d have to bring along torches to light your way. And people did go see the art. There are charcoal marks from their torches on the cave wallsclearly dating from thousands of years after the paintings were made. So we can tell people went there. They came but they didn’t stay. Deep inside a cave like that is not really a place you’d want to stay, so, why? What inspired the Paleolithic artists to make such beautiful art in such inaccessible places? We’ll never really know of course, though it’s int eresting to speculate.But, um, getting to the paintings themselves, virtually all Paleolithic cave art represents animals, and Chauvet is no exception. The artists were highly skilled at using, or even enhancing, the natural shape of the cave walls to give depth and perspectives to their drawings, the sense of motion and vitality in these animals. Well, wait till I show you the slides. Anyway, most Paleolithic cave art depicts large herbivores. Horses are most common overall with deer and bison pretty common too, probably animals they hunted. But earlier at Chauvet, there is a significant interest in large dangerous animals, lots of rhinoceros, lions, mammoth, bears. Remember that the ranges of many animal species were different back then so all these animals actually lived in the region at that time. But the Chauvet artists didn’t paint people. There is a half-man-half-bison creature and there is outline of human hands but no depiction of a full human.So, why these precise animals? Why not birds, fish, snakes? Was it for their religion, magic or sheer beauty? We don’t know. But whatever it was, it was worth it to them to spend hours deep inside a cave with just a torch between them and utter darkness. So, on that note, let’s dim the lights, so we can see these slides and actually look at the techniques they used.LectureNarratorListen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.ProfessorNow astronomy didn’t really bloom into the science it is today until the development of spectroscopy.Spectroscopy is basically the study of spectra and spectral lines of light, and specifically for us, the light from stars. It makes it possible to analyze the light emitted from stars. When you analyze this light, you can figure out their distance from the earth, and identify what they are made of, determine their chemical composition.Before we get into that though, it’s probably a good thing to back up a bit. You all know how when you take a crystal prism and pass a beam of sunlight through it, you get a spectrum, which looks like a continuous band of rainbow colors. The light that we see with our human eyes as a band of rainbow color falls in a range of what’s called visible light. And visible light spectroscopyis probably the most important kind of spectroscopy. Anyone want to take a stab at the scientific term for visible light? And I’m sure all of you know this because you all did the reading for today.StudentOptical radiation. But I thought being exposed to radiation is dangerous.ProfessorYes, and no. If you are talking about radiation, like in the element Uranium, yeah, that’s dangerous. But radiation as a general term actually refers to anything that spreads away from its source. So optical radiation is just visible light energy spreading out. OK, so we’ve got a spectrum of a beam of sunlight and it looks like the colors bleed into each other. There are no interruptions, just a band flowing from violet to green, to yellow, to… you get the idea.Well, what happens if the sunlight’s spectrum is magnified? Maybe you all didn’t do the reading. Well, here’s what you’d see.I want you to know this that this spectrum is interrupted by dark lines called spectral lines. If you really magnify the spectrum of the sunlight, you could identify more than 100,000 of them. They may look like kind of randomly placed, but they actually form many distinct patterns. And if you were looking at the spectrum of some other star, the colors would be the same. But the spectral lines would break it up at different places, making different patterns. Each pattern stands for a distinct chemical element, and so different sets or patterns of spectral lines mean that the star has a different chemical composition.StudentSo how do we know which spectral patterns match up with which elements?ProfessorWell, a kind of spectroscopic library of elements was compiled using flame tests. A known element, say a piece of iron for example, is heated in a pure gas flame. The iron eventually heats to the point that it radiates light. This light is passed through a prism, which breaks it up into a spectrum. And a unique pattern, kind of like a chemical fingerprint of spectral lines for that element appears. This process was repeated over and over again for many different elements, so we can figure out the chemical makeup of another star by comparing the spectral pattern it has to the pattern of the elements in the library.Oh, an interesting story about how one of the elements was discovered through spectroscopy. There was a pretty extensive library of spectral line patterns of elements even by the 1860s. ABritish astronomer was analyzing a spectrograph of sunlight, and he noticed a particular pattern of spectral lines that didn’t match anything in the library. So he put two and two tog ether, and decided there was an element in the sun that hadn’t been discovered here on the earth yet. Any guesses about what that element is? It actually turned out to be pretty common and I’m sure all of you know it.OK. Let’s try something else. Any of you happened to be familiar with the Greek word for “sun”by chance?StudentSomething like “Helius” or something like that. Oh it must be “Helium”. So you are saying that Helium was discovered on the sun first.ProfessorYes, and this is a good example of how important spectroscopy is in astronomy.。
托福听力tpo39 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo39lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (19)原文 (19)题目 (22)答案 (23)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.MALE PROFESSOR:Since Earth formed,some four and a half billion years ago,the number of minerals here has increased dramatically,from a few dozen relatively simple minerals early on…to over4,300kinds of minerals we can identify today—many of them wonderfully complex.A basic question of geology is how all these new minerals came into being.Well,recent studies have turned to biology to try to explain how this happens.Now,much of biology is studied through the lens of evolution.And the theory of evolution suggests that,as environments change—and inevitably they do—some organisms will have characteristics that allow them to adapt to those changes successfully…characteristics that help these organisms develop and survive and reproduce.And when environments become more complex—as tends to happen over time—those earlier adaptations,those variations…become the basis of yet other combinations and variations…and lead to ever more diverse and complex forms of life.So from fewer,simpler,and relatively similar forms of life billions of years ago,life on Earth has now become a dazzling array of diversity and complexity.Well,some geologists now want to apply this concept to explain mineral diversity too. The conditions that minerals are under are not constant.Conditions like temperature or pressure or chemical surroundings—these change—often in cycles,increasing and decreasing slowly over time.And as conditions change,minerals sometimes break down and their atoms recombine into totally new compounds,as part of a process some call mineral evolution.Now,minerals are not alive,of course,so this is not evolution in quite the same sense you'd have in living organisms.But there do appear to be some parallels.Living organisms not only adapt to their environment but also affect it—change theenvironment within which other organisms may then develop.Likewise,each new mineral also enriches the chemical environment from which lots of other,even more complex new minerals may be formed in the future.Beyond these similarities,though,what's really fascinating about mineral evolution is the way minerals apparently coevolve with living organisms.Uh,what do I mean by that?Well,it's maybe a billion years after Earth’s formation that we first see evidence of life.Of course,early life-forms were primitive—just tiny,single-celled microbes—but over time,they had a profound effect.Huge numbers of these microbes began producing food by photosynthesis,which,of course,also freed up enormous amounts of oxygen.And lots of that oxygen interacted with the atoms of existing minerals,creating rust out of iron,for instance,…reacting with a whole range of different metals to create lots of new minerals.Now,living organisms rely on minerals.But they not only take in some minerals as nutrients,they also excrete others as waste products...including what we call biominerals—minerals that form with the help of biological life.We can see geologic evidence of biomineral production in what are called stromatolites.Stromatolites look like wavy layers of sedimentary rock.But they're really fossils—fossils of the waste from microbial mats.Microbial mats are vast colonies of one-celled organisms…that were once the most prevalent form of life on Earth.And the study of stromatolites indicates that these ancient microbial mats interacted with minerals in the environment and left behind new compounds as waste products—biominerals like carbonates,phosphates,and silica.In fact,we’ve grown microbial mats in the laboratory,and,over time,they too have produced some of the same sorts of minerals found in stromatolites.Uh,you don't need to know the details of the process right now—we’re still figuring out just how it works,ourselves.But you might be interested to know that this concept of mineral evolution is being used in the search for evidence of life on other planets.The thinking is that if certainminerals occur here on Earth as a result of a biological process,and if we also find those same minerals on another planet,…this would suggest that life may have once existed there.But—just because a particular mineral is found on say,Mars or Venus—uh,we really shouldn't assume that whatever caused it to turn up there…must be the same process that formed that mineral here on Earth.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how geologists identified the minerals present during Earth's formation.B.To explain why living organisms require certain minerals to survive.C.To explain the differences between simple and compound minerals.D.To explain a recent theory about mineral formation.2.What point does the professor make about the minerals present during Earth's formation?A.They were comparatively few of them.B.They were more complex than minerals formed on other planets.C.Most were not affected by temperature and pressure changes on early Earth.D.Some of them are no longer being formed naturally on Earth.3.What similarities does the professor point out between minerals and living organisms?[Click on2answers.]A.Both first appeared on Earth at approximately the same time.B.They both can be formed only in the presence of oxygen.C.They both have become more diverse and complex over time.D.Not only are they both shaped by their environment,but both also affect it.4.What are stromatolites?A.Fossils remains of microbial mats.yered deposits of iron-based minerals.yers of rock that indicate changes in Earth's pressure and temperature.D.Rock formations created when oxygen interacts with certain metals.5.Why does the professor talk about microbial mats?A.To explain why organisms tend to colonize near certain minerals.B.To describe how minerals can be created by living organisms.C.To illustrate the effects of geological processes on living organisms.D.To emphasize that evolving life depended on the presence of oxygen.6.What does the professor think about using evidence of minerals on another planet to determine whether life has existed there?A.He believes it is the most promising way to search for life on another planet.B.He doubts that complex minerals will ever be found on another planet.C.He is cautious about assuming that certain minerals indicate the presence of life.D.He is surprised that the technique was not suggested until recently.答案D A CD A B C译文旁白：请听一段地质学讲座的节选片段。
托福听力tpo66 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo66lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (18)Lecture1原文Professor:OK,today,I want to talk about sleep.We all sleep.Human sleep,many animal sleep.When we sleep,we aren't actually unconscious,but in a state of reduced awareness of our surroundings.Now,what does that mean for animals in the wild,if they are in a state like that?Unable to monitor their environment?Male Student:Well,they're helpless,vulnerable to predators,maybe.Professor:Right.They are vulnerable to predators.Yeah,they sleep.So let's talk about why,the biology of sleep.So the first thing l want you to understand is that sleeps a very risky behavior.And risky don't evolve unless they bring the animals some kind of benefit that outweighs that risk.So sleep must have a really important function.And I want to emphasize that there is a difference between sleep and other forms of inactivity,like regular rest.The insects,for instance,rest.But they don't sleep.What's specific to sleep is thatthe brain alters many of its usual activities,including its connection to sensory and motor organs,it shuts those connections down.So a sleeping animal can usually neither sense nor move.And I say usually because…well,we will get to that in a minute.So,basically all mammals and birds sleep.But there are some unusual ways of sleeping.Take marine mammals.Like dolphins,dolphins need to swim up for air once in a while,so they can't completely shut off all movement and sensation.So their brain can't shut down completely.But dolphins get around this.How?won't they sleep one brain hemisphere at a time?Sleeping dolphins actually look like they're just resting,awake and occasionally swim up for air.So how can we even tell their sleeping?Well,we measured their brain activity which showed that1/2was active while the other was sleeping.That's some adaptation, uh?So,what is the function of sleep?As I said,it must be important,but why?Okay.I know you're all tempted to say,uh,that sleeps when the whole body rests that sleep is our mechanism to recover from physical activity.And it's true.When you sleep, your muscles lose their tone,they relax,the body saves energy.But this could happen even during regular waking rest.I mean,that's probably what happens when insects rest.You don't need sleep for that.You can get the same benefit by resting awake.So this doesn't explain why sleep involved.To explain the real function,the most important benefit of sleep.You'll need to focus on the brain,not the muscles.Remember how we can tell that a dolphin sleeping not just resting,is because of a unique pattern of brain activity,which is a clue that sleeps function has to do specifically with the brain.And that's the general consensus cause,that's what could explain by it evolved.It also explains why sleep is a characteristic of mammals and birds,because they have the most complex brains of all animals.The simpler brain uh like a reptile gets by with little sleep or even without sleep.OK,so we know that sleep benefits the brain but in what way?We are notsure yet.Okay.So one hypothesis is that during sleep,the brain's synthesize molecules that it needs for proper functioning when awake.The longer we stay awake,the more those molecules get depleted.So the brain needs to replenish them,and this supposedly happens during sleep.I'm talking about energy sources like glycogen and some types of neuro-transmitter that are needed to transmit signals between nerve cells.So these get replenish during sleep and the next morning our brain is working with a full supply of energy and neuro-transmitters again.With that explains why we feel so alert and mentally refreshed after night sleep.Yes,Jim?Male Student:Well,you know,I don't work well in the morning at all.Female Student:Yeah,I do my best work at night too.Professor:Not everyone's at their best in the morning.I grant you that.But that doesn't rule out the replenishment hypothesis.It's just a bit more complicated than I said.They were fairly sure that there's this other rhythm of mental activity going on that independent of sleep.It's like a pre-program24hours cycle.Your mental activity peaks at a certain hour every day,like at night,for you two.And then it goes down at some other point.But the point is that after a sleepless night,that peak is not as high as it would normally be,and the longer you go without,the lower those peaks get. So the replenishment may be needed to keep the metal high.Does that make sense? The two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive.That's what I'm trying to say.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain why people sleep at night rather than during the dayB.To discuss the problems caused by a lack of sleepC.To explain why muscles in the body need sleepD.To explore benefits that are provided by sleep but not by regular rest2.Why does the professor mention that sleep is a risky behavior?A.To suggest that resting while awake is better than sleepingB.To indicate how important the benefits of sleep must beC.To explain why many animals sleep during the dayD.To explain why birds sleep less than mammals3.According to the professor,why is the sleep of dolphins unusual?A.Their sleep is interrupted whenever they need to come up for air.B.They can move around while they are asleep.C.In every dolphin group only half of the dolphins are asleep at any given time.D.Their brains show no activity during sleep.4.What does the professor conclude about the view that the main function of sleep is to allow the body to recover from physical activity?A.It is true for all animals except marine mammals.B.It is supported by measurements of brain activity.C.It explains why sleep has evolved.D.It is not convincing when examined more closely.5.According to the hypotheses discussed by the professor,what determines howalert we feel at a particular time of the day?[Click on2answers.]A.The supply of certain chemicals in our brainB.The chemical composition of our dietC.Our24-hour cycle of mental activityD.The time of day when we usually wake up6.Why do the students say this:Male Student:Well,you know,I don't work well in the morning at all.Female Student:Yeah,I do my best work at night too.A.To show the professor that they have understood the theoryB.To support the professor's point that people tend to be active at the same timeC.To point out a fact that seems to contradict the hypothesis the professor just discussedD.To indicate that they would like to change their sleeping habits答案D B B D AC C译文教授：好的，今天我想谈谈睡眠。
托福考试听力2024历年真题精析
托福考试听力2024历年真题精析托福考试是众多学生备战留学的重要一环，其中听力部分常常是考生难以逾越的难点。
为了帮助考生更好地应对托福考试中的听力部分，本文将对2024年托福考试听力部分的历年真题进行精析，以帮助考生更好地理解和掌握该部分。
首先，我们来看2024年托福听力部分的第一个题目。
题目一：Conversation 1听力材料：[音频播放]对话内容：Man: Hey Jane, have you decided which elective course to take next semester?Woman: Not yet. I'm considering between psychology and sociology.I've always been interested in how people's minds work, but sociology also seems fascinating.Man: I see. Both courses are definitely worth taking. Have you looked into the course descriptions?Woman: Yes, I have. They seem equally challenging and interesting. I just can't make up my mind.Man: Well, have you talked to anyone who has taken these courses before? Their experiences might give you some insights.Woman: That's a good idea. I think I'll ask around and see what others think.任务题：What is the woman's problem?选项：(A) She can't decide which elective course to take next semester.(B) She doesn't like psychology or sociology.(C) She is not interested in taking any elective courses.(D) Both elective courses are already full.分析：这道题目属于典型的听力理解题。
托福听力tpo63 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo63lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in a geology class.Professor:OK.Before we begin,I wanna remind you that our field trip to Bryce canyon national park is this weekend.Remember the bus leaves early,five am,so don't forget to set your alarm clocks.I think you're all gonna enjoy getting out of the classroom and actually seeing some remarkable geologic phenomena.Now,while we're there,I want you to pay particular attention to two things.One obviously will be the sediment layers making up the rocks,since we've spent so much time onsedimentary rocks.Bryce canyon is a great place to see how millions of years have turned layers and layers of tightly packed sediment,mud particles,sand remains of plants and animals into rock.But you're also gonna see some fascinating rock shapes, formations that are the result of the weathering and the erosion processes that occur at Bryce canyon.There are two main processes that are important.The first one is a weathering process called frost wedge.Frost wedge a process that widens cracks in rocks in the wintertime.It begins with warm air or daytime sun melting the snow.As the snow turns into water,it seeps into the cracks that occur naturally in sedimentary rocks.At night,this water freezes in the cracks,but when water freezes,it expands quite a bit, which means that it prize cracks open,gradually,making them wider and breaking off a little bits in the process.Now,this thought freeze cycle can happen as many as two hundred times in a single year.So that makes it the most important weathering process at Bryce canyon.The other key processes is runoff,which is an erosion process.Runoff takes place in the summer.The parks in the desert said the grounds very dry.When it rains in late summer,the ground is too hard to absorb the water,so it runs off.And as it runs off, it carries away the gravel,the broken bits of rock created by cross wedge in the winter.So runoff is the main erosion process that alters the rock landscape in the park.And because these processes have occurred over thousands of years,some of the results can be pretty dramatic,like the giant corridors are passage ways that have developed within the rocks.These passage ways are known as slot canyons.Here's an example of one,not from the part we're going to.This one is actually in Australia,but the scale is typical.So these huge spaces started out as small cracks throughout the sedimentary rock,then thanks to millions of cycles across wedge and runoff.What used to be one big area of rock is now sort of two smaller areas of brought with the corridor in between.We'll have a chance to walk through some like this.These slot canyons are great places to explore,but let me just say,for any of you who aren't from around here,if you ever go on your own,make sure you check aweather forecast first.A sudden heavy rain can cause a flash flood in a slot canyon. So you want to know when it's safe to explore them.Unfortunately,it'll be dry this weekend.Now,these deep,narrow slots are pretty common.You might even have two of them very close to each other with only a thin wall of rock in between.Of course,frost wedge is still at work,so it starts wearing away at the front of the thin wall until you get a whole I mean a hole all the way through the wall,front to back.And this hole gets bigger and bigger.Once it's at least one meter in diameter,it's called a window.And eventually the weight on top of it is just too much,so the roof caves in and only the sides,sometimes it's just one side is left standing.These sides,which look a lot like collins,now are called Hudos.Here's a photo of something we'll be seeing.One of the things that makes Bryce canyon unique is that it has more Hudos than anywhere else in the world.Yes,Margot?Female student:Why is it so lumpy looking?You'd think it would be smoother.Professor:Well,remember,these are sedimentary rocks,so they have layers.Some layers are mostly limestone,and limestone erodes pretty quickly in the presence of any kind of acid.Now Bryce canyon in a very unpolluted area,but even,there the rain water has a little carbolic acid in it,which causes the limestone to erode.But other layers are made up of different types of sediment,which aren't so vulnerable to acid,so they don't erode as quickly.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The length of time required to produce sedimentary rocksB.The role of climate conditions in the creation of sedimentary rocksC.Some processes that produced a specific group of rock formationsD.Some unique geologic features found in canyons in the United States2.According to the professor,what is one characteristic that frost wedging and runoff share?A.Neither occurs in a desert.B.Neither is a frequent event.C.Both are weathering processes.D.Both are seasonal phenomena.3.Why does the professor show a picture of a slot canyon?A.To give students a sense of the size of a typical slot canyonB.To show students one of the places they will visit on their field tripC.To illustrate how many sediment layers are visible in a typical slot canyonD.To show how much slot canyons can vary based on local climate conditions4.What is the professor's attitude toward students exploring Bryce Canyon on their own?A.He worries that students may not know to take appropriate precautions if they go by themselves.B.He suspects that many students will not go on their own if such a trip requires them to get up early.C.He hopes that the class field trip will motivate students to visit Bryce Canyon on their own.D.He believes that students learn more from individual exploration than they dofrom being in a group.5.How is a hoodoo formed?A.Runoff produces large gravel deposits.B.Air pollution leads to a buildup of limestone.C.The roof of a rock window collapses.D.A flash flood washes away the base of a rock wall.6.According to the professor,what two factors explain why a hoodoo does not have a smooth shape?[Click on2answers.]A.The presence of acid in rainwaterB.The temperature swings between the summer and the winter seasonsC.The composition of the hoodoo's sedimentary layersD.The location of the cracks created by frost wedging答案C D A A C AC译文听一段地质学的讲座。
托福TPO听力30文本(含MP3音频)
小编推荐：查看托福口语TPO1-33文本+MP3，请点击：TPO口语1-34查看托福阅读TPO1-33阅读原文+题目+答案，请点击：TPO阅读1-33查看托福写作TPO1-25文本大全，请点击：TPO写作1-25托福TPO听力30文本（含MP3音频）上海新航道托福为大家整理了TPO听力30文本，下载TPO听力30MP3音频：/s/1c0x5PhI查看托福听力TPO1-29原文+题目+MP3音频下载，请点击：TPO听力1-29TPO 30Section1Conversation1NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and an employee at the student activity center.StudentThis is the administrative office, right?EmployeeUh-huh. How can I help you?StudentWell, I am stopping by to reserve a place for my school club that meet and work, pretty much on a regular basis. Ideally, our preference would be to have our own office.EmployeeHmm…well, we are out of private offices. But we do have some semi-private options still available.StudentWhat do you mean?EmployeeWell, it’s a setup where you’ll have a larger workspace shared by two other clubs. In other words, each club would have its own work area within that one room.StudentOh. Are there any divider, walls or anything?EmployeeOh, yes. There will be a couple of dividers, so there’s some privacy.StudentUm. We’ll work with that then. I wouldn’t want to be without an office.EmployeeOK. Here are the two forms you have to fill out. Why don’t you do it no w while I set that up through out computer system.StudentOK.EmployeeSo what’s your club’s name? And the last name of the club president.StudentOh, it’s the photography club. And it’s Williams. That’s me. John Williams.EmployeeHmm…that’s not pulling up anything on my screen. Um…let me try something else. Uh, how about your faculty advisor’s name?StudentSarah Baker. She is in the Arts Department.EmployeeHmm…No. Strange. You know your club is just not showing up in my online records. Is this an est ablished club?StudentNo. Actually it’s a brand-new one.EmployeeHmm…have you completed the registration process?StudentYeah, last week. That was my very first step.EmployeeRight. Well, for my purposes, a club definitely has to be registered before I can proceed further. At the moment, however, it appears that there’s no record of your club’s registration.StudentReally? I thought everything was finalized last week.EmployeeWell, it is surprising. Usually there’s a 24-hour turnaround in our computer database. So then do you have the registration approval letter from the review committee? That would give me the verification I need.StudentYeah. I do. I mean, well, I don’t have it with me. But … I… I, uh, can get it from my dorm room, bring it back wi th me and submit it with those forms you need from me.EmployeeGreat! That’ll work. And just so you are aware, there’re lots of benefits to being registered.StudentOh, yeah. I think the university will give us permission to set up a website, right? I want to get students sharing their ideas on the website, you know, establish a photography blog.EmployeeYes. You’ll be able to do that. And…um…actually there’s more. You’ll be allowed the use of audiovisual equipment at no cost. You’ll receive a club mailbox and a club email address. You’ll be allowed to post your flyers and posters around the campus for publicity. And you could be eligible for funding for club events.StudentWell, we are definitely interested in hiring a professional speaker at one of our campus events at some point in the semester. And speakers almost always charge a fee. So I’ll definitely follow up on that.Lecture1NarratorListen to part of a lecture in a psychology class.ProfessorWe’ve been talking about animal cognition—the study of animal intelligence. Now, much of the research in this area is motivated by the search for animal analogues, or parallels to human cognitive processes. And one of the processes we’ve been investigating is metacognition.What is metacognition? Well, it’s being aware of what one knows or feels, uh, um… having an awareness of one’s state of mind. And making decisions about behavior based on what one knows. Researchers have long been interested in whether animals possess this capability, but…but couldn’t test it because animals aren’t able to report their feelings.But recently one group of researchers found a way to solve this problem. They did studies with…with monkeys and dolphins that provide evidence that these animals have the ability to feel uncertainty, to feel unsure about something and…and…well, to know that they are uncertain.So how could these researchers figure out if an animal feels uncertainty. Well, it began with a study one of them did on a dolphin, who had been trained to recognize a particular high-pitched tone. The dolphin was taught to press one of two paddles depending on whether it heard the high tone or one that was lower. Food was a reward for a correct response. But if the wrong paddle was pressed, the dolphin had to wait several seconds before it could try again. The task varied in difficulty according to the pitch of the second tone. The closer it came in pitch to the first one, the hard it became for the dolphin to correctly identify it as low. And the researcher noted that the dolphin is quite eager to press the paddle when it was sure of the answer, but exhibited hesitation during difficult trials.Next the researcher introduced a third option, a third paddle that would initiate a new trial, giving the dolphin the choice of passing on difficult trials. Once the dolphin figured out the result of pressing this new paddle, it did choose it frequently when the trial was difficult. The researcher took that as an indication that the animal wanted to pass because it didn’t know the answer and knew it didn’t know.But there was a problem. Other researchers protested that the… the opt-out response was simply a learned or conditioned response. You remember intro to psychology, right? In other words, by pressing the pass paddle, the dolphin avoided having to wait and hasten the possibility of a full reward by moving directly to the next trial. So the experiment didn’t necessaril y indicate that the dolphin had knowledge of its own uncertainty, just that it wanted to avoid negative consequences.So more recently, our researcher and his colleagues devised a new study, this time using monkeys. In this experiment, the monkeys had to identify certain patterns displayed on a computer screen. These patterns were analogous to the tones used in the dolphin study. One type of pattern was of a specific density and was to be classified as dense, while the second type of pattern could vary in density, but was always less dense than the first one. And the monkeys’ task was to identify this second type as sparse. So the denser the second type of pattern was, the more difficult the task became.And as in a previous study, the monkeys were given a third choice that would allow them to pass on to a new trial. But unlike in the dolphin experiment, the monkeys had to c omplete four trials before they got any feedback. They didn’t know if they responded correctly or incorrectly after each trial because there was no reward or punishment. At the end of four trials, feedback was given. The monkeys received a full reward for each correct response. And a time-out during which a buzzer was sounded for each incorrect response. But the monkeys had no way to tell which reward or punishment was associatedwith which response. And they didn’t get either reward or punishment for choosing the pass option, the…um…the uncertainty response. But nevertheless they still chose this option in the appropriate circumstances when the trial was particularly difficult. And this is evidence that it wasn’t a conditioned response, because that response didn’t guarantee a faster reward.So what does all this tell us about animal consciousness or animals’ awareness of themselves and their state of mind? Can we really know what’s going on in the minds of animals? No. Of course not. But exploring the metac ognitive capacity of animals could become an important criterion in highlighting the similarities and differences between human and animal minds.HumanBy Michael S. Gazzaniga/books?id=nD4u-YdmX88C&pg=PA317&lpg=PA317&dq=metacognition+dolphin+press+paddles &source=bl&ots=co2_Da3oLo&sig=FSfz5EeoUh0j-sPyqmOfbCiSNys&hl=en&sa=X&ei=D_bjUcn9E6T7ygHE4oGQCw &ved=0CEcQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=metacognition%20dolphin%20press%20paddles&f=falseLecture2-PaleontologyNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a paleontology class.ProfessorAs we’ve discussed, birds are apparently descendants of dinosaurs and shared many commonalities with some dinosaur species, like…um…feathers and maybe even flight and of course egg laid. OK.So, many paleontologists, myself included, have wondered about other similarities between dinosaurs and birds. Since adult dinosaur fossils have sometimes been discovered near or on top of nests, we’ve been looking at the dinosaur parenting behavior.StudentParenting behavior, well, th at sounds so gentle and caring. But dinosaurs were ferocious reptiles and reptiles don’t take care of their young, do they?ProfessorWell, some reptiles incubate their eggs, crocodiles do. And as for popular attitudes towards dinosaurs…well, take the Oviraptor for instance.In the 1920s, a paleontologist discovered the fossil remains of a small dinosaur near a nest containing eggs. He assumed the dinosaur was stealing the eggs, so he named it Oviraptor that means egg thief in Latin, which fueled the generally negative public image of such dinosaurs.But by the 1990s, other experts had convincingly made the case that instead of robbing the nest; the Oviraptor was probably taking care of the eggs. You see, dinosaurs’ closest living relatives – birds and crocodiles – display nesting behavior. And dinosaur fossils have been found in postures that we now believe to indicate brooding behavior, that is, sitting on the eggs until they hatch.So we are curious about the type of care dinosaurs gave to their young. And we’d like to figure out which dinosaur parent, the male or the female gave the care.StudentShouldn’t the behavior of crocodiles and birds give us some clues then?ProfessorWell, with crocodiles, it is the female who guards the nest, and with birds, it depends on the species, it can be the male or the female that takes care the eggs, or both. In over 90 percent of all bird species, both parents take care of the eggs and the young birds.StudentBut sometimes it’s just the male?ProfessorWell, exclusive care by the male parent is much less common, but it does occur. Now, for animals other than birds, the care of young by both parents is pretty unusual in the animal kingdom. Males contribute to parental care in fewer than five percent of all mammalian spec ies. It’s even less frequent among reptiles. And exclusive care by the male is very rare. So researchers have wondered about the evolution of male parenting behavior in birds for quite some time. And now there’s research showing that for some of the birds’dinosaur relatives, it’s likely that the male parent was also in charge of taking care of the eggs.StudentHow did they figure that out?ProfessorWell, first they looked at clutch volume, that’s the number of eggs in the nest of crocodiles, birds and th ree types of dinosaurs, including Oviraptors that are thought to be closely related to the dinosaur ancestors of birds.So when researchers examined fossilized remains of nests, they found that the dinosaurs had larger clutch volumes, more eggs in the nests that is, than most of the crocodiles and birds that were studied. But, and this is important, their clutch volumes matched those of birds that have only male parental care. You see, bird species in which only the males take care of the nest tend to have the largest clutches of eggs.StudentSo what’s the connection between bird and dinosaur behavior?ProfessorWell, researchers now believe, because of this study, that the male parenting behavior of these birds might have its origins in the behavior of dinosaurs.StudentBased only on evidence of clutch volume size, the number of eggs?ProfessorNo, there’s more. They also examined the fossilized bones of those three types of dinosaurs that were found on or near nests to determine their sex. You see, adult female birds during egg production produce a layer of spongy bone tissue inside certain long bones. And so did female dinosaurs of the kinds that were investigated. This spongy tissue serves as a source of calcium for eggshell formation. But when the dinosaur fossils were examined, there were no spongy bone deposits.StudentMeaning that those dinosaurs on the nests were probably adult males who wouldn’t have needed calcium for making eggshells.ProfessorExactly. And then there’s this: birds like the kiwi, the ostrich and the emu; they share certain physical characteristics with these dinosaurs. And interestingly, they also show a consistent pattern of nest care by the male./wiki/Origin_of_birdsAre Bird really Dinosaurs?/diapsids/avians.html/chipperwoods/photos/dinos.htm/birds.html/article.php?ch=16&id=161.%22/subjects/dinosaurs/Dinobirds.html/releases/2013/04/130418104324.htm/news/2008/04/080424-trex-mastodon.html/question/index?qid=20090410204910AAkxv2nSection2Conversation2NarratorListen to a conversation between a student and his art history professor.ProfessorHow was the museum?StudentGreat. I hadn’t been there for a few years.ProfessorDid you enjoy the Van Gogh painting?StudentThat’s the thing. Looks like I have to change my topic.ProfessorHmm… we are getti ng close to the deadline. You were writing about the theme of night in the paintings of Vincent Van Gogh.It’s a wonderful topic.StudentI know. People don’t usually think of Van Gogh as an artist of nocturnal themes. They think of brightness, sunshine, a ll that yellow and orange.ProfessorYou are right of course about the intense light associated with his daytime paintings. But his night paintings don’t exactly lack brightness.StudentThat’s the paradox that I really like, the paradox of painting a nigh ttime scene using so much color and light. So I was planning to focus mostly on his painting Starry Night.ProfessorBut?StudentWhen I went to the museum to look at the actual painting, like you told me to. It wasn’t there.ProfessorReally? Isn’t it par t of the permanent collection?StudentYes. But it’s on loan right now to a museum in Europe.ProfessorAh, I see. Well, I am strict about having students write about paintings they can observe firsthand.StudentWell, I found another painting I could study instead.ProfessorOK.StudentI read that there are two paintings called Starry Night. The first one was done by the French realist painter Millet. It may have been the inspiration for Van Gogh’s painting. Millet’s painting is located near my family’s h ouse in Connecticut. And I am going there this weekend and could study it then. I made sure it’s not out on loan.ProfessorThat definitely would work then. Van Gogh copied many of Millet’s compositions. We know that he really admired Millet’s work. And a lot of us think Van Gogh saw this particular painting by Millet in Paris in the late 1700s.StudentYeah. Although Millet was a realist painter, and Van Gogh a post-impressionist, the two paintings still share lots of features, not just the name. The most striking shared feature has got to be the amazing light effects. I am excited to go see it. But one other thing …ProfessorUh-huh.StudentI was thinking about getting a head start on my next assignment while I am at the gallery in Connecticut, the assignment on miniatures. They have a lot of miniature portraits of children as part of their permanent collection.ProfessorAmerican miniatures?StudentYeah. So I figured I could also get started on that essay, study a few while I am there. I’d focus on the m eaning of the objects that some of the children are holding, some are holding flowers, one child has a rattle, another a toy violin…ProfessorThat would be fine. Uh, those objects…we call them attributes. The attributes chosen to be included in a particul ar miniature was often meant to communicate parents’ hopes and dreams for their child. So I think you’ll learn a lot about how people viewed children at the time the miniature paintings were done.Lecture3-AstronomyNarratorListen to part of a lecture in an astronomy class.ProfessorThere’s been a lot of talk recently about life on Mars, at the level of microorganisms anyway, mainly because of a few important discoveries and inventions.For example, one major discovery was that at one point water was present on Mars. How do we know? Well, in 2004, an exploration robot discovered jarosite there.Jarosite is a yellowish brown mineral with a crystalline structure that’s also found on Earth. It contains iron, potassium an d hydroxide. The interesting thing is t hat on Earth at least it needs highly acidic water to form. So we’ve got water or had it at one point. And since most planetary scientists believe that water is essential to life, the presence of jarosite means that one prerequisite for life was once present on Mars.But there’s another thing about jarosite. One step in its formation on Earth involves microorganisms; they actually speed up the formation of jarosite dramatically. Now, theoretically it is possible for jarosite to form without the help of biological life forms. But we don’t really know for sure if this happens ‘cause… well, because every corner of Earth has some form of biological life.But jarosite on Earth incorporates all kinds of microorganisms into its crystalline structure. So it’s possib le that if the jarosite on Mars was also formed with the help of microorganisms, we might be able to detect remnants of them in the samples we find. And we have instruments now that will enable us to try to do this. For example, there’s a new instrument called the microfabricated organic analyzer, or M.O.A.The organic analyzer is an amazing tool. It will be able to collect soil samples and analyze them right there on Mars, pure, untouched samples. It will let us eliminate the risk we would take of contaminating the samples if they were brought back to Earth. And what they’ll look for specifically in the soil is amino acids.Amino acids, as you may know, are the building blocks of proteins. In fact, there are twenty standard amino acids involved in making pr oteins and lots more that aren’t.And here’s the important thing. Amino acids are what we call handed. They can exist in two forms, which are mirror images of each other like hands. Right and left hands have the same number of fingers in the same order plus one thumb. But right and left hands are not the same; they are mirror images. Well, like hands, amino acids can be right or left-handed. And the twenty that make up the proteins on Earth are all left-handed.Now, one reason the M.O.A., the organic analyzer is so impressive is that it tests not just for the presence of amino acids but also for the handedness of amino acids. If amino acids are found, it would be especially interesting if they show a prevalence of one type of handedness, either left, like amino acids on Earth, or right.See, other physical processes in space, processes that don’t involve living organisms, can create amino acids. But the ones synthesized through abiotic processes, which is to say not involving microorganisms, occur in equal numbers of right- and left-handed.So, a prevalence of left-handed amino acids would indicate they were biological in origin, which would be amazing! A prevalence of right-handed ones…well, that would be really amazing!! Because the organisms that created th em would be unlike anything we have on Earth, which produce only left-handed ones.Lecture4-Music HistoryNarratorListen to part of a lecture in a music history class. The professor has been discussing music of the twentieth century.ProfessorAnd what in strument comes to mind when you think of rock ‘n’ roll?StudentThe electric Guitar?ProfessorExactly. I think it’s fair to say that the sound of the electric guitar typifies the rock ‘n’ roll genre, which became popula r in the 1950s. But really the instrument we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s.But long before that even, people were experimenting with ways to modify traditional acoustic guitars. The first guitars were wooden. This is the Spanish guitar and the strings were made from animal products. Then came steel strings. And that led to the lap guitar, which is also called the steel guitar because the player slides a steel rod up and down the neck. And those are all acoustic guitars. OK?But then eventually we have electric guitars. Over the years, many inventors and musicians contributed to the design of these instruments. And each design was intended to alter the sound in some way, at first at least with the electric guitar, to make it louder.So let’s get back to when the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States. It was right after the Spanish-American war in the late 1890s. US sailors who were stationed in Hawaii—then a US territory—were very enamored with the music they heard there. Uh, Hawaiian music was based on the steel guitar I just described. Some sailors learned how to play the steel guitar and brought it home to the States. Before long, Hawaiian steel guitar music was all the rage3 in the mainland US. It a ctually had a strong influence on the development of several musical genres, rock ‘n’ roll most notably, but also jazz and blues.3 a widespread temporary enthusiasm or fashion: computer games are all the rage .Anyway, by the 1920s, with the advent of the public dance movement, people were gathering in large groups to listen to steel guitar music. But they had trouble hearing it, especially in large public settings. As I mentioned, the instrument was played horizontally, on the lap. Since the strings faced upward, the sound was projected toward the ceiling rather than outward toward the audience. Something had to be done, because the music venues and the audience kept getting larger and larger. So what would you do?StudentFind a way to amplify the sound?ProfessorYes. And to do that, inventors started attaching electronic devices, electrical coils to the acoustic guitars. And the electronics worked! But attaching electronics didn’t just affect how loudly you could play. It also changed the quality of th e sound.These early electric guitars were hollow and these early amplifiers caused vibrations in the bodies of the instruments. So as the sound got louder, it became more distorted, fuzzy-sounding. And what musicians at the time wanted was a pure, clean sound.StudentSo where does Les Paul fit in? Wasn’t he the first to electrify acoustic guitars?ProfessorUh…no. Electrified guitars already existed by the time Les Paul came into the picture around 1940. What Paul did was experiment with ways of removing the distortions and he succeeded. He designed a guitar with a solid body that relied solely on electronics. Paul’s solid body eliminated the vibrations, and thus the distortions.StudentExcuse me. But when I think of electric guitar music, I think of Jimi Hendrix.ProfessorJimi Hendrix, one of my favorites.StudentBut Hendrix’s style really was all about distortion, that’s what’s so great about his music, all those special effects. I thi nk a lot of rock ‘n’ roll fans prefer that to a pure sound.ProfessorYeah. You are getting ahead of me here. But good, because the point I was going to make is that the sound of rock ‘n’ roll changed over the years. And the designs and technology of electric guitars made those changes possible.So whereas Les Paul’s goal wa s to remove the distortion, later musicians wanted to produce it. And by the time Jimi Hendrix came around. Well, essentially, Hendrix reinvented the electric guitar, in the sense that he created amazing effects and vibrations that changed the sound of roc k ‘n’ roll completely. So eventually, people tried to improve on Les Paul’s model, well, to modify it I should say.TPO30听力题目文本Section1Conversation-11 Why does the student go to speak with the woman?A. To get permission to organize a club event.B. To arrange for a work space for his club.C. To inquire about a photography class.D. To reserve a room for photography exhibit.2 What is the student's attitude toward the room he is offered?A. He thinks that sharing a room is a good way to find out about other clubs.B. He considers a semiprivate room to be acceptable.C. He is concerned that there will not be enough storage space in a semiprivate room.D. He is surprised that there are not enough private rooms for all the clubs.3 Why does the woman ask the student for an approval letter?A. All new clubs must submit an approval letter to the student activities center.B. She needs it to request funding for the club on his behalf.C. She needs proof that the new club has a faculty advisor.D. The approval letter can serve as verification of the club's registration.4 Near the end of the conversation, what does the student indicate he will have to do ?A. Retrieve a letter from his dormitory roomB. Reschedule some club eventsC. Ask a committee to review his registrationD. Pay a registration fee to start a new club5 For what activity does the student consider requesting funding?A. Designing a club Web siteB. Reserving audio-visual equipmentC. Sponsoring a guest speakerD. Setting up a campus e-mail accountLecture-16 What is the lecture mainly about ?A. The difference between cognition and metacognitionB. A study showing that dolphins have less cognitive capacity than monkeysC. The effectiveness of using food as a reward in experiments with monkeysD. Research that investigates whether animals are aware of feeling uncertainty7 Why does the professor mention the inability of animals to report what they are thinking ?A. To emphasize that language learning is an ability unique to humansB. To explain why researchers must be sensitive to nuances in animals' behaviorC. To point out a difficulty in testing for metacognition in animalsD. To show the need for advancements in the study of animal communication8 In the dolphin study, how did the researcher make the dolphin's task increasingly difficult ?A. By showing the dolphin two patterns that were similar in densityB. By playing two sounds that became progressively closer in pitchC. By producing sounds that were just within the dolphins' range of hearingD. By introducing a third paddle that ended on trial an began a new one9 According to the professor, what objections did some researchers raise with regard to the dolphin study?A. The study did not distinguish between learned and higher-level responses.B. The dolphin was not rewarded consistently for pressing the third paddle.C. Only one dolphin was used in the experiment.D. The results could not be replicated in a later study.10 What can be inferred from the results of the study in which monkeys did not receive immediate feedback?A. The researchers based the study on an incorrect hypothesis.B. Monkeys respond best to negative reinforcement.C. Monkeys become confused when they do not receive rewards.。
