英语国家概况名词解释

英语国家概况名词解释
VOA: It’s the abbreviation of the voice of America.It’s the American official international broadcasting. Station and it was established in 1942. It was controlled by the American government and subordinate to the American international communi cation. Bureau. VOA’s headquarter is located in Washington and it has 16 broadcasting stations. It’s programs are broadcasted by 41 languages
BBC: it’s the abbreviation of the British broadcasting corporation. It was established in1922, and it was moved and operated in 1927. It was financed by the government and it’s managed by the Minister of Posts and Telecommunication. And its program is broadcasted by 39 languages. It is also financed by the payment from all people who possess TV sets
ABC: it’s the abbreviation of the American Broadcasting Company.
NBC: it’s stands for the National Broadcasting Company
CNN: It’s the abbreviation of the Cable News Network
Quality Newspaper:It’s one of the 2 types of British Newspapers. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph all belong to this kind of
newspaper
Times: It’s a very famous weekly magazine in the USA.It was founded in 1923. It has 5.5 million copies.
Five Great lakes:These are the most important lakes in America,extending about 1600km and forming a section of the boundary between the United States and Canada. The Great Lakes include Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.
Mississippi river:it is the second longest river, after the Missouri,in the United States and it is the largest river system in North America.
The Severn River:it is the longest river in the UK,is 338km in length,beginning in Wales flowing through the Midlands of England and emptying into the Atlantic Ocean near Bristol
The Mackenzie Ri ver: the major river in Canada.It’s 4241km long.
Nickname of British people: John Bull. It’s originated from a book named History of John Bull.
Nickname of American people: Uncle Sam.
Boxing Day: it’s on the first work day after Christmas. This festival is celebrated in order to show the respect to those people sending newspaper and milk everyday.
Constitutional Monarchy: Constitutional Monarchy: it’s the Political System of U.K. It was established at the end of the 17th century. The Monarch is hereditary, she or he reigns but does not rule the country, and it takes no part in policies. The monarch is just the symbol and the representative of the interest of people.
Cabinet of Britain: the head of Cabinet of Britain is the Prime Minister, and the members of the cabinet are nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Monarch
Parliament: Its headquarter is the Palace of Westminster. And it is divided into House of Loads and House of Commons. House of Load’s President called The Load Chancellor. It has the load temporal, the load spiritual and law loads. The House of loads sits in the south part of the Palace of West Minster.And the President of the House of Commons is called The Speaker. It sits at the Northern Part of the Palace of Westminster.
Conservative Party: it was founded in 1833. It was originated from the Tory Party, it’s the party of right, and it represents monopolists’ interest.
Labor Party: it was founded in 1900. After 1922, Labor party tool place the Liberal Party,becoming one of the two major parties in the UK. It’s a Bourgeois Party,socialism and nationalization.
The prime Minister: the Prime Minister is the leader of UK Government. He lives in NO.10 Downing Street.The Prime Minister is the leader of the Party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons; he serves as the chief executive of the Government and performs the executive functions of the United Kingdom.
White Hall: It’s the name of a street but it is the symbol of the U.K Government. It is the administrative center of the Britain,the official Building of the Prime Minister.
Constitution of America: it was adapted in 1787. On Sept.17.1787, came into effect in 1789.it is the first comparatively complete written, constitution in the world. It consists of one short preamble, 7 articles and 26 amendments
Election of the UK: it’s held every 5 years. Controlled by two major parties, it has 659 constituencies in2001 and 646 constituencies in 2005
Congress: Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government. Law-making and supreme legislative body of the nation. It is divided into the senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 100 V oting members, 2 from each state. And the House of Representatives has 435 members
Pentagon: It’s the official building of the USA National Defense Department, it is located in the Washington .D.C. It was attacked by terrorists in 2001.9.11
CIA: It is the abbreviation of Central Intelligence Agency. It is the Executive office of the President
FBI: It’s t he abbreviation of the Federal Bream of Investigation. It is subordinate to the Department of Justice
Abraham Lincoln:He was the first president of the Republic Party in the U.S.A. And he was also the leader of the Civil War. He abolished the
Slavery Policy. But was assassinated unfortunately
Franklin Roosevelt: He is one of the most famous presidents in the U.S.A. He played an initial important role in the Great Depression in the 20th century. He saved the economic crisis
The War of Independence: It occurred in 1775, and in 1776.7.4. The Declaration of Independence was passed by the Continental Congress, which symbolizes the Independence of the U.S.A.
The Civil War: It was led by Abraham Lincoln and it occurred in 1861. It was ended by the victory of Northern Army and then the Slavery Policy was abolished.
Election of America: It was held every 4 years. The president candidates have to make speeches, debate and compete for more votes. If one of the president candidates has more than 270votes, he will win the election and he will make a speech again on the20th.January the next year
White House: it’s the settlement of the President and it’s situated in Washington. D.C.
Democratic Party:it was founded in 1828.It’s symbol is Donkey Thomas Jefferson, is a famous president in Democratic Party.
Republican Party:it was founded in 1854. The symbol is elephant,it’s a more conservative Party. Lincoln is the first republican president in 1860
The Open University of UK:a degree granting institution that provides courses of study for adults of all ages through TV. Radio, produced books and so on. It opened in 1969, and was intended to give opportunities to adults who had been unable to take conventional higher education.
The Boat race: it was a result of a challenge issued to Oxford by Cambridge in 1829.
A Level of GC5: A level of General Certificate of Education
answer two of the following questions.
1.Talk about the two systems of secondary education in Great Britain. Selective system and comprehensive system
Selective system: is an old unreasonable system. It’s now totally abolished. The Eleven Plus: the result is very important
It contains The grammar school, Technical schools and Secondary
modern schools
comprehensive system was established before 1960.
It is a given district, regardless of their background and intelligence system.
O students graduated from it can gain a level of the General Certificate of Education (GCE), in 16 or 18
2.What are the three main principles for the political system of USA?
1.Federalism
2.The Separation of Powers
3.Respect for the Constitution and the rule of law
3.What is the procedure of making-laws in America?
1. The first house
Introduce a bill or legislative proposal
Sent to an appropriate legislative committee
The recommendations of the bill are reported to the house by the committee (the House of Representatives and the Senate are divided into small groups which take care of special matters such as education or foreign affairs. )
2. The second house do the same thing like the first house
3. Goes to the White House for presidential action
What is the procedure of making-laws in Britain?
A bill will begin in the House of Commons, After the period of three readings in the House of Commons, the House of Lords does the same and finally it goes to the Queen for her signature.
3 readings:
The 1st reading: introduce a bill
he 2nd reading: the bill is read in detail, a vote is taken by the whole House, the bill is sent to a committee for a detailed examination
The 3rd reading: short debate before the whole house
5.What is quality newspaper in Great Britain?
Quality Newspaper were Founded before 1896
And Contain political, industrial, financial and cultural news in the U.K. and international news as well.
Their Characteristic Lengthy articles and have an undramatic design.
What are the features of British newspaper?
British newspapers are characterized by freedom of speech, freedom of the press.
What are the features of American newspaper?
The United States newspaper features is rich in content, do not belong to any political party and lots of advertisements.
8.How many types of higher educational institutions are there in America? What are they?
1. Two-year college: community college
Master’s degree
2. Four-year college: college of arts and science
BA : Bachelor of Arts
BS : Bachelor of Science
Doctor’s degree
3. Universities: comprehensive and complex
Doctor’s degree
9.What are the two features of the old universities in Britain?
Oxford University: 1167 , arts
Cambridge University: 1284, scientific studies
College System 学院制
Tutorial System 大学导师制
What are the common features of the Canadian educational system?
Free schooling available throughout Canada from kindergarten (age 5) to grade 12(grade 13 in Ontario and grade 11 in Quebec).
School attendance is compulsory from the age of 6 or 7 to 14 or 16.
The elementary schools include kindergarten through grades 6 to 8. Secondary or high schools provide instruction up to grades 9 or 10 or 12.
The provincial governments have the power in the field of education. The thirteen education systems are established by 13 legislatures of the provinces and territories. The 13 educational systems are unique in their own ways.
第三大题，explanation
一.
VOA：voice of American，1942，founded by government, American International Communication Bureau, Washington, 16 broadcasting stations,（广播站）41 languages.
BBC；the British Broadcasting Corporation, 1922, 1927, the government
and the Minister of Posts and Telecommunication, 39 languages, financed by payment from all people who possess TV sets。

Designed by G Val Myer and built in 1932, Broadcasting House was the BBC’s first purpose-built home for radio broadcasting. It is situated in central London between Oxford Street and Regents Park, adjacent邻近的to Nash’s All Souls’ church.
ABC；The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American commercial broadcasting television network. Created in 1943. Its first broadcast on television was in 1948. It is the largest broadcaster in the world by revenues. As one of the Big Three television networks, its programming has contributed to American popular culture.
NBC; The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American commercial broadcasting television network and former headquartered in New York City ,NBC is sometimes referred to as the "Peacock 孔雀Network", due to its peacock logo. Formed in 1926，NBC was the first major broadcast network in the United States. In 1986, control of NBC passed to General Electric (GE)。

CNN; Cable News Network (CNN) is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980. Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour
television news coverage报道，and the first all-news television channel in the United States.
quality newspaper（质量报，大报）；Founded before 1896；Contain political, industrial, financial and cultural news in the U.K. and international news as well；Lengthy articles and have an undramatic design.
the Times；is quality newspaper of UK. The Times is a British daily national newspaper, first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and it became The Times on 1 January 1788.
Times，is a kind of magazine in American。

First published in 1923. It is a weekly magazine about economic. It has about 5.5million copies.
二.
1．five great lakes；
Lake Erie伊利湖is the fourth largest lake of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the tenth largest globally全局的. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakesand therefore also has the shortest average water residence time.
Lake Michigan 密歇根湖is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the US and Canada. It is the second
largest of the Great Lakes by volume量and the third largest by surface area.
Lake Ontario 安大略湖is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is bounded on the north and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south by the American state of New York. Lake Ontario is also the only one of the five Great Lakes not to share a coast with the state of Michigan.
Lake Huron休伦湖is one of the five Great Lakes of
Lake Superior 苏必利尔湖是北美洲五大湖最西北和最大的一个，也是世界最大的淡水湖之一，是世界仅次于里海的第二大湖。

湖东北面为加拿大，西南面为美国。

湖面东西长616公里，南北最宽处257公里，湖面平均海拔180米，水面积82103平方公里，最大深度405米。

蓄水量1.2万立方公里。

is the largest of the five traditionally demarcated Great Lakes of North America. It is generally considered the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area. It is the world's third-largest freshwater lake by volume.
2，Mississippi river
The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest river system in North America. Flowing entirely in the United States. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and tenth largest river in the world.
3, The Severn river塞文河，The River Severn is the longest river in the United Kingdom, at about 354 kilometers, and the second longest in the
British Isles, behind the River Shannon. 香侬河.the Severn is the greatest river in terms of water flow in England and wales.
4,the Mackenzie river,麦肯齐河The Mackenzie River is the largest and longest river system in Canada. The river's mainstem runs 1,738 kilometers in a northerly direction to the Arctic Ocean. It is the largest river flowing into the Arctic from North America, and with its tributaries is one of the longest rivers in the world.
5．Nickname of British people, john bull. The new Scotland in early eighteenth century, a man named john ,he published a book, named “john bull hist ory” . In the book, john bull is a conservative country gentleman. He is stout, quick-tempered, clumsy antics, always followed by a bulldog. Since this image is typical of British gentry. Therefore since 19th century , British and American cartoonists have used this image of john bull refers to the British people.
6.Nickname of American people；Uncle Sam
During the War of 1812, Wilson was in the business of slaughtering 屠宰and packing meat. He provided large shipments of meat to the US Army, in barrels 桶that were stamped with the initials “U.S.” The suggestion that the meat shipments came from "Uncle Sam" led to the idea that Uncle Sam symbolized the federal government。

7.Easter day；is a Christian festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his death.easter is the
most important festival in the year after the vernal equinox ,the first Sunday .therefore the date of easter varies between 22 march and 25 April 8.Halloween’s day；is a yearly celebration observed in a number of countries on October 31, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows (or All Saints).
9，Christmas day；Christmas is an annual commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christand a widely observed holiday, celebrated generally on December 25 by millions of people around the world.
10.Valentine’s day；is observed on February 14 each year. It is the west traditional festival. This is love, romance and flowers, chocolates, cards holiday. And send gifts to each other on this day to express love or friendship.
11.boxing day；节礼日Boxing Day is traditionally the day following christmas day when servants and trademen would receive gifts from their superiors[ or employers, known as a "Christmas box". Today, Boxing Day is better known as a bank or public holiday that occurs on 26 December, or the first or second weekday after Christmas Day, depending on national or regional laws.
三
constitutional monarchy,this system has been formed at end of 17th century. The monarch has enormous power, but given the nature of the
constitutional monarchy. She or he is supposed to reign but not rule. The crown mainly performs ceremonial duties whose work consists largely of signing paper. Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power. the British monarchy is largest reigning monarchy in the world. The current queen’s title in the united kingdom is “Elizabeth the second ”
2，cabinet of Britain, the cabinet, the major decision-making body in the government is often associated with the office of the prime minister. Headed by the prime minister. The cabinet mainly comprises about 20 senior minister of important government department. The cabinet meets in private and normally weekly at 10 dowing street and initiates most of important bills under debate in parliament. The cabinet acts under the principle of collective responsibility.
3. Parliament. The uk parliament is one of the oldest representative assemblies in the world. Parliament is the supreme legislative body and the assembly that government is drawn from and answerable to. It comprises three element: the crown, the non-elected house of lords, and the elected house of commons, of which the latter is the source of real political power in the united kingdom. In theory, the main function of parliament is to legislate, that is, to create, abolish or amend new laws for the entire nation. But, in practice, it normally passes bills that are often
proposed by the government. In addition, parliament also votes the taxation and expenditures of the government, examines government policies and administration, and debates major political issues of the day.
4. Conservative party，originally referred as the Tory party, the conservative party was founded in 1833. The party was one of two dominant parties in the 19th century.
5. labor party. The Labor Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom, and one of the two main British political parties along with the Conservative Party. The Labor Party was founded in 1900. After 1922 the Labor Party gradually replaced the Liberal Party to become one of the two major parties in Great Britain.
6，the prime minister；The Prime Minister is the leader of the party that holds the most seats in the house of common，and for that reason，serves as the chief executive of the government that performs the executive functions of UK. His responsibility include presiding over the cabinet, allocating functions among ministers and meeting with the queen regularly to inform her of the general business of government.
white hall, 白厅是英国首都伦敦西敏内的一条道路，位于英国国会大厦和特拉法加广场之间。

除了是旅游热点，也是英国政府中枢的所在地。

因此白厅也是英国政府的代名词。

is the British capital London Westminster within a road, is located in the The House of Parliament and Trafalgar Square.In addition to a tourist hot spot, is also the British
government central location.Therefore the Whitehall is synonymous with the British government.
四．
1, Constitution of American 美国宪法adopted in 1787, on Sept. 17.and came into effect in 1789.constitution of American is the first comparatively complete written constitution.
It consists of one short preamble, 7 articles and 26 amendments.
2，Congress；The United States Congress , the legislature branch of the federal government, is made up of the senate and the house of representative.there are 100 senators, two from each state. The house of Representative has 435 member, elected every two years for two-year terms. Congress meets in the capitol in Washington, D.C.
3.cabinet of American；The United States cabinet is the United States federal executive departments, namely the United States federal government structure in the central government's most advanced architecture.总统有权提名，并于取得参议院的意见和同意后，任命大使、公使及领事、最高法院的法官，以及一切其它在本宪法中未经明定、但以后将依法律的规定而设置之合众国官员；国会可以制定法律，酌情把这些较低级官员的任命权，授予总统本人，授予法院，或授予各行政部门的首长。

the president has the power to nominate, and obtains the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed ambassadors,
ministers and consuls, a judge of the Supreme Court, and all other in the Constitution without stated, but later will be in accordance with the law, provided the United States officials; the Congress may by law, as appropriate, to these lower level officials the right of appointment, granted the president himself, conferred on the court, or to the heads of departments.
4. The Pentagon，is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, As a symbol of the U.S. military,the Pentagon" is often used metonymically to refer to the Department of Defense rather than the building itself.
5.CIA The Central Intelligence Agency is an independent
civilian intelligence agency of the United States government belonging to president.is the government organization in the United States that collects secret information about other countries. （CIA）是美国政府的情报、间谍和反间谍机构，主要职责是收集和分析全球政治、经济、文化、军事、科技等方面的情报，协调美国国内情报机构的活动，并把情报上报美国政府各部门.
FBI; The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a governmental agency belonging to the United States Department of Justice that serves as both a federal criminal investigative body and an internal intelligence agency. 5，Abraham Lincoln,亚伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln，1809年－1865年），美国政治家，第16任总统（任期：1861年3月4日－1865年
4月15日），也是首位共和党籍总统。

在其总统任内，美国爆发了内战，史称南北战争。

林肯击败了南方分离势力，废除了奴隶制度，维护了国家的统一。

但就在内战结束后不久，林肯不幸遇刺身亡。

他是第一位遭到刺杀的美国总统，更是一位出身贫寒的伟大总统。

(1809 1865 years), American politician, sixteenth president (term: March 4, 1861 years in April 15th, 1865) is the first Republican president.The president, the United States Civil War, known as the civil war.Lincoln defeated south the Separatists, slavery was abolished, maintain the unity of the nation.But shortly after the civil war, Lincoln was assassinated misfortune.He was the first president of the United States, is a poor great president.
6.Franklin Roosevelt, (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945),美国31位、第32任总统美国历史上唯一蝉联四届的总统。

罗斯福在20世纪的经济大萧条和第二次世界大战中扮演了重要的角色.被学者评为是美国最伟大的三位总统之一，同华盛顿和林肯齐名.is thirty-first and thirty-second President of the United States. In America history, he is only one won four presidential. He played very important role in the twentieth Century great depression and in the Second World War .he is considered as one of the three greatest presidents, with Washington and Lincoln.
7.the war of independence，美国独立战争，是大英帝国和其北美十三
州殖民地的革命者，以及几个欧洲强国之间的一场战争。

由于英国对殖民地的剥削严重阻碍了资本主义的发展，为了对抗英国的经济政策，导致了北美人民的抗争。

开始于1775年，1776年7月4日大陆会议通过了《独立宣言》，宣告了美国的诞生。

经过北美人民的艰苦抗争，终于在1783年迫使英国承认美国独立。

the American War of independence, the British Empire and its North American colonies of thirteen states revolutionaries.Beginning in 1775, and on July 4, 1776 the Continental Congress adopted the "Declaration of independence", proclaimed the birth of the United states.After the North American people's hard struggle, finally in 1783 forced Britain recognized the independence of the United states.
8，the civil war，(1861年4月12日–1865年4月9日)是美国历史上一场大规模的内战，参战双方为美利坚合众国（简称联邦）和美利坚联盟国（简称邦联）。

由林肯领导的北方军队打败了南方军队，此战不但改变当时美国的政经情势，导致奴隶制度在美国南方被最终废除，也对日后美国的民间社会产生巨大的影响.(April 12, 1861 - April 9, 1865) was an American history in a great civil war, fought on both sides for the United States of America (hereinafter referred to as the federal) and United States (referred to as the Confederate alliance).Led by Lincoln of the northern army defeated the southern army, this not only change the
American political economy situation, leading to slavery in the American South was abolished, but also for future American civil society produce tremendous effect
9，election of American，
总统选举每四年举行一次。

选举的主要程序：
1. 预选
2. 各党全国代表大会确定总统候选人
3. 总统候选人竞选
4. 全国选民投票选出总统“选举人”
5. “选举人团”投票表决正式选举总统
6. 当选总统就职典礼
Presidential elections are held every four years.
election main program:
1. preselected
2 Party National Congress to determine the presidential candidate
3. presidential candidate
4. voters elected the national president "electoral"
5. "electoral" voting official election president
6. was elected the president's inauguration
10，white house，由于是美国总统的官邸、办公室。

供第一家庭成员居住，所以中文译成“白宫”。

位于美国华盛顿市区中心宾夕法尼亚街
1600号。

北接拉斐特广场，南邻爱丽普斯公园，与高耸的华盛顿纪念碑相望，是一座白色的二层楼房。

it is the residence of the president of the United States, office. For the first member of the family living, so the Chinese translated into "white house". The United States is located in Washington city center 1600 Pennsylvania street.North of Lafayette Square, to the South Ailipusi Park, and the lofty Washington Monument across, is a white two layer of building.
11，democratic party，The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States along with the Republican Party. Current President of the United States Barack Obama is the 15th Democrat to hold the office of Presidency.
1828
Republicans, anti-federalists or Democratic Republicans
Thomas Jefferson
Donkey
12，republican party，
1854
Lincoln: the first republican president in 1860
Federalists 联邦制拥护者
Alexander Hamilton 亚历山大汉密尔顿
Elephant
More conservative
五，
1，the open university of the united kingdom，
2，public school，not public but independent secondary schools of the non-state system. Public schools are not private in the fullest sense, just balance their budgets.
A level of the General Certificate of Education (GCE), 18
Eton College,伊顿公学Harrow School哈罗公学, Winchester College 温彻斯特公学and Rugby School拉格比公学
3，the boat race，The Boat Race is an annual rowing race between the Oxford University Boat Club and the Cambridge University Boat Club, rowed between competing eights on the River Thames in London, England.
The first boat race was the result of a challenge issued to Oxford by Cambridge in 1829. It was rowed on the Thames at Henley. Oxford wore dark blue jerseys, later to become the Oxford blue, whilst Cambridge donned pink sashes. Oxford were the first winners.
The second race was staged in 1836 when Cambridge adopted their own light blue, and was rowed on a five and three-quarter mile stretch of the Thames between Westminster and Putney.
4，A level of GCE,
A level of the General Certificate of Education (GCE), 18
How to go to university?A level results. school references and an interview
5、Harvard university，
Established in 1636.
Founded 16 years after the arrival of the Pilgrims 清教徒at Plymouth普利茅斯, the College has grown from 9 students with a single Master into a University with an enrollment of more than 18,000 degree candidates. Harvard was named after its first benefactor捐助者, John Harvard, of Charlestown, Massachusetts.
6，MIT was founded in 1861. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private research university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. MIT has five schools and one college, containing a total of 32 academic departments, with a strong emphasis on scientific, engineering, and technological education and research, and is considered one of the most prestigious 有声望的universities in the world.
7.Cambridge university was founded in 1284, famous for scientific studies.The University of Cambridge is a public research university located in Cambridge, England, United Kingdom. It is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world (after the University of Oxford).
8. oxford university was founded in 1167, famous for arts. The University。