英语国家概况第二章知识点

Chapter 2 The Origins of a Nation

•第01讲Early Settlers & Roman Britain & The Anglo-Saxons

I. Early Settlers （5000 BC—55 BC）Britain was originally a part of the European

continent. When the last Ice Age ended 7,000 years ago, melting ice flooded the low-lying lands, creating the English Channel and the North Sea, and turning Britain into an island. 【译文】早期居民（公元前5000年—公元前55年）不列颠原是欧洲大陆的一部分。7000年前的冰川时代结束时，融冰淹没了低地，形成了英吉利海峡和北海，不列颠变成了岛屿。

•1） Iberians （伊比利亚人）（the first known settlers）① At about 3000 BC, these short, dark and long-headed people came to Britain, probably from the Iberian Peninsula, now Spain. ② They were farming folk who kept animals and grew

crops.

【译文】1）伊比利亚人（所知道的最早的英国居民）①大约在公元前3000年的新石器时代，

这些身材矮小、黑皮肤、长脸庞的人来到英国，他们很可能来自伊比利亚半岛，即现在的西班牙。②作为农民他们饲养动物、种植庄稼。

•2） The Beaker Folk （宽口陶器人）① At about 2000 BC the Beaker Folk arrived from the areas now known as Holland and the Rhineland. ② These people took their name from their distinctive bell-shaped drinking vessels with which they were buried in crouching positions in individual graves. ③ They brought with them the art of pottery making, the ability to fashion bronze tools and the custom of individual burial. 【译文】2）宽口陶器人①大约公元前2000年，宽口陶器人从现在的荷兰和莱茵兰地区来到这里。②这一民族得名于他们所用的特殊钟形宽口饮酒容器，这种陶器是陪葬品，分别埋在单独的墓穴里，墓的主人呈蹲伏姿势。②他们还带来了制陶工艺、制造青铜工具的技术及单独安葬的习俗。

•3） The Celts （凯尔特人）（名词解释▲）①The Celts, a taller and fairer race than the people who had come before, began to arrive about 500 BC and kept coming until the arrival of the Romans. ②They may originally have come from eastern and central Europe, now France, Belgium and southern Germany. 【译文】3）凯尔特人①凯尔特人比先前抵达的种族更高、更漂亮，他们于公元前500年开始迁入，并于此后不断迁居到此岛，直至罗马人入侵。②他们可能源自东欧及中欧，即现在的法国、比利时和德国南部。

•II. Roman Britain （55 BC-410 AD） 1.British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. For nearly 400 years Britain was under the Roman

occupation. 2.Reasons for untotal occupation: a. some parts of the country resist; b. Roman troops were often withdraw from Britain to fight in other parts of Roman Empire. 【译文】Ⅱ.罗马人统治时期的英国（公元前55年—公元410年） 1.英国有记栽的历史开始于罗马人的入侵。英国被罗马人的占领近四百年。 2.并非完全占领的原因： a.一些地区进行了抵抗； b.罗马军队经常撤离不列颠，到罗马帝国的其他地区作战。

• 3. Achievement a. Network of towns and roads. ① Caster and Chester means camp. （Lancaster, Winchester and Chester）

② Capital: London （Londinium）. ③ Two cities:

York had been created as a northern stronghold; Bath rapidly developed because of its waters. b. Make use of Britain’s natural resources, mining lead, iron and tin and manufacturing pottery. 【译文】3.成就 a. 城镇和道路网。①Caster 和 Chester“营地”的意思。（Lancaster, Winchester和Chester）②首都：伦敦③两个城市：约克被建为北方要塞，而巴斯城因其水域而发展迅速。 b.利用英国的自然资源，开发铅矿、铁矿和锡矿，并生产陶器。

• 4. Religion: The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. This came at first by indirect means, probably brought by traders and soldiers, and was quite well-established before the first Christian Emperor,

Constantine, was proclaimed in AD 306.【译文】4.宗教：罗马人还把基督教这一新宗教带到不列颠。最初很可能是由商人和士兵间接传入的。公元306年第一位基督教皇帝，君士坦丁大帝登基之前，基督教已被人们所广泛接受。

• 5. Why was the Roman influence on Britain so limited? 1） The Romans always treated the Britons as a subject people of slave class. 2） Never during the 4 centuries did the Romans and Britons intermarry. 3） The Romans had no impact on the language or culture of ordinary Britons. 【译文】5.为什么罗马对不列颠人的影响却极为有限？1）罗马人把不列颠人当作奴隶阶级以及属民来对待。

2）四百年中，罗马人从不和不列颠人通婚。3）罗马人也未影响普通不列颠人的语言和文化。

•III. The Anglo-Saxons （446-871） 1.In the mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes, Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They were three Teutonic tribes. 2. The Jutes, who fished and farmed in Jutland （now southern Denmark）, came to Britain first. They established a kingdom in Kent in the 5th century. Then the Saxons, users of the short-sword from northern Germany, established their kingdoms in Essex, Sussex and Wessex from the end of the 5th century to the beginning of the 6th century. In the second half of the 6th century, the Angles, who also came from northern Germany, settled in East Anglia, Mercia （which covered the Midlands and the Welsh borders） and Northumbria, which reached to the Scottish

border. 【译文】III. 安格鲁-撒克逊人（446—871） 1. 5世纪中叶，朱特人、