托福听力tpo64 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo64lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (3)答案 (5)译文 (5)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (9)答案 (11)译文 (11)Lecture3 (13)原文 (13)题目 (15)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture1原文Listen to part of a lecture in an economics class.The professor has been talking about international trade.Professor:OK,so let's recap from yesterday.Why do nations engaged in international trade?Well,it's often because of a surplus,more than they need,and they also trade for the opposite reason when they have shortages and can't produce everything they want or need domestically.So these explanations are good as far as they go.But there's another scenario we need to discuss.And that is what if a country is capable of producing something it wants or needs but it can also import the same product from another country?Now,how does the country decide whether to make the product itself or import it?OK,take an example.Um,think about the bananas that you buy in the supermarket.If you look closely,you'll see that most bananas in the United States are imported,imported from countries with tropical climates.But theUnited States has warm regions.It has greenhouse.Clearly,it would be possible to grow bananas here.So why doesn't the US do that?Scott?Student Scott:Well,it is like a lot cheaper and more efficient for countries with tropical climates,for tropical countries to grown bananas,isn't it?I mean,they don't need greenhouse to grow bananas,and they're not so limited to certain regions.Professor:Okay,good.That's exactly right.Tropical countries have what we call an absolute advantage in producing bananas.Absolute advantage is the term we use when a country can produce more of a product using fewer resources.They're the most efficient producer of something.And the United States can't be that with bananas.So it's better off specializing in other goods that it can make more efficiently.Let's take an example,say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well, you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.OK,so as I was saying,two countries,two products,one country can produce both products more efficiently than the other country.Should these two countries even trade at all?Student Scott:Uh,well,no,I mean,like what's in it for the more efficient country?Professor:Well,what is in it for them?Let's,um,well,let's call these countries um,X and Y.Country X makes both TVs and chairs more efficiently than country Y does.It has an absolute advantage in producing both commodities?No question.But what economists also look at is relative efficiency.And from that perspective,we see that country X is a lot more efficient at making TVs than it is at making chairs and in country Y,ah,well,it turns out they're more efficient at making chairs than TVs.So we say that country Y has a comparative advantage at chair making.And country X has a comparative advantage at TV making.So what should happen?Well,first,both countries should specialize in the production of just one thing.The product they're most efficient at making.Country X should make only TVs and country Y should make only chairs,then two of them should trade.Specialization and trade are going to lead to increase in production and increased overall supply of goods and generally lowerprices.Right?Student Scott:Professor,I still don't see how countries figure out when and where they have a comparative advantage.Professor:Well,you can't fully understand the concept of comparative advantage without also considering the related concept of opportunity cost.Opportunity cost is what you lose,uh,the options you have to give up in order to use your time and resources for something else,countries can determine where their comparative advantages lies,uh,like making TVs instead of chairs by figuring out what they can make with the lowest opportunity cost.Ah,you know,maybe this will be clear if we apply it on a personal level.Now think about when you go out to a movie,your direct monetary cost is the price of the movie ticket.Right?But you also spend two hours at the theater.Your opportunity cost includes both,uh,whatever else you could have spent your money on.Um,ten candy bars may be and whatever else you could have accomplished during the time you were watching the movies,uh,you might have completed your homework for this class,or you might have work two hours overtime at your job,thereby earning instead of spending money.See,these lost possibilities are your opportunity cost.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.Advantages that countries can gain by making their own goodsB.Inequalities that lead to trade imbalances between countriesC.Cost and efficiency concepts that help determine trade decisionsD.Ways in which local surpluses can affect international trade2.Why does the professor talk about growing bananas in countries with tropicalclimates?A.To show how opportunity costs affect agricultural productionB.To explain how demand for a product determines its costC.To describe how domestic shortages are createdD.To illustrate the concept of absolute advantage3.According to the professor,what indicates that a country has an absolute advantage in trade?A.It can produce an item more efficiently than other countries.B.It is wealthy enough to import everything that it needs.C.It consistently exports more than it imports.D.It does not have to import any goods from other countries.4.The professor gives an example of two countries that produce televisions and chairs. What does she predict will happen if the economic decisions of both countries are based on the principle of comparative advantage?[Click on2answers.]A.The prices of televisions and chairs will go down in both countries.B.More chairs and televisions will be manufactured in each country.C.Imports of televisions and chairs will decrease in each country.D.The total supply of televisions and chairs will increase in both countries.5.Why does the professor talk about going to the movies?A.To demonstrate the difference between absolute and comparative advantageB.To provide an example to help explain the concept of opportunity costsC.To illustrate the advantages of specialization in the entertainment industryD.To show that economic theories do not always apply on a personal level6.Why does the professor say this:say we have two countries and say they each make only two products and they trade only with each other.Simplistic I know.But well,you'll see where I'm going with this in a moment.A.To reassure the students that the example will help illustrate her pointB.To apologize to the students for using an example that is difficult to understandC.To prepare the class for a shift to a new topicD.To return to a point she made earlier答案C D A AD B A译文请听经济学课上的部分内容。
toefl听力历年真题
toefl听力历年真题一、听力第一节(共5小题，每小题1分)听下面5段对话。
每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。
每段对话仅读一遍。
1、Who is the man talking about now?A.His girlfriend.B.His sister.C.His mother.2、What are they talking about?A.A traffic accident.B.A fire.C.A crime.3、Where does the conversation most probably take place?A.At a bookshop.B.At a kitchen.C.At a bank.4、Who was injured?A.George.B.George’s wife.C.George’s wife’s father.5、What do we learn from the conversation?A.Tony could not continue the experiment.B.Tony finished the experiment last night.C.Tony will go on with his experiment.第二节(共15小题，每小题1分)听下面5段对话或独白。
每段对话或独白后有几个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项，并标在试卷的相应位置。
听每段对话或独白前，你将有时间阅读各个小题，每小题5秒钟;听完后，各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。
每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料，回答第6至7题。
6、Where does this conversation most likely take place?A.In the street.B.At the woman’s home.C.Over the phone.7、What is the woman going to do tonight?A.Help her sister with English.B.Meet her friend at the station.C.Go to an exhibition with her parents.听第7段材料，回答第8至10题。
托福听力部分历年真题详解2024版
托福听力部分历年真题详解2024版Introduction托福考试中的听力部分是考生们普遍感到较为困惑和挑战的一部分。
为了帮助考生们更好地应对托福听力考试，本篇文章将详细解析2024年的托福听力部分历年真题，并提供一些有效的解题技巧和策略。
Section 1 - Conversation第一节 - 对话In this section, you will listen to a conversation between two people. The conversation may be about everyday topics such as shopping, studying, or planning activities. This part of the test aims to assess your ability to understand and grasp spoken information in different contexts.Sample Question:Question: What is the main purpose of the conversation?Answer: The main purpose of the conversation is to discuss the plan fora group project.解析：这道题目要求考生理解对话的主要目的。
通过仔细倾听和分析对话内容，我们可以确定对话是关于一个小组项目计划的讨论。
因此，正确答案是"The main purpose of the conversation is to discuss theplan for a group project."Section 2 - Lecture第二节 - 讲座In this section, you will listen to a lecture or a speech by a professor. The lecture will cover academic topics and the speaker will often provide examples and explanations to support their main points. This part of the test assesses your ability to comprehend and extract information from lectures.Sample Question:Question: What is the professor's opinion about the new research findings?Answer: The professor's opinion is that the new research findings are promising, but further studies are needed to confirm the results.解析：这道题目要求考生理解教授对新的研究发现的观点。
托福听力tpo67 lecture1、2、3 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo67lecture1、2、3原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (5)答案 (7)译文 (8)Lecture2 (10)原文 (10)题目 (13)答案 (17)译文 (17)Lecture3 (19)原文 (19)题目 (23)答案 (26)译文 (26)Lecture1原文Professor:Now we've said that animal behavior patterns involve an interplay between an animal and its environment.In particular,behavior patterns can change as an animal becomes adapted to its environment. We can see the results of this in the way that animals have developed different types of feeding behavior.Animals are generally classified as a generalist feeders and specialist feeders.Now,um,these terms are used in a variety of ways.At times,they're used to refer to an animal's range of habitats.I've also seen them used to describe the number of foraging techniques that are used by an individual or species.Um,but for our purposes,we're going to use them to refer to the range of food items that are eaten by a species.So a generalist feeder is a species that eats a wide variety of foods during its lifetime.And a specialist is a species that feeds on a highly restricted number of foods.A good example of a generalist would be a rat.Rats are notorious for eating just about anything that's available,whether it's a plant or an animal.At the other end of the spectrum,we have the koala which eats only the leaves of eucalyptus trees.Okay,now there are advantages to each.For a generalist,If1type of food isn't around,it can feed on another that's more abundant.On theother hand,the advantage of being a specialist is that the animal is well adapted to its food.You could say that specialists are feeding masters, their consumption,even their digestive system is just so finely tuned.For instance,take the koala.The eucalyptus leaves that it feeds on,don't contain much protein.What's more,the leaves contain compounds that are poisonous to most species?But the koalas digestive system has adapted to handle this.It's liver deactivates,the poisonous compounds, and its digestive system is designed to extract the maximum amount of nutrients from the leaves.So it's not a question of which strategy is better.The real question is, what determines how selective animal species are in what they eat?Well, the answer may lie in a concept called optimal foraging.The idea is that natural selection favors animals whose feeding behavior has the lowest cost to benefit ratio.That is you want to get the best healthiest food you can.And you want to do it as quickly as possible.And as easily as possible.Now,in a natural environment,no animal forage in an absolutely optimal manner.But,well,I read some research on a little rat called the kangaroo rat,which lives in deserts in North America.The kangaroo rat is a generalist which eats plant matter like seeds and fruit.It lives in deep burrows which provide protection from the desert heat and from predators like hawks or snakes.And it goes foraging at night for food.For plant matter,under the protection of darkness,even though it's a generalist.If the only thing available is seed,if a choice of seeds is available to it,it picks up seeds that provide more energy than those it leaves behind.And it carries them back to its burrow.Once it's there,it might eat only the richest seeds from the ones that brought back.So it selects seeds outside in a way that lets it spend as little time as possible foraging in that risky environment,and then sorts out its food later when it's safely in its burrow.Oh,yes,Kenneth.You have a question?Male student:But what about the koala?It gets by uh,by being even more selective,you'd think you would be really risky to rely completely on eucalyptus leaves.Wouldn't it be better to diversify like the kangaroo rat,and eat,at least one or two other things?Professor:Well,what do you think the koala would say?What do I gain by being so selective?In terms of optimal foraging,it's clear that eucalyptus trees provide an abundant source of food.Other animals can't eat the leaves and think of how little energy the koala uses.It spends only about3hours each day eating to get the energy it needs.So being a specialist allows it to get the nutrients it needs with minimal expenditure of energy.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The reasons why some animals eat only plantsB.The advantages of two different feeding adaptationsC.The variety of foods that certain animals can eatD.The relationship between two animals that share a habitat2.What definition of the term“generalist”does the professor use in the lecture?A.An animal species that eats a wide variety of foodsB.An animal species that lives in a range of different habitatsC.An animal species that uses several techniques to forage for foodD.An animal species that forages at several different times of the day3.What points does the professor make about the koala’s specialist feeding habits?[Click on2answers.]A.It obtains all the food it needs in relatively little time.B.It requires large amounts of protein in its diet.C.It can eat leaves that are poisonous to other animals.D.It spends most of its time eating.4.What does the professor imply about the kangaroo rat?A.It will take more risks when foraging for high-energy food.B.It is one of the most selective feeders in North America.C.Its competitors often eat its food supply.D.It is selective when choosing what food it eats.5.How does the professor organize the information in the lecture?A.By contrasting an old theory with a new theoryB.By defining important terms and then giving examples of themC.By describing the similarities between two animalsD.By describing a problem and then suggesting some solutions6.Why does the professor say this:Male student:But what about the koala?It gets by uh,by being evenmore selective,you'd think you would be really risky to rely completely on eucalyptus leaves.Wouldn't it be better to diversify like the kangaroo rat,and eat,at least one or two other things?Professor:Well,what do you think the koala would say?What do I gain by being so selective?In terms of optimal foraging,it's clear that eucalyptus trees provide an abundant source of food.Other animals can't eat the leaves and think of how little energy the koala uses.A.To express agreement that the koala should eat a greater variety of foodB.To indicate that the koala’s behavior does not illustrate optimal foragingC.To remind the man of the characteristics of selective feedersD.To encourage the man to consider the koala’s feeding behavior differently答案B A ACD B D译文我们已经说过动物的行为模式涉及到动物和它的环境之间的相互作用。
老托福听力93篇下载(文本 翻译)
智课网TOEFL备考资料老托福听力93篇下载(文本+翻译)摘要：老托福听力93篇下载(文本+翻译)!托福听力要想拿到高分，必然就要勤加苦练。
其实听力方面真的没有特别的技巧，因此大家考试回归到苦练上吧，接下来就让我们练习老托福听力93篇吧!老托福听力93篇是练习听力的常见资料，利用老托福真题的练习，可以让大家更加清晰的了解托福听力考试，更加熟悉的了解托福听力的题型等等。
老托福听力93篇生词预习：1. stylized: adj. drawn or written in an artificial style, that does not include natural detail(绘画或写作)程式化的2. realism: n.[U]the style of art and literature in which everything is shown or described as it really is in life 现实主义，写实主义(艺术、文学上的风格)3. portrait: n.[C]a painting, drawing, or photograph of a person(人的)画像;照片;肖像[+of]4. imitate: v. to copy something because you think it is good(认为是好的因而)仿效(某物)5. static: adj. not moving, changing, or developing, especially when movement or change would be good 不动的;不变化的;不发展的;静(止)的6. formalism: n.[U]a style or method in art, religion, or science that pays too much attention to established rules(艺术、宗教或科学的)形式主义...扫码安装小马 APP，免费在线练习老托福听力93篇老托福听力93篇文本：Before we begin our tour, I'd like to give you some background information on the painter Grant Wood. We’ll be seeing much of his work today. Wood was born in 1881 in Iowa farm country, and became interested in art very early in life. Although he studied art in both Minneapolis and at the Art Institute of Chicago, the strongest influences on his art were European. He spent time in both Germany and France and his study there helped shape his own stylized form of realism. When he returned to Iowa, Wood applied the stylistic realism he had learned in Europe to the rural life he saw around him and that he remembered from his childhood around the turn of the century. His portraits of farm families imitate the static formalism of photographs of early settlers posed in front of their homes. His paintings of farmers at work, and of their tools and animals, demonstrate a serious respect for the life of the Midwestern United States. By the 1930's, Wood was a leading figure of the school of art called "American regionalism." In an effort to sustain a strong Midwestern artistic movement, Wood established an institute of Midwestern art in his home state. Although the institute failed, the paintings you are about to see preserve Wood's vision of pioneer farmers....以上就是整理的“老托福听力93篇下载(文本+翻译)”，希望通过这些听力真题的练习，能够帮助大家更好的来备考托福考试 !相关字搜索：老托福听力93篇。
