名词用法归纳

名词用法归纳

-标准化文件发布号：（9556-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

名词用法归纳 March 16, 2008

一.名词的分类：名词分为专有名词和普通名词。

专有名词: 人名, 地名, 机构等名称。如：Tom，Shanghai , Beijing University 普通名词: 某类人或东西中的个体。如：boy, dog, country

集体名词: 若干个体组成的集合体。如：family, team, police

物质名词: 无法分为个体的实物。如：air, water, food

抽象名词: 动作, 状态, 感情等抽象概念。如：progress, health, fun

(注意：普通名词和集体名词可数。物质名词和抽象名词不可数。)

二.名词的数：可数名词都有单数和复数之分。

1．规则的可数名词的复数变化规则

1) 一般情况加 s 。如：books, mouths, houses

2) 以 s , sh , ch , x结尾的加 es。如：classes , boxes, matches (但stomachs)

3) 辅音字母 + y结尾的变 y为 ies。如：cities, countries, parties

4) 以 o 结尾的词多数 + es。如：heroes, tomatoes, potatoes, zeroes / zeros

以 o 结尾并且词尾有两个元音字母 +s。如：radios, zoos, bamboos

(但pianos , kilos，photos)

5) 以f， fe 结尾的多数 + es。如：leaves , lives ,wolves

The thief’s wife killed three wolves with some leaves and knives in ha lf of her life.

但：也有一些 + s。如：roofs , proofs, gulfs, beliefs

(handkerchiefs / handkerchieves)

6）特殊变化的名词。

foot--- feet tooth--- teeth

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goose---geese ox---oxen

child--- children mouse---mice

man / woman--- men / women

2. 名词词尾的读音规则

1)在[ p] [t] [k] [f]等清辅音后读[s]。如：cups， cakes，roofs

2) 在[s] [z] [∫] [t∫]等音后读[iz]。如：glasses, faces, roses

3) 在其他情况下读作[z]。如：beds, days, knives

4) 以th结尾的词原来读清辅音，加词尾后多数读浊辅音。

如： mouth—mouths, path—paths

但也有不变化的，如： month—months, ninth—ninths, youth—youths

(但houses)

3. 不规则的可数名词的变化规则

1) man—men, woman—women, tooth—teeth, foot—feet, child—children,

mouse—mice, goose---geese, ox---oxen

2) 单复数相同: sheep, fish, deer, means, Chinese, Japanese, works,

fish等。如表示不同种类的鱼时复数是fishes。如：

There are many kinds of fishes in that lake.

3) 以man, woman 修饰名词构成合成词时, 两个词都变化。

man servant — men servants. (但boy / girl students)

woman doctor — women doctors.

4.复合名词的复数形式

son-in-law — sons-in-law , looker-on — lookers-on 主体名词变化。

film-goer — film-goers, grown-up — grown-ups 没有主体名词,词尾加复数。

5.字母,阿拉伯数字的复数形式一般加’s 或 s

There are two l’s in the word “ all ”.

Your 7’s and 9’s look alike.

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It happened in the 1960’s /1960s.

I will not accept your if’s and but’s.

6. 物质名词一般没有复数，有时用复数形式表示不同种类。

wheats, foods, fruits, vegetables

有时表示比原文更广的词义：

wood—woods, water—waters, sand—sands, manner—manners

7. 抽象名词一般不可数；但是如果表示某一具体的情况，或各种各样的也有可数名词的用法。

He jumped with joy.

My children are a great joy to me.

8. 定冠词加姓氏的复数表示一家人。 the Turners, the Smiths, the Wangs

9. 集体名词people, police, cattle 总是作复数。

( people 作民族、种族时, 有单复数两种形式)

Many cattle are kept on the farm.

Several police were on duty.

The Chinese are a brave and hard-working people.

The English are a funny people.

10. 集体名词class, public, family, population, team, crew, committee 等单复数

都有，但意义不同。

The class is big.

The class are taking notes in English.

(前者看作整体，后者强调每一个人。)

The population in China is larger.

80% of the population in China are peasants. （同上）

11. hair， fruit 通常作单数，表示总体。

His hair is grey.

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