华西考博试题
华西医科大学博士复试考试试题及答案
四、论述1.桡骨远端骨折的诊断，治疗进展，对手术和非手术治疗的理解。
桡骨远端骨折根据病史、临床症状、体征及X 线检查可作出诊断。
根据受伤机制可分为伸直型骨折、屈曲型骨折、关节面骨折伴腕关节脱位，伸直型骨折主要以手法复位外固定治疗为主，部分需要手术治疗，指征：1、严重粉碎骨折移位明显，桡骨下端关节面破坏2、手法复位失败，或复位成功，外固定不能维持复位。
屈曲型骨折主要采用手法复位，夹板或石膏固定。
复位手法与伸直型骨折相反，基本原则相同。
复位后若极不稳定，外固定不能维持复位者，行切开复位或内固定。
桡骨远端关节面骨折伴腕关节脱位是桡骨远端骨折的一种特殊类型临床上常漏诊或错误诊断为腕关节脱位。
只要仔细阅读X线片，诊断并不困难，治疗首先采用手法复位、夹板石膏外固定方法治疗。
复位后很不稳定者，可切开复位，钢针内固定。
2.股骨转子间骨折的髓内和髓外固定的选择。
滑动髋螺钉在术中股骨骨折、术后股骨骨折、内固定切出风险、再手术风险、随访期内残留髋部或大腿疼痛方面明显优于Gamma丁，与股骨近端髓内钉相当。
对于稳定型股骨转子间骨折，髓内和髓外固定均可获得满意的疗效。
使用动髋螺钉固定不仅整体稳定性较好，而且操作简单、低成本，并发症也更少，有学者认为动力髋螺钉是治疗稳定性转子间骨折的最好选择。
随着2 孔和 3 孔动力髋螺钉的应用，髓外固定同样可做到小切口微创置入，另外髓外固定对于不稳定转子间骨折及反转子间骨折，多数学者认为髓内系统优于髓外固定系统，应选择股骨近端髓内钉或股骨近端抗旋髓内钉等髓内固定系统进行固定。
股骨近端髓内钉和股骨近端抗旋髓内钉等髓内固定系统不仅创伤小，而且允许患者固定后早期负重，减少固定后并发症，是治疗不稳定型股骨近端骨折的理想选择。
髓内固定系统治疗转子间骨折是近年来研究热点，2004年初推出的Gamma莊第一代Gamm钉的基础上改良而成，可以根据不同的骨折类型，选择动态加压、静态加压、静态支撑，以达到最好的固定效果，适用于各型股骨转子间骨折。
四川大学华西医学院眼科学2016年考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
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四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2016年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：眼科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（5*5分=25分） 1. ICE 2. ansiometropia 3. BKC 4. 颈动脉海绵窦漏 5. 囊袋收缩综合征
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二、问答题（5*15分=75分） 1. 青光眼视神经损伤机制，种类，研究进展。 2. 角膜移植的供体来源，适应症。 3. 维持正常双眼视觉的条件及斜视后的病理改变。 4. 甲状腺相关眼病的临床特征和治疗原则。 5. CNV的常见病因目前主要的治疗方法，从发病机制探讨未来的治疗趋势。
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四川大学华西医学院肿瘤学2017(含详细答案)年考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医学院医学考博真题试卷攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷2017年四川大学华西医院考博肿瘤学一、名解：（8*5分）1、Lumina B型乳腺癌是乳腺癌的一种分子分型，目前在实际临床操作中以免疫组化技术替代分子技术进行近似的分子分类，以指导治疗选择。
主要分为4型，主要分类依据为ER、PR、HER-2、Ki-67。
乳腺癌分子亚型的定义和治疗推荐（2011年St.Gallen共识）亚型定义治疗类型注释Luminal（管腔或激素受体阳性）A型ER和（或）PR阳性HER-2阴性Ki-67低表达（小于14%）单纯内分泌治疗Ki-67染色的质量控制非常重要。
这一亚型几乎不需要化疗，但要结合临床淋巴结状况及其他危险因素综合而定。
Luminal（管腔或激素受体阳性）B型Luminal B（HER-2阴性）：ER和（或）PR阳性HER-2阴性Ki-67高表达（大于等于14%）内分泌治疗±细胞毒性治疗多基因序列分析显示，高增殖基因可预测患者预后较差。
如果不能进行可靠的Ki-67评估，可以考虑一些替代性的肿瘤增殖平谷指标，如分级。
这些替代指标也可用语区分luminal A型和luminal B（HER-2阴性）型，而对后者是否选用化疗及具体化疗方案的选择可能取决于内分泌受体水平表达、危险度及患者志愿。
对于luminal B（HER-2阳性）型的治疗，目前并没有证据表明可以去除细胞毒性治疗。
Luminal B (HER-2阳性)：ER和（或）PR阳性HER-2过表达或增殖Ki-67任何水平细胞毒性治疗+抗HER-2治疗+内分泌治疗Erb-B2 (HER-2)过表达型HER-2阳性（非luminal）ER和PR缺失HER-2过表达或增殖细胞毒性治疗+抗HER-2治疗对非常低危（如pT1a和淋巴结阴性）患者可能考虑不加用全身辅助治疗。
Basal-like (基底样)型三阴性（导管）细胞毒性治疗“三阴性”患者和“基底样”患者有近80%的重合，但前者还包含一些特殊组织学类型，如低危（典型）髓样癌及腺样囊性癌。
四川大学华西医学院病理学2017(含详细答案)年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
2017年四川大学华西医院考博病理学
一、名解：（12*2分）
1、小叶性肺炎（lobular pneumonia）
小叶性肺炎（lobular pneumonia）是以肺小叶为单位的灶状急性化脓性炎症。由于病灶多以细支气管为中心，故又称支气管肺炎（bronchopneumonia）。病变起始于支气管，并向其周围所属肺泡蔓延。多见于小儿和年老体弱者。临床上主要表现为发热、咳嗽、咳痰等症状，听诊肺部可闻及散在的湿性啰音。
二、简答（8*7分）
1、列举咳血的三种病及病理特征
①支气管扩张症：肉眼观：病变的支气管可成囊状或桶状扩张，病变可局限于一个肺段或肺叶，也可累及双肺，以左肺下叶最多见。扩张的支气管或细支气管可呈节段性扩张，也可连续延伸至胸膜下，扩张支气管数多者肺切面可呈蜂窝状。扩张的支气管内可带有粘液脓性分泌物或血性分泌物，若继发腐败菌感染可带恶臭。支气管粘膜可因萎缩而变平滑或因增生肥厚而成颗粒状。
（上为英文）
7、肿瘤抑制基因(tumor suppressor gene)
是一类存在于正常细胞中的、与原癌基因共同调控细胞生长和分化的基因，也称为抗癌基因和隐性癌基因。该类基因之存在可抑制细胞恶变，其丢失或失活（二倍体细胞中二个等位基因都失活）情况下促进细胞癌变。
8、假膜性炎
发生在粘膜的纤维素炎，渗出的纤维素由细胞和坏死的粘膜上皮混合在一起，形成灰白色的膜状物。
11、室壁瘤
冠心病患者大面积心肌梗死后，梗死区域出现室壁扩张、变薄、心肌全层坏死，坏死的心肌逐渐被纤维瘢痕组织所替代，病变区薄层的心室壁向外膨出，心脏收缩时丧失活动能力或呈现反常运动，形成室壁瘤。室壁瘤常见于左心室。
华西口腔考博修复考题原题及答案整理
20XX年1.简述牙体缺损修复的原则●生物学原则：保护余留组织：⏹尽可能保护牙体组织：牙体预备应在符合设计要求的前提尽量减少预备量，达到下列目的：为修复体提供空间，便于修复顺利就位；利于建立正常外形，并形成良好的抗力形和固位形；防止龋坏发生和缺损的发展，利于咬合关系的协调；修复体的颈缘线与外形线应尽可能短，并且与牙体组织精密结合，以防止微渗漏和继发龋的产生；⏹保护牙髓组织：在牙体预备过程中，应该使用冷水降温；制备引导沟控制牙体预备深度，注意髓角和颈部等易穿髓部位；同时在预备完成后予以脱敏和暂时修复体保护。
⏹保护牙周组织：修复体的边缘应形成良好的边缘封闭，边缘无悬突，减小对牙龈的刺激，要求预备及取模时边缘清晰，修复体制作时形成良好的边缘密合；龈下边缘对牙周组织的刺激最大，应尽可能采用龈上或平龈边缘，但在以下情况除外：缺损达到龈下，牙冠高度不足，位于可视美学区域的修复体边缘；根据修复体种类、修复材料及美观要求选择合适的边缘类型；恢复正常的轴面形态和邻面接触；恢复正确的形态：⏹唇颊面形态：正常形态可以维持龈张力，对牙龈产生一定的生理刺激，并形成良好的自洁作用：轴面外形突度过小，会导致食物长期撞击牙龈，形成牙龈损伤；轴面外形突度过大，对牙龈无按摩作用，牙体自洁作用差，长时间会导致牙龈萎缩；⏹邻面形态：正常的接触关系，可以稳定牙位，维持牙弓形态，分散咀嚼压力，防止食物嵌塞；不同牙位触点的位置：前牙位于切缘，前磨牙位于牙合1/3，前磨牙与第一磨牙之间位于颊1/3，磨牙位于中1/3；随着年龄的增加，触点经历了由点到面的变化；邻间隙是位于龈方的外展隙，修复体在此区域应无悬突：⏹切缘和牙合面形态：形成正常牙合面形态；正中咬合、侧方咬合、前伸咬合无干扰；●生物力学原则：形成正确的固位形和抗力性固位形：适宜的聚合度：经典的要求是2°~5°，实际临床工作达不到这样的要求，前牙较为理想的是10°左右，磨牙为19°~22°；长度：预备后的基牙长度应在不影响对颌的情况下，尽可能保证足够长度；附属结构：在聚合度过大或长度不足的情况下，可以增加固位沟、箱状结构、钉洞等以增加固位；就位道：直接修复体可以形成一定倒凹，而间接修复体应避免就位道上的倒凹，并与脱位道形成一定角度，产生锁结作用，只有一条就位道能产生最大的固位作用；抗力性：预备量：足够的牙合面和轴面预备量是良好抗力性的保证，固位沟、箱状结构等附属结构也能增强抗力性功能尖斜面：缺乏功能尖斜面可能造成该处修复体过于薄弱，或外形过大，或牙体预备量过多；在上颌牙的舌尖和下颌牙的颊尖形成功能尖斜面显得尤为必要。
