小额贷款公司经营风险外文文献翻译最新译文

文献出处：M Swan. The study on the operating risk prevention of small Loan Companies [J]. Decision Support Systems, 2015，12(4): 828-838.
原文
The study on the operating risk prevention of small Loan Companies
M Swan
Abstract
Small Loan Company is still in its infancy. Just in the process of its establishment and continuously explore, suffered a lot from themselves and the environment problems. As the regulators in the financial markets and relevant scholars, on how to locate small loan companies, how to make small loan companies play a real role in the national economy is full of concern. Small loan company capital source channel is narrow. Mechanisms involved in microfinance planning period is not long, after internal personnel practice survey, random diffusion time or disturbing both inside and outside conditions. Whether internal standard units or departments, professional analysis for such enterprises in the financial markets of rapid infiltration and perpetuate problems have been attached great importance to. As folk further liberalization of the capital market, therefore, small loan companies the management risk and financial risk is increasingly highlighted.
Keywords: Small loan companies; Risk management; Control to prevent
1 Introduction
In the operation of small loan companies in the various risk, especially in its operation risk management tends to bring to the company a lot of difficult to estimate the trouble, so how to discover, to summarize these appear in running the root cause of the risk management, it is more important, after find out root cause, according to the scientific and effective methods for these problems existing in the management risk of classified division, to make small loans in the operation of the company's future operation and management of risks for effective, systematic, scientific prevention. Most scholars, according to the theory of small loan companies run the risk and prevention countermeasures of research, mainly concentrated in all kinds of risk and risk analysis is put forward, put small loan companies this new industry
compared with other financial industry environment, in the concrete for small loan companies on risk management in the operation of the fundamental problems, and how to guard against these problems has not conducted detailed discussed and countermeasures, and only in small loans risk aspects of problems in the operation of the company in theory emphasizes the overall risk of small loan companies and prevention. In the operation of small loan companies in the various risk, especially in its operation risk management tends to bring to the company a lot of difficult to estimate the trouble, so how to discover, summed up in these. The root cause of the risk management in the operation of, is all the more important, after find out root cause, according to the scientific and effective means to these problems existing in the management risk of classified division, to make small loans in the operation of the company's future operation and management of risks for effective, systematic, scientific prevention.
2 Risk and risk management
So-called hidden risks in small loan companies operating activities, mainly in the specific planning period internal profit performance on derivatives with the default index of conflicting phenomenon, especially given risk loss of effect. Combining normative power relatively broad regulatory body Angle of observation, the symptoms mainly joint mechanism disorders, loss events and the concrete performance of the amount of loss data. Under the background of this kind of developing system management, strategic planning can be established targets more completely, which along with all the fluctuations of will appropriate to eliminate, or make the disturbing factors have condition remains inside the company can accept the reasonable space structure, so as to strengthen the organization interest charge ability. Set of small loan companies, this article mainly emphasized by supervision, legal person or organization in the society structure transition to reverse the operation, one for the public deposits were rejected, hope to be able to operate in microfinance project implement profit motive for a long time under the control indicators. Need special attention is, the need to accept the country specific regulatory legal department, under the premise that the arrangement of all business, profit and loss or risk of
conflict will be borne by the company leadership comprehensive, and any shareholder will direct retain significant asset management personnel selection and accurate maintenance right content such as earnings results. After all these there is essential difference between companies and Banks, not synchronous open deposit business, will therefore shall be regarded as more formal financial management unit.
The so-called risk management problem, that is, any enterprise during the period of Foreign Service accordingly to keep conflict prediction results and the prevention and control means, excluding the above factors still excessive crisis situation. Now comprehensive perfect the internal financial market regulation system in our country, but such risks does not
2.1 Market risk
In its depth of stress is that when a specific enterprise marketing mode hidden conflicts hidden premise for market competition, the core area and actual occupy the share of late will produce certain gap preset indexes and as a result, under this background, a specific commodity technology innovation preparation procedure will breed a disorder or scale effect, which is difficult to cause the public recognition. Question on this part of the risk detailed analysis the following contents: first, the demand for consumer self satisfaction biased forecast results. Actually in such trouble enterprise product styles are different, but the late consumer activity development would be struggling, as for when to break free from the shackles of established the shackles of thinking is much more difficult to provide accurate answers. Second, the distortion of market core competitive power. In this kind of technology challenges of the corporate sector are often consumers and market regulators to double review, including the internal capital adequacy, executive’s comprehensive technical ability and moral quality level and finally improve the quality of our products means. At a particular stage based on enterprise competitive potential certification is trouble until trouble troubles you. Finally, the market demand curve from time to time. Market and product structure change activities must maintain synchronization effect, through heterogeneous mechanism connotation lap joint debugging, technical personnel will be left arbitrary cope with habits problem because of the weak.
2.2 Technical risk
Relative technical risk problems during the implementation of product shape transition depth, if you don't on any technical content cohesion, can make innovation activities. Such technical achievement to run from the initial transmission process through three levels, including scientific research experiments, quality testing and industrial structure promotion and so on, but the legacy of the potential risks will be more severe. During scientific research projects, the unit can content to cater to the preset standards are often difficult to conclude that negligence often because the operation subject facing failure situation. Mid-term test link, even the innovation product has production, but the public response to the information collection is not comprehensive, including side effects or ecosystem destruction in the planning process, etc. On this basis, to realize commercialization of research results will not be so easy. And large-scale production and sales stage, because the high-tech content in succession process has rough surface, make the products within the market to gain a foothold, especially under the condition of life is not long by the rest of the technology to replace the possibility is very high. So any a product no matter from the initial development stage for internal promotion is to the market and involving internal process is filled with all kinds of risk. In particular, technical risk mainly covers the detailed aspects: first, technology research and development activities extend range is not accurate verification; Second, the late in response to population fluctuations from time to time. Third, the market competition activity is participating in the lack of persistence.
2.3 The financial risk
Is mainly refers to project funding cannot achieve reasonable dredge out and make the result of the failure mechanism of innovation activities. Information funds for the financial position at risk enterprise how important, but in reality such enterprise expansion fund tends to have the following characteristics. First of all, the capital demand range is larger; Second, the concrete financing way too narrow. Late for venture enterprises economic benefits inherent fluctuation, makes any unit in to invest in its early after a long period of psychological war, so, its implementing
overall financing is still not enough reality. Financial control activities related to performance of the risk elements as follows: first, the financing sources and the number are difficult to textual research. Fortunately when such companies to adapt to the development stage, especially along with the expansion of business scope, make internal capital demand quantity full boom, if still can not get money as it should be within the prescribed period of time the number of support, will lose industry competitive advantage, eventually be eliminated by times. Second, money supply timeliness position shakes. Risk enterprises need to rely on money supply mechanism transition reform task, especially in well-funded, aging characteristics influence premise, despite the results spectacular gains phase, but may also be because cash shortage and make both industrial chain break, enabling enterprises to edge back into
a rout.
2.4 Manage risk
Specific enterprise due to the default response mechanism in the process of implementation of the project planning result error and influence department reputation foundation, makes the development prospect of the late of blank, this kind of phenomenon also is late investment risk control activities need to focus on the core of the comprehensive technical problems. Combined with the morphology of risk enterprises, mismanagement signs are spreading, for enterprise management in the future bring depth limit crisis. Specific breeds reasons are: first, the enterprise established imbalance effect management organization structure design, especially with the field of technology transition entrepreneurial subject, often because under the background of knowledge management lack of license enterprises effect diffusion mechanism shortcomings; Secondly, the enterprise cohesion cooperation organizations cannot complete and enterprises in a task, even if is the size of the business situation is good, but neglected will derive more prominent contradiction, further into the root cause of risk management. About this part of the risk situation presents the following rules: (1) specific management thinking innovation main body is not strong enough, most of the internal rectification technology innovation risk firms simply focus on details, for the daily work of team quality form and technical
application ability almost unnoticed, makes the process structure, management content is difficult to meet the demand of era, it is bound to make enterprise strategy presents simplification feature in the future.(2) management experience is inadequate. In Chinese with the innovation of technology to realize the development of the corporate sector, will be because manager’s lack of personal ability makes it hard for business activities smoothly. (3) The personnel position structure arrangement conflict. Retain risk disadvantages enterprise position and corresponding matching, always involuntarily handover odds and enterprise development, has repeatedly let will only make the internal structure of high quality talents to pieces, make the business activities in the future as well as usual.
3 Management risk control and prevention
3.1 Strengthen the internal control
Most of the small loan companies will face professional’s scarce status, because small loans company belongs to the emerging of financial industry, industry system is not perfect. Therefore, the company's employees determine the small loan company can survive in the fierce market, and can be continuous development. Small loan company first to employ the persons with specialized knowledge and rich experience as executives, make financial institutions work and rich management experience of personnel to conduct regular training, less experienced practitioners organization personnel system to study the laws and regulations, familiar with financial knowledge of business and finance case, improve the staff's work ability and business level, strengthen the awareness of risk prevention.
3.2 Open up the financing channels, the realization of diversified sources of funding
First of all, for subsequent insufficient funds become the greatest threat to the large-scale promotion in the future. At present, the company can only by the shareholders of a company constantly additional investment or developing new east and solve the problem of loan able funds, this makes the how to develop and maintain business steadily to become the biggest challenge. Second, countries to promote small loan credit, be in namely to promote the development of "agriculture, rural areas and farmers", small enterprises. Let go of small loan companies financing channels, to
give financial institutions such as identity, fiscal and tax reduction policy support to process, small companies have the funds to solve legal channels, which naturally will not desperate to go "deposits" and off-balance-sheet financing illegally, this is the fundamental problem of small loan company funds source, as well as the development of basic problem, but as a small loan companies this is not the short-term investors, operators may change the status.
3.3 Optimize the company's internal and external environment, strengthen the management of loans
First of all, on the premise of guarantee its own environmental benign circulation, with the deepening of the company's business do more big, can slowly to such as Banks and other financial industry such as type of organization, benchmarking learning successful case of financial institutions, to further clear the requirement of the mortgaged property and improve the mortgaged property to accept mortgage threshold, so that we can effectively control the mortgaged property depreciation causes losses to the company. Secondly, establish and perfect the restraint mechanism with capital management as the core, and the traditional mainly denotation expansion of extensive growth mode to give priority to with connotation improve gradually intensive growth mode transformation. At the same time, small loans companies should adhere to market-oriented, commercial orientation, by high interest rates to reduce transaction risk and transaction costs, ensure that the company's earnings and normal operation. In risk control department and business department can through the establishment of "firewall system", strengthen the monitoring of loan risk, to timely feedback of loan quality deterioration, the loan provision for risk provisions for bad enough value. Give full play to the functions of small loan company's industry association, improve the industry self-discipline consciousness, and strengthen the financial accounting system, management personnel, registered capital of supervision and management, promoting its healthy development. Positive use of internal ratings and small credit has more mature technology, and through the way of market research, analysis of the demand for loans, and thus to develop a business strategy, so can make small loan co., LTD for the issuance of loans more tend to be more reasonable, and is
more practical and effective to control the loan risk.
译文
小额贷款公司经营风险防范
M Swan
摘要
小额贷款公司目前仍处于起步阶段。