托福听力相关模拟练习三(ETS真题)
模拟练习三(ETS真题音频下载地址: /bbs/thread-2691-1-1.html新托福听力备考材料及解释在这个地址: /bbs/thread-10511-1-1.html习惯与题海战术的我们,总是习惯性的在准备新托福考试的日子里靠大量做题取胜,疏不知,如果我们做的不是ETS的真题的话,大量做题是掌握不了出题规律的。
授课期间总会频频的被学生问及推荐什么题做。
其实,做题是次要的,提高自己的实力是主要的。
做模拟题只是检查自己实力的一个途径而已。
只是一味的做题,不去提高听力实力,或寻找错误原因的话,我们在做过模拟题后只能让我们知道自己有多差。
到底差在哪里?(1听力实力(2使用实力本材料取自ETS官网practice online题(ETS唯一公开真题请大家本着寻找差在哪里的态度去使用模拟练习题,使用方法在这里:/bbs/thread-4567-1-1.html因为是ETS真题,请大家结合OG听力11篇与此6篇仔细研究题型及考点!!!!!!!Horsewoshimajun@Listening 1 – Business1. What is the talk mainly about?(AA comparison of two approaches to decision-making(BA formula for evaluating business plans(CA process for improving decision-making(DA method for gaining consensus within groups2. In the lecture, the professor describes the steps in AHP. Indicate whether each of the following is a step in the process. Click in the correct box for each phrase.Yes NoEstablish the goalList alternative courses of actionSelect key criteria and subcriteriaMake pairwise comparisonsRevise the goal based on choices3. Why does the professor mention the floor plan of a house?(ATo give an example of a factor that would influence a decision(BTo give a personal example of a time he found AHP to be useful (CTo show that AHP can be applied to the design of houses(DTo name some criteria that are not important in decision-making4. According to the professor, what is one important result of using AHP? (APeople can make decisions more quickly.(BPeople are provided with several different outcomes.(CPeople can take advantage of the latest technology.(DPeople can better understand the decisions they make.5. What does the professor mean when he says this:(A He wants the students to use the AHP software for an assignment.(B He does not think the AHP software is useful.(C He wants to give only a general explanation of AHP.(D He thinks the students can understand the mathematics without his help.6. Why does the professor say this:(ATo express uncertainty about the process(BTo indicate an example of a decision to be made(CTo check the students’ understanding of the process(DTo find out what the students preferListening Script:ProfessorOK, uh let’s um, let’s start. Uh, tonight we’re gonna talk abo ut one approach to structuring decision-making on a specific topic, sort of um…oh when you’re in a decision-making process in a business situation, and you’ve got all the participants there sort of voicing opinions and negotiating, and there are lots of different factors to consider in your decision…uh, the technique we’re gonna talk about is uh, it’s a way to sort of structure that decision and arrive at a better decision. It’s called AHP, or Analytic, um, Analytic Hierarchy Process. Now, the first step is to develop, a hierarchy by breaking the problem down into its components, and then prioritizing the components, as you’ll see.Now there’s some AHP software out there that lets you do the math, but I’m not gonna get into that level of detail now. The important thing that I want to talk about is not the mathematics of it so much as the concept.I, I want you to understand the logic behind Analytic Hierarchy Process and the basic approach.OK…so uh, let’s say, if I was trying to buy a house, a house is actua lly a pretty good example. It’s not a good example for a business class, necessarily, but it’ll certainly dofor today.You, you start with your main goal. An’ then you break it down into smaller parts. All right…so uh, taking our example of, of buying a house…I would have to determine the goal for the house-hunting effort, uh choose the house that would be uh,…most, well, the best fit for my family. What would be your goal in trying to find a house? Well, uh let’s just say, make the best choice in, in buying a new house. Now, now that’s the goal.So now that you’ve established a goal, you establish your criteria. And um, under criteria I would list for me what were the important factors that will influence the decision. And…they would be things like uh, lik e the cost. And, uh what else? Uh, location. Location, I think, would typically be one in most of our models, and maybe one more. How about floor plan?—The layout of the rooms. So, so we have cost, location, floor plan…those might be our key criteria for c hoosing a house.Then you get down to the subcriteria under each of these three criteria. So, so let’s say, under floor plan, the subcriteria are, you want a big kitchen, 3 bedrooms, a basement. And after you’ve determined all the criteria and subcriteria, um then you go back and you start making pairwise comparisons between them…uh, judgments about two of these things at a time.Of the houses you’re considering, uh, is cost more important than location or, say, one has a big kitchen but only two bedrooms. Is that OK?You move through the hierarchy making judgments about 1 pair of choices at a time. You see, it, it it’s designed to reflect the way people actually think…humans are much more,…capable of making relative rather than absolute judgments. Basically, we’ve reduced a rather complex decision into a series of one-on-one comparisons.Um, so what AHP does is it requires me to develop a schematic model of what I’m looking for. So, so, right off the bat I have to articulate and think about and identify these factors, these criteria.And when I start comparing the criteria, these factors, um, it enables me to come up with the relative importance of each factor at a given level in the model. So, in other words, what the model does is it helps us set our priorities, and it forces us to make our priorities explicit. It, it not, not only helps make the best decision, we’re also a lot clearer on why we made the decision. And understanding why we made the decision makes it easier to convince the boss or the sharehol ders that it’s a good decision.答案:1. C2.Yes NoEstablish the goals XList alternative courses of action XSelect key criteria and subcriteria XMake pairwise comparisons XRevise the goals based on choices X3. A - To give an example of a factor that would influence a decision4. D - People can better understand the decisions they make.5. C - He wants to give only a general explanation of AHP.6. B - To indicate an example of a decision to be made.Listening 2 - Missed Classes7. Why does the woman go to see her professor?(ATo get materials for a class she missed(BTo discuss an assignment she is working on(CTo ask a question about a video her class recently watched(DTo inform the professor of changes in her schedule8. Why does the professor change his mind about when he will lend the woman the video?(AHe remembers that he does not have the video in his office.(BHe realizes that the woman does not have a VCR.(CHe is worried that he will not have the video back in time for his class.(DHe realizes that he will not need the video until the following week.9. Why will the woman stop by the professor’s office on Friday morning? (ATo return the video to the professor(BTo get the video from the professor(CTo hand in an assignment to the professor(DTo discuss the handouts with the professor10. Why does the professor say this:(ATo indicate that he is not concerned about the woman’s absence (BTo assure the woman that her absence will not affect her grade (CTo indicate that he has finished discussi ng the woman’s absence (DTo encourage the woman to explain why she was absent11. What can be inferred about the professor?(AHe is not planning to talk about the handouts now.(BHe expects the woman to respond to questions in the handouts. (CHe is concerned that the handouts may be difficult to understand. (DHe is not sure if he has the handouts the woman needs.Listening Script:StudentHi, Professor Johnson.ProfessorHi, Anna. What can I do for you?Student[upspeak]Remember, I e-mailed you about getting the handouts from the class I missed the other day, and you said I could stop by and pick them up today. ProfessorOh, that’s right. [friendly, but seeking an explanation]You know, that’s the fourth class you’ve missed this semester, and that’s not doi ng your grade any good.I assume you had a good reason for being out...Student[apologetically]I know, I really hated to miss another class, but I had the flu, and I could hardly get out of bed. That’ll be the last class I miss, though. I promise.Professor[accepting her promise]Okay...[sincerely]So how are you feeling now—are you all recovered?StudentWell, I’m still not quite a hundred per cent, but I’m feeling much better than I did a few days ago.ProfessorWell, that’s good.Okay, uh…[regaining train of thought]oh yes, the handouts. There were three of them, and I’ll get those for you in just a minute. They’re pretty self-explanatory, but if you have any questions, just send me an e-mail.But...Student[interrupting]Okay, thank you.ProfessorSure. Uh, but we also watched a video, and we’ll be having an essay question about it on the next exam, so,[searching for a solution]uh… [thinking]Hmmm…Do you have a VCR at home?StudentActually, I don’t, but I do have access to one.ProfessorOkay…Well I can lend it you, but the only thing is, you’d have to watch it tonight and get it back to me early tomorrow, because I’m going to be showing it in the other section of that class tomorrow afternoon.StudentThat’d be great.ProfessorBut you really have to get it back to me tomorrow before my class.StudentNo problem. I can drop it off first thing in the morning if you’d like.ProfessorOkay...You know what? How about if we do it this way. I’ll keep it for now and show it in my class tomorrow, and uh then you can drop by here and pick it up on Friday morning and keep it for the whole weekend, and just bring it with you when you come to class next week. How does that sound? Uh then you’ll have a couple of days to watch it, and you won’t have to worry a bout getting it back here tomorrow.StudentLet’s see, Friday morning...Yeah, that’ll work.ProfessorExcellent. I’ll be here from about ten to eleven thirty.StudentGreat. I’ll see you then.ProfessorUh, just a second. Let me get you those handouts.StudentOh, yeah. Thank you.答案:7. A - To get materials for a class she missed8. C - He is worried that he will not have the video back in time for his class.9. B - To get the video from the professor10. D - To encourage the woman to explain why she was absent.11. A - He is not planning to talk about the handouts now.Listening 3 - History12. What is the talk mainly about?(AThe differences between the traditions of the Hopi and Havasupi people(BThe relationship between tourism and Southwestern cultural history(CThe impact of Native American crafts on Grand Canyon tourism(DHow tourism in the Southwest has changed in the past 100 years13. Why does the professor mention the expansion of the railroad in the nineteenth century?(ATo emphasize the importance of the railroad to the development offarming in the Southwest(BTo explain the increased mobility of Native American peoples(CTo provide background for a discussion of Southwestern tourism(DTo give an example of the dangers tourists faced in the Southwest14. What does the professor say about the Grand Canyon Railway?(AIt is the only way to travel to the Grand Canyon.(BIt provides entertainment for passengers.(CIts passengers often consider it to be too slow.(DIt is owned and operated by the Hopi people.15. According to the professor, what does Hopi House demonstrate? (ATwo Native American groups share control of the Grand Canyon tourist industry.(BThe history portrayed by the tourist industry is not always accurate. (CNative American art and culture have not been influenced by tourism. (DThe Grand Canyon Railway has benefited many Native American groups.16. What does the professor say about the pottery now sold at Hopi House? (AIt is made in another country and imported to the United States.(BIt is less expensive than pottery sold elsewhere in the area.(CIt is produced by the traditional inhabitants of the Grand Canyon.(DIts style has been influenced by ancient pottery found in the Southwest.17. Why does the professor say this:(ATo express uncertainty about the facts(BTo criticize the company’s decision(CTo explain that the story is not true(DTo encourage students to express their opinionsListening Script:ProfessorOkay, uh, so last time we were talking about the expansion of the railroad in the nineteenth century—why it was so important in the development of the southwestern United States. Uh, we talked about a couple of things: the railroad brought about land speculation, and development of lands for timber and farming and—well, and this is what I want to talk about today—the railroads brought tourists. They traveled by train, viewing the landscape, and uh, came to get a taste of what the “Wild West” was like. In the past 100 years, a whole tourism industry has grown up around this idea. And uh, just like…ranching, or gold mining, it helped to integrate the Southwest into the economy of the rest of the country…uh, tourism helped integrate the “culture” or life in the Southwest into…well, well kind of into the minds of the rest of t he country. And large-scale tourism couldn’t have happened without the expansion of the railroad.So, the railroad brought tourists, and tourists brought some changes that I think are really interesting. Uh, the thing about tourism that you should know first, and this has been determined by sociologists…sociologists say that tourists look for the familiar. Most tourists don’t go someplace looking for new things. They go looking for things they already know something about. Tourists will have some sense of the culture of a place—maybe based on a stereotype or a generalization—but but that’s what they expect to see. And places that—deal with tourism, create things knowing this—they create what tourists are looking for. Take the Grand Canyon Railway…any of you been on it? Well, this is atrain that takes tourists to the Grand Canyon, and while you’re on the train, you see fake shootouts and gunfights. Now, the railroad running to the Grand Canyon was never actually robbed. But tourists have this idea that this was what things were like in the “Wild West,” you know, gunfights and train robberies, and the tourist railway wants to make them happy. There’s a great term for this…it’s called staged authenticity.In other words, people go to the Grand Canyon to see this fantastic natural landscape but they also want to get a sense of what it was like there during the real “Wild West.” Well, the railway knows this, so they try to re-create some of that cultural history. And, oh, and we also see this at the Grand Canyon with the creation of Hopi House. Have any of you visited Hopi House?Student AI went there last year.ProfessorCould you tell the class what it was like?Student AYeah…it’s kind of a, a big gift shop…where they sell traditional crafts—jewelry, pottery... stuff like that. And supposedly it’s really made by Hopi people, the people who live there.ProfessorAnything else? What about the architecture?Student AOh, right. It’s an unusual building…it’s supposed to look like a real Hopi building, I think.ProfessorGood, I noticed the same things. Now I’m not saying Hopi House is a fraud—the stuff they sell really is made by Hopi artists--but it’s still an example of staged authenticity. Something I bet you didn’t know…the Hopis never actually lived in, or even near, the Grand Canyon. There was another Native American people who lived in the Canyon, known as the Havasupi[hah-va-SOOP-ee]. But the tourist company that ran the place—it was called the Harvey Company—decided to hire the Hopi instead of the Havasupi. Can anyone guess why?Student BWere the Hopi better artists? I mean, did they make better things?ProfessorNot really. The way I understand it, the people at the Harvey Company were very good at making money, and they figured that the Hopi people and the Hopi crafts would sell better to the tourists. So they built Hopi House, and hired the Hopi people to work there and uh, one of those people, uh, a famous Hopi potter, was hired by the Harvey Company and she worked to rebuild, or or kind of restructure, th e Hopi pottery. It’s not sure whether this was her own doing or whether she was instructed to do this but… archaeologists working at ancient sites in the Southwest uncovered pottery and she started copying the same style.And, well there’s some debate about that/…whether it was her idea or whether she was told to do it.Either way, before you know it Hopi pottery was changing. It’s, it’s another case of the contradictions of staged authenticity—certainly the Hopi pottery you buy there is real.I mean, it does represent the pottery of the Southwest. But the Hopi people are not the traditional inhabitants of the Canyon, and their art gets affected by the tourist market—the the Harvey Company basically changed history to make money.