四川大学华西口腔正畸考博试地的题目地的题目库
一.硕士及本科1999年简答题： 1Wylie分析法测量项目。
2Tweed三角意义，拔牙计划制定。
3正颌术前正畸目的。
4牙根吸收的原因、预防。
问答题： 1M/F比率控制牙移动的类型？2前牙支抗增加的方法？3生长型评估、临床中生长型的意义？1998年简答题： 1托槽粘结时近远中位置及角度有何意义？2成人正畸特点？3软组织侧貌，H线、S线、E线、H角、Z角的定点？4矫治力强度与牙移动速度的关系？问答题： 1试述牙颌畸形引起TMD的病因？2试述正畸治疗中怎样防止继发龋和牙周病？3什么叫术前去代偿？术前正畸治疗达到的目标和要求，举例说明。
2004年考研复试1.面部不对称的病因及鉴别诊断（10）2.与牙齿、颌骨发育有关的综合征？（10）3.成人正畸的矫治特点（10）4阻生尖牙可能的处理方式（5）5错合的遗传证据？遗传因素经何种途径产生畸形？（15）6SNA、SNB、ANB、SN－MP在错合诊治中的作用（20）7英文题（不详）8名词解释：正常合复发差动力支抗功能矫形治疗面部生长型控根外展弯箭头卡环过度矫治颏兜（10）2003年考研复试1.正常合的六个关键（10）2.怎样判断生长发育状况（10）3.替牙期不良习惯与错合畸形的关系4.Orthodontics－state of art，essence of science谈谈你对这句话的体会（25）Science生理的基础上牙移动，不能过分唇倾或舌倾代偿，不能过分扩大牙弓，应尽量让牙在牙槽骨中处于正常位置。
对于青春生长发育期可进行功能矫形，而成人则不可，避免出现双重咬合等。
对于错颌畸形的矫治还应该考虑病人的关节问题，避免矫治结束后咬合关系改正却出现关节问题。
对错颌畸形的矫治还应该预测其预后，顺应其生长发育及神经肌肉咀嚼系统的平衡。
Art颜面美观，平衡，协调5.骨性错合的矫治时机、方法和效果（25）2000年考研1试述牙阻力中心、旋转中心和牙移动类型的关系（10）Z212试述颌骨的生长旋转（10）3正畸治疗拔牙应考虑的因素（10）4安氏二类一（二？）分类错合的形态特征、治疗方法及治疗效果（10）二. 华西近年考博正畸试题2001年问答题：1不同组织的生长曲线图。
四川大学华西医学院影像诊断学2018年考博真题试卷
6.急性胰腺炎的影像表现，怎样从影像上区分病变程度
3.急性主动脉综合征的含义病理及影像表现
4.肺空洞鉴别
5.慢性病毒性肝炎肝硬化肝癌的病理进程及影像学检查的意义
6.胰腺炎影像表现及严重程度评判标准
回忆2：
1.PWI和MRS在颅内肿瘤中的应用和鉴别诊断
2.喉癌的临床分型影像表现鉴别诊断写3个以上
3.急性主动脉综合征，影像病理
4.空洞的定义，写出3个肺部空洞疾病并鉴别诊断
四川大学华西医学院
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：影像诊断学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、论述题（100分）
1.灌注和波谱成像在ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ肿瘤诊断和鉴别诊断的作用
2.喉癌临床类型影像表现和鉴别诊断
四川大学华西医学院普外科2019年考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外科）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（7选5，每个5分）
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5P 残胃癌 早期倾倒综合征 原发性硬化性胆管炎 乳腺导管扩张症 壶腹周围癌 MEN2 二、问答题（6选4，每个10分） 1、肝细胞性肝癌的诊断标准及治疗原则 2、甲状腺术后常见并原则及治疗方式 5、主动脉夹层的病因、分型、治疗 6、胰腺假性囊肿的诊断依据和治疗原则
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四川大学华西医学院耳鼻喉外科2017--2019年考博真题
1.梅尼埃病指南2017的诊断要点。
2.儿童分泌性中耳炎的病因、诊断、和治疗。
3.变应性鼻炎指南2015的治疗要点。
4.喉癌的分区分期、治疗原则。
四川大学华西医院
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：耳鼻喉科学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
四川大学华西医院
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：耳鼻喉外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释和问答题（共8题，在一起，5×8分）
1.Dandy综合征
2.LPR OSAHS
3.听神经病
4.婴幼儿听力筛查与康复原则
四川大学华西医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：耳鼻喉外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（4分*10个）
1.Frays综合症
2.上颌窦癌On…法
3.OSAHS
4.LPR
5. BPPV
6.面隐窝
7.咽淋巴环
பைடு நூலகம்8.听神经病
9.NBI技术
10.corti器
一、名词解释(4*10分)
1.LVAS
2.前庭性偏头痛
3.Haller气房
4.阿司匹林耐受不良三联征
5.OSAHS
6.声带沟
7.BAHA
8.颈部分区
9.BPPV
10.面隐窝
二、简答题(6*7分)
1.声带的分层结构
华西03考博英语试题
华西03考博英语试题English Examination Paper (For Non-English Major Doctoral Candidates) Dec.2003PartⅠ. Listening Comprehension (10%) (Omitted)PartⅡ. V ocabulary and Structures(10%)16. Those who ___ the weather as a conventional opening seem to be ignorant of the reason why human beings wish to talk.A) dispose B)dispatch C)dismiss D)despise17. Man beings life with a cry and ends it in stillness; in the___ he does all he can to make a noise in the world.A) intervention B) interval C) eclipse D) elapse18. Cowboy artists____ a romantic vision of the Old West witha historically accurate depiction of that way of life.A) provide B)offer C)blend D)associate19. As the moist sea air travels inland toward the mountains, ___ occurs.A) prevalence B) precipice C)precipitation D)downpour20 .If fish were to become curious about the world, it would never ____ to them to begin by investigating water.A) come B)refer C)get D)occur21. Maturation refers to the ___ of the infant’s biological potential.A) undoing B) unclosing C)unfolding D)unsealing22. Subordinating individual tastes to harmony of the group is ___ to the Western citizens.A) reflective B) repellent C) redefining D) recoverable23. A dollar bill is a subjective and unstable token of purchasing power, and not at all ___ with the things it can buy.A) sympathetic B) identical C) unified D)universal24. The dynamics of the two-party system has been very unhelpful in the search for positions on the middle ground.A) feasible B) liable C) viable D) navigable25. The casual gang delinquent is less ___ to the gang. His