传播学概论11-12-群体传播

3. 群体意识
• 3.1 界定
– 参加群体的成员所共有的意识 – 群体传播在群体意识的形成中起着重要的作用
• 3.2 内容
关于群体目标和群体规范的合意
群体感情——群体成员主观境界的融合所产生的“我们”感情 群体归属意识 • 要素越具备——群体意识就越强，反之越薄弱。 • 影响主要体现在对成员个人制约作用
– All channel(The web network )
• members are encouraged to communicate directly with each other as well as the leader.
Experiment
9 people Group 1(5 people) Group 4 (13people)
• 4.3 群体规范实验
– 群体归属意识强弱与“反规范”说服效果
• 童子军研究P81
– 群体规范：“野外登山是有益的” – 前测：态度-群体归属意识（1-5） – 实验：局外人“反规范”宣传 – 后侧：再次测量野外登山态度测验 – 前测后测对比
• 实验
Kelley, H. H., & Volkart, E. H. (1952). The resistance to change of group-anchored attitudes. American Sociological Review, 453-465. More recently, in a study of conflicting social norms, Stouffer compared a private condition where the subject's resolution of a conflict was unknown to the people supporting one of the norms with a public condition where there was some likelihood that they would discover it.7 Doob has found it useful to distinguish between internal public opinion, the attitudes people "really" possess, and external public opinion, the actual expression of these attitudes.
• 非组织性：
– 组织传播：组织化、严密化程度、科层化程度较高的群体
• 规模不定 • 灵活性 • 情感导向 • 过程与效果充满不稳定性
1.3 群体分类
• Cooley 库利的分类
– primary group
• share close, personal, enduring relationships • family, childhood friends, and highly influential social groups • the development of personal identity
– 将群体内的意见分歧和争论限制在一定范围之内，以保证群 体决策和群体活动的效率。
– 对群体内的传播活动起着制约作用 – 对来自群体外的信息或宣传活动的效果具有重要的影响。
说服观点与 群体规范
一致 不一致
群体规范可以推动成员对观点的接受， 起到加强和扩大说服效果的作用
群体规范阻碍成员接受对立观点， 使说服效果发生衰减，唤起“自卫”行为
• 初级群体 primary group • “以亲密的、面对面的结合和合作为特征的群体”
– 规模小，成员紧密结合 – 经常的面对面互动 – 成员的难以替代性 – 成员之间关系的个人化 – 强烈的群体认同和个人归属感 – 成员互动在时间上的持久性和稳定性 – 例子：核心家庭、大家庭、亲戚、邻里、朋友 – 差序格局
– have an obvious leader; no time wasted in searching for a strategy; everyone funnels all info to the leader
• Later experiments found that…
– Centralized structure is better for simple tasks – Decentralized structure is better for complex/ambiguous tasks;
• SUMMARY
– Effective group communication can help us reap the maximum benefit from our participation.
– As group leaders and members, we can help our groups communicate effectively by carefully planning the size of our groups and the physical arrangements, considering the psychological impacts on participation, briefing members on their responsibilities and remembering the influence of our own attitudes and behavior on the group.
– members and leaders – function effectively
• Communication Networks
– Chain
• military "chain of command"
– Wheel
• the leader is the central communicator
– To what extent do they listen to each other? – Which topics are or are not acceptable for discussion? – What information is expressed openly?
– Non-Verbal Communication
• facial expressions, eye movements, gestures and body postures
– Leadership Responsibilities – Member Responsibilities – Physical Arrangements
• The Headman
研究发现：归属意识越强，忠诚度越高，对群体规范不相容的宣传抵制态度越强
5. 群体压力与趋同心理
• 5.1 群体压力产生趋同心理
– 多数对少数的压力 – 少数往往服从：个体服从集体、少数服从数多 – 思考：“多数”都是正确的么？
• 所罗门·阿什群体压力实验
– Aim:
• Solomon Asch (1951) conducted an experiment to investigate the extent to which social pressure from a majority group could affect a person to conform.
Leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has appointed a rigid chain of command beneath him,
Jihadist group uses a strict hierarchical system to manage terror operationsLeader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi has two deputies one for both Syria and Iraq
2. 群体传播
• 2.1 界定
– 将共同目标和协作意愿加以连接和实现的过程。 P80 – 人际传播的延伸
• 2.1 影响因素
– Group Size – Psychological Factors
• Attitudes of group members and leaders influence these processes
– vision test
• 控制组：个人独立判断 • 实验组：（7+1）
• 所罗门·阿什群体压力实验
– 研究发现
• Results:
– Asch measured the number of times each participant conformed to the majority view. On average, about one third (32%) of the participants who were placed in this situation went along and conformed with the clearly incorrect majority on the critical trials.
– secondary group
• interact on a less personal level than in a primary group • temporary rather than long lasting • employment , vendor-to-client relationship
– focuses attention toward one person
• We're All in This Together
– members have opportunity for equal eye contact with allຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidumembers – equal basis
• Communication Networks
– 态度 – 行为
4. 群体规范
• 4.1 界定
– 是成员个人在群体活动中必须遵守的规则 – 广义上包括群体价值，即群体成员关于是非好坏的
判断标准。 – 群体意识的核心内容是群体规范。 – 举例？
• QQ群，微信群-群规 • BBS • 奖励？ • 惩罚？
• 4.2 功能（群体传播）
• 排除偏离性的意见
when information is distributed unevenly among group members – In high-stress condition, centralized structure emerges
The ISIS family tree: Sinister and organised network that begins with 'the caliph' and continues with a rigid chain of command down to foot soldiers While terror group Al Qaeda's central command operates using a small highly-centralized group of trusted advisers close to leader Ayman al-Zawahiri, ISIS has been able to to rapidly respond to issues and developments thanks to a team of executives with the power to act on Baghdadi's behalf.
9 people Group 2((5 people)) Group 5 (13 people)
9 people Group 3 (5 people) Group 6 (13 people)
Three common communication networks & performance
• In general, centralized structures are more efficient:
群体 群体传播及影响因素
群体意识 群体规范 群体压力与趋同心理
群体传播
1. 群体
• 1.1 界定
– 荀子：人之生也，不能无群 – 卖艺现象 – 人群
• 物以类聚人以群分 • 性别、爱好、职业、文化、场合 • 可大可小
– 契约关系形成社会关系 – 共同体 – 群体需要传播，才能把群体聚集起来
1.2 群体特征