答案:12. B - The relationship between tourism and Southwestern culturalhistory13. C - To provide background for a discussion of Southwesterntourism14. B - It provides entertainment for passengers.15. B - The history portrayed by the tourist industry is not alwaysaccurate.16. D - Its style has been influenced by ancient pottery found in theSouthwest.17. A - To express uncertainty about the factsListening 4 - Biology18. What aspect of a chaffinch’s song does the professor mainly discuss?(AHow it is used to beg for food(BHow it has changed over several generations(CHow its development differs from that of other songbirds(DHow it develops from an early age19. What does the professor say about plastic song?(AIt imitates only parts of the parent’s song.(BIt is identical to subsong.(CIt is instinctual and does not need to be learned.(DIt represents the final stage in a chaffinch’s songdevelopment.20. What is the evidence for chaffinches’ having a sensitive period for song learning?(AThey begin to practice their song in the spring.(BThey do not develop full song until their second year.(CThey need little exposure to adult song in order to learn it.(DThey do not make many sounds for the first five weeks oftheir lives.21. What does the professor imply when she says this:(AThe words in the term are probably familiar to the students.(BThe term is not important to the lecture.(CThe students should have studied the term already.(DThe students should have written the term down already.22. Why does the professor say this:(A To correct something she said earlier(B To explain a term she just introduced(C To explain what is wrong with a particular theory(D To remind the students of something discussed earlier23. How does the professor introduce her description of the sounds a chaffinch makes during subsong?(AShe contrasts the subsong of a chaffinch with the subsongs ofother songbird species.(B She compares the sounds a chaffinch makes to those ahuman baby makes.(C She describes the sound of an adult chaffinch’s full song.(D She reminds the class how scientists define begging calls.Listening Script:ProfessorSo today we’re gonna talk about song development in birds and how—you may be surprised to know—the songs of most songbird species are learned—not completely instinctual—which is what we used to think…so I’d like to start things off today by, um, centering our discussion on the chaffinch.The chaffinch is a type of European songbird, and we’re gonna use the chaffinch’s song development as illustrative of s ongbirds’ song development in general, because many other songbirds follow this same pattern, this pattern of learning songs.Okay, so soon after hatching, baby chaffinches start producing these, um, begging sounds, begging calls, actually, which basically are a message to the parents saying, “Feed me; feed me.” That’s all for about the first five weeks, until they grow feathers and start getting ready to fly, you know, become fledglings, and then those calls—those begging sounds—are replaced by, uh, well…y ou know how babies—human babies—you know how they make that…baby…babbling sound? Like little, soft, vocalized…murmurings? Well, that’s pretty much similar to the noises that fledgling chaffinches make at this next stage of development…which is called subsong…“Subsong” makes sense, right, because “sub” means “below,” and so the subsong is…uh, below, or…happens before their mature song, right? It’s an immature, or underdeveloped song, a baby song. Make sense?Okay, now, they’re not begging for food anymore w ith the subsong. So what do you figure they’re making these soft murmurings for? Well, it’s at this stage—what we call early subsong—that, and this is important, the chaffinch’s subsong begins to provide auditory feedback from which the chaffinch learns, and so...self-learning is taking place, because the fledgling hears itself calling out, hears the sounds it’s making, you know, hears, hears its subsong, and so, it’s kinda’ comparing it to the parent’s song and so self-learning is taking place, um, through this process…get it?…Alright. Now, as the chaffinch gets a little older, it enters into what could be called late subsong where parts of its subsong start sounding more and more like its parent’s song,and we have the next step in song development taking place in late subsong, that is, the introduction of plastic song within the subsong--plastic song referring to—I don’t have to write that on the board, do I?—referring to the parts of the subsong that sound like the parent’s song. Plastic song. Does that sound a little strange to you? Well, keep in mind that “plastic” has, um, formative implications, you know, it can mean, like, growth,or development into something…like what the chaffinch’s song is doing…it’s developing into its parent’s song…it’s, uh, not quite fully realized yet—it doesn’t sound precisely like its parent’s song—remember this is still the subsong stage we’re talking about—but it’s on its way, the fledgling is still learning, imitating parts of its parent’s song, just not quite the whole thing yet.So. The fledgling gets older and now it’s winter, and during the winter, the young chaffinch doesn’t practice its singing. But in the spring, the chaffinch starts back up again, singing and practicing, and this time there is more of an emergenc e of plastic song, ah…a stronger presence of it within the subsong, and so thereby, the parent’s song is growing increasingly more recognizable and distinct, follow? Then, after about a month, the young chaffinch’s song crystallizes into what’s called full song—the, um, exact song the adults sing. So full song’s, uh, a full-blown imitation of the adult song. Alright?Now what’s interesting is that chaffinches are able to complete this process, even from only a short exposure to their parents’ song. Exposure during the first few weeks of life is really all they need, and after that they can remember it, even though they need quite a bit of practice to produce it accurately themselves. So the theory is that there is a sensitive period in the chaffinch’s early life, its early development, a special sensitive period during which it learns what its song should sound like. So chaffinches, um, along with many other birds, learn songs early in life, and when they become adults, they don’t change their songs—it’s a copy of the parents’ song, like we said, okay?答案:18. D - How it develops from an early age19. A - It imitates only parts of the parent's song.20. C - They need little exposure to adult song in order to learn it.21. A - The words in the term are probably familiar to the students.22. B - To explain a term she just introduced23. B - She compares the sounds a chaffinch makes to those ahuman baby makes.Listening 5 - Astronomy24. What is the discussion mainly about?(AWhy most planets are larger than Pluto(BThe reasons some objects may soon be considered planets (CHow Pluto challenges the conventional idea of a planet (DThe discovery of Kuiper belt objects25. How does the professor emphasize his point about Pluto’s size? (ABy stating the dimensions of nearby planets(BBy explaining the relationship between Pluto’s size and itsorbit(CBy identifying the reasons why Pluto was originally misclassified(DBy comparing Pluto to other planets and objects in the solarsystem26. What are two key features of P luto’s orbit mentioned in the discussion? Click on 2 answers.(APluto’s orbit is influenced by Neptune’s gravity.(BPluto’s orbit is nearly circular.(CPluto’s orbit is at an angle to the other planets’ orbits.(DPluto’s orbit passes nearer to the Sun than most of the otherplanets.27. According to the discussion, what are some reasons for NOT classifying Pluto asa planet?Click on 3 answers.(AIt has an atmosphere.(BIt is located in the Kuiper belt.(CIt is composed of rock and ice.(DIt is located too far from the Sun.(EIt is much smaller than the other planets.28. What does the professor mean when he says this:(A He thinks the question is difficult to answer.(B He thinks the reason is obvious.(C He does not expect a reply.(D He does not want many people to reply.29. What can be inferred about the students?(AThey both disagree with the professor’s conclusion.(BThe woman has not yet reached a conclusion about Pluto.(CThe man easily convinced the woman to change her mind.(DThey have come to different conclusions about Pluto.Listening Script:Professor:Well, today I thought we’d talk about some of the reasons why Pluto’s status as a planet has been debated. You see, until recently what makes a planet a planet was one of the simpler concepts in astronomy. It’s always been deemed so, uh…so obvious, so… basic that it was never officially defined…So anyway,…uh improvements in telescopes and related technology have led to a whole host of discoveries in our solar system…with one result being that now even the generally accepted idea of what a planet is is being challenged…or at least qualified. And this directly affects the status of Pluto. Student A:So what makes Pluto so different that it could be, um…reclassified?Professor:Well, actually, there are several important differences between Pluto and the other planets. First, when you look at the other planets, especially the planets in the outer solar system, where Pluto orbits, you see that Pluto stands out, it’s the oddball…and I’ll give you one gues s why.Student B:It’s gotta be the size…Jupiter, Saturn and uh, Uranus and Neptune,…they’re the gas giants, and, well, Pluto isn’t.Professor:Exactly,…uh compared to the gas giants, Pluto’s very different,…it’s neither gaseous nor a giant. See, uh Pluto is less than half the size of the next smallest planet, Mercury. It’s even smaller than our moon…and smaller than other moons in our solar system. So Pluto is very small for a planet,…maybe it’s not large enough to be considered a planet. Student A:But Pluto orbits the Sun and…I mean…well, that’s one of the things planets do.Professor:You’re right…Most people agree that a planet orbits a sun, and Pluto certainly does that…every 248 years, but with a highly eccentric orbit. Take a look at this:What I mean whe n I say ‘eccentric’ is…it’s not like the other planets’ orbits, instead it’s different in uh, two major ways. One, it’s elliptical, but the others are nearly circular. So for part of its orbit, Pluto is closer to the Sun than Neptune and for the rest it’s farther away. And two, Pluto orbits on a different plane. That is, all the planets orbit the Sun on the same plane, except Pluto…which orbits at a seventeen degree angle to the other orbits. Do you see where it looks like it crosses the other orbits?Stude nt A:But I don’t see why being small and having an unusual orbit would change Pluto’s status. I mean it still has most of the features that the other planets have, doesn’t it? It’s got an atmosphere, granted it’s thin, but it’s there. It even has a moon!P rofessor:That’s true. In fact, if it wasn’t for the discovery of the Kuiper belt rhymes with “piper”, there probably wouldn’t be a question about Pluto’s status….Student B:It’s…I’m sorry, the what belt?Professor:Uh, it’s the Kuiper belt.It’s like a swar m of icy-rocky objects out beyond Neptune. It turns out that Kuiper belt objects, which are also called KBOs, have a lot in common with Pluto.。
托福听力tpo43 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo43lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (2)原文 (2)题目 (4)答案 (6)译文 (6)Lecture2 (7)原文 (7)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (19)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (25)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a botany class.FEMALE PROFESSOR:It's autumn,and as you know,in most parts of the United States the leaves on the trees are changing color from green…to yellow,orange,and lots of other colors.So this'll be a great time to talk about how and why some of these leaves turn one color in particular—and that's bright red.Well,before we discuss why leaves turn red,first let's,um—look,I know this is very old material,but just to play it safe—let's first go over why leaves are usually green.It’s chlorophyll, right?Leaves get their green color from chlorophyll—the chemical that's responsible for photosynthesis.The chlorophyll in the leaves collects energy from the Sun,in the form of sunlight,and it converts this energy into sugar,which is food for the plant. It's chlorophyll that makes leaves green most of the time.Now,the classic explanation for why leaves change color is this.In autumn,the leaves start preparing for the winter and stop synthesizing new chlorophyll.Since chlorophyll is sensitive to sunlight and to cold temperatures—both of which you get in autumn—the existing chlorophyll in the leaves breaks down.And since it's not being replaced by the new chlorophyll,the green color of the leaves gradually fades away.As this happens,the other pigments present in the leaf become visible.According to the classic theory,this is true for the red pigment as well.It was there in the leaf all along but it was hidden by the green chlorophyll.OK, so that's the classic explanation,and it's partially right.Why do I say“partially”?Well,it's probably true for pigments like yellow or orange,but it doesn't seem to hold for the red pigment.Let's back up a bit.Just what produces this red color in leaves?It's a red pigment called anthocyanin.Here's where the classic explanation doesn't seem to apply to red.What's interestingis that during the summer,there was very little if any anthocyanin in the leaves,but in the weeks before a tree is about to drop its leaves,the production of anthocyanins increases significantly.In other words,unlike those other pigments,anthocyanins are not just unmasked by the breakdown of chlorophyll in autumn;they're actually created at this time.So that raises a question.Why would a tree produce more anthocyanin just before dropping its leaves?Why does the tree spend so much of its resources doing this just before the leaves fall off?On the surface,this doesn't make sense.It'd be like spending money to,I don't know,to have your old car repainted when you know the car's not going to last more than a couple of months.All this extra anthocyanin in the autumn seems like a waste.But remember,nature is very economical with its resources,so that means anthocyanin must be serving some function that's important for the tree.Today there are some theories about what that function might be.One of them involves predatory insects;another involves fungi.You know,the more I read about these theories and the related research,it always created more questions for me than answers.So I was really glad to learn about a totally different theory…a new one.It seemed to come with research and data that give a full explanation.So here it is.Remember I said the chlorophyll breaks down?Well,in autumn,a whole lot of other chemical constituents of the leaf break down as well.I don't mean they're totally destroyed,'cause actually they break down into other,different chemicals that the tree can reabsorb from the leaves and reuse later.Now,this reabsorption process is very important for the tree,and—here's the key—it's sensitive to light,meaning that too much exposure to sunlight can interfere with this process.So where does anthocyanin fit in here?Well,anthocyanin's more stable than chlorophyll.It's not harmed as easily by the Sun or the cold.So it's still working long after the chlorophyll breaks down.But what doesit do?The theory is that anthocyanin protects the reabsorption process from the sunlight. For example,if you look closely at a red leaf on a tree,you'll notice that most of the red pigment is on the upper side of the leaf,the side facing the Sun.This new theory suggests that what the anthocyanin is doing there on top is shielding the rest of the leaf from the sunlight…and more importantly,allowing those important chemicals to be reabsorbed by the tree.题目1.What is the main purpose of the lecture?A.To explain how the red pigment in leaves breaks downB.To show that leaf color varies based on the tree speciesC.To introduce a theory about why leaves turn a particular colorD.To explain how chlorophyll protects trees in autumn2.What does the professor imply when she explains why leaves are green?A.She wants to correct a common misconception about the topic.B.She thinks the students are probably already familiar with the material.C.She believes the process is too complicated to discuss in depth.D.She knows that students are often confused about the functions of chlorophyll3.What does the professor mean when she says that the classic theory is partially right?A.It describes what happens in the summer but not what happens in autumnB.It describes what happens in tree leaves but not what happens in leaves of other plantsC.It explains how pigments are synthesized but not how they break down.D.It explains some cases of color change in tree leaves but not all cases.4.Why does the professor mention painting a car?A.To question why a large amount of anthocyanin is produced just before leaves fallB.To explain why most leaves turn red instead of other colorsC.To remind students how cooler temperatures affect the color of leavesD.To show how anthocyanin absorbs sunlight to produce food for trees5.The professor mentions theories about why leaves turn red that involve predatory insects and fungi.What is her opinion about those theories?A.They are based on careful research.B.They do not completely explain the phenomenon.C.They have not received enough attention.D.They have been proved to be incorrect.6.According to the professor,why does anthocyanin appear on the upper side of some leaves?A.To help chlorophyll absorb the sunlightB.To maximize the leaf's utilization of sunlightC.To accelerate the breakdown of chlorophyllD.To protect an important process from the sunlight答案C BD A B D译文旁白：请听一部分植物学的讲座。
托福听力tpo53 lecture1、2、3、4 原文+题目+答案+译文
托福听力tpo53lecture1、2、3、4原文+题目+答案+译文Lecture1 (1)原文 (1)题目 (4)答案 (5)译文 (6)Lecture2 (8)原文 (8)题目 (10)答案 (12)译文 (12)Lecture3 (14)原文 (14)题目 (16)答案 (18)译文 (18)Lecture4 (20)原文 (20)题目 (22)答案 (24)译文 (24)Lecture1原文NARRATOR:Listen to part of a lecture in a film studies class.MALE PROFESSOR:Nowadays,we take sound in films for granted—I mean,you stillmight see black and white films occasionally,but you hardly ever see silent films anymore.So it's interesting to note that the use of recorded sound was originally controversial FEMALE STUDENT:What about all the sounds you hear in some silent movies?Like, you know a loud sound when somebody falls down or something?MALE PROFESSOR:OK,you're talking about a soundtrack added much later,which has,over time,become part of the film we know.But this recorded track didn't exist then.And it's not that most people didn't want sound in films;it's just that the technology wasn't available yet.Don't forget that instead of recorded sound there was often live music that accompanied movies in those days—like a piano player or a larger orchestra in the movie theater.Also,think of the stage,the live theater—it has used wonderful sound effects for a long time and,if wanted,these could be produced during the viewing of a film.You know,the rolling of drums for thunder or whatever.But that wasn't as common.Oh,and another thing that they might have in movie theaters in the early days was a group of live actors reading the parts to go along with the film.Or—and this seems a particularly bad idea to us now—one person narrating the action…an early example of a long tradition of movie producers—the ones concerned mostly about making money—not having much confidence in their audience,thinking that people somehow couldn’t follow the events otherwise.So,it finally became possible to play recorded sound as part of the film in the1920s. Trouble was,it wasn't always used to very good effect.First,it was,you know, amazing to see somebody's mouth move at the same time you hear the words…or hear a door close when you see it closing on-screen.But that luster wears off,of course,and if you're a director,a filmmaker,what's the next step?FEMALE STUDENT:Well,use sound to enhance the movie,right?Bring something more to it that wasn't possible…MALE PROFESSOR:Yes,that's exactly what directors who were more interested in cinema as art,not commerce,were thinking.But they also predicted that there would be a problem that sound would be misused, and,boy,was it ever…Because the commercial types,the producers and so on were thinking,OK,now that sound is possible,let's talk as much as possible and forget about the fact that we're making a movie,that we have this powerful visual medium.So,many of the films of the twenties were basically straight adaptations of successful shows from the stage,theater.The name they used for sound films then was"talking films,"and that was on the mark,since,well,all they pretty much did was talk.And talk.So,the remedy?Well,what was proposed by a number of filmmakers and theorists was the creative,expressive use of sound—what they generally called nonsynchronous sound.OK,synchronous sound means basically that what we hear is what we see. Everything on the soundtrack is seen on the screen.And everything was recorded simultaneously,which,well,since the sound technicians working on films often had experience with live radio,that made sense to them.Recording the sound separately and adding it in afterward—well that idea was less obvious.Anyway,synchronous sound means the source of the sound is the image on the screen.Nonsynchronous sound then,is…FEMALE STUDENT:The sound doesn't match the picture?MALE PROFESSOR:Right.Now we can look at this in various ways,but let's take it as literally as possible.Music—unless we see the radio or the orchestra—that's nonsynchronous.If the camera shot is of the listener rather than the speaker,that's nonsynchronous.If wehear,say,background sounds that aren't on the screen—that's nonsynchronous.So,that doesn't seem so radical,does it?But,again,those early producers didn't think their audiences could keep up with this.FEMALE STUDENT:Excuse me,but did you say earlier that some filmmakers actually advocated not using sound at all?MALE PROFESSOR:Well,yes,but that was a bit of an exaggeration,I guess.What I meant to say was that some filmmakers thought that the way the film sound was actually used was setting the art of filmmaking back.But everyone agreed that sound solved some very difficult issues,and offered potentially exciting tools.题目1.What is the lecture mainly about?A.The influence of theater on early sound filmsB.Conflicting views on uses of sound during the early days of sound filmsC.The great progress in cinema after the development of soundD.Viewer reactions to early sound films2.According to the professor,what types of sound were used in silent film theaters? [Click on3answers]A.Live music performed in the theaterB.Sound effects created in the theaterC.Recorded sound tracks played with the filmD.Live narration during the filmE.Musical entertainment offered before the film3.What is the professor's attitude toward early movie producers?A.He is critical of their influence on films.B.He thinks they had little influence on films.C.He thinks they understood what audiences wanted.D.He acknowledges that they made progress possible.4.According to the professor,what was characteristic of sound films in the1920s?A.Dialogues between characters were kept to a minimum.B.Many films were closely based on theater plays.C.Musical sound tracks were added to most films.D.Sounds were recorded separately and added to films later.5.What is an example of synchronous sound in a film?A.A character hearing a train that is not visibleB.A past conversation being replayed in a character's mindC.A character playing guitar and singing on screenD.A song playing at the end of a film as credits appear on the screen答案B ABD A B C译文Narrator：请听一段电影研究讲座的节选。
听力第三册原文及答案完整版
听⼒第三册原⽂及答案完整版听⼒第三册原⽂及答案集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]听⼒原⽂Unit 1 World News: International RelationsPart I Warming upA :Tapescripts:1. The former American Defense Secretary William Perry hasrecommended a radical change of policy towards North Korea.2. Hundreds of thousands of mothers from across the United Statesgathered here in Washington Sunday to push for tougher gun control laws.3. There's been further fighting between Macedonian forces and EthnicAlbanian guerrillas inside the Macedonian border with Kosovo.4. A bomb dropped by the United State's navy aircraft during trainingin Kuwait has hit a group of military observers, killing six of them.5. NATO is taking a number of steps to allay growing disquiet aboutthe possible health risks from ammunitions containing depleteduranium, which it used in Kosovo and Bosnia.B1. What is the summit's statement expected to call on UN members?To make commitments to eradicate poverty, promote democracy and education, and reverse the spread of AIDS.2. Which three countries are admitted by ASEAN on SaturdayBurma, Cambodia, and the Laos.3. What happened on Friday about ten miles south of Pearl Harbor?A U. S. nuclear submarine tore through a Japanese fishing vessel, sinking it within minutes.How many people were on the vessel And how many were missing 35/9.4. What happened in the West Bank and Gaza?Gun battles between Israeli troops and Palestinian gunmen have been raiding overnight.5. What are the problems with the nuclear facilities and nuclear plants in Japan?Some nuclear facilities have breached many health and safety laws. More than half of the nuclear plants failed some basic tests, such as checking radiation measurements.Tapescripts:1. With the final declaration on its role in the 21st century, the summit's statement is expected to call on UN members to make commitments to eradicate poverty, promote democracy and education, and reverse the spread of AIDS. More than 150 heads of state and government attended the summit, the largest gathering of world leaders in history.2. The Association of South-East Asian Nations has decided to invite Burma to join its ranks, shrugging off western denunciations of the military regime in Rangoon. ASEAN foreign ministers voted on Saturday to admit Burma, Cambodia, and the Laos.3. The missing, four of them teenagers, were among 35 people aboard a high school fishing vessel from Japan. On Friday, a U.S. nuclear submarine tore through the ship, sinking it within minutes. The USS Greenville, which was not seriously damaged, was performing an emergency surfacing drill when the collision occurred about ten miles south of Pearl Harbor. Coast Guard rescue teams plucked all but nine of the victims from the rough seas.4. Gun battles between Israeli troops and Palestinian gunman have been raiding overnight in the West Bank and Gaza. The upsurge in violence comes after Israeli attack helicopters targeted and killed amember of an elite Palestinian security force.5. Some nuclear facilities in Japan have breached many health and safety laws. Government inspectors checked 17 nuclear plants. More than half of them failed some basic tests, such as checking radiation measurements. Japanese nuclear regulators have been ordered to crack down following the country's worst nuclear accident in September. Sixty-nine people were exposed to dangerous levels of radiation in the accident.Part II News reportsSummary:This news report tells us that the United Nations General Assembly has elected Columbia, Ireland, Mauritius, Norway and Singapore as its new non-permanent members of the Security Council.Statements:1. Columbia, Ireland, and Singapore won their seats as nonpermanent members of the Security Council on the first round of balloting while Mauritius and Norway won their seats on the fourth ballot.2. Sudan and Mauritius are two candidates for the second seat for the African and Asian group.3. There were three countries contending for the two seats allotted to the western industrialized group of nations.4. The Security Council is made up of 15 members, including five permanent members -- China, France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States--and 10 non-permanent members.Tapescript:The United Nations General Assembly has elected' Columbia, Ireland, Mauritius, Norway and Singapore as the new non-permanent members of the Security Council. The vote follows several weeks of haggling and maneuvering.Columbia, Ireland, and Singapore won the required two thirds majority on the first round of balloting. But it took another three rounds of voting to decide on the remaining two regional seats.Contention marked the voting for the second seat for the African and Asian group. The United States lobbied intensely against Sudan, the candidate of the Organization of African Unity. Mauritius, the candidate supported by Washington, won on the fourth round of voting. Ireland easily captured one of the two seats allotted to the western industrialized group of nations on the first ballot. But Norway and Italy campaigned vigorously for the second spot. King Harald of Norway came to New York last week to press the case for his nation's representation on the Security Council for the first time since 1982. Norway also won on the fourth ballot. The new members begin theirtwo-year terms in January. The Security Council is made up of a total of 15 members, including five permanent members --China, France, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States -- and 10 non-permanent members. Five non-permanent members are elected to two-year terms each year.B:SummaryThis news report tells us that the United Nations Human Rights Commission was going to hold an emergency meeting to deal with the crisis situation between Israelis and Palestinians.Answers to the questions:1. 532. 483. 34. The United States5. Canada6. October 18th7. No more than three days8. To get the Israelis and Palestinians back to the negotiating table9. 4 / Bosnian war / genocide in Rwanda / violence in East Timor Tapescript:Forty-eight of the ( United Nations Human Rights Commission's) 53member nations voted to hold the emergency meeting. The United States cast the sole dissenting vote and Canada abstained. Three other countries did not vote.The special meeting will begin October 18th and will last for no more than three days.UN spokeswoman Marie Heuze says one purpose of the meeting is to tryto learn how the cycle of violence between Israelis and Palestinians can be stopped."When you have such a high-profile for a crisis which is so dangerous, not only for the people in Palestine and in Israel, but in the region, there is a fear -- and this is probably why there was a large consensus on this meeting to discuss the issue --because thesituation in this part of the world is so volatile, so dangerous, so important to control that everybody thinks that they have somethingto contribute."Ms Heuze says she thinks the United Nations and the international community as a whole can play a constructive role in the present situation and in trying to get the Israelis and Palestinians back to the negotiating table. Officials from the UN Human Rights Commission will discuss the agenda toward the meeting on Wednesday.This is only the fifth time the commission has gone into emergency meeting to deal with a crisis situation. Previous sessions dealt with the Bosnian war, the genocide in Rwanda, and the violence in East Timor.Questions:1. How many members are there in the UN Human Rights Commission?2. How many of them voted to hold the emergency meeting?3. How many of them didn't vote?4. Which country cast the dissenting vote?Extract 2 (paying a tribute): He said to those he touched and who sought to touch him ...Extract 3 (expressing an opinion) -- I have a dream...Extract 4 (expressing an opinion). America needs a full-time President and a full-time Congress.Extract 5 (accepting a post): I am profoundly grateful ... for giving me the chance to serve you.(making a promise): I will do everything I can to be worthy of ... I promise you ... that I will ...Tapescript:1. I believe that this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moonand returning him safely to the earth. No single space project in this period will be more impressive to mankind, or moreimportant for the long-range exploration of space; and none will be so difficult, or expensive to accomplish... But, in a very real sense, it will not be one man going to the moon. If we make this judgment affirmatively, it will be an entire nation (I)believe we should go to the moon. (John F. Kennedy 25/05/1961)2. As he said many times, in many parts of this nation, to those he touched and who sought to touch him: "Some men see things as they are and say 'Why' I dream things that never were and say 'Why not'" (Edward M. Kennedy 08/06/1968)3. I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day, even the State of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream thatmy four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. (Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. 28/08/1963)4. America needs a full-time President and a full-time Congress. Particularly at this time, with problems we face at home and abroad. To continue to fight through the months ahead for my personal vindication would almost totally absorb the time and attention of both the President and the Congress in a period when our entire focus should be on the great issues of peace abroad and prosperity without inflation at home. (Richard M. Nixon 08/08/1974)5. Thank you for opening up your minds and your hearts, for seeing the possibility of what we could do together for our children and for our future here in this state and in our nation. I am profoundly grateful to all of you for giving me the chance to serve you. I will... I will do everything I can to be worthy of your faith and trust and to honor the powerful example of Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan ... I promise you tonight that I will reach across party lines to bring progress for all of New York's families. Today we voted as Democrats and Republicans. Tomorrow we begin again as New Yorkers .... (Hillary Clinton07/11/2000)Unit 2Earth and EnvironmentPart 1Warming upA1. ...impact of climate change … damage to crops … worse ...2. ...2000 delegates … northern Brazil … third UnitedNations Conference on Desertification.3. ...A huge oil spill … Mexico, ...4. Wildfires … Florida … contained … a week ...5. ... Greenland is melting around the edges … 50 cubickilometers … raise global sea level ...B1. It attempts to balance environmental concerns and the needs of the community.2. Reptile species are in greater trouble than amphibian species.3. A new approach in the fight against the illegal drugs trade.4. One in every eight species of plants is threatened with extinction.5. A new local directory for the environmentally-aware,ca lled the “Boulder County Green Pages”.Part II News ReportsA...Washington … the information economy … deteriorating health of the planet … information economy … communication …education and entertainment … physical exam … vital signs … species … climate … temperatures … water tables …glaciers … forests …fisheries … to stabilize both climate and world population growthBSummary… the severe shortage of water in some developing nations. … global solutions are found soon. Answers to the questions1. 1502. Monday3. Almost one billion people couldsuffer from a scarcity of water.4. Middle East, parts of Africa, western Asia,Northeastern China, western and southern India, largeparts of Pakistan and Mexico, parts of the Pacificcoast of the United States and South America.5. To treat water as a precious resource.6. 5 liters7.50 liters 8. 500 litersPart III City recyclingA a. 2 b. 4 c. 3 d. 1B:1. 130,000 / 80% 2. Plastic / glass / tin cans / newspapers3. Recycle truck pick it up.4. One of community’srecycling centers5. Each weekday6. Conducts tours of the plant7. 3 / 4 8. Sod to other companies that make them into different products9. Made into new containers10. One of the top five in the USAUnit 3 World News: Economic DevelopmentsPart I Warming upA1. Who have been meeting in Hong Kong today to discuss the outlookfor the global economy?2. What does UNCTAD say about the worldwide total of foreign investment?3. Who has approved a cut in income tax rates?4. Who has announced job cuts after a fall in demand for its productsWhat is its plan?5. What decisions have been made by EU, the U.S. and Canada after a case of foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed in France?Tapescript:1. Central Bank governors from more than a dozen countries have been meeting in Hong Kong today. One subject they likely discussed is the outlook for the global economy because of the U. S. slowdown andJapan's struggling recovery. Another topic they may have discussed is how to strengthen financial markets in emerging economies in Asia and elsewhere.2. A United Nations' report says the worldwide total of foreign investment grew by nearly 40% last year to more than 600 billion dollars. The report by the UN Conference on Trade and Development, UNCTAD says most of it took place between developed countries as big companies took one another over.3. The United States House of Representatives has approved a cut in income tax rates, the first part of a package of tax cutting measures put forward by President Bush. The income tax reductions will amount to nearly 1 trillion dollars over ten years.4. The world's largest maker of computer chips, Intel, has announced job cuts after a fall in demand for its products. Intel said it expected its revenue in the first quarter of this year to fall by a quarter than the same period last year. The California-based company plans to reduce its 85,000-strong work force by 5,000.5. The European Union has imposed further restrictions on the movement of live-stock after a case of foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed in France. The United States and Canada have issued temporary bans on the import of all animal produce from EU countries.Electronic Data Systems (4th quarter): $ 0.70 per share ( $ 0.02 up)Tapescripts:1. The dollar is trading at one German mark seventy-three point three and at 126.9 Japanese yen. The pound buys one dollar sixty-two point four. In New York, the Dow Share Index closed 45 higher at 6,783. Earlier London's 100 Share Index ended 20 higher at 4,390. In Tokyo, the Nikkei Share Index is closed for a holiday.2. The Dow Jones Industrial Average closed up 96 points at 10,116. The Standard and Poor's 500 Index gained 6 points to close at 1,254. But the NASDAQ Index lost 1.5% as high technology and Internet stocks were battered.3. Right now the Dow is down another 66 points at 8,094; the NASDAQ Composite down 3 points at 1,662. Turning to Europe's major markets: London stocks were hit by a wave of profit taking after five straight record closes; the FT 100 Index down 36 points; Paris seeing losses as well, the CAC quarante down 33 points or 1%; and Frankfurt's DAX also fell 1% afterbriefly moving into record territory.4. The Hang Seng Index closed down 89 points at 3,521. The turnover was 7.71 billion dollars. Now look at the ten most active stocks. Cable and Wireless HKT up 45 cents, HSBC holdings down 50 cents, Hutchison down 50 cents, Shanglongkai Property up $2.25, and China Telecom down $1.50, Chang Kong up 25 cents, Pacific Century Cyberworlds down 10 cents, CCT Telecom down 27.5 cents, New World Cyberspace down 7.5 cents, and Hanong Holdings down 25 cents. The Hang Seng Index future for November and December were all down. Hong Kong gold closed at 2,670 Hong Kong dollars, and London gold is trading at 289 U.S. dollars.5. Consumer electronics maker Philips Electronics reported a lowerthan expected profit for last year. The company made about $2.4 billion, more than $300 million below estimates. Oil company Royal Dutch Shell posted its earnings. It made roughly a $3.6 billionprofit for its fourth quarter. That was essentially in line with Street expectations. Electronic Data Systems also reported its fourth quarter numbers last night. It posted a 70-cent profit per share, two cents better than expectations.Part II News reportsA:Summary:This news report is about Forbes's "Super 100 Global" list.Answer the questions:1. Which of the following corporations are the top five on Forbes's listMark their ranks.2 Citigroup4 HSBC Banking Company-- BP-Amoco5 Daimler-Chrysler1 General Electric Corporationn Microsoft3 Bank of America2. How are the companies ranked?The companies are ranked with a composite formula, which includes total sales, profits, assets and market capitalization, or the total value of their stock.3. How are the 100 companies distributed?46 in the United States, 54 in Europe and Japan.4. Why were none of the Internet-related firms included in the list? Because most of the Internet-related firms have little or no profitsso far.Tapescripts:For the second year in a row, the General Electric Corporation is ranked number one in an annual survey of the 100 most powerful corporations in the world.The survey, compiled and published by Forbes business magazine, shows General Electric of the United States ranked number one, followed in second and third place by the U.S. banking and financial services giants Citigroup and Bank of America. In fourth and fifth place are the British-based HSBC Banking Company and Daimler-Chrysler, the German-American auto-company. The companies are ranked with a composite formula, which includes total sales, profits, assets and market capitalization, or the total value of its (their) stock. What the magazine calls its "Super 100 Global" list are 46 companies based in the United States and 54 in Europe and Japan.Mike Ozanian, the Forbes editor who compiled the list, says there is a growing trend of international mergers andacquisitions, citing companies such as Daimler-Chrysler and BP-Amoco, the Anglo-American Oil Company. Mr. Ozanian says that despite the huge capitalizations of many Internet-related firms, none were included because most have little, if any, profits -- at least not yet.B:Summary:This news report gives us a general picture of the U.S. stock market. It also presents some analysts' views on the market. Statements:1. The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up less than one percent, to 10,546.2. An analyst said that sales growth at Intel could be stronger than expected.3. Retail stocks gained on stronger-than-expected sales because of the Thanksgiving holiday shopping season.4. Sales of existing homes fell a steep 3.9% in October, their second monthly decline.5. According to investment strategist Alan Skrainka, this is a very good entry point for a long-term investor to get into the market. Tapescript:U.S. stock prices were mixed on Monday, with the "blue-chips" in a rally mode. But volume was only moderate after a holiday-shortened week last week, showing lingering uncertainty among investors.The Dow Jones Industrial Average went up 75 points, less than one percent, to 10,546. The S & P 500 Index gained 7 points. But the NASDAQ Composite backed off an early rally, taking a loss of almost one percent on weakness in selected technology stocks.The Dow Industrials actually got a boost from their technology components. Shares of Intel traded higher after an analyst said sales growth at the leading computer chip-maker could be stronger than expected. Microsoft stock also edged higher. Retail stocks gained on stronger-than-expected sales over the Thanksgiving weekend, as the holiday shopping season got underway. However, analysts caution the retail picture is still clouded because many stores offered bargains to attract shoppers. Experts worry that higher oil prices and interest rates will make this a less than merry Christmas season for U.S. merchants.The latest on the U.S. economy points to slower growth. Sales of existing homes fell a steep 3.9 percent in October, their second monthly decline.Many analysts think uncertainty over the economy makes itincreasingly likely that the major stock averages will close lowerfor the year. But investment strategist Alan Skrainka says thelonger-term looks better."No one can guess what will happen to the market over the next month. But over the long-term, we think the market looks very good. Ifyou're a long-term investor, this is a very good entry point for getting into the market because this is what you've been waiting for. All the fear and uncertainty in the marketplace is setting us up for some very good values in the market."Part III Voice mail may cost company’s businessAJud Jessup (TakeCare HMO): …personalized service…”high service”…getting a recording…efficient…cost effective……individual problems….Stanley Plogue (Plogue Research): …a fourth…let out…voice mail system…given up…Sandy hale (Pacific Bell):… bottom line…costs…more efficient…customer service operations…a valuable tool.B1. T2. T3. F4. F5. T6. F7. F 8. T 9. T 10. TC3. Five years ago, people were wary of voice-mail.4. TakeCare used a funny voice-mail message in its advertisements.6. Voice-mail decreases contact between customers and companies.7. The problem is not the technology, but the voice-mail menus. Part IV Business jargonA1. …language shorthand….2. …overuse business jargon…a negative effect…。
老托福听力93篇下载【PDF高清版 MP3】
智课网TOEFL备考资料老托福听力93篇下载【PDF高清版+MP3】摘要：老托福听力93篇【PDF高清版+MP3】免费下载啦！近来应广大学生的要求，本次小马为你提供了老托福听力93篇【PDF高清版+MP3】的下载通道，让你轻松获得老托福听力93篇完整版内容。
本文也是应广大学生的要求，才为你提供老托福听力93篇【PDF高清版+MP3】，为什么最近有不少学生想要老托福听力 93篇呢?众所周知老托福听力93篇来源于ETS真题题库，托福听力考试采用抽屉的形式，说不定里面就有我们要考的真题，同时，老托福听力93篇的难度和考点都和真题相差不大，想要提高自己的听力水平，大量的练习是必不可少的，与一般的测试题相比，老托福听力93篇就为我们弥补了这一缺陷。
老托福听力93篇片段：1、Community service is an important component of education here at our university. We encourage all students to volunteer for at least one community activity before they graduate. A new community program called "One On One" helps elementary students who've fallen behind. You education majors might be especially interested in it because it offers the opportunity to do some teaching—that is, tutoring in math and English. You'd have to volunteer two hours a week for one semester. You can choose to help a child with math, English, or both. Half-hour lessons are fine, so you could do a half hour of each subject two days a week. Professor Dodge will act as a mentor to the tutors—he'll be available to help you with lesson plans or to offer suggestions for activities. He has office hours every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon. You can sign up for the program with him and begin the tutoring next week. I'm sure you'll enjoy this community service and you'll gain valuable experience at the same time. It looks good on your resume, too, showing that you've had experience with children and that you care about your community. If you'd like to sign up, or if you have any questions, stop by Professor Dodge's office this week.【生词摘录】1. component: n.[C]one of several parts that together make up a wholemachine or system (机器或系统的)零件;成分;组成部分2. tutor: n. [C]someone who teaches one pupil or a small group, and isdirectly paid by them 家庭教师，私人教师 v. to teach someone as a tutor 给…当家庭教师;指导3. mentor: n. [C]an experienced person who advises and helps a lessexperienced person 顾问，指导人，教练2、I hope you've all finished reading the assigned chapter on insurance so that you're prepared for our discussion today. But, before we start, I'd like to mention a few things your text doesn't go into. It's interesting to note that insurance has existed in some form for a very long time. The earliest insurance policies were what we called bottomry contracts. They provided shipping protection for merchants as far back as 3000 B.C. In general, the contracts were often no more than verbal agreements. They granted loans to merchants with the understanding that if a particular shipment of goods was lost at sea, the loan didn't have to be repaid. Interest on the loans varied according to how riskyit was to transport the goods. During periods of heavy piracy at sea, for example, the amount of interest and the cost of the policy went up considerably. So, you can see how insurance helped encourage international trade. Even the most cautious merchants became willing to risk shipping their goods over long distances, not to mention in hazardous weather conditions when they had this kind of protection available. Generally speaking, the basic form of an insurance policy has been pretty much the same since the Middle Ages. There are four points that were salient then and remain paramount in all policies today. These were outlined in chapter six and will serve as the basis for the rest of today's discussion. Can anyone tell me what one of those points might be?【生词摘录】1. insurance: n. [U]an arrangement with a company in which you pay themmoney each year and they pay the costs if anything bad happens to you, such as an illness or an accident 保险;the money that you pay regularly to an insurance company 保险费;the business of providing insurance 保险业 2. bottomry: n. 船舶抵押契约(如船舶损失，则债务取消)，冒险借贷3. contract: n. [C]a formal written agreement between two or more people, which says what each person must do for the other 契约;合同4. loan: n. [C]an amount of money that you borrow from a bank etc (银行等的)贷款5. understanding: n. [C usually singular]a private, unofficial agreement(私底下、非正式的)协议，协定6. interest: n. [U]a charge made for borrowing money(借贷的)利息[+on]7. piracy: n. the crime of attacking and stealing from ships at sea 海上抢劫，海盗行为8. cautious: adj. careful to avoid danger or risks 小心的，谨慎的，慎重的 9.hazardous: adj. 危险的10. salient: adj. formal the salient points or features of something are the mostimportant or most noticeable parts of it 【正式】显著的，突出的11. paramount: adj. more important than anything else 至高无上的，最重要的有关老托福听力93篇【PDF高清版+MP3】的部分内容我们就介绍到这里，在接下来的托福考试过程，我们会陆续为大家上传更多精彩内容，这次内容也同样全部来源ETS官网题库，希望对你的托福考试会有一定能够的的帮助。
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历年托福听力考试真题下载三(原文+音频)
为了让同学们更好地备考托福听力，下面小马编辑为大家整理了历年8月份托福听力考试真题，并附有文本和听力音频，供同学们进行下载练习。
以下是2004年8月托福听力考试真题音频:
部分 2004年8月托福听力考试真题原文如下：
Where there is a will there is a way.
Where there is a life there is a hope.
Part A
1.M: Mariah, I lent you a couple of videos last week. I'd like to pass them on to another student today
W: I have one in my bag ,but could I keep the other one until tomorrow ?I haven't quite finished it yet
Q: what does the woman imply?
2.M: Is there a discount on tiket with the student ID card?
M: Oh, let me see, I need to check. Just a second.
Q: what can be inferred about the woman?
3.W: Didn't you say your brother used to come to the school before you did?
M: Yep, he sure did. And my sister will star next fall.
Q: What does the man mean
4. M: I've been looking to buy a red sweater. But I can't find one anywhere in town
W: You know. I just saw one in campus store. And it looked like may be your size
Q: What does the woman say about the campus store..
5. W: Can I use your computer this afternoon? Every time I go to the library, none of the ones there are free.
M: I've got a big project to finish tomorrow. Is there anyone else you can ask?
Q: what can be inferred from the conversation?
6. M: Nancy, remember yesterday you asked me to pay your phone bill? I forgot
W: What! Yesterday was the last day of the month. Now I have to pay an extra free
Q: What does the woman mean?
7. W: What happened? We were supposed to meet here at 5 o’clock I've been waiting for you almost 20 minutes
M: Sorry. I was working all day for my history paper and I got to so wrapped up in the research that I completely lost track of the time.
Q: What does the man mean?
8. M: I wish I could help you. But, I'm not really good with computers. Whenever I have a problem with my computer, I just turn the whole thing off and then start all over again.
W: Well, I try that already about a dozen times.
Q: what can be inferred about the conversation?
9. M: I'm really enjoying that literature class with Professor Benson. Wasn’t the lecture this morning interesting?
W: To tell you the truth, I was so exhausted from staying up last night to finish the reading, but I didn't get much out of it
Q: what does the woman mean?
10. M: I'm looking for a gift for a friend of mine. Any suggestions?
W: Well, I’d have to know a little bit about your friend first. It's hard for me to say otherwise.
Q: what does the woman imply the man should do?
11. M: Why are you lugging that heavy history books around? Don't you know you can read it all on a computer?
W: Yeah. But that' not for me. There's something about the few of the printed page that just appeals to me.
Q: what does the woman mean?
12. W: Look at this place. It's a complete mess .my roommate never helps clean anything. She's always on the phone and...
M: It's sounds like one of you will have to go.
以上就是小编为大家整理的“历年托福听力考试真题下载三(原文+音频)”部分内容，更多资料请点击托福资料下载频道!。