association with the gang is loose.A) compelled B) committed C) compromised D)compliedPart Ⅲ. Reading Comprehension (25%)PassageⅠ Questions 36-40For hundreds of years, farmers have selected and bred plants and animals to favor,or bring out, characteristics they desired. For example, cows that produced large amounts of milk were selected for breeding, while poor milk producers were not allowed to reproduce. In like manner, horses were bred for speed and strength. Those having these desired characteristics were selected for breeding. Over time, these preferred breeds became more common than earlier,less desired types.This selective breeding is called artificial selection.In this passage, Camp and Arms explain how this same process occurs naturally.The theory of evolution by natural selection was put forward in a joint presentation of the views of Charles Darwin and Alfred Russell Waliace before the Linnaean Society of London in 1858. Darwin and Wallace were not the first to suggest that evolution occurred; but their name are linked with the idea of evolution because they proposed the theory of natural selection as the mechanism by which evolution occurs. We are always more likely to believe in a process when people explain how it happens than if they merely assert that it dose.The theory of evolution by means of natural selection is based on three observations. First, as we can see by comparingone cat or human being with another, the members of species differ from one another, that is, there is variation among individuals of the same species. Second, some (though not all) of the differences between individuals are inherited. (Other differences are not inherited. But are caused by different environment. For instance, two plants with identical genes may grow to different sizes if one of them is planted in poor soil,) third, more organisms are born than live to grow up and reproduce: many organisms die as embryos or seeds, as samplings, nestlings, or larvae.Inherited characteristics that improve an organism’s chances of living and reproducing will be more common in the next generation and those that decrease its chances of reproducing will be less common. Various genes or combinations of genes will be naturally selected for or against, from one generation to the next, depending on how they affect reproductive potential.For natural selection to cause a change in a population from one generation to the next(that is, to cause evolution), it is not necessary that all genes affect survival and reproduction; the same result occurs if just some genes makes an individual more likely to grow up and reproduce.36. The main difference between natural and artificial selection is that human beings ________.A. control the direction of artificial selectionB. control the direction of natural selectionC. make new genes in artificial selectionD. make new genes in natural selection37. Which of the following is not an example of artificial selection?A. The selection by a farmer of the best milk-producing cows for breeding.B. A breeder’s allowing only the fastest horses to reproduceC. The selection for reproduction of the best egg-laying chickens by the farmerD. An increase in the number of giraffes with long necks because of a decline in the number of low-lying plants used for feeding38. Which statement is false?A. Members of species differ from one anotherB. differences between individuals are inheritedC. Two organisms with identical genes may grow to different sizesD. More organisms are born than live to reproduce39. What do people most probably believe in about a process?A. Its definitionB. Its explanationC. Its examplesD. Its main differences40. In the new generation, inherited characteristics that decrease its chances of reproducing will be _____.A. more commonB. necessaryC. less commonD. less necessaryPassage 2 Questions 41-45Pronouncing a language is a skill. Every normal person is expert in the skill of pronouncing his own language, but few people are even moderately proficient at pronouncing foreign languages. There are many reasons for this, some obvious, someperhaps not so obvious. But I suggest that the fundamental reason why people in general do not speak foreign languages very much better than they do is that they fail to grasp the true nature of the problem of learning to pronounce, and consequently never set about tackling it in the right way. Far too many people fail to realize that pronouncing a foreign language is a skill—one that needs careful training of a special kind, and one that cannot be acquired by just leaving it to take care of itself.I think even teachers of language, while recognizing the importance of a good accent, tend to neglect, in their practical teaching, the branch of study concerned with speaking the language. So the first point I want to make is that English pronunciation must be taught; the teacher should be prepared to devote some of the lesson time to this, and by his whole attitude to the subject should get the student to feel that this is a matter worthy of receiving his close attention. So, there should be occasions when other aspects of English, such as grammar or spelling are allowed for the moment to take second place.Apart from the question of the time given to pronunciation, there are too other requirements for the teacher, the first, knowledge; the second, technique.It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the necessary information. This can generally be obtained from books. It is possible to get from books some ideas of the mechanism of speech, and of what we call general phonetic theory. It is also possible in this way to get a clear mental picture of the relationship between the sounds of different languages, between the speech habits of English people and those, say, of your students. Unless the teacher has such a picture, any comments he may make on h is students’ pronunciation areunlikely to be of much use, and lesson time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.But it dose not follow that you can teach pronunciation successfully use you make of your knowledge, and this is a matter of technique.Now the first and most important part of a language te acher’s technique is his own performance, his ability to demonstrate the spoken language in every detail of articulation as well as influent speaking, so that the student’s latent capacity for imitation is given the fullest scope and encouragement. The teacher, then should be as perfect a model in this respect as he can make himself. And to supplement his own pronounce, however satisfactory this may be, the modern teacher has at his disposal recordings and radio, to supply the authentic voices of native speakers, or, if the teacher happens to be a native speaker himself, or speaks just like one, then to vary the method of presenting the language material.However, the process of demonstrating pronunciation, whether by personal example or by mechanical means, is only the beginning of teaching pronunciation. The technique of teaching the individual sounds also needs to be considered.41. What dose the writer actually say about pronouncing foreign language?A Only a few people are really proficient.B No one is really in the skill.C There aren’t many people who are even fairly good.D There are even some people who are moderately proficient.42.The best way of learning to speak a foreign language, he suggests, is by___.A picking it up naturally as a child.B learning from a native speakerC not concentrating on pronunciation as suchD undertaking systematic work43.The value the student puts on correct speech habits depends upon___.A how closely he attends to the matterB whether it is English that is being taughtC his teacher’s approach to pronunciationD the importance normally given to grammar and spelling44.What is the main point the auther makes about imitation of the teacher?A It is a matter of secondary importanceB Students should be given every opportunity for itC It depends on the student’s abilityD Teachers are perfect models for students to imitate45.Demonstrating pronunciation is to be regarded asA an initial processB an exercise of value in itselfC an example of the use mechanical aidsD a technique for teaching separate soundsPassage 3 Questions 46-50Insects have inhabited the earth for well over 300 million years, and dutnny that time they have evolved onto an almost unbehavable vartety of .. The astronomical numbers involved in ant discussion of the insect world are difficult for the imagination to grasp. There are probably more than a million different species of them,compared with a mere 20,000 species of all other animals, and according to the best estimates roughly 1018 individual insects are living at any given time.Most insects are completely harmless to man, and many aredirectly beneficial. Only about one-tenth of one percent of the insect world consists of species, harmful to man, but throughout human history these have a persistent threat. Many infectious diseases are transmitted to man by i nsects. Perhaps even more important insects are man’s principal competitors(indeed his only serious competitors) for food. Nearly 40 percent of the world’s food crops is destroyed by inse cts each year.The battle against harmful insects has been fought for thousands of years, but man has never gained more than a transitory advantage. Whenever man has concentrated on significant numbers and practiced any form of agriculture, the insect populations are on record from as far back as 1,000B.C.. An uneasy balance has occasionally been achieved, in which a certain percentage of each crop has been abandoned to the insects in hopes that the remaining yield would be sufficient for human needs. Whenever various circumstances, including man’s own mismanagement of th e environment, have upset this balance and allowed the insect population to explode, the result has been a graphic demonstration of man’s inability to attain mastery over insects.The methods employed to control the growth of undesirable insects can be classified as biological, chemical, cultural, reproductive, mechanical and physical control.None of the above types of control, used by itself, has ever proved to be more than a tempory solution to the insect problem, but an integrated approach utilizing combination of these methods can keep insect population down to point when farming remains ecnonmcal. No method, however, offers any hope that unwanted insects will ever be eliminated altogether.46. According to the passage, there are probably morethan___ different species of insects.A.1,018B.20,000C. a millionD. 300 million47. Which of the following is not true?A. Most insects are beneficial, but some are completely harmful to man.B. Insects transmit many infectious disease to man.C. A large percentage of food crops is destroyed by insects each year.D. Insects have evolved very quickly during the last 300 million years.48. The word “transitory”(Line 2, para.3) in the passage means____.A. eternalB. temporaryC. greatD. distinctive49. According to the passage, we can achieve occasional balance _____.A. if we live up practicing any form of agricultureB. if we give up a certain percentage of each crop to the insects.C. if we make great efforts to reduce insect populations like what we did in 1,000 B.CD. if we allow the insect population to explode50. According to the fifth paragraph, ______A. we have no methods to control insectsB. we can eliminate the unwanted insects altogetherC. we can keep insect populations down by using the combinations of the methodsD. we have no hope of controlling the unwanted insects at allPassage 4. Questions 51-55Thirty years ago the Today progrom was unpredictable to the point of chaos with presenter Jack da Manio improvising and adlibbing and thinking aloud, always eager for a joke or a prank. Through the studio trooped a procession of English eccentrics- a man who ate light bulbs, another who ate spiders, a chap who was touring the country leapfrogging all the pillar boxes, a hard-headed individual who could play rule Britannia by hitting himself on the head with a nine-inch spanner—and many another. Talking dogs and singing cats were almost common place.By the mid-70s, however, Today had got to the point where, for example, it had an one morning Libby Purves making the first “live” radio broadcast from China, someone else in Dublin covering the pope’s visit, another presenter in Margate where the Laberals were conferring, and an anchorman in London.When you have reached this stage, there is no room for talking dogs, and humour and whimsy have to be confined to odd comers.Despite its more serious approach, however, T oday has somehow retained its character and its tone of voice. And being a live, high-risk program, it can still go homhly wrong. Only recently an eminent doctor launched into a lengthy on-air harangue against the production team and refused to listen to the questions he was supposed to be answering. Such thing can always happen- and so can studio rows, sometimes even involving the presenters. There was a memorable spat not long ago when a rattled Nigel Lawson accused Redhead of being awell-known supporter of the Labour party.But rows or no rows, Today is where the ministers and would-be ministers want to be heard. As Brian Redhead is fond of saying: “if you want to plant a ward in the nation’s ear, come on today.” His other favorite remark is: We set the agenda for the day.” Both statements ar e true of a progrom with a steady weekly audience of 6 million—easily the largest on Radio 4.51.Which is the following refers to the “pillar box”(Paragraph)?A. A small postbox that is fastened on the wall.B. A round postbox that found in the post office.C. A squire postbox that is set into the wall.D. A tube-shaped type of postbox that stands in the street.52. Before the 1970s, the T oday program used to be quite a ____A. serious programB. humorous programC. religious programD. political program53.According to the passage, the Today program is _____A. extremely influentialB. becoming less popularC. fairly timidD. politically biased54.Which of the following examples is given to show the program sometimes dose not go according to plan?A. Libby Purves had an argument with Nigel Lawson.B. Someone hit himself on the head in the streetC. Someone leapfrogged pillar boxes in the streetD. A doctor declined to answer the set questions55. By saying “We set the agenda for the day”, Brain Redhead means ____A. we have plants every dayB. we have all kinds of programsC. we know what happens every dayD. we can be heard every dayPassage 5. Questions 56-60The social sciences are less likely than other intellectual enterprises to get credit for their accomplishments. Arguably, this is so because the theories and conceptual constructs of the social scientists are especially accessible: human intelligence apprehends truths about human affairs with particular facility. And the discoveries of the social sciences, once isolated and labeled are quickly absorbed into conventional wisdom, whereupon they lose their distinctiveness as scientific advances.This underappreciation of the social sciences contrasts oddly with what many see as their overutilization Game theory is pressed into service in studies of shifting international alliance. Evaluation research is called upon to demonstrate successes or failures of social programs. Models from economies and demography become the definitive tools for examining the financial base of social security. Yet this rush into practical applications is itself quite understandable; public policy must continually be made and policy makers rightly feel that even tentative findings and untested theories are better guides to decision-making than no findings and no theories at all.56. The social sciences are less likely to get credit because the theories and discoveries are likely to meet with ___A. underappreciationB.overutilizationC. distinctivenessD. practical application57. The author is primarily concerned with____A. advocating a more modest view, and less wide-spread utilization, of the social sciencesB. analyzing the mechanisms for translating discoveries into applications in the social scienceC. dissolving the air of paradox inherent in human beings studying themselvesD. explaining a peculiar dilemma that the social sciences are in58. Which is the following is a social science discipline that the author mentions as being possibly overutilized?A. conventional theories of social changeB.Game theoryC. decision-making theoryD.Systems analysis59. It can be inferred from the passage that,when speaking of the “overutilization” of the social sciences, the author is referring to the ____A. premature practical application of social science advancesB. habitual reliance