跨文化交际案例 用文化维度分析

Phonology: Phonology is the study of the sounds of human Phonology:
language and their patterns. Two branches: phonetics and phonology. Phonetics deals with how to pronounce a word, phonology deals with why the word should be pronounced in the way we pronounce it.
Pragmatics: pragmatics is the study of the Pragmatics:
effect of language on human behavior.
Semantics: semantics is the study of meaning and reference in human language. In human language systems, a word may have several meanings, and many words have the same meaning. In human language, two types of meaning have been identified: linguistic meaning and the speaker’s meaning. LM is the dictionary meaning, the literal meaning of the expression without any reference to the feeling of the speaker. SM depends on the intention of the speaker.
Creole: when a pidgin language begins to acquire native speakers and becomes the permanent language of a region, it is called a creole. People tend to believe both pidgin and creole languages lack cultural potential, they are undervalued and inadequately understood. Thus, the social status of creole speakers are low even today. Lingua Franca: it is a compound language. It often develops in an area where groups of people speak diverse languages; when a given language known to all is used by common agreement for the purpose of communication, it is lingua franca.
Jargon: refers to the special or technical vocabularies developed to meet the special needs of particular professions such as medicine and law. Argot: is a language that is peculiar to itself, in which the meaning of a word is changed or reversed. Taboo: refers to behaviors that are forbidden or that should be avoided. Thus, words that are not polite for a society are considered taboo.
Dialects: dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people. Social dialect is a distinct form of a language spoken by people belonging to a specific socioeconomic class. Pidgins: also called contact or marginal languages, have most often developed as a result of colonization in military-occupied areas. Two properties: no native speakers, the linguistic and grammatical structure is always simple and based on one or two other languages.
No language is fixed or unvarying. To survive, all languages must undergo changes. Change in a language is based on the concept of time.
Variations of Human Language
Every structural level of human language is regulated by its own grammatical rules and principles.
Meanings of the language reside in people, not in words. The meanings of a language are dependent on cultural experience, not on words themselves.
Language and Culture
Language determines our culture: language not only transmits but also shapes our thinking, beliefs, and attitudes. In other words, language is a guide to culture—a major tenet of the writings of Edward Sapir. Language reflects our attitudes: language merely reflects—rather than shapes—our thinking, beliefs, and attitudes. Language reflects the degree of power one can wield. Just as language exerts control, it can reflect lack of control.
Morphology: Morphology:
Morphology is the study of words and word building.
The Structure of Human Language
Syntax: syntax is Syntax:
the study of the structure of sentences and phrases.
Unit 4
Language and Culture
1 3 2 3
Introduction Understanding Human Language Language-and-culture
4 5 3
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Grammatical Points in Reading I and II
Introduction: what we are going to learn?
Understand the structure of human language Understand the characteristics of language Be able to distinguish the variations of human language Understand the relationship between language and culture Understand how the two are related
According to Sapir, language is the medium of expression for human society, and it conditions our thinking about social problems and processes. Because each culture possesses a unique lexicon and grammar, no culture reality can ever be fully explained by members of one culture to those of another. According to Whorf, the linguistic system of each language is itself the shaper of ideas. Language not only programs our mental activity but also guides our analysis of impressions. Whorf considered language the originator of culture. Language controls the human beings’ cognitive system in the process of interaction, and this in turn systematically patterns the human beings’ experience.
来自百度文库
The Structure of Human Language
Linguistics is the scientific study of human language, it generally examines how human beings use language as symbols in the communication process. Linguistics is comprised of five areas of study: morphology, phonology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Among the five components, semantics and pragmatics have special importance for intercultural communication.
Language stands if place of “reality”, ” yet a symbol is never equal to the reality to which it refers. The same reality can be represented by different symbols
Characteristics of Language
Human language has four characteristics: symbolic, rule-governed, subjective, dynamic.
Dynamic
Subjective
Rule-governed
Symbolic