就在其建立和不断探索的过程中,遭遇了许多来自于自身和外界环境的难题。

无论是金融市场的监管层还是相关学者,都对如何定位小额贷款公司、怎样使小额贷款公司在国民经济中发挥实际作用充满关注。

小贷公司资金来源渠道较窄。

涉及小额贷款规划机制期限并不是很长，经过内部人员实践调查，一时间还是令内外不安状况任意扩散。

不管是内部规范单位或是专业分析部门，对于此类企业在金融市场的快速渗透和长久延续问题都表现得十分重视。

因此，随着民间资本市场的进一步放开，小额贷款公司面临的经营风险和金融风险日益突显。

关键词：小额贷款公司；经营管理风险；控制防范
1 引言
小额贷款公司在其运行中存在多方面的风险，尤其是在其运行中出现的经营管理风险往往会给公司带来很多难以估计的麻烦，因此如何发现、总结这些在运行中出现经营管理风险的根本原因，就显得更为重要，在找到根本原因后，根据科学有效的手段对这些经营管理风险中存在的问题进行划分归类，才能对小额贷款公司未来运行中出现的经营管理风险进行有效的、系统的，科学的防范。

大多数学者针对小额贷款公司运行中的风险与防范对策的研究，主要集中在各种风险的提出以及分析风险方面，将小额贷款公司这个新兴的行业置于与其他金融行业相比较的大环境下，在具体针对小额贷款公司在运行中经营管理风险根本存在的问题，及如何针对这些问题提出防范对策方面没有具体的论述和展开过，只是在小额贷款公司运行中存在的理论上的风险方面强调了整体小额贷款公司的风险与防范。

小额贷款公司在其运行中存在多方面的风险，尤其是在其运行中出现的经营管理风险往往会给公司带来很多难以估计的麻烦，因此如何发现、总结这些在运行中出现经营管理风险的根本原因，就显得更为重要，在找到根本原因后，根据科学有效的手段对这些经营管理风险中存在的问题进行划分归类，才能对小额贷款公司未来运行中出现的经营管理风险进行有效的、系统的，科学的防范。

2 风险及经营管理风险
所谓小额贷款公司经营活动中隐藏的风险隐患，主要是在具体规划时期内公司内部盈利绩效上衍生的与预设指标相互冲突的现象，特别是既定亏损问题引发的几率效果。