on the social science even where common sense would serve equally wellC. use of social science constructs by people who do not fully understand themD. tendency on the part of social scientists to recast everyday truths in social science jargon60.The author confronts the claim that the social sciences are being overutilized with ____A. evidence that some public policy is made without anyrecourse to social science findings of theoriesB. a long list of social science application that are perfectly appropriate and extremely fruitfulC. proof that over extensions of social science results are self-correctingD. the observation that this practice represents the lesser of two evils under existing circumstancesPart ⅣTranslation(40%,40 minutes)Section A: (20%, 20 minutes)In contrast to symbiotic union, mature love is union under the condition of preserving one’s integrity, one’s individuality. Love is an active power in man, a power which breaks through the walls which separate man from his fellow man, which unites him with others; which makes him overcome the sense of isolation and separateness, yet it permits him to be himself. In love the paradox occurs that two beings become one and yet remain two.It is hardly necessary to stress the fact that the ability to love as an act of giving depends on the character development of the person. It presupposes the attainment of a predominantly productive orientation; in this orientation the person has overcome dependency, narcissistic omnipotence, the wish to exploit others, or to heard, and has acquired faith in his own human powers, courage to rely on his powers in the attainment of his goals. To the degree that these qualities are lacking, he is afraid of giving himself—hence of loving.Section B: (20%,20 minutes)不断提高工人、农民、知识分子和其他劳动群众以及全体人民的思想道德素质和科学问化素质，不断提高他们的劳动技能和创造才能，充分发挥他们的积极性主动性创造性，是我们必须履行的第一要务。
四川大学华西医学院神经病学2012--2019年考博真题
3.MREEF
4.丛集性头疼
5.脊髓半切综合症
6.
二、简答题（每题8分）
1.帕金森病治疗的常用药物及用药原则
2.脑脊液对中枢性感染的诊断意义
3.AD的诊断标准
4.视神经脊髓炎的诊断及治疗
5.动眼神经危相的治疗
三、论述题（每题15分）
1.抗癫痫药物的分类及用药原则。
2.青年卒中的危险因素，如何检查及处理。
三、论述2个1个15分
1、试述癫痫和癫痫综合征的分类。
2、试述心源性与非心源性缺血性卒中的二级预防现状。
四川大学华西医院
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经病学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（全英文6题，每题5分）
1.cross hemiplegia
四川大学华西医学院
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：神经内科学（神经病学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释(全是英文)6分一题*5
克雅病
紧张性头痛
自动症
淀粉样变性
脑淀粉样血管病
线粒体肌炎脑病
二、简答题8分*5
1.髓内病变、髓外病变的鉴别
2.失神发作和复杂部分发作的鉴别
一、名词解释
1、hornor综合征
2、NMO
3、朊蛋白病
4、难治性癫痫
5、Meige征
二、问答题
1、癫痫持续状态的定义及治疗
2、帕金森的诊断，鉴别诊断和治疗
4.格林巴利综合症的类型及特点。
5.神经变性性痴呆有哪几种及其特点。
1995-2018华西博士考试局部解
2018年解剖学试题一、名词解释（12选10）1.心包斜窦2.尿生殖膈3.椎动脉三角4.胃后动脉5.踝管6.骨纤维孔7.前庭小脑8.Trigone of biadder9.Triangle ducts arteriosus 10.Projection fibers teroconal fascia Humeromuscular hummel 12.肱骨肌管二、问答题1.侧脑室的结构、位置及毗邻。
2.尿道骑跨伤解释尿外渗的解剖原因。
3.肛门括约肌的结构、神经支配及临床意义。
4.内侧丘系的形成、行程、毗邻和损伤后症状。
5.颈部外侧深淋巴结位置、走行及注群。
6.心脏的神经支配。
7.手掌层次结构。
8.描述胸骨平面10个解剖结构。
9.髋关节囊的组成、韧带和血供。
10.硬膜外麻醉穿刺的进针点和层次。
11.肝段划分的范围、第一肝段毗邻。
12.胰头的血供和毗邻。
2017年解剖学试题一、名词解释（12选6）1.third porta hepatis2.Hypogastric nerve3.坐骨肛门窝前隐窝4.枕下三角5.Adductor hiayus6.封套筋膜7.头皮8.Retzius veins9.Cavernous sinus 10.动脉导管三角11.肱骨肌管12.Medial lemniscus二、问答题1.简述上纵膈的主要器官和分层排列情况。
2.简述腰神经通道的解剖学特点。
3.紧贴上下肢骨面行走的神经有哪些？损伤后有何表现？4.简述腋淋巴结的分群、位置和引流范围。
5.由腹膜所形成的脾韧带有哪些？韧带间有哪些结构通过？6.十二指肠的走行、分布、第三段毗邻关系。
7.肾旁前间隙的周界、内容和临床意义。
8.在正常前倾屈位下子宫各部的毗邻。
9.直肠的结构特点和血供。
10.腹壁浅筋膜性层附着及该积血区的通连（有图）。
11.内囊结构、通行结构（上下行投射纤维及名称）、血供及损伤后的临床表现。
12.描述颈部血供情况（颈内、外总动脉的位置、走行及分支情况，重点描述颈外动脉及动脉分支及甲状腺血供）。
四川大学华西医学院考博试题
考博详解与指导局部解剖学：一、名词解释：颈动脉窦，肺根，面部危险三角区，膀胱直肠陷凹，胆囊三角，(还有一个想不起了)二、问答题：(9选7)1.临床作气管切开的位置，经过的层次，切开过深可损伤的器官，过低可造成什么后果2.盆腹部消化管道的动脉血供及来源3.上、下腔静脉系的吻合支4.腹部器官、结构的体表投影(至少10个)5.子宫的位置，及影响其位置的因素6.股三角的内容、排列及交通7.腮腺肿大可压迫那些结构8.颈根部的结构9.左右纵隔之间的血管、神经名称及位置病理真题1，名词解释：肉芽组织，老化，autopsy,瘘管，转移钙化，紫癜，类白血病反应，肺褐色硬化，纤维素样坏死2，选择题：老样子很简单3，简答体：肿瘤增生和非肿瘤增生的区别。
病案讨论：冠心病及其合并症有关的。
为什么说淤血总是病理性的?说出3种胃肠道的肉芽肿性炎。
说出3种病理诊断方法及其特点。
肿瘤的TNM分期，举例1个第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions）1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？）这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。
这是一个必问的问题。
考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA。
下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。
大学期间，我曾在一家服装店打工，我发现我能轻而易举地将东西推销出去。
销售固然重要，但对我来说，更重要的是要确信顾客能够满意。
不久便有顾客返回那家服装店点名让我为他们服务。
我很有竞争意识，力求完美对我很重要。
”In high school I was involved in competitive sports and I always tried to improve in each sport I participated in.As a college student,I worked in a clothing store part-time and found that I could sell things easily.The sale was important,but for me,it was even more important to make sure that the customer was satisfied.It was not long before customers came back to the store and specifically asked for me to help them.I’m very competitive and it means a lot to me to be the best.2、What would you like to be doing five years after graduation?（在毕业以后5年内你想做些什么？）你要清楚你实际上能胜任什么。
四川大学华西医学院口腔组织病理学2004--2014,2016--2019年考博真题
限制板，
sharpey fiber，
retinioc acid sydrom，
肿瘤分化
问答：二、简答题
1、牙槽骨的结构及生物学特点，临床意义
2、囊性成釉细胞瘤的类型，病理表现及鉴别诊断
3、列举你所知道的口腔黏膜病损。具有基底细胞液化变性的病的病理
4、低度恶性的上皮的涎腺肿瘤列举3种并鉴别，组化和免疫组化在鉴别诊断中的应用
四川大学华西医院
2009年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔组织病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
四川大学华西医院
2010年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔组织病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
一、名词解释30分
transparent dentine，chronic hyperplastic pulpties，myoepithelial cell
二、问答题70分
1.上皮源性良性牙源性肿瘤有哪几种？
2.请举例说明其中一个有局部侵袭性的肿瘤临床病理表现
3.慢性牙周炎宿主防御机制的双重作用
4.描述口腔粘膜原位癌临床病理表现及应用免疫组织化学染色进行诊断和鉴别诊断
oralpharyngeal membrane (6分)
branchial cleft cyst (8分)
二、简答题
1、简述牙乳头在牙发育中的重要作用（18分）
2、描述活动期牙周炎光镜下病理表现（18分）
3、基底膜区的构成和结构？良性黏膜类天疱疮的发病机理？（22分）
4、从临床表现、病理特征、生物学行为等方面对成釉细胞瘤和牙源性腺样瘤进行比较？（22分）
四川大学华西医学院肿瘤学2018年考博真题考博试卷
攻 读 博 士 学 位 研 究 生 入 学 考 试 试 卷
医学考博真题试卷
四川大学பைடு நூலகம்西医学院
2018 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：肿瘤学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释 1.肿瘤异型性 2. 原癌基因 3.新辅助化疗 4.CTC 5.EMT 二、5 个判断 5 个选择较简单 三、简答题 1.肺癌驱动基因及靶向药 2.免疫检测点抑制剂类型 3.乳腺癌内分泌治疗指针和治疗原则 4.鼻咽癌临床表现 四、论述题 1.病毒和肿瘤及病毒疫苗
四川大学华西医学院口腔颌面外科学2019年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
四川大学华西医院
第1页 共1页
2019 年攻读博学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：口腔颌面外科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释（25 分） 1. 负载骨固位 2. 颞下颌关节紊乱综合征 3. 肿瘤微环境 4. 临界瘤 5. load bearing osteosynthsis 6. socket preservation
二、论述题（75 分） 1. 眼眶骨折导致复视的机制及诊断方法 2. 腭裂的并发症及防治 3. 关节盘前移位的临表及导致面部畸形的机制 4. 肿瘤的外科治疗现状及发展 5. 切割牙冠、分根、去骨的方法及优缺点。
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今年考了华西的口腔博士，其中病理题的问答题（占总分80%），题目量少。
记得比较清楚，在这里再现一下，以飨后来者：
问答题：（80%）
1.慢性成人牙周炎活动期的临床病理表现
2.阐述口腔粘膜基底膜的结构和各部分的功能，并以此分析粘膜良性类天疱疮的病理机制
3.阐述牙乳头的作用和功能
4.阐述成釉细胞瘤和含牙囊肿的病理表现，并对其进行比较
华西08口腔组织病理
名词解释
1 硬化牙本质2口咽膜3腮裂囊肿（英文）
Sclerotic dentin
Orapharyngeal membrane
Branchial cleft cyst （branchial tract cyst）
简答
1.简述牙乳头在牙发育中的作用
2.慢性牙周炎活动期光镜下的病理变化
3.基底膜区的结构和功能，良性粘膜类天疱疮的发病机制
4.从临床病理，生物学特性的角度对成釉细胞瘤和牙源性腺样瘤进行比较和鉴别
华西2004口腔考博病理试题
一、名词解释
1 pulp polyp
2 Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (还有几个比较简单)
二、问答
牙本质中的有机成分及可能的功能（20分）
牙周组织的功能（10分）
牙周炎中炎症介质及细胞因子的作用机理（20）
具有恶性肿瘤生物学特点的牙源性良性肿瘤有哪些？请举三例并说出病理特征。
（25）
华西08考研综合
名词解释：8个，每个5分，共40分。
涉及间隙管理、sialoadenosis、牙龈素、窝沟封闭、观测线
问答：每题15分，共6题
牙龈出血的原因？
舍格伦综合征的临床病理。
氟防龋的方法和作用机制。
（07年考过）
如何减少固定桥桥体的负担。
肯I、II类缺失如何降低游离端基牙损伤。
牙尖交错合正常的标志。
四川大学华西医学部2002年口腔组织病理学（硕士）
一、名词解释
1、非釉原蛋白
2、oxytalan纤维（弹性纤维）
3、限制板
4、口腔粘膜
5、腮腺囊
6、神经嵴
7、被动萌出
8、错角化
9、囊肿 10、上皮异常增生
二、简答题 1、B1颈部牙周组织矢状切面，由唇向舌侧依次可有那些组织结构。
2、何谓牙周炎？菌斑在牙周炎发生的意义。
3、艾滋病有那些口腔表现（病名） 4、何谓白斑？试述白斑的病理学诊断依据 5、上皮隔在牙根发育中的作用。
三、论述题 1、例举一牙源性上皮伴有牙硬组织形成的肿瘤，并试述其病理学变化及生物学特征 2、试述口腔鳞状细胞癌的病理学的改变及其分级方法和意义
四川大学华西医学部2003年口腔内科学（硕士）
一、简答题：
1. 逐步后退法
2. 根管预备
3. 龋病活跃性检测方法及其根据
4. 试举二例常发于儿童口腔黏膜的疾病并述其临床特征
二、名词解释：牙体牙髓复合体
三、填空：
四川大学华西医学部2003年口腔组织病理学（硕士）
一、试写出英文并解释
1、牙龈瘤
2、上皮异常增生
3、糜烂
4、溃疡
5、不典型增生
6、菌斑
二、论述题
1、根端囊肿为粘液囊肿的临床、病理、预后、起源的异同点。
2、多形性腺瘤的病理、肉眼所见、生物学行为？
3、牙胚发育的分期与牙体形成的关系
4、牙周组织与牙体的附着（图示＋文字说明）
5、试述结合上皮生理位置和炎症时的病理改变
6、白斑与扁平苔癣的病理改变
7、修复性牙本质形成的生物学意义
8、试述牙体组织的增龄变化
9、用胚胎学原理分析牙源性肿瘤的发生
10、牙髓牙体复合体从临床、病理、组织发育角度论述他们的关系
11、拔牙术后的愈合过程 12、腮腺混合瘤的组织发生（两个学说）
四川大学华西医学部2004年口腔组织病理学（硕士）
一、名词解释：（6分×4个） 1. Apoptosis; 2. transparent dentin; 3. serres 腺； 4. ？
二、问答：（105分：每题17～18分）
1. 慢性牙髓炎的分型及临床表现；
2. 简述牙源性角化囊肿与成釉细胞瘤的组织发生、临床表现、X线异同；
3. 试述几种自身免疫性粘膜病及其临床表现及区别；
4. 病理切片的制取原则及制作步骤；
5. 免疫组化技术与涎腺肿瘤的鉴别、诊断的应用；
6. 牙周膜的组成与功能及变化；
四川大学华西医学部2003年口腔外科修复（硕士）口外 1、上颌窦癌的临床表现 2、现代正颌外科的概念及主要步骤 3、唇腭裂序列治疗的概念及内容 4、口腔颌面部创伤引起窒息的常见原因修复 1、简述固定义齿的基本原则及扩大适应症的方法 2、K I类的设计原则 3、全口义齿固位不良的表现及原因。