词汇学笔记(名词解释为主)

1、英语词汇概述：（8%）

（1）英语词汇的谱系关系及其历史发展：英语的谱系关系；英语的三个发展阶段。

（2）英语词汇的构成：基本词汇与专用词汇；英语词汇中的本族词与外来词。

（3）英语词汇的三大特点：数量大、来源广、变化多。

‘Indo-European’印欧语系

With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.

1. Word词--- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.

2．Vocabulary词汇——Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.

3. basic word stock 基本词汇i s the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics. （1）All national character全民性. Words of the basic word stock denote the

most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language。They include words relating to the following respects:

Natural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and

animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions

（2）Stability稳定性. Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries.

（3）Productivity 多产性. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.

（4）Polysemy多义性. Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undertone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.

（5）Collocability搭配性. Many words of the basic word stock quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.

4.nonbasic words stock非基本词汇Words, void of the stated characteristics, do not belong to the common core of the language. They include the following.（1）Terminology术语consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas

（2）Jargon行话refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.

（3）Slang俚语belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population. Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether. Slang is colorful, blunt, expressive and impressive.

（4）Argot黑话generally refers to the jargon of criminals.

（5）Dialectal words方言词are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.

（6）Archaisms 古语词are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.

（7）Neologisms新词语are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.-。

5.Content words 实义词denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity.