cohesion and coherence语篇分析 衔接手段
CohesionandCoherence资料
二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
②Core six cooking apples. Put them into a fireproof dish. These are red ones, but they are not so delicious.
Them—指称，表示前面的apples These—指示，指前面的them和apples So—比较，把这些苹果与其他的相比较。
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution)
一、 Reference —— 照应
A participant or circumstantial element introduced at one place in the text can be taken as a reference point for something that follows.
personal reference demonstrative reference comparative reference
人称照应 指示照应 比较照应
(13 14)商务语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯解析
二、衔接手段
包括：语法衔接（grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接（lexical cohesion)
1. grammatical cohesion （语法衔接)
Halliday and Hasan (1976)identify four major devices with which to achieve grammatical cohesion, that is, reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction. 1.1. Reference / anaphora （照应） For example: The manager likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it.
Second, the decision-making process of Chinese companies is generally slow and time-consuming. This is because most Chinese companies keep to the “bottom-up, then top-down and then bottomup” decision making principle which involves many people at different levels. American companies, on the other hand, usually operate with quick decisions made by the top management. I hope American businessmen in China will understand these differences and adjust to the Chinese way. 译文
Discourse：Cohesion and Coherence语篇的衔接和连贯
Halliday and Hasan 观点
记录
• 衔接是一种非结构性语篇关系，它侧重于句间不同成分之间的语 义联系。
• 他们把形成衔接的非结构性意义关系分为五种类型： • 1. 指代 （reference）； 2. 替代 （substitution）； • 3. 省略 （ellipsis）； 4. 连接 （conjunction）； • 5. 词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）
2. 替代 （substitution）
记录
• Eg：He has his own positive opinion on all matters；not an unwise one，for his own ends； and will ask no advice of yours.
• Eg: Darcy took up a book； Miss Bingley did the same.
记录
• With all the above cohesive devices combined，we have our own way on how to combine some sentences together in writing a text.
Relationship between cohesion and coherence
语篇的特点
记录
• 与句子相比较，语篇有自己的特点。 • 语篇不是一连串孤立的句子的简单组合，而是一个语义上的整体
；换言之，它有表达整体意义的特点。 • 在语言形式上，篇内各句、段之间存在着粘连性，如连接、替代
衔接
Cohesion and CoherenceCohesion is the glue that holds a piece of writing together. In other words, if a paper is cohesive, it sticks together from sentence to sentence and from paragraph to paragraph.Cohesion can be thought of as all the grammatical and lexical links that link one part of a text to another. This includes use of synonyms, lexical sets, pronouns, verb tenses, time references, grammatical reference, etc.衔接语篇的有形网络连贯语篇的无形网络语段中的句际关系从逻辑意义来看，语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。
构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系，分述如下：1）平列关系平列关系指句与句之间处于平等并立的地位，互不相属，只是组合起来，共同说明一个话题。
按平列关系组织起来的句群，在次序上并不固定，如果局部改变句子的相互位置并不改变整个语段的意义。
例如：All the people on our block give us trouble．Mrs Brown calls the police whenever we go to play ball on the street．Mrs Johnson complains that skateboarding makes too much noise．If we happen to stray into Mr Hardy's yard，he yells at us．街区里所有的人都跟我们过不去：每逢我们在街上踢球，布朗太太就打电话叫警察；我们一玩溜冰车，约翰逊太太就抱怨太吵闹；如果我们偶尔误入哈代先生家的院子，他就对我们大声呵斥。
刘润清《新编语言学教程》笔记和课后习题(含考研真题)详解(7-12章)【圣才出品】
第7章语篇分析7.1复习笔记本章要点：1.Discourse and discourse analysis语篇及语篇分析2.Given and new information已知信息与新信息3.Cohesion and coherence衔接与连贯4.Conversational analysis对话分析常考考点：语篇及语篇分析的定义；已知信息与新信息的异同；衔接手段包括指称、替代、省略、连接与词汇衔接；语篇标记的定义与特征；对话分析中的配组会话、偏好结构及前序列；批判性语篇分析。
本章内容索引：I.Definition of discourse and discourse analysisrmation structure1.Given and new information2.Topic and comment3.ContrastIII.Cohesion and coherence1.Cohesion.(1)Reference(2)Substitution(3)Ellipsis(4)Conjunction(5)Lexical cohesion2.CoherenceIV.Discourse markers1.Definition2.Functional-pragmatic nature3.Features of discourse markersV.Conversational analysis1.Adjacency pairs2.Preference structure3.PresequencesVI.Critical discourse analysisI.Definition of discourse and discourse analysis(语篇及语篇分析的定义)1.Discourse(语篇)A general term for examples of language use,nguage which has been produced as the result of an act of communication.It refers to the larger units of language such as paragraphs, conversations,and interviews.泛指语言的运用，也就是说，语篇是人们进行交流的产物。
语篇分析——精选推荐
语篇分析语篇的衔接⼿段cohesion and coherence 衔接与连贯他们系统地将衔接分为五⼤类：照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。
其中前三类属于语法⼿段，第四类属于逻辑⼿段，最后⼀类属于词汇衔接⼿段。
照应（reference）是⼀些起信号作⽤的词项。
它们不能像⼤多数词项那样本⾝可作出语义理解，⽽只能通过照应别的词项来说明信息（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:31）。
照应分为外照应（exophora）和内照应（endophora）。
内照应⼜可分为下照应（或称后照应）（anaphora）和上照应（或称前照应）（cataphora）。
外照应指独⽴于上下⽂之外的词项。
内照应指意义依赖于上下⽂的词项。
下照应（后照应）指意义依赖于前述词项的词项、上照应（前照应）指意义依赖于后述词项的词项。
The snail is considered a great delicacy.As the child grows, he learns to be independent.It never should have happened. She went out and left the door open.替代（substitution）指⽤⼀个词项去代替另⼀个或⼏个词项，是词项之间的⼀种代替关系。
英语中常⽤的替代词one(s), do, same。
Halliday和Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。
由于前述句⼦或上下⽂使得意义明确⽽省去句⼦的⼀部分称作为省略。
它可以视为“零替代”（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），省去⼀些上下⽂可使之意义明确的成分。
Compare the new dictionary with the old one(s).We rent a house, but they own one.A: Black coffee, please.B: The same for me.They do not buy drinks at the supermarket, but we do.I think so.■省略EllipsisHe prefers Dutch cheese and I prefer Danish.---Do you understand?---I tried to.---Y ou haven’t told him yet.---Not yet.连接（conjunction）是句际间意义相互联系的⼀种衔接⼿段，常⽤的有递进、转折、因果、时间。
(13 14)商务语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯解析
二、衔接手段
包括：语法衔接（grammatical cohesion)和词汇衔接（lexical cohesion)
1. grammatical cohesion （语法衔接)
Halliday and Hasan (1976)identify four major devices with which to achieve grammatical cohesion, that is, reference, substitution, ellipsis, conjunction. 1.1. Reference / anaphora （照应） For example: The manager likes ice-cream and he has always an appetite for it.
第十三单元 商务语篇翻译中的衔接与连贯 (Cohesion and coherence)
※ 语篇中的衔接
一、 什么是语篇的衔接？
※ 语篇中的衔接
一、 什么是语篇的衔接？ Cohesion refers to the structural and/or semantic relationships holding between the different elements of a text. For example: A: Paris? B: They ’ve always wanted to go there. The link (called anaphora/reference照应) is between Paris and there. 衔接手段在语篇中发挥着重要的纽带作用，各种衔 接手段在解读原语语篇、构建译文语篇连贯的过程中 起着积极的导向作用。
2. 词汇衔接（lexical cohesion)
高考七选五专题--衔接与连贯CohesionCoherence讲义-新高考一轮复习
Cohesion & Coherence高考七选五专题--衔接与连贯性Cohesion（衔接性）：是通过一些代词、连接词等看得见的手段来使行文流畅完整（强调语法结构）。
Coherence（连贯性）：是指上下文内容和逻辑的连贯。
如前因后果，铺垫等等（强调逻辑语境）。
Imagine you are playing a jigsaw puzzle：Four Cohesive Devices•Pronouns (P)•Repetition (with exact word or parallel term/synonym) (R) *4•Transitions (T)•Parallelism (PllM): the use of similar grammatical forms and sentence structuresFour T ypes of lexical cohesion1.Repetition 原词复现2. Synonyms 同义词/近义词复现2.Antonyms 反义词复现 4. Hyponyms and Superordinates 上下义词复现suggest that a lack of communication between children and parents is one of the key issues.[阅读理解]T are among the most popular places. ...Q-A writeB. They give people spirit ual support.platform for business links[阅读理解]According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eatingcompanions can influence our food existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions（份）, it’s the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.A.Big eaters.B. Overweight persons.C. Picky eaters.D. Tall thin persons.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- [高考真题实战] 七选五1.上下义词：B. Now list all the characteristics you like about yourself.→In a journal or on a piece of paper, put the heading “Personal strengths.”____37____ Are you caring? Creative? Generous? A good listener? Fun to be around? They don’t have to be world-changing, just aspects of your personality that you’re proud of.「2023新高考I」2.词汇(近义词)复现: G. Whatever the mistake, remember it isn’t a fixed aspect of your personality.→It’s something of a cliché (陈词滥调) that most people learn not from their successes but their mistakes. The thing is, it’s true. ____40____ We’ re all changing and learning all the time and mistakes are a positive way to develop and grow.3.词汇(近义词)复现: A. Get out of your comfort zone.→·Continually challenge yourself to try something new. ___38___ Artistic growth can be a bit painful. Welcome to the club；we’ve all been there. I love taking on challenges. I once took up a challenge to create a painting every day for a month and post the works online.4.词汇(近义词)复现: E. You’ll hit roadblocks, and you’ll feel discouraged at times.→The journey you’re on won’t follow a straight path. ___40___ Push through, give it time and put in the effort.5.上下义词→Will Spoelstra, who works at the Royal Botanic Gardens, says, “____38____. I find during the winter months, plants around the house can really lift your mood.” Several studies have backed this up and found that indoor plants can improve creativity, focus and memory. There is also research showing that pot plants can clean the air around them by removing harmful gases, such as carbon dioxide. They also remove some harmful chemicals from paints or cooking. ____39____.C. There are many benefits to growing plants indoorsE. Plants like peace lilies and de vil’s ivy are among the best6. 平行结构: C. You'll work harder if you train with someone else.→Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled "Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner." One reason was: "You'll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym," while another read: " 36 " With a workout partner, you will increase your training effort as there is a subtle（微妙）competition.7.平行结构: D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport?→First of all, decide what you want from that person. 37 Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility? Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.8.代词指代:→Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈). 38 In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. ... Hospital patients Who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. 39 It gives us a great feeling of peace.G.All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.C. Being in nature refreshes us.9. 词汇(反义词)复现: →Hands or Utensils (餐具)with a utensil in each hand. ___38___, instead preferring to use their hands. In Chile, you may never touch any food withC. Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils。
Cohesion and Coherence 衔接和连贯.ppt
Text vs. Discourse
We can say that the terms do not refer to different domains (speech and writing) but reflect a different in focus. Discourse is the umbrella term for either spoken or written communication beyond the sentences.
Some of linguistic connectors: and, moreover, or, otherwise, but, so, if, as, before…etc
Four types of Conjunction
additive adversative causal temporal
(Halliday and Hasan,1976)
Some (Coulthart) think that text only refers to written language, not including spoken. Leech employs the term discourse to refer to communicative language.
E. Hemingway, A Farewell To Arms
Conjunction
Conjunction is a cohesive relation which obtain between clauses as well as sentences of a text which are indicated connectors.
Five types of the general phenomenon of Cohesion
cohesion_and_coherence语篇分析_衔接手段
Conjunction
I told him years ago, but he won’t listen.
He was drowned because he fell off the pier.
With the following conjunctions in sentences or passages:
2. 因果：consequently/ as a result/ hence/ accordingly/ thus/so/therefore; because/since/for等。
3.特例或举例：in particular; specifically; for instance/ for example; that is /namely等。
4.转折： But/however/yet/nevertheless;
on the contrary; on the other hand; neither…nor等。
5.引出结论：in conclusion/finally/all in all/ to sum up；evidently/ clearly/ actually; of course等。
But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
语篇分析
语篇的衔接手段cohesion and coherence 衔接与连贯⏹他们系统地将衔接分为五大类：照应（reference）、替代（substitution）、省略（ellipsis）、连接（conjunction）及词汇衔接（lexical cohesion）。
其中前三类属于语法手段，第四类属于逻辑手段，最后一类属于词汇衔接手段。
⏹照应（reference）是一些起信号作用的词项。
它们不能像大多数词项那样本身可作出语义理解，而只能通过照应别的词项来说明信息（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:31）。
照应分为外照应（exophora）和内照应（endophora）。
内照应又可分为下照应（或称后照应）（anaphora）和上照应（或称前照应）（cataphora）。
外照应指独立于上下文之外的词项。
内照应指意义依赖于上下文的词项。
下照应（后照应）指意义依赖于前述词项的词项、上照应（前照应）指意义依赖于后述词项的词项。
The snail is considered a great delicacy.As the child grows, he learns to be independent.It never should have happened. She went out and left the door open.⏹替代（substitution）指用一个词项去代替另一个或几个词项，是词项之间的一种代替关系。
英语中常用的替代词one(s), do, same。
Halliday和Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。
由于前述句子或上下文使得意义明确而省去句子的一部分称作为省略。
它可以视为“零替代”（Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），省去一些上下文可使之意义明确的成分。
Compare the new dictionary with the old one(s).We rent a house, but they own one.A: Black coffee, please.B: The same for me.They do not buy drinks at the supermarket, but we do.I think so.■省略EllipsisHe prefers Dutch cheese and I prefer Danish.---Do you understand?---I tried to.---You haven’t told him yet.---Not yet.连接（conjunction）是句际间意义相互联系的一种衔接手段，常用的有递进、转折、因果、时间。
CohesionandCoherence衔接与连贯
语篇的衔接手段
语篇就好比是一棵大树 —— 一个条理清 晰，上下连贯（语篇特征）的整体，那 么语篇是靠什么形成的呢？
——靠衔接手段。
What is Cohesion?
Cohesion is a semantic concept, it refers to
relations of meaning that exist within the text.(Halliday & Hasan, 1976)
•二、Substitution and Ellipsis——省略和替 代
Substitution and ellipsis are one type of cohesion device which takes different forms.
当在下面一个句子重新出现时，被省略掉，或者被其他项目所替代的现象。 例如，上例中的ones就用以替代apples，如： ⑴A. Have you been playing football?
内照应——意义依赖于上下文的词项
下照应（后照应）——意义依赖于前述词项的词项 上照应（前照应）——意义依赖于后述词项的词项
李林是我的朋友。他是武汉人。（内指，‘他’回指 前文提到的‘李林’）
我讨厌你，李林！（内指，下指‘李林’） （手指某物），那是你画的吗？（外指）
Three Types of Reference:
2) Bob says he is going to join the Labour Party. It will be interesting to see whether he does (do). (Verbal Substitution)
3) A: ‘Bruce is a good actor.’ B: ‘I don’t think so.’ (clausal substitution)
cohesion and coherence
我被连在邮局的柜台旁独自排了一小时 的队。
省去句子的一部分称作为省略。
它可以视为“零替代” （Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），省去一些上下文可 使之意义明确的成分。
连接是句际间意义相互联
系的一种衔接手段，常用 的有递进、转折、因果、 时间。词义衔接是实现衔 接的又一手段。它是通过 词义的选择来实现的。
词义衔接主要可划分为重
复、同义词、反义词、局 部词、上座标词、下义词 和搭配。
连贯
文本或话语因其构成成分在逻辑、 语义和句法上错互依存而形成的 一种性质。连贯性是各种因素作 用而形成的：言语序列、词汇的 选择、词汇群体、逻辑关系、对 意义的说明中连接词语的使用。 与和语言相关的衔接相对，连贯 性反映的是文本内概念的相关性。 要求各个部分的语义连接应当通 顺而流畅 。
外照应指独立于上下文之
外的词项。内照应指意义
依赖于上下文的词项。下 照应（后照应）指意义依 赖于前述词项的词项、上 照应（前照应）指意义依
赖于后述词项的词项。
替代指用一个词项去代替另一个
或几个词项，是词项之间的一种 代替关系。英语中常用的替代词 one(s), do, same。Halliday和 Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动 词性替代和从句性替代。由于前 述句子或上下文使得意义明确而
e.g.（缺乏逻辑连贯性）
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But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate — we can not consecrate — we can not hallow — this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.
Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of the field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.
7. 表示阶段：during; briefly; for a long time; for many years等。 8. 表某一时刻：then/ at that time/ in those days; last Sunday; next Christmas; in 2005; at the beginning go Sep; at six o’clock; two months ago 等。
Why Historians Disagree
1 Most students are usually introduced to the study of history by way of a fat textbook and become quickly immersed in a vast sea of names, dates, events and statistics. The students’ skills are then tested by examinations that require them to show how much the data they remember: the more they remember, the higher their grades.
英语逻辑关系表示法
1. 先后或列举：first, second…; in the second place; nest/then; for one thing…for another…; furthermore/moreover/in addition/ besides;finally/last; and等。 2. 因果：consequently/ as a result/ hence/ accordingly/ thus/so/therefore; because/since/for等。 3.特例或举例：in particular; specifically; for instance/ for example; that is /namely等。
9. 表示开端：at first/ in the beginning; before then; in the preceding weeks等。 10. 表示其间：in the meantime/ while this was going on/ meanwhