chapter 5 短语结构树

短语结构树

(18) The PS tree for the sentence “ the child found a puppy”

S

NP VP

Det N V NP

The child found Det N

a puppy

X-bar 图示

XP (NP)

Specifier X’(N’)

( The)

X(N) Complement

(mayor) ( of Guangzhou )

各种短语的X-杠标图示

NP: The tall black student of English from china.

[NP[Spec The [N’ [Modifier tall [N’ [Modifier black [N’[N student [Comp[pp of English]] [Adjunct[pp from china]]]]]]]]] (a detailed illustration of the sentence by the nested square backets).

XP

(NP)

Specifier N’

(The)

Modifier N’

(tall)

Modifier N’

( black)

N’Adjunct(PP)

(from China)

N Complement (PP)

(student) (of English)

b. VP : ……all read the letters after lunch.

[VP[Spec all [V’[V read [NP the [N’[N letters [PP after lunch]]]]]]]]

VP

Specifier V’

(all)

V’PP

after lunch

V NP

read the

N’

N Comp

letters (empty)

c: PP: right through the center d: AP: Very afraid of snakes. [PP right [P’[P through [NP the center]]]] [AP very[A’[A afraid [PP of snakes]]]] PP AP

right P’very A’

P NP A PP

through the center afraid of snakes

e: AdvP：quite independently of any outside pressure.

[AdvP quite [Adv’ [Adv independently [PP[P’[P of [NP[Spec any [N’outside [N pressure]]]]]]]]]]

AdvP

quite Adv’

Adv PP

independently

P’

P NP

of

any N’

outside N

pressure

句子结构：曲折短语IP

(23) a. John would study English

b. John to study English.

IP

John I’

I VP

would

( to ) V’

V NP

study English

(24) a. John studies English.

b. John is studying English.

c. John has studied English.

IP

John I’

I VP

-s

( is…-ing ) V’

( has.. –n)

V NP

study English

标句词词组CP:

They say that John will study English.

[IP They [I’I(-pres.) [VP say [CP that [IP John [I’ will [VP study English]]]]]]].

IP

Spec I’

They

I VP

( -pres.)

( present tense)

V CP

say

C IP

that

John will study English 并列结构

(26). The cat and the dog.

NP

NP1CoordP

The cat

Coord. NP2

and the dog

Exercise I

e.g.: The prisoners brutally attacked the guard who spotted them.

Two clauses: 1. The prisoners brutally attacked the guard…--------- main clause

2. ... who spotted them. ---------relative clause

They are both declarative clauses. In clause 1, the prisoners (NP) is the subject; brutally (Adv.) is an adjunct modifying the VP (attacked the guard …); attacked (V) is the predicate; and the guard who spotted them(NP) is the complement of the sentence. In the second clause, who is the subject; spotted is the predicate; and them is the complement. The whole clause is used as a relative clause modifying the antecedent NP the guard.