(完整版)现在完成时的重难点详解

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现在完成时的重点和难点
一、现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法"
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。

例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。

(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。

)
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning /month /year...,today等)连用。

例如:Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。

例如:(1)He has lived here since 1978.
自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。

(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。

)
(2)I have been in the army for more than 5 years.
我在部队已经呆了五年多了。

(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。

)
*此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far到目前为止)等。

例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.
到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

注意:
(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。

如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。

(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:
①主语+have / has been+for短语
②It is+一段时间+since从句
例如:He has been in the League for three years.
= It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。

3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念
英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。

延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。

如:
learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。

如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。

4、延续性动词的用法特征
1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。

表示"段时间"的短语有:for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。

如:I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。

2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。

如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误)
解释:rain为延续性动词,而at eight表示"点时间",前后显然矛盾。

如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。

上句可改为:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)
又如:
-When did you get to know Jack?-Two years ago.
-Then you've known each other for more than two years.-That's right.
5、终止性动词的用法特征
1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。

如:
The train has arrived.火车到了。

Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗?
2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。

因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。

如:(1)他死了三年了。

误:He has died for three years.
正:He has been dead for three years.
正:He died three years ago.
正:It is three years since he died.
正:Three years has passed since he died.
(2)他来这儿五天了。

误:He has come here for five days.
正:He has been here for five days.
正:He came here five days ago.
正:It is five days since he came here.
正:Five days has passed since he came here.
解释:(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。

那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:
(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。

下面列举几例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。

(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。

(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。

(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。

3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。

如:He hasn't left here since 1986.I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.
4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到……才……"。

如:You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。

I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.
今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。

5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while 引导的时间状语从句中。

when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。

而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。

如:When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)
Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)
6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。

如:
误:How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here?正:When did you come here?
二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。

说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对"现在"产生的影响。

如:He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。

(只说明去桂林的时间)
2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。

不与确定的过去时间状语连用。

如:
Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。

(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)
3. 两种时态的区分
(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。

如:The film started at 7 o’clock. He has been a teacher for many years.
(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。

如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。

看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别?
①Have you seen the film?(A)
Did you see the film?(B)
[说明] 你看过这部电影吗?
(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;
(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。

② How has he done it?(A)
How did he do it?(B)
[说明]他是怎么做的这件事?
(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;
(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。

③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)
He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)
[说明]他在北京住了8年。

(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。

(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。

三、现在完成时考点例析
现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。

涉及的考点有:
一、考查其构成
"助动词have (has) +动词过去分词"构成现在完成时。

如:
1. Kate's never seen Chinese films,____ ?
A. hasn't she
B. has she
C. isn't she
D. is she
解析:陈述句部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式,又因Kate's 是Kate has的缩写,故选B。

2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)
His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.
解析:already常用在肯定句中,yet常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填hasn't, yet。

3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents.
A. has
B. had
C. did
D. have
解析:"so+助/系/情态动词+主语"结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致,又后句的主语为her parents是复数,故选D。

二、考查其用法与标志词
(一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时,常用现在完成时。

如:
1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball?
-______you______ your homework yet?
A. Do; finish
B. Are; finishing
C. Did; finish
D. Have; finished
2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______
A. Did; surf; surfed
B. Have; surfed; surfed
C. Did; surf; have surfed
D. Have; surfed; have surfed
解析:据yet和before可知,应用现在完成时,故1题选D,2题选D。

(二)当句中有"for +段时间"或"since +点时间"等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,若是非延续性动词,要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。

如:
1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.
A. after
B. before
C. since
D. for
解析:主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去时,故选C。

2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.
A. has lent
B. has borrowed
C. has bought
D. has had
解析:A、B、C均为非延续性动词,在肯定句中不与表"段时间"的短语连用,故选D。

3. I______a letter from him since he left.
A. didn't receive
B. haven't got
C. didn't have
D. haven't heard
解析:据since可知,应排除A、C,"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意为"收到某人的来信",故选B。

三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。

如:
1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors?-Yes,
I have.
A. went to
B. gone to
C. been in
D. been to
解析:据句中的have,排除A,B项意为"去某地了",C项意为"一直呆在某地",D项意为"去过某地",符合题意,故选D。

2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.
A. have been in
B. have been to
C. have gone to
D. have been 解析:本题句中有"for+段时间"结构,据此可排除C,B项意为"去过某地",不合题意,D项缺介词,故选A。

四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。

如:
1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正确的句子)
解析:非延续性动词与"段时间"连用时,除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外,还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型"It's +段时间+since+从句"进行句子转换。

故答案为:Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there.
2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改为同义句)
________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.
解析:据上题分析,且since引导的从句要用一般过去时,故填It is, since, came。

3. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.
A. lost
B. don't lose
C. have lost
D. is coming
解析:因我丢了票的动作发生在过去,而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果,符合现在完成时所表示的含意,故选C。

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