研究生英语summary
武汉大学研究生英语summary写作范文(原文及范文)
WritingDirections: For this part, you are to write a summary of either of two articles that are presented to you in the following. Your summary should be 150-200 words. Remember to write neatly.Science and HumanityThe twentieth century saw more momentous change than any previous century: change for better, change for worse; change that brought enormous benefits to human beings, change that threatens the very existence of the human species. Many factors contributed to this change but—in my opinion—the most important factor was the progress in science.Academic research in the physical and biological sciences has vastly broadened our horizons; it has given us a deep insight into the structure of matter and of the universe; it has brought better understanding of the nature of life and of its continuous evolution. Technology—the application of science—has made fantastic advances that have affected us beneficially in nearly every aspect of life: better health, more wealth, less drudgery (单调沉闷的工作), greater access to information.Sadly, however, there is another side to the picture. The creativity of science has been employed to the detriment(损害) of mankind. The application of science and technology to the development and manufacture of weapons of mass destruction has created a real threat to the continued existence of the human race on this planet. We have seen this happen in the case of nuclear weapons. Although their actual use in combat has so far occurred only in 1945—when two Japanese cities were destroyed—during the four decades of the Cold War, obscenely huge arsenals(武器库) of nuclear weapons were accumulated and made ready for use. The arsenals were so large that if the weapons had actually been detonated (爆炸) the result could have been the complete extinction of the human species, as well as of many animal species.William Shakespeare said: "The web of our life is of a mingled (混合的) yarn, good and ill together. " The above brief review of the application of only one strand of human activities—science—seems to bear out this adage (格言). But does it have to be so? Must ill always accompany good deeds? Are we biologically programmed for aggression and war?I am not an authority in genetics, but from my readings and life-long observation I do not see any evidence that we are genetically condemned to commit evil. On the contrary, on very general grounds I would say that genetically we are destined to do things that are of benefit to the human species, and that the negative aspects are mistakes, transient errors in the process of evolution. In other words, I believe in the inherent goodness of Man.We are thus faced with a daunting (威吓，使胆怯) dilemma. As a process of natural evolution, science should be allowed to develop freely, without restrictions. But can we afford the luxury of uninhibited research in the natural sciences, with its awesome (可怕的) potential of total destruction, in a world in which war is still a recognized social institution?The preservation of the human species and its continuing enhancement demand that we learn to live with one another in peace and harmony. But this learning process has been slow and arduous (费力的), and is not yet complete. Due to the harsh conditions under which primitive man lived, he often had to fight with other human beings for survival. Individual killing and, later, collective killing—war—thus began to be seen as a natural phenomenon.We are still not organized for a war-free world. But in the meantime, the human species may be brought to an end by the use of the tools of destruction, themselves the product of science and technology.In my opinion, the problem has to a large extent arisen from the uneven rate of advance in thedifferent areas of human activities, in particular, between the progress in the natural sciences—which include the physical and biological disciplines, and the various social sciences—economics, sociology, politics (with psychology perhaps at the interface between the two major groups). Undoubtedly, there has been much faster progress in the natural sciences than in the social ones.Why have the natural sciences, especially the physical sciences, advanced so much faster than the social sciences? It is not because physicists are wiser or cleverer than, say, economists. The explanation is simply that physics is easier to master than economics. Although the material world is a highly complex system, for practical purposes it can be described by a few general laws. The laws of physics are immutable (不可改变的). They apply everywhere, on this planet as well as everywhere else in the universe, and are not affected by human reactions and emotions, as the social sciences are.How can we tackle this unevenness in the rate of progress of different.areas of science? Two ways come to mind:one, by accelerating the rate of progress in the social sciences; two, by slowing down the rate of advancement of the natural sciences in some areas, for example, by the imposition of ethical codes of conduct.Clearly, the former is by far the preferable way. What we would like to see is faster progress in the social sciences, leading to the establishment of a social system which would make war not only unnecessary but unthinkable; a system in which the existence of old, or the invention of new, weapons of mass destruction, would not matter, because nobody would dream of using them; a system in which people will be able to say: “nuclear weapons: who cares?”Responsibility for one's actions is, of course, a basic requirement of every citizen, not just of scientists. Each of us must be accountable for our deeds. But the need for such responsibility is particularly imperative for scientists, if only because scientists understand the technical problems better than the average citizen or politician. And knowledge brings responsibility.In any case, scientists do not have a completely free hand. The general public, through elected governments, have the means to control science, either by withholding (抑制) the purse, or by imposing restrictive regulations harmful to science. Clearly it is far better that any control should be exercised by the scientists themselves, through a self-imposed code of conduct. The establishment of an ethical code of conduct for scientists is an idea whose time has come.Summary：Science and HumanityThe twentieth century has made greater change to the world, which was brought by the progress in science, than any previous century. Unfortunately, not all these changes did good to the human society. Some of them have done serious damage to mankind and have been even predicted to destroy the whole world someday if out of control. In fact, mankind is not biologically programmed for violent behaviors like war. People are faced with a dilemma in which we would like to see science develop freely, but cannot afford the result of that. It is a basic instinct that man tends to protect oneself by fighting with others. The progress in the nautral sciences is much faster than that in social sciences because laws in natural sciences are immutable and apply everywhere and are not affected by human reactions and emotions. For even developmemt and for a better future of mankind, imposition of ethical codes is necessary. Everyone should be responsible for his behavior, especially the scientists. (166 words)China Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeUNLIKE America’s leaders, China’s bosses are not much troubled by recalcitrant（顽强的）legislatures. The government has therefore had no difficulty in executing a smart volte face（完全改变）on climate change. Around three years ago its fierce resistance to the notion of any limit on its greenhouse-gas emissions started to soften. It now seems to be making serious efforts to control them.One reason for this change is the country’s growing awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world. The monsoon（季风）seems to be weakening, travelling less far inland and dumping its rainfall on the coasts. As a result China is seeing floods in the south-east and droughts in the north-west. At the same time the country’s leaders are deeply concerned about the melting of the glaciers on the Tibetan plateau, which feed not just the Ganges, the Indus, the Brahmaputra and the Mekong but also the Yangzi and Yellow rivers .A second reason is China’s growing sense of global responsibility. The country is not only the world’s largest emitter of greenhouse gases; it now regards itself, and is regarded, as one of the w orld’s leading powers, and therefore expects to work with the other big powers to tackle global problems such as the economic crisis, nuclear proliferation（核扩散）and climate change.A third reason is energy security. Although China has large coal reserves, it is also a big importer. Concerns about excessive dependence on foreign fossil fuels sharpened when China’s oil imports rocketed and, in 2005, the attempt by CNOOC（China National Offshore Oil Corporation), China’s largest offshore oil and gas company, to buy America’s Unocal was rebuffed. China’s push into nuclear and renewable energy has been driven by its need to diversify its energy sources.The fourth reason is economic. The Kyoto protocol has given China an incentive to clean up its act. China has received $2 billion through the CDM（Clean Development Mechanism) for cleaning up its industrial processes and building clean-energy capacity—half the money that has flowed through the CDM. That is expected to rise to $8 billion by 2012.But a longer-term economic motive springs from a shift in the way China thinks about growth. In the past, its all-out drive for growth has led it to rebuff pressure to cut emissions. Attempts to control pollution foundered on the performance-assessment system for officials at all levels of government, which prioritises growth. But that has been adjusted to encourage energy efficiency, and at the same time the leadership has started to argue that growth and greenery are compatible.Since Wen Jiabao took over as prime minister, the leadership has tried to define economic growth as something broader and longer-term than GDP figures imply: the emphasis has been on a “harmonious society” and “scientific development”. Nobody was sure what the latter meant, but Mr Wen has recently been talking about a more “resource-efficient environmentally friendly society” and Hu Jintao, the president, has referred several times to a “low-carbon economy” and a “green economy”.Local pollution may help to explain the shift. Residents are infuriated by filthy air and water that kills people and damages unborn children. Policies to cut carbon-dioxide emissions—through reducing the energy used to produce goods—can help clean up China’s cities at the same time.More interesting is the idea that clean energy might be a source of growth rather than a constraint on it. China, so the argument goes, missed out on the computer revolution. It makes hardware, but American firms own most of the valuable stuff—the intellectual property for the software. “You can’t get rich making socks and toys,” explains Lin Jiang, director of the China Sustainable Energy Programme at the Energy Foundation in San Francisco. “They’re looking for the next growth industry. Clean energy clearly has huge potential. And no country dominates the industry yet. It’s a wide-open field.” Hu Angang, an economist at Tsinghua University, calls this “a huge opportunity for China. The country will become the largest renewable-energy market, bio-energy market, clean-coal market, nuclear-power market, carbon-exchange market, environmental-technology market, low-carbon economy, exporter of low-carbon products and low-carbon-technology innovator.”The government is giving the economy a shove in that direction. In 2006 the five-year plan set a target for a 20% cut in the energy intensity of GDP by the end of 2010. The start was slow, but by the end of last year it had managed 10% and it now looks on track for its target. According to Mr Lin, that would mean a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tonnes per year by 2010, more than the Waxman-Markey bill’s caps for domestic industry would take out of America’s economy by 2020. China has relatively tight vehicle fuel-efficiency standards . Electric vehicles are being generously subsidised ($8,800 for a car and $73,500 for a bus) and the government plans to build the capacity to produce half a million a year by 2012.The most visible changes have come in renewable energy. In 2005 the National People’s Congress passed legislation to offer subsidies for renewable energy—around twice the amount for coal. For wind energy, the target was set at 20GW of capacity by 2020. The subsidy generated so much building that China now expects to hit that target by the end of this year and is aiming for 150GW by 2020. “It’s like a gold rush right now,” says Mr Lin. The target for solar energy, similarly, has been raised from 1.8GW to 20GW by 2020.To put this in context, wind currently generates only 0.4% of Chinese electricity. Coal generates 80%. And, although China’s government does not have to jump the legislative hurdles faced by America’s president, it sometimes struggles to get policy implemented on the ground. Yet if China’s many layers of government can be persuaded that green means growth, they will cleave （坚持）to this policy; and the leadership seems keen to make that happen.China, thus, is after the same “green jobs” that Americans have been promised as part of their road to economic recovery. America has huge advantages in terms of technology and capital, but China has a couple of things going for it too: cheaper labour and a leadership unconstrained by the need to get re-elected every four years. China can play a long game, which helps when dealing with climate change.SummaryChina Sees Opportunities in Climate ChangeIn order to help deal with climate change, Chinese government made a smart change and will make serious efforts to control its greenhouse gas emissions. As a big importer of energy resources, with the raising awareness of its vulnerability to a warming world and the growing sense of global responsibility, with the incentive given by the Kyoto Protocol and $2 billion provided by the CDM for cleaning up its industry processes and building clean-energy capacity, this change is justified for China. Since China's leadership realized that growth and greenery are compatible and advocated to have a "low-carbon" and "green" economy, the government set a target of a reduction in carbon emissions of 1.5 billion tons per year by 2010 by tightening vehicle-efficiency standards and diversifying its energy sources, such as wind energy. Actually, the practice of "green jobs" is a great opportunity for China to clean up its cities and build clean-energy capacity. In the long run, China will become the largest renewable energy market in the world. With cheaper labours and a stronger leadership, China can play a long game in dealing with climate change. (187 words)。
研究生英语读写译上下册summary集合
研究⽣英语读写译上下册summary集合上册1. Test A《Recession-proofing your career》To keep a threat awareness in mind and acting for your career are the primary idea of this article. The author develops this text into 2 parts: the necessity for recession-proofing your career and strategies for protecting your career.First, know yourself,including the key skills and the areas of competence. This is the first and a necessary part before embarking on entirely your career. Then, marketing yourself. No one willing to refuse a Mr.right in the career,so do you.Finding right platforms ,you can realize your value. The author also throws out a problem:if you lost main source of income tomorrow ,could you fine an alternate source to replace it? In addition to pursue learning and development opportunities, we also can create a fallback position and stay culturally current to ensure your employability in the future. Moreover,as all we know, we could not hold one career without any obstacle. Rather than being defeated by failure,we must learn from those setbacks and use them to your advantages in the future.Finally ,act type A,think type B, that is thinking and recognizing yourself once again and again. It seems a cycle from knowing yourself to recognize once again in the whole career life.Nowadays, with the fast-shifting of the economic, we are really all living and working in a TempWorld. Preparing before happening never is not a wise idea.2. Test A 《Lies》“Lies”is a typical critical article about whether we can tell lies in our daily life. The author uses abundant examples to convey the existence and necessity for lies and shows his own opinion —mankind must have lies and the bigger the better. To understand this attitude,we must look at the way the author how writes the passage. The author began the essay by telling the fact that although people usually have many negative views about lies,but we tell lies form time to time. Then the body gives us lots of reasons why we need lies sometimes,such as in order to maintain the stabilityof society,ruling the religion etc. I was impressed by the sentence—“Art is a lie that tells the truth”.if someone is not willing to admit he/she have told lies,the facts itself is a lie. People must have told lies for different reasons and in different environments in our past ages. We know the choice between lies and truth decided mainly bases on our purposes. And we prefer to believe lies ,because truth may be frightening. But I just agree the author’s views in a certain degree. Because lies can make the betterment of the world,but can never make the world.下册1. Test B《when goodness isn’t good enough》The author began this essay by telling the characteristics of good person. And throwing out his own perspective—in the modern world, good person suffers. Then the author showed the different about the modern world which is networked, specialized, and filled with impersonal organization whose goals are open-ended. The consequence is that modern people are exposed to various demands our ancestors never could have imagined. In this situation, anyone who tries to fulfill some previous century’s vision of goodness experiences a constant sense of inadequacy. Last, the author suggestion is that each person finds her or his own special passion, makes that the center of a single open-ended commitment and does what is humanly possible.I accept his view of attitude towards good person. Once people could consider themselves among the good if they fulfilled the demands of their roles. But the modern individual belongs to a variety of groups and holds many different roles, each of which attempts to absorb all the energy he or she can muster. We know we are only human that our energy is limit. We must find a way to live within the limits—shamelessly, guiltlessly, with a sense of well being and self-worth. So do what one can and what is humanly possible.2. Test A《the pleasures of ignorance》The author began this essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding a fact that he knew practically nothing about anything. The quantity of thethings he knew was limited except his own experience. However he felt no depress about his ignorance, believing that ignorance would be the greatest help to one. Because sometimes memory is not reliable, ignorance does work at this time, for the ignorant man seldom make inaccurate judgment without making an investigation first. So the ignorance would lead us to learn more.As we know, the author’s attitude is solely and optimistic. But should we feel ashamed or pessimistic while realizing that we are ignorant? Undoubtedly, one’s knowledge can be out at elbows sometimes, but we can look up in a textbook or the encyclopedia etc. The information can be quickly accessed in various means. What’s more, there is no need to remember too much detail things, such as the mathematical formula, names. If we always pay attention on those things, they will never be our prides but burden! So the answer of the question mentioned above is obvious.4. Test A《Rags to rags, riches to riches》From this essay,“American Dream”is gradually fading with the development of economy, rather than opportunity as the crux, especially for the native. The idea that American is exceptional in its material opportunity is deeply lodged in the culture. And this also has brought so much motivation for the poor. But now pessimistic spirit has come to dominate the national consciousness and the stiffening of America’s economic is worse than the culture. what’s more, America’s dominant position among those western counties is also becoming unobvious, which also lead challenges among peers depend on their parents. So the real focus of an effort to restore social and economic opportunity in America is to get out of poverty. The author’s advice is paying more attention on education.A kind of culture held in esteem has its irreplaceable advantages. Such as American dream, struggle,risk ,self-determination and material progress are its representations. So the sate that rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor can change. However,with the development of the society ,the change of theenvironment, the culture is hard to keep. What we need to do is to look for means to maintain the culture in order to be ladders out of poverty. I agree with the author’s advice——improve education.Because it’s effective although we need several generations.5. Test A《teaching our children about evil》The author began this essay by asking how to understand the definition of “evil”. In the body, creative and destructive potentials wereraised,which would effect people’s behaviors greatly.our creative potential is to enhance and enrich life,but destructive potential has the opposite result.In the end, with such what’s about evil, the author concludes the text by offering some hows as to teaching our children about evil.According to my understanding, on one hand, there is no absolute good or absolute evil. A thing can be good or evil or both at the same time;On the other hand, good and evil have no difference in size. We can’t deny a thing is good just because it’s too small, such as picking up the rubbish on the road. Or we can’t say a thing is not evil just because it is a small thing, such as spitting everywhere. Finally, I think good and evil can be transformed sometimes. We can’t say one is good or evil forever. In a word, good and evil is a complicated term. The relationship between them is so difficult to define.we should regard them from an overall aspect, don’t treat a thing or a person as good or evil too roughly.。
研究生英语第五单元课文Summary
Summary----Unit 5In the new studies,researchers see creativity in the use of new or unusual elements int a way that is meaningful to others ,rather than completely idiosyncratic.The studies seek to take the study of creativity out of the laboratory and to focus not just on brilliant achievements in the arts and sciences but also on creative acts in all realms of life.One goal of the new research is better understand just what allow a person's inventiveness in certain areas to blossom at some points in life,and to identify factors that stifle or encourage inventiveness.Scientists have found that while a propensity for an exalted state of elation often does spur creative acts,it is usually not those with manic-depressive disease who are the most highly creative.Instead,it tends more often to be family members who have no overt symptoms of disorder.Researches found that people who at different levels displayed different actions based on a study of lifetime creativity.Contrary to conclusions based on earlier research by other scientists,but rather their near relatives,many of whom have very mild signs of the disorder,or who exhibit no symptoms at all.In addition,elated moods let creative people have the drive and ability to execute their ideas.Many among the most creative people are not prone to manic depression and are not related to people with the disorder,the conditionsthat can enhance a person's creativity are being found by psychologists,such as novel circumstances,being engaged in tasks, children whose parents accepting of their creative efforts.However,the pressure of competition,or being watched while one works tend to dampen creativity and competition ,evaluation and surveillance all make people prefer the safest option,hesitating to explore more creative and risky possibilities.。
研究生学术英语summary
In his article “Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Autonomous Systems”, Austin Modine puts forward that the autonomous systems may rise ethical, legal and social issues. People’s reactions to these technologies may be negative because autonomous systems are inherently outside of their control. However, autonomous systems may be trusted more than human operators in some special situations in which humans may make bad choice as a result of panic. As we all know, all technologies are liable to failure, and autonomous systems will be no exception. Then, who will be responsible for the failure? There is still not a legal framework covering autonomous systems currently. As it is almost inevitable that autonomous systems will experience failures, actions must be taken to address these issues. Therefore, these kinds of social, legal and ethical questions need to be debated so that autonomous systems can be developed in a way that is legally and socially acceptable.In his article “Why do Things Become More Complex?”Carrington,S. puts forward that complexity tends to increase as functions and modifications are added to a system to break through limitations, handle exceptional circumstances or adapt to a world itself more complex. Fifty years ago, things are simpler. But lately, things are getting more complicated as time passes. Taking jet engines for example, they were beautifully simple at first, but they steadily become more complicated over the years. However, there is nothing wrong with the increase in complexity, not only jet engines, but also higher organisms. Sometimes the results of growing complexity are not so streamlined, our lives are also in this way. Interestingly, there is hope even when a system gets lumbered down with complications because growing complexity is often followed by renewed simplicity in a slow back-and-forth dance, with complication usually gaining a net edge over time. It is true that the secret of well-being is simplicity. Thus, we can’t seek complexity as an end or allow it to go unchecked. It is then that we need to discover the new modes and the bold strokes which bring fresh simplicity to our organizations, our technology, our government and our lives.。
安徽大学研究生英语上册summary—原创
安大研究生英语上册summaryUNIT1Josph Brosky puts himself very clearly in the text.how to read a book.Many books are less limited than ourselves,many writers write a good book through all their lives.therefore,in literature good is defined by its distinction from bad.our readers ought to pick up good books that bring the human predicament into its sharpest possibly focus.the man so called literary criticism all have their limit.the writer accounts poem an a way to develop good taste in literature. he think it as the supreme form of human locution .for it isconcise and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.A man who used to read poetry may have no interest in bad prose.The writer explain his opinion clearly in the text lies.the text can be divided into three parts.Although we all be taught not tu tell lies since our childhood.we can not deny the fact that people tell lies from time to time for different reason.People may tell white lies ro protect their friend, their friend,their family,or even just for themselves.Religions always tell lies to offer people the hope of life. the government may tell lies to ensure their manipulate of encomy .Lies around us everywhere ,it directs our thoughts and actions everyday and we may never doubt big lies to comfort ourselves.most people want sth moreconsoling than terrible facts.peopleneed big lies because lying disguses our morlatity,our indueques ,our fears and anxiety ,our loneliness in the midst of crowd ,we can nor live without lies. John F. kennedy is the 35th president of America.He gave this speech on his inaugural day.I think this exciting inaugural address can be divided into three parts.In the first part,K commit to do what the oath said although the world is different.Heshou his comfidence to maintain human rights and the sucdess of liberty.He speaks to many kinds of people in the second part.he pledge the loyality offairhful friend,shouws whlcome to the new states ,and pledge them besr efforts to help the struggling national,he offers a special pledge to the south of America that he hopes to convent good words into good deeds.he renews his pledge of support to the United Nations.he even speaks to their hostile state for peace.In the third pare,he calls for citizen to do sth”Ask not what Amer ica will do for you,but whar together we can do for the freedom of man”In the article ,the writer light the necessity for recession-proofing our career and gives his stratergies for recession proofing our career.he thinks our world as a TempWorle .everyone of us may be influenced by it,so all of us should be a career activist .The first strategy is to ensure our employability.he adviced us to currency ability,then create a fallback position in case we have to change our mind-set.knowing our key skills will help us to know ourselves well.being prepared for areas of competence will shorten the time we stepping in a new filed .he also advice us to build a knowledge netork and market ourselves in an opporiate way.As for our thought,we should learn to feel good about ourselves and to act ambitiousResilience is very important for every of us .At last,saty culturally current will benefits us a lot no matter in what case.。
研究生英语summary万能模板
研究生英语summary万能模板第一段：介绍第一句：As is symbolically depicted by the cartoon,there is sb doing sth, doing sth, with sb doing sth.斜线区域可以替换为：with sb doing sth/with sth in front of/behind sp.第二句：This picture reveals a phenomenon that people in growing numbers are paying attention to the value of sth, ignoring the necessity of sth.斜线区域可以替换为：an undeniable truth that the virture/quality of being XXX perform an indispensable role in our life.第二段：内涵+原因角度段落不能公开了，确实大多数不是我自己写的，只是我考研的时候从各个地方整理的，分享出来只是希望能够希望为大家节省一下整理的时间。
但终究会涉及与其他付费的模版相同的情况，为了别人的付费利益（人家都找到我了····），以及为了尊重版权，所以已经将相同的部分删除。
祝大家考研顺利！Part1第一句套话：It can be inferred that the author of the picture is drawing our attention to the value/necessity/harm of sth.Part2从以下角度中选择2个来谈一下，加入on the one/other hand或in the first/second place来隔开构成分层（前8个的为最通用最基础角度）：个人-->个人品质：XXX很重要：影响一生+获得竞争优势XXX很重要：保持积极向上的心态个人-->社会公德：XXX很重要：帮你成为一个真正的人例：As the world becomes materially rich, wealth accumulation and pursuit of comfort have become a fashion trend. Many young adults influenced have become spendthrift/dependent on sth, they intentionally or unintentionally deny the detrimental effect of pollution on environment.XXX很重要：随着物质丰富，人们忽视可XXX的影响第二段补充：如果发现第二段感觉字数不够，可以用以下“套话”嵌入增加字数。
研究生英语summary
“The End of Something" is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it. Hemingway uses this story to convey how this change happens all the time, and however desperately you cling to the "present"This article uses the broken mill, the fish's not striking,and the characters in themselves to tell us a story far beyond what we read.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship. Once,their relationship flourished.now they cannot relate as much to each other anymore.Nick has lost interest; the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore. The love is there, but it has ceased to appeal to Nick. The good old past simply isn't good enough anymore. Marjorie, on the other hand, clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.For what was, was, and what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow. It is as Hemingway conveys through this story: the present will not remain present for long, and one must look beyond what was and look at what is in order to be truly happy.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author think his conviction of ignorance was sane ,happy,and irrefutable.which did not depress he,for thinking that he is better as he is.At first, apart from the immediate personal experiences, he has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world. Secondly,the acquisition of this store has cost he long years and much money,compared with all that he do not know,it seems,an inadequate terurn.And the reasons may be that ignorance seems to do him no harm in his daily life, and his inadequate memory of knowledge may deceive him and even cause severe mistakes of misquoting. Just as he write “the happy ignorant man ,the man aware of his own ignorance,and perfectly content with it.”However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone may harbor the same psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person.For several decades we have known about one effect of exercise on the brain,the “endorphin high”that make us feel good dueing and right after exercise. And “a sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind. In this way, exercise is a state of mind.In this article the auther uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has great effects on people’s mind health. Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety,improves sleep,improves resilience in the face of stress and raises self-esteem.and they come from alterations inside your head. Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories. On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control. Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise. In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.and continuing exercise and motivation is the keys to good health.“Opportunity is what the new world has always represengted:struggle,risk,self-determination,and the hope of spiritual and progress.” But is America any longer a land of opportunity for the people born here?the answer is:no,not especially.And in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged.The writer Clive Crook holds that that phase America is exceptional in its material opportunity has ended.pessimism vies with vitality for command of the national consciousness.Most important of all,the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country. America insist a kind of bargain,but it is false advertising.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor. And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get outof poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which cannot do everything ,but dismal school performance is the biggest problem that policy makers concerned with opportunity in American can fix. which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.As we all known, every language has its words to express good and evil,for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? The purpose this article is to propose a preliminary outline for a view of evil.and his basic assumption is that there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, c ustom, or prejudice. Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.The author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”. Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author give us a path which tell how should we teach our children.the path combines self-awareness,empathy,learning,creative compensation and good works.。
研究生英语考试文章总结summarywriting如何写ppt文档
研究生英语考试文章总结summarywriting如何写
Hale Waihona Puke ❖ In the article,the writer argues that there are synergies between gender equity, poverty alleviation and environmental sustainability.
❖ Lack of clean water further adds to women's burdens: many of them have to spend as much as three or more hours just to fetch water,putting them at great risk of developing various diseases, further depriving them of the time avalable to better their life financially and emotionally.
❖ At the same time, women become more vulnerable as victims of indoor air-pollution. They can access fewer resources of biomass energy due to privatization of communal lands.
研究生英语summary writing课堂笔记
Summary(precis)One form of expository writing is the summary, which requires putting into shortened form the major ideas from someone else’s writing. Writing a good summary depends first of all on your ability to read the original material and understand it thoroughly. While reading, you must identify the main point or thesis, understand the difference between the major points and supporting details,and restate these points in your own words.How you summarize will partly depend on whether you are dealing with a narrative or an essay. The summary of a narrative is usually called a sequential plot summary and a comprehensive summary. The sequential summary follows the order in which the main events of a narrative are presented in the original work. A sequential summary of “One Good Turn Deserves Another”, for instance would begin as follows:With ￡50 drawn from the bank, Green was driving home along a lonely country road. At the loneliest part of the road, he gave a lift to a stranger. From the talk with the stranger, he got to know the stranger had been broken out of prison for robberytwo days before. He was worried and drove over the speed limit, hoping he would be caught by the policeman. The policeman caught him up, wanted just his name and address and left instead of taking him to the police station where he could tell the policemen about the escaped robber. When they reached the outskirts of London, the robber handed him the policeman’s notebook with Mr. Green’s name and address which he had stolen and “Thank you for the lift. You’ve been good to me.”Like all summaries, this one reduces each event to its bare essentials in the order of the essential events. While sequential summary simply recounts one event after another without saying which is the most important, a comprehensive summary immediately identifies the central action to which all other actions must be referred.“One Good Turn Deserves Another”is the story of Mr. Green’s experience with a stranger when he was driving home with ￡50 drawn from a bank. When he was hurrying home, he was stopped by a stranger on the loneliest part of the road. He gave him a lift. From the talk with the stranger, he got to know he had been a robber broken out of prison…A comprehensive summary such as this gives a clearer account of the story as a whole than a sequential summarydoes.There is another kind of summary which summarizes an essay or an argumentative essay. In this summary, you have to have the following points:1.Cite your source. A good summary of this kind shouldbegin with a sentence that identifies the source, title, author, and type of writing.2.Present the author’s controlling idea. The summaryshould restate at the beginning what the controlling idea is before continuing to mention the other main points. The detail or support usually is not included in the summary.3.Clarify the author’s attitude. This is especiallyimportant in argumentative writing.Remember that the summary is not the place for you to present an opposing viewpoint or your own point.You must clarify the original point of view in the summary.Read the following editorial from the Oregonian and see how the summary is composed:The original:Cut for Campus QualityFacing the crunching consequences of Measure 5, highereducation Chancellor Thomas A. Bartlett is making the best of a bad situation. The least the Oregon Legislature can do is not make it any worse.The situation is bad because Measure 5 diverts more than $625 million of the state general fund to school districts and, probably, community colleges to replace reduced property tax receipts. Higher education’s share of the cuts looks likely to leave the system about $90 million short of what it needs to continue operations at the current level.Even the system’s best options are bound to move it in the wrong direction. Just when the system should be getting better and preparing for growing numbers of students, it’s preoccupied with the best way to shrink.But the challenge is to ensure that the ripple of Measure 5 doesn’t wash Oregon’s state universities into national higher education back-waters. As Bartlett notes, if Oregon is going to be competitive, its universities must be competitive, too-even in pared-down form.Many specific choices have yet to be made at individual colleges and universities on where and how to respond to the budget difficulties. But the system is inevitably facing a combination of substantial, specific program cuts and bigtuition increases.The result will be fewer course choices for studedts —and also fewer students, most of whom will be paying more for their education.That is a tough bullet to bite. But Measure 5 wasn’t warning shot. And by eliminating whole programs where they are deemed less necessary than others, the system retains a chance at preserving quality elsewhere. And unfortunate as tuition increases are, they are a better deal for students than a cheaper but poorer education.The Legislature needs to respect the need for these hard decisions, unhappy as they are. It needs to recognize, too, the importance to Oregon’s future of an excellent higher education system, even as an excellent primary and secondary system is important. It needs to see that this is not a budget to raid further; indeed, it’s a place to restore resources as they become available. And it needs to recognize that maintaining a high-quality system requires addressing one of the system’s most fundamental problems —uncompetitively low salaries for nationally respected faculty members.Finally, the state —which under Measure 5 assumes primary responsibility to provide for community colleges aswell —needs a more comprehensive higher education strategy for both systems, clarifying missions and what can be expected in funding support.If the Legislature refuses to face the reality of higher education’s needs, it may find that a bad situation can always be made worse.To write a good summary of this kind, you must keep the following in mind;1. Read the original well. You may need to read the original piece several times, a nd then jot down a brief outline of the main ideas before writing your summary.2. Restate or paraphrase the main idea without using the exact phrase or sentences of the original. This may be the most difficult part of writing a summary. The easiest way to write a good restatement or paraphrase and avoid the danger of copying is to put the original piece away while you draft the summary. Remember to use your own sentence structure and vocabulary to express the ideas in the original piece.3. Only present the author’s main idea. The summary is not the place to present your own judgments orconclusion of the author’s idea because its main purpose is to acquaint the reader in short form with the author’s ideas, not the summary writer’s opinion on those ideas. You may present yours in another paragraph, not in the summary, if you want to.。
研究生英语教材下summary
“The End of Something", written by Ernest Hemingway, is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it.Firstly, the essay describes a town which once very prosperous due to the lumbering, then as time goes by, there were no more logs to make lumber, the mill almost become ruins. Secondly, two lovers, Nick and Marjorie row along the shore. They watch the view, talk and fish to eat. Their relationship used to be flourished. But in the present of the story, Nick and Marjorie have grown apart, they cannot relate as much to each other anymore. At last, Marjorie left; leaving Nick alone, thus led to the theme “the end of something”.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship. All what has happened due to the time, things can be changed by the time while we are not aware of. So what should we do? In my opinion, we should cherish all the things around us and make the most used of them. It is not empty words, but must into action, and only in this way can we not regret it when the things leave away from us.The author began the article by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author felt pitiable yet not necessarily so depressed about his current store of knowledge .He began to count what he knows and what he is ignorant of. However, it suddenly occurred to him that he is not the only one who is ignorant because no one can know everything, and it is no need for doing that. He is happy that he may be the only one who can face up to the ignorance.Being ignorant is not so much a shame, as being unwilling to learn, and it is the ignorance that leads us to learn more. As it is said that he must be very ignorant for he answers every questions he is asked.，so we should continue to learn to compensate for our ignorance instead of being overwhelmed by it.Unit 3 Exercise is a state of mind “A sound mind in a sound body is a short, but full description of a happy state in this world”. Nowadays research suggests that there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind.In this way, exercise is a state of mind.The author used scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has exerted great effects on people’s mind health. Regular exercise can improve mood, decrease anxiety and relieve depression. On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control. Genes can influence people’s responses to exercise. In the end, the author advises us to form the habit of exercise. And you needn’t speed too much time on it. Continuing exercise is good to your body and mind health.From the article, we all learn that only a person with regular exercise can have a physical and spiritual health and can overcome pressure and make himself perfection. Whoever finds the starter motor, the genetic wellspring of motivation, he will have found a key to good health. So, just do it from now on.Summary and Comment （unit4）The article begins with the faith that people in American used to believe that “opportunity is the crux of the American ideal”, which makes people think that with hard work and self-determination, they are sure to succeed and realize their dreams. But in recent yearsthe traditional doctrine of “American dream”is seriously challenged, with regard to the economic development. Most important of all, the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country. At last, the rich people stay rich while poor people stay poor, and the effective way may be to improve education, which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.It is no doubt that America is a developed country, with its developed economy and service business, but it has many problems together, even more serious than the developing country, so we may not only see its prosperity but also should realize its defect. Everything has two sides, and we should not be confused by its surface.Summary and Comment （unit5）The article firstly questioned how to define the “evil”, and what’s the humanist understand about “evil”. Then the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials. In the end, with such what’s aboutevil, the author concludes the text by offering some how as to teaching our children about evil.It is probably safe to say that language has a pair of words expressing good and evil. But what really is good, and what really is evil? The answer may vary from people to people, and culture to culture. Actually, the evil and good are relative, they could not exist without each other, there is no absolutely bad man, and also no saint. As boys and girls, we are taught to do good, not evil. To prevent evil, we cannot only attend to our self, but also think about others’feeling, always put yourself into other’s shoes, if it hurt you, it may hurt other person, too. So we should turn our destructive impulse into creativity, to help others in need.。
考博英语summary作文写作、汉译英及英译汉写作总结
考博英语summary作文及翻译部分博士研究生招生院校考博英语题型中作文部分要求学生写200字左右英文摘要即summary，对于很多没有接触过的考试感到无从下笔，下面新东方在线考博频道将为大家详细介绍2017考博英语作文摘要的写作步骤。
摘要写作(summary writing)是一种控制性的作文形式，它能使学生通过阅读原文，吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处，写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文。
另外，对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助，有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到，事无巨细，一一罗列的不良倾向。
这种写作既要准确理解原文，又要能综合概括;既能培养欣赏能力，又能训练书面表达能力。
因此，用英文写摘要，对学习英语写作的学生来说，不失为一种切合实际的方法。
考博英语作文摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：(1)阅读;(2)写作;(3)修改成文。
第一步：阅读A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B.给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D.简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
研究生英语上Summary
研究生英语上Summary第一篇：研究生英语上SummaryUnit1 How to read a book“Some books are to be tasted ,others to be swallowed, and some to be chewed and digested.” Francis Bacon warned readers several hundred years ago.However, what are the criteria for those books to be “chewed and digested?” How to tell good literature form bad literature? On these issues, people don’t seem to have reached an agreement.In the article, Joseph Brodsky first states that people’s life is generally much shorter than books, and that it is important for people to select good books to read.Yet, the author further argues that selecting good books from the ocean of literary works is no easy job;even book reviewers can’t help muc h.In the end, the author suggests that reading poetry is the way to develop good taste in literature, because it is the supreme form of human locution, the moist concise way of conveying the human experience, and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.Unit2 Recession-proofing Your CareerIn the text, Dr.Barbara Moses describes a new career development paradigm for today’s employees, that is, guaranteed jobs have already become history and it’s high time to engage in a lifelong, self-monitored process which can help to promote and prepare oneself fro a change, esp.during periods of recession.She then suggests some skills which areindispensable when responding to new work trends.She recommends discovering both your overt and covert talents, making sure a wide range of positions are available to you, and never committing to any “hot job” which exceeds either yourinterest or talent.Moreover, being skilled or qualified is not the only criteria.You must be able to “market “yourself, to convince the employer that you are the most suitable candidate for the job, for which purpose you have to establish a social network that can help you make your career decisions “both inside and outside of your professions.” Always follow work trends.Fina lly, psychological elements are also important, so never let yourself down and find a balance between the ambitious Type A and more relaxed Type B.In a word, don’t be under the misconception that your job is always secure and if you work hard you’ll surely get a good job.You must be fully responsible for the future prospects of your chosen career.Unit3 LiesPeople usually have very negative views regarding lies.Liars are frequently criticized, even cursed.Yet this passage exemplifies a different perspective, one which cruelly reveals the fact that everyone tells lies and that lies are indispensable for happiness, perhaps even our very survival.According to the author, lies are consoling elements that can soothe dying patients and help consolidate the requirements of a society.Lies make us feel superior to other species and disguise our mortal doom.Religions abound with myths and tales, which are basically lies that provide human beings with a sense of safety.People need big lies, though they are occasionally taken advantage of, because lying disguises our mortality, our inadequacies, our fears and anxieties, our loneliness in the midst of the crowd.Unit5 Don’t let complexity stop youUN reports say global inequity is still widening over past decades, which poses a serious threat to the prosperity and stability of the world.Whatever disagreements there are, people all over the world seem to agree that, with globalization, it is hightime that such a fundamental problem be solved in a sustainable way, and international cooperation can help in this regard.In this inspiring speech, Bill Gates is calling for a fairer world, one in which people use and apply discoveries for good.“Humanity’s greatest advances are not in its discoveries – but in how those discoveries ar e applied to reduce inequity.” He believes, for higher education, a top mission of policy innovations is to provide students with a more global perspective.Unit6 The riddle of timeSometimes it flies, sometimes it crawls, but it always passes inexorably.We mark it, save it, waste it, bide it, race against it.We measure it incessantly, with a passion for precision.Time is so vitally enmeshed with the fabric of our existence, in fact, that it's hard even to conceive of it as an independent entity, and when we try, the result is less than enlightening.For many people, time is looked upon as a flow like a river, but for theoretical physicists, like Albert Einstein, it is seen as a dimension, like height and width.Throughout history, endless efforts have been put into accurately measuring it, and, consequently, various devices such as calendars and clocks have been devisedNature provides a very accurate timekeeper: the carbon-14 atom, which decays at a known rate during the past 50,000 years.Interesting enough, we human beings also have a body-clock, which is thought to regulate changes in body chemicals, the response of the immune system, and a cyclic rise and fall of heartbeat and blood circulation.第二篇：安徽大学研究生英语上册summary—原创安大研究生英语上册summaryUNIT1Josph Brosky puts himself very clearly in the text.how to reada book.Many books are less limited than ourselves,many writers write a good book through all their lives.therefore,in literature good is defined by its distinction from bad.our readers ought to pick up good books that bring the human predicament into its sharpest possibly focus.the man so called literary criticism all have their limit.the writer accounts poem an a way to develop good taste in literature.he think it as the supreme form of human locution.for it isconcise and offers the highest possible standards for any linguistic operation.A man who used to read poetry may have no interest in bad prose.The writer explain his opinion clearly in the text lies.the text can be divided into three parts.Although we all be taught not tu tell lies since our childhood.we can not deny the fact that people tell lies from time to time for different reason.People may tell white lies ro protect their friend, their friend,their family,or even just for themselves.Religions always tell lies to offer people the hope of life.the government may tell lies to ensure their manipulate of encomy.Lies around us everywhere ,it directs our thoughts and actions everyday and we may never doubt big lies to comfort ourselves.most people want sth moreconsoling than terrible facts.peopleneed big lies because lying disguses our morlatity,our indueques ,our fears and anxiety ,our loneliness in the midst of crowd ,we can nor live without lies.John F.kennedy is the 35th president of America.He gave this speech on his inaugural day.I think this exciting inaugural address can be divided into three parts.In the first part,K commit to do what the oath said although the world is different.Heshou his comfidence to maintain human rights and the sucdess of liberty.He speaks to many kinds of people in the second part.he pledge the loyality offairhful friend,shouws whlcome to the new states ,and pledgethem besr efforts to help the struggling national,he offers a special pledge to the south of America that he hopes to convent good words into good deeds.he renews his pledge of support to the United Nations.he even speaks to their hostile state for peace.In the third pare,he calls for citizen to do sth”Ask not what America will do for you,but whar together we can do for the freedom of man”In the article ,the writer light the necessity for recession-proofing our career and gives his stratergies for recession proofing our career.he thinks our world as a TempWorle.everyone of us may be influenced by it,so all of us should be a career activist.The first strategy is to ensure our employability.he adviced us to currency ability,then create a fallback position in case we have to change our mind-set.knowing our key skills will help us to know ourselves well.being prepared for areas of competence will shorten the time we stepping in a new filed.healso advice us to build a knowledge netork and market ourselves in an opporiate way.As for our thought,we should learn to feel good about ourselves and to act ambitiousResilience is very important for every of us.At last,saty culturally current will benefits us a lot no matter in what case. 第三篇：英语summaryFate is sometimes not very kind to policemen like myself.Take as an example the recent trial in which I was involved.When I arrested the young lad I had felt sure he was guilty I had been following him around for a couple of hours and he conduct himself suspiciously.He had been wandering about and it seemed to me that he was looking for an opportunity to steal.When I arrested him, his casual manner only served to confirm my suspicions.I thought I had at last caught the thief who had beentroubling the area for so long.However, my joy was only temporary.When I saw the brilliant solicitor the boy's father had hired to defend him, I knew we didn't stand a chance.It turned out that the boy was simply a student who was looking for temporary employment before going to university.If only he had been a bit more helpful when we arrested him, he could have saved us all a lot of time and trouble.It's enough to make one turn against students!Despite the vast amount of data available for us to download from the worldwide web, we still face a problem in how to make the best use of it.Data on its own has its limitations.It is only when nature is exposed to fruitful questions that we can hope to uncover her secrets.The evolution of science shows this clearly, with many of the most notable discoveries relying on the ability to view matters rather than simply gathering more facts.In short, half the answer lies in thinking up the right question.T o my mind, in any analysis of the professions, few can match teaching.One needs to be energetic, certainly, for occasionally it seems one hardly has time to catch his breath.It can mean staying up late in order to get lessons prepared on time.Nonetheless, I am convinced that the work is more stimulating than that of my administrative colleagues.I certainly would not wish to switch, even though the pay is higher.With teaching, the pace of life is more varied, allowing greater time for reflection and research.Yet most of all it is the chance to see the spark of a fresh idea taking hold in a student's mind that is the most rewarding aspect of the job, repaying all one's effortsIt is difficult not to be affected by the tale of Sarah Morris.While her physical conditions made it difficult to interpret her speech, from her writing it would be impossible to spot thatshe suffers from such a severe handicap.Writing slowly with the help of a pointer fastened to her head, her maximum writing speed is no more than eight words per minute.Yet she still manages to write extensively on the team she grew up following.Straining her neck in the gloom of her room, surrounded by her computer equipment and a TV set, she has managed to rise above her situation against all the odds.I recall that it was something of an embarrassment to have my son find me so upset on that Wednesday long ago.He had come home expecting to have the place all to himself, only to find me there, frantic with worry about losing my job.I had assumed that I could master typing in just a few sessions, but it took much longer than I had expected.Try as I might, it seemed I just could not catch on to it in time.I suppose I should have enrolled on a correspondence course, as I did when learning to run the nursery, but by then it was too late.I felt helpless and the tension at work was becoming too much to bear, so in the end I just had to accept defeat and change jobs.Not that I gave up wanting to type.I went on practicing and eventually mastered it.The medicines the doctor prescribed for me tasted horrible.They were supposed to bring down my temperature, but when I heard how high it was I was terrified.I thought I was certain to die.I just didn't see how I could possibly overcome the illness.I couldn't stop worrying about it.All day I just gazed into space, feeling miserable.The fever made me shiver and gave my face a flush I couldn't take an interest in anything and felt very detached from everything around me.I thought my father must know I was going to die, but had said nothing, wanting me to keep from thinking about it.Finally I could bear it no longer and asked him how much longer I could live.When he explained my mistake, all my worriesslid away.Only then was I really able to take it easy.I am still trying to figure out why we all behaved so badly on the night my neighbours tried to break into our family bomb shelter.It was frightening for us down there, hearing those we thought of as our friends heading for something to break down the shelter door.Even though we piled up all we could find against the door, I knew it would eventually give way.And it did.Should I hold it against them? After all, their reactions were born of fear and I would probably have behaved the same way in their shoes.Perhaps it would have been fairer to have drawn lots for who got to use the only shelter in the street, but I was never going to let that happen.I was as scared and selfish as the rest.It seems that underneath we are all more aggressive and greedy than we like to think.Many people are hostile to daydreaming, believing that it can interfere with the pursuit of success.They consider that daydreamers will never amount to much in their chosen careers.Recently, however, some experts have begun to argue that indulging in fantasy can have positive benefits.Daydreaming of success, they claim, can contribute to success.One technique they recommend is to picture yourself as you wish to be.Holding this vision clearly in your mind supposedly helps you make it come true.Of course, you should not neglect necessary study or work because daydreaming cannot substitute for hard work.Merely relying on daydreaming will not help you attain your goal.The beauty of the music was in sharp contrast with the reality of the lives led by the singers.Amid all their suffering, a group of Jewish prisoners had found the courage to stage performances of Verdi's Requiem.Despite the difficulties and dangers, they threw themselves enthusiastically into rehearsals, which had to be kept a secret.An additionaldifficulty was that they had only one instrument, an old harmonium.Their greatest triumph came when they performed before an audience containing the infamous Nazi official, Adolf Eichmann.Their voices swelled with passion as they threw in the faces of the Nazis words which sang of how they would have to pay for their crimes.If we look at the process of innovation, we will see how technology feeds on itself, accelerating the pace of technological advance in our own times.Technological innovation is comprised of three stages: invention, application and diffusion.One of the most important characteristics of advanced technology today is the fantastic speed that occurs between each of these stages.For example, nowadays the time it takes to put ideas to work has been greatly reduced.The progress in transportation is a case in point.Likewise, the time between the application and diffusion stages has been radically shorted.This accounts for the acceleration of present-day technology.And this, in turn, generates more feasible ideas.What sort of future will this process conjure up for us? Will the pace of change exceed our ability to cope with it? Or is it one of our characteristics that we have an impressive ability to adapt to change, no matter how frequent?DictationOne of the ways you can encourage children to be creative is to talk things over rather than to give instructions or make a model when they ask for help.If you show a child how to draw a flower or a person, they will try to draw one just like yours.This can be frustrating because no matter how hard children try, their pictures will not be as “good” as yours because they do not have the skill that you have.Chances are that children will compare the two pictures and not be happy with their own.Theymay even decide not to try.Be creative yourself and think of ways to encourage children's creativity.Baseball is America's national sport, played mainly by men.It developed in the mid 19th century from the British games of rounders and cricket.Baseball is also popular in Japan and several Latin American countries, and has been an Olympic sport since in 1972.Softball is similar but uses a large, softer ball and is popular with women.Many Americans play baseball for fun because players do not have to be strong like football players or tall like basketball players.Some people think baseball is too slow, but the team managers often change their players and plans during the game, and there are many exciting plays.Many American families enjoy going to a Sunday afternoon double-header, that is, two games between the same two teams in one day.The Terezin concentration camp was established by the Nazis in an 18th century fortress in Czechoslovakia on November 24, 1941.More than 150,000 Jews passed through the camp during its four-year existence, which was used as a holding area for eventual murder in Auschwitz.By 1943, rumors began circulating in the international community that the Nazis were exterminating Jews in gas chambers, and that the conditions of the concentration camps did not permit survival.The Nazis rebuilt parts of this camp to serve as a “showpiece” for propaganda purposes.Flowers were planted there.Shops, schools, and a cafe were built.When an investigating commission of the International Red Cross came to visit, they did not see a typical concentration camp.In July 1944 the Nazis made a documentary propaganda film about life in this camp.After the movie was completed, most of the Jewish “actors” were shipped to their death at Auschwitz.第四篇：summary学术英语A summary of Text 12Title:How Radiation Threatens HealthAuthor:Nina BaiSource:Scientific American, 15 March, 2010Summary:The radiation leaks at Fukushima makes people feel worried, and it’s necessary to know that the health effects caused by radiation exposure depend on its level, type and duration.Every person is exposed some background radiation from natural but only beyond this level people can get radiation sickness.At the same time, the radiation which takes different forms is produced by different heavy isotopes.On the other hand, the exposure time is so important that high single dose of radiation can do much more harm to human than the same dosage accumulate st but not least, the government should remember the Chern obyl’s lessons but we’d better not do too many extra measures to make people feel scared.(124 words)第五篇：国际贸易英语沃尔玛summaryWal-Mart : The high cost of low priceThe video has exposed the truth behind Wal-Mart’s low price,which global consumers must know.Low price is the key advantage for Wal-Mart to attract consumers to go shopping there.Now it has become one of the biggest retail chains in the world, making great fortune, creating countless jobs , promoting the global economy and so on.it is an amazing and successful company.However，it has led to negativeconsequences.The Wal-Mart has already 5000 chains in the whole world, and the quantity is still growing.once there is a new chain to be opened, several stores in the streets which is near it will close.most of these stores is managed by family, which is commonphenomenon lasting for a long time in towns of America.When their family estates which was poured into painstaking effort by them disappearing , they are sad.Meanwhile they have to choose a new way to support the family.It is the reason that so many citizens working together to fight against Wal-Mart stores’ settling down in the town.We are happy to see that the video ends with views of community leaders who have prevented Wal-Mart stores from being built in their communities.They have gotten the victory!To support the low cost, all the manufacturing industries are outsourced to the developing countries.A lot of local workers are working for long hours with low salary and the extra working hours willnot be paid often.Their dormitories are crowed and without air-conditioner.This also happens to staff in America.According to related data, the wage rate of the workers in America is lower than the lowest living level.The manufacturing industries’ outsourcing has bad impact on the local environment.Low prices at the first sight, but when you look into, you can have a different view.Do you still choose Wal-Mart for its low price when you go shopping?。
研究生英语summary范文
研究生英语summary范文In the realm of academia, the art of summarizing is a crucial skill that transcends disciplines. As a graduate student, mastering the ability to distill complex information into concise summaries is essential for both academic and professional success.Summarizing an English text requires a deep understanding of the material, the ability to identify key points, and the skill to present them in a coherent and succinct manner. It's about capturing the essence without losing the integrity ofthe original content.A well-crafted summary should be objective, avoiding personal opinions or interpretations. It should reflect the author's main arguments, findings, or themes, and bestructured in a way that is easy for readers to follow.In the context of English literature, a summary might highlight the central conflict, the development of characters, and the overarching themes of a novel. It should also respect the original author's voice and style, ensuring that the summary remains true to the source material.For academic papers, the summary must encapsulate the research question, the methodology, the findings, and the implications of the study. It should be written in a neutral tone, with a focus on clarity and brevity.In the business world, a summary of a report or proposal should outline the problem, the proposed solution, and the expected outcomes. It should be persuasive, yet concise, designed to inform and influence decision-makers.The length of a summary can vary, but it's generally shorter than the original text, often by half or even more. The key is to prioritize information, ensuring that every sentence contributes to the overall understanding of the material.Lastly, a good summary is not a substitute for reading the original text. It serves as a tool for quick reference, a way to refresh one's memory, or to provide an overview for those who may not have the time to delve into the full text.In conclusion, the summary is a versatile tool in the graduate student's toolkit. Whether for academic papers, literature reviews, or professional reports, the ability to summarize effectively can enhance one's communication skills and contribute to the clarity of one's academic and professional endeavors.。
研究生英语考试summary
研究生英语考试summary研究生英语考试summary为题第一篇研究生英语考试是为了选拔研究生学位申请者的一种考试。
这个考试通常包括阅读理解、听力理解、写作和口语等多个部分。
每年有很多考生报名参加这个考试，因此考生们需认真备考，以尽可能提高通过率。
阅读理解是研究生英语考试的重要部分之一。
考生将会遇到一些文章和问题，需要仔细阅读并回答问题。
其中，文章的内容涉及各个领域，如科学、社会学、历史等。
这部分内容的考查主要是考生对文章内容的理解和解释能力。
另外，听力理解也是研究生英语考试中的一个重要环节。
考生需在规定的时间内听完一段录音，并回答相关问题。
这一部分考查考生对听力材料的理解和记忆能力，因此平时需要多听英语材料，提高自己的听力水平。
写作部分在研究生英语考试中也占有重要地位。
考生需要准备一篇短文或一篇论文，并在规定的时间内完成。
写作内容通常与社会热点问题或学术领域相关。
考官会对考生的写作技巧、表达能力以及语法和用词等方面进行评分。
最后，口语部分是研究生英语考试中最能检验考生英语口语能力的一部分。
考生需要就一些指定的题目进行发言，并回答考官的问题。
这一部分考察了考生的流利度、发音准确性以及思维表达能力。
总的来说，研究生英语考试是一个全面测试考生英语水平的考试。
考生需要通过多方面的准备，不仅注意阅读和听力的练习，还要提升自己的写作和口语能力。
只有全面提高自身的英语水平，才能在研究生英语考试中取得好成绩。
第二篇研究生英语考试（GRE）是一个被广泛接受的考试，用于申请到研究生学位课程的入学资格。
这个考试分为三个主要部分：分析写作、定量推理和语文。
考生需要通过这些部分来展示他们的学术能力和英语水平。
GRE的分析写作部分要求考生就一个论题给出一篇分析性的写作。
考生需要清晰地陈述他们的观点，并用确凿的论据和例子来支持。
写作的内容可以是关于社会、科学或其他领域的问题。
考官会根据考生的逻辑思维、语言表达和写作技巧来评估他们的成绩。
研究生英语教程summary
研究生英语教程summarySummary & response paper In “We Need a Dug-out Canoe to Navigate the Net,” Ben Macintyre discusses the magnitude of suggestions on how to survive the modern era when the torrent information is compelling us to transform the way of thinking.We are now on the cusp of a dawn of new digital technology that is changing the way people think. Firstly Ben Macintyre puts forward his point that People of the Internet age are fox-thinkers, since just like foxes, they feast on a variety of ready-made information and thoughts without collecting and extracting by themselves.However, the internet has both merits and demerits for human thinking. At its worst, fox-thinking tends to mistake anecdote for fact. At its best,the internet provides convenient and fast means to collect boundless information. Then the article further explains that the key for effective Internet thinking is the ability to focus and edit,to choose and sift from the abundance of information what is useful,but not to simply gather information. Finally the author concludes that what has changed is not the way we think, but the way we acquire information. Consequently, he describes two distinct methods of boat building and reminds us that we should be dug-out canoe builders discarding unnecessary information to reveal the truth and only by this way can we confidently stay afloat “in the torrent of internet information”.As the author puts it:“The internet is changing the ve ry nature of human memory”.Indeed,the ability to focus,edit,and extract information from the computer is taking the place of an individual’s knowledge.Under this circumstance,what counts are how to discover useful information by using a critical mind.I fi rmly agree with Ben Macintyre’s opinion that people should be d ug-out canoe builders.Since we receive so much information when we turn on computers in our daily life.With facing to the internet applications such as amazon,qq,weibo etc, we even can’t help clicking and browsing in spite that these things are none of our business. However, the internet makes our life much more convenient and efficient,with dramatically improved access to boundless information,the great store of the world’s kno wledge just a f ew keystrokes and clicks away, what we should do is grasp skills of collecting available information and getting rid of futile information.。
研究生英语考试summary
研究生英语考试summary研究生英语考试 Summary研究生英语考试作为衡量研究生英语水平的重要手段，对于研究生的学术研究和未来职业发展都具有重要意义。
本文将对研究生英语考试进行全面的介绍和分析。
研究生英语考试通常包括多个部分，如听力、阅读、写作和翻译等。
听力部分旨在考查考生对英语语音、语调、语速的理解和把握能力，以及对各种场景下英语交流的听力理解能力。
阅读部分则主要检验考生的阅读理解能力、词汇量、语法知识以及对不同文体和主题的文章的分析能力。
写作部分要求考生能够运用所学的英语知识，清晰、准确、有条理地表达自己的观点和想法。
翻译部分则考查考生的中英互译能力，包括对词汇、语法、语义等方面的准确把握和转换。
在备考研究生英语考试时，制定合理的学习计划是至关重要的。
首先，要明确考试的要求和重点，有针对性地进行复习。
对于听力，可以通过多听英语广播、看英语电影、做听力练习题等方式来提高听力水平。
阅读方面，要广泛阅读各类英语文章，增加词汇量，提高阅读速度和理解能力。
写作需要不断地练习，积累常用的句型和表达方式，同时注意语法和拼写的正确性。
翻译则要掌握一定的翻译技巧和方法，多做翻译练习，积累常见的词汇和短语的翻译。
词汇是研究生英语考试的基础。
考生需要掌握大量的词汇，不仅要了解词汇的基本含义，还要熟悉其常见的搭配、用法和语境。
记忆词汇可以采用多种方法，如词根词缀记忆法、联想记忆法、语境记忆法等。
同时，要通过阅读和练习来巩固和运用所学的词汇。
语法知识在研究生英语考试中也占有重要地位。
考生需要系统地复习英语语法，包括时态、语态、虚拟语气、从句等重点语法项目。
通过做语法练习题和分析语法错误，加深对语法知识的理解和掌握。
在考试过程中，合理安排时间也是取得好成绩的关键。
要根据各部分的分值和自己的实际情况，合理分配答题时间。
对于难度较大的题目，不要花费过多的时间纠结，可以先跳过，等完成其他题目后再回头思考。
答题时要认真审题，仔细阅读题目要求，避免因粗心大意而丢分。
研究生英语 summary examples
UNIT 6 Summary （Para 6-8） Paper brings much more convenience in our reading, writing, delivery, and etc. People can easily read from more than one paper, mark in more varied ways, and skim paper briefly. （People easily read from more than one paper, annotate as well as mark paper in varied ways and skim it briefly.） Paper is also often essential for writing with various source documents and easier correction. Besides, paper is well suited in meetings or any place where people cooperate. Finally, we can deliver paper in person and feel assured.
请大家先独立练习写作再对比参考
前几年考过的段落。请大家先独立 练习写作再对比参考。 UNIT 7 Summary （Para10-13） UNIT 6 Summary （Para 6-8） UNIT 2 Summary (Para5-8)
UNIT 7 Summary （Para10-13）
Many people believe that activities have to be related to winning/losing. One reason is that they may have not tried the games without competition, which make participants have fun. The other reason is that those people neglect/overlook the psychological costs of competition. Due to competition, the feeling of self-worth is assessed /evaluated by exterior sources. Moreover, competition also poisons our relationship. It makes it difficult for anyone to regard others as possible friends or cooperators. Finally, trying to do better than others is not helpful to gain trust.
研究生英语多维教程熟谙Unit5英语summary
研究生英语多维教程熟谙Unit5英语summaryThe summary of Unit5 Sandwich generationIn the modern society，there are a large group，They are the so-called Sandwich generation，people who are struggling to care for both their children and their elders，often while holding down a job as well.The Sandwich generation are living a hard life.The statistics show that the proportion of seniors living with their children is decreasing，those who do move in with their children enter households profoundly changed from previous generations.Because toda y′s seniors had fewer children than their predecessors，there are fewer family members to share the burden.They not only have some elder-care responsibilities，ranging from occasional help with groceries to fulltime care at home，but also care for their children.In fact，the parents of an average family now work 65 to 80 hours a week，up from 40 to 45 hours a week in the 1950s.To stay in the placethey are working twice as hard.It lead to that they have more stress，less job satisfaction and more absence than their colleagues.That change often is overlooked amid increasing public pressure to transfer some of the governments health-care burden to individual families.But families have changed，you cannot make the assumption the people are available.Even when an elderly parent lives independently，responsibilities can weigh heavily on their children，How do they break away from their job to see a sick mother?And then they fell guilty when they leave her alone.Even if their elderly parents are not living with them，there is the stress of juggling obligations at home，to their extended family and their employer.Fortunately，there are many house holds that cope well，especially when the senior is healthy or the younger family members have outside help in times of crisis.But for many families who bear a wide range of new responsibilities，elder care can take a physical，and emotional，sacrifice.T o the sandwich generation，all these responsibilities are a trouble to them，their burden will be more heavy than any generations before.。
研究生英语考试summary
Scientists Shouldn t Be Surprised by the Popularity of Intelligent DesignIn this article Scientists Shouldn Be Surprised by the Popularity of Intelligent Design which addresses many s t cientists grumps over the persistence if ID (Intelligent Design), Scott Lilienfeld postulates that many Americans approval of id cannot beblamed on their lack of common sense but rather their dependence on their common sense or intuition in making judgments which turns them away from the theory ofnatural selection. According to Lilienfeld, the difficulty in intuiting how marvelous creatures and organisms have resulted from natural selection has prevented many Americans from accepting Darwinian Theory while the same common sense hasmade ID rather tempting to them. As is indicated by a multitude of examples of wrong beliefs based on common sense, intuition does not provide a reliable means of understanding the world. Unfortunately, scientists and science educators have failed toteach research methods and academic skills that can help debunk misconceptions compatible with people s common sense. Finally, Lilienfeld concludes that a radicalshift in science education has to be initiated so that scientists would not face fiascowhen confronting erroneous claims refuged by people s common sense.Empowerment and Restraint in Scientific CommunicationIn his artic l”eEmpowerment and Restraint in Scientific Communic”a,t P io h i n lip Campbell highlights a dire likely consequence of biologists increased ability toobtain and distribute scientific information that such information may be exploited by people with heinous intentions. Scientific communication, according to Campbell, hasseen significant development due to the invention of powerful software and hardware that facilitate scientists acquisition of information and reduce the trouble the mayotherwise have to take in order to publicize their research. However, the resultingplethora of biological information spawns a hazard that the information may be usedto build biological weapons, and this hazard has come to people s attention withsynthetic biologsyresent development. Campbell points out that it is relatively easyto abuse biological knowledge while biological studies often bring about unexpected results. People using biological information for malicious purposes may be whoeverhave leant to exploit simple biological technologies and are not necessarily committedto terrorist agendas. Campbell believes that the decisions made by funding agenciesand scientific journals who are the gatekeepers of biological research will be crucialin reducing the risks of information abuse and what proactive measures should betaken has to be considered by all related parties.Summary Of …Ethical, Legal And Social Implications Of Autonomous Systems‟In his article”Ethical legal and social Implications of Autonomous systems”,AustinModine highlights that robot driver will control the vehicles which raises problems in different social levels.Autonomous robots will deprive people of their control.ForModine‟s assume that human interaction is necessary,but human will make mistakesbecause of their wrong decision.Autonomous systerms also have a tendency to make mistake.And there is a problem that who will be responsible for the failure.A concern that autonomous systems are held back until they don‟t make mistakes any more.Thereaction to failures between autonomous systems and manned systems should bechosen if it make less mistakes than human-operators and technical systems.Finally,Austine Modine conclude that many questions should be solved inorder to make autonomous systems accept legally and socially.Summary Of …Why Do Things Become More Complex‟In his article “Why Do Things Become More Complex” Carrington highlights aphenomenon that simplicity becomes more complex, and people are interested in the complexity. In the history, the turbojet engine invented by Frank Whittle just use asimple compressor-turbine combination as the motivation. After many years, the jetengine changed more complicated as the pressure of commercial and military interests,usually by adding a subsystem. Modern engines have a vastly complex array of interconnected subsystems subassemblyes. The jet engines work like a cheetah both inthe outside and inside, sleekly and complicatedly. In the process of growing complexity, it has many obstacle for people to overcome, such as new bureaucraticoffices and departments. The complexity brings a mass of problems to keep theperformance like maintenance repairs, et.al.. And functions and modifications tends to increase complexity through overcoming limitations, abnormal circumstances andadapting to the complex world. The renewable simplicity often emerges slowly afterthe growing complication. Finally, Carrington concludes that complexity should bechecked so that it can evolves naturally and deliver powerful performance. And alsoneed to final things to bring renewable simplicity after the complexity.。
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“The End of Something" is a short story about two young people who witness how time can change the world and the people in it. Hemingway uses this story to convey how this change happens all the time, and however desperately you cling to the "present"This article uses the broken mill, the fish's not striking,and the characters in themselves to tell us a story far beyond what we read.The broken mill represents Nick and Marjorie's broken relationship. Once,their relationship flourished.now they cannot relate as much to each other anymore.Nick has lost interest; the fish will not strike anymore, and love is not fun anymore. The love is there, but it has ceased to appeal to Nick. The good old past simply isn't good enough anymore. Marjorie, on the other hand, clings to what is left and still hopes for the best.For what was, was, and what one must focus on is what is, now, and what is to come, tomorrow. It is as Hemingway conveys through this story: the present will not remain present for long, and one must look beyond what was and look at what is in order to be truly happy.The author began the essay by telling the experience of waking in the morning and finding him practically ignorant of anything. The author think his conviction of ignorance was sane ,happy,and irrefutable.which did not depress he,for thinking that he is better as he is.At first, apart from the immediate personal experiences, he has a limited range of knowledge and the inadequate understanding of the major phenomena of the world. Secondly,the acquisition of this store has cost he long years and much money,compared with all that he do not know,it seems,an inadequate terurn.And the reasons may be that ignorance seems to do him no harm in his daily life, and his inadequate memory of knowledge may deceive him and even cause severe mistakes of misquoting. Just as he write “the happy ignorant man ,the man aware of his own ignorance,and perfectly content with it.”However, it suddenly occurred to him when he has gone his way serene and happy, he may be the only one who is ignorant, for anyone may harbor the same psychology of remaining to be a happy ignorant person.For several decades we have known about one effect of exercise on the brain,the “endorphin high”that make us feel good dueing and right after exercise. And “a sound mind in a sound body is a short, but a full description of a happy state in this world.” Nowadays research suggests that we should think there is deep link between body and mind health in order to achieve happy state of mind. In this way, exercise is a state of mind.In this article the auther uses scientists’ experiments as evidence to show that exercise has great effects on people’s mind health. Regular exercise can improve your mood, decrease anxiety,improves sleep,improves resilience in the face of stress and raises self-esteem.and they come from alterations inside your head. Exercise is also a pretty good antidepressant which can relieves and prevents depression through regulating mood and storing memories. On the other hand, exercise is under genetic control. Genes can influence both people’s physiological responses to exercise and people’s subjective experience of exercise. In the end, the author advices that we form the habit of exercise.and continuing exercise and motivation is the keys to good health.“Opportunity is what the new world has always represengted:struggle,risk,self-determination,and the hope of spiritual and progress.” But is America any longer a land of opportunity for the people born here?the answer is:no,not especially.And in recent years the traditional doctrine of “American dream” is seriously challenged.The writer Clive Crook holds that that phase America is exceptional in its material opportunity has ended.pessimism vies with vitality for command of the national consciousness.Most important of all,the economic mobility in America is getting lower and lower as compared to any other western country. America insist a kind of bargain,but it is false advertising.The idea of the “American Dream” is starting to fade since rich children stay rich whereas poor children still stay poor. And the real focus of any effort to restore economic opportunity is to get outof poverty, and to this end one effective way may be to improve education, which cannot do everything ,but dismal school performance is the biggest problem that policy makers concerned with opportunity in American can fix. which will definitely have a great effect on economic mobility across generations.As we all known, every language has its words to express good and evil,for it is generally believed that a sense of moral judgment and a distinction between good and evil are cultural universals.But what really is good, and what really is evil? The purpose this article is to propose a preliminary outline for a view of evil.and his basic assumption is that there can be no genuine understanding of goodness in human behavior unless we also understand evil.Moral relativists would argue that the standards of good and evil are only products of local culture, c ustom, or prejudice. Moreover, believers in the duality of “good versus evil” would say evil cannot exist without good, nor good without evil, as they are both objective states and opposite ends of the same scale.The author of this article argues, we must first know what is truly “evil”. Beginning with the recognition that neither good nor evil exist outside the human personality, the author distinguishes creative and destructive potentials, and then finds social forces that may activate destructive potentials.With such whats about evil, the author give us a path which tell how should we teach our children.the path combines self-awareness,empathy,learning,creative compensation and good works.。