结合规范实力相对宽泛的监管主体角度加以观察，有关上述症状主要是联合机制紊乱、亏损事件以及金额流失数据加以具体表现的。

在这类背景下开发系统管理工作，能够将既定阶段战略规划目标审视得更加完全，其中伴随的一切波动因素都将适当得以剔除，或是令不安因素产生状况维持在公司能够合理接受的空间结构内部，借以强化这类组织利益掌管能力。

本文设定的小额贷款公司，主要是强调社会中借由监督法人或是组织结构加以扭转过渡的经营手段，其中对于公众存款行为较为排斥，希望能够在小额贷款经营项目控制范围下实现长久盈利动机指标。

需要特别引起注意的是，其需要接受国家特定法律部门监管，在这个前提下一切业务布置形式、盈亏结果或是风险冲突问题都将由公司领导人员全面承担，而任何股东都将直接保留重大资产管理人员选取和精准收益成果维护等权利内容。

毕竟这类公司和银行存在本质性区别，不会同步开放存款业务，也就因此暂且被视为比较正规的准金融管理单位。

所谓的经营管理风险问题，就是说任何企业在对外提供服务期间都相应地保留冲突问题预测结果和防治手段，刨除以上因素仍旧衍生过度的危机状况。

现如今我国内部金融市场规范体制内容全面完善，但是有关此类风险似乎尚未泯灭。

具体表现形式为：
2.1市场风险
其深度强调的是，当特定企业在营销模式隐藏冲突隐患前提下进行市场核心区域竞争，而后期实际占据的份额会与预设指标产生一定的差距结果，在这种背景映衬下，特定商品技术创新或是规模化制备程序都会滋生一定紊乱效应，进而难以引起社会大众的认可。

有关这部分风险问题细化分析出以下内容：首先，对消费者自我需求满足程度预测结果产生偏差。

实际上处于此类困扰的企业产品样式都是与众不同的，但是后期消费活动开发会显得步履维艰，至于何时挣脱既定思维枷锁束缚就更加难以提供精准答案了。

其次，市场核心竞争实力的扭曲。

处于这类技术挑战的企业部门经常受到消费者和市场监管人员双重审视，包括内部资金充足性，主管人员综合技术能力和道德素质层次以及最终提高产品质量手段
等因素。

在此基础上进行特定阶段企业竞争潜力认证无疑是自寻烦恼。

最后，市场需求曲线时而波动。

市场和产品结构变化活动必须维持同步效应，经过异质化机理内涵搭接调试影响，技术人员会因为乏力而遗留随意性应付习惯问题。

2.2技术风险
相对地技术风险问题在产品形态实施过渡期间深度滋生，如果任何技术内容衔接不上，都会令创新活动一败涂地。

此类技术成就从初始衍生到经营传播工序经历三类层次，包括科研实验、质量检测和产业格局推广等，但是其中遗留的风险隐患将更加深重。

在开展科研项目期间，单位内容能否迎合预设标准往往难以断定，经常会因为操作主体疏忽而面临失败境遇。

中期检测环节，即便是创新产品已经生产，但是社会大众回应信息收集也不尽全面，包括规划流程中的副作用或是生态体系破坏现象等。

在此基础上，实现研究结果商品化改
造将不是那么容易。

再就是规模化生产和销售阶段，因为高新技术内容接连流程已经大致浮出水面，使得产品在市场内部无法站稳脚跟，尤其在使用寿命不长情况下被其余技术代替的可能性非常之高。

所以，任何一项产品无论从初始开发阶段持续到市场内部推广，涉及流程内部都多少充斥着各式各样的风险问题。

具体来讲，技术风险主要涵盖一下细节层面：第一，技术研发活动延展范围不能精确验证；第二，后期回应人群数量时而波动；第三，市场竞争活动参与持久性不足。

2.3财务风险
主要是指项目资金无法实现合理疏通发放而使得机制创新活动失败的结果。

须知资金对于处于风险境地的金融企业来讲何等重要，而现实中这类企业扩充资金往往具备以下特征效果。

首先，资金需求量范围较大；其次，具体筹措途径过于狭窄。

至于风险企业后期经济效益与生俱来的波动状况，使得任何单位在对其进行投资前期都经过长期的心理交战，所以，其实现全面融资目前还是不够现实。

有关财务管制活动中的风险元素表现为：第一，资金筹措来源和数量难以考证。

当这类企业幸运地发展到适应阶段时，特别是随着经营范围的扩展，使得内部资金需求数量全面暴涨，如果规定期限内始终不能获取应有的资金数目支撑，就必然失去产业竞争先机，最终被时代所淘汰。

第二，资金供给时效性地位产生晃动。

风险企业需要依靠资金供给完成机制过渡任务，（完整译文请到百度文库）特别
是在资金充足、时效特性影响前提下，尽管阶段收益成果极为可观，但是也可能会因为现金数量不足而令既有产业链发生断裂，进而使得企业再次陷入溃败边缘。

2.4管理风险
特定企业在实施项目规划过程中由于预设机制回应结果错误而影响部门声誉基础，使得后期发展前景一片茫然，这类现象也是后期投资风险管制活动中需要全面关注的核心技术性问题。

结合风险企业形态观察，管理失误迹象可说是到处散布，对于日后企业经营带来深度限制危机。

具体滋生原因表现为：首先，企业既定管理组织结构设计产生失衡效应，尤其是借助技术领域过渡的创业主体，经常会因为在管理知识缺乏背景下放纵企业机制弊端效应扩散；其次，企业衔接合作机构无法完成和企业共同进退任务，即便是企业经营规模势态良好，但是疏于管理也会衍生更加突出的矛盾隐患，进一步转换成为管理风险的根源。

关于这部分风险状况具体呈现出以下规律：(1)管理主体思维创新力度不够，大部分风险企业单纯关注内部技术成果创新整改细节，对于日常工作团队素质形态和技术应用能力一概不予过问，使得工艺结构、管理内容难以迎合时代需求，这势必令企业今后战略部署呈现单一化特征。

(2)管理经验不够充分。

我国各类借助技术创新实现开发的企业部门，都会因为管理者个人能力欠缺而使得营业活动难以顺利进行。

(3)人事职务结构安排产生冲突。

保留风险弊端的企业组织职务和人员对应匹配上，总会不自觉地与企业阶段发展成果产生交接矛盾，一再放任只会令内部高品质人才结构溃散不堪，使得日后经营活动不如往常般顺利。

3 经营风险的控制与防范
3.1 加强公司内部控制
大部分小额贷款公司都会面临专业人才稀缺的状况，因为小额贷款公司属于新兴的金融行业，行业系统并不是很完善。

因此，公司的员工决定着小额贷款公司能否在激烈的市场中存活，并能持续不断的发展。

小额贷款公司首先要聘用具有专业知识和丰富经验的人员担任企业的高管，让具有金融机构丰富工作和管理经验的人员对经验较少的从业人员进行定期培训，组织从业人员系统地学习法律法规，熟悉金融业务知识和金融案例，提高从业人员的工作能力和业务水平，增强对风险防范的意识。

3.2 开辟融资渠道，实现资金来源多元化
首先，因为后续资金不足成为日后大规模推广的最大威胁。

目前公司只能通过公司股东不断追加投资或发展新股东来解决可贷资金问题，这就使得如何发展并维系业务的持续稳定成为最大的挑战。

其次，国家推动小额贷款信贷，就是在推动“三农”、微小企业的发展。

放开小贷公司融资渠道、给予金融机构身份、给予财政税收减免等政策支持需要过程，小贷公司有了资金解决的合法渠道，自然不会铤而走险去走“吸收存款”和账外融资的非法途径，这是小贷公司资金来源的根本问题，也是其发展的根本问题，但作为小贷公司投资者、经营者这不是其短期可以改变的现状。

3.3优化公司经营的内外部环境，加强贷款管理
首先，在保证自身环境良性循环的前提下，随着公司业务的深入做多做大，可以慢慢向诸如银行等金融行业这类可作为标杆式的机构靠拢，汲取成功金融机构的案例，开始进一步明确对抵押物的要求和提高抵押物接受抵押门槛，这样可以有效地控制抵押物贬值导致为公司带来损失。

其次，建立和完善以资本管理作为核心的约束机制，进而将传统的以外延扩张为主的粗放型增长方式逐渐向以内涵提高为主的集约型增长方式转变。

与此同时，小额贷款公司应该坚持市场化、商业化的取向，通过较高的利率降低交易风险和交易成本，确保公司的收益和正常运营。

在风险控制部门和业务部门可以通过建立“防火墙制度”的方式，加强对贷款风险的监测力度，对贷款质量劣变及时反馈，对贷款呆账足值计提风险拨备。

充分发挥小额贷款公司行业协会的职能作用，提高行业的自律意识，加强对会计财务制度、管理层人员、注册资本金等方面的监督和管理，推动其健康发展。

积极运用公司内部的等级评分和小额授信等已经比较成熟的技术，并且通过市场调研的方式，对贷款的需求进行分析，由此制定出业务策略，这样便可以使小额贷款有限公司对于贷款的发放更加趋于合理，而且也更加实际有效的控制了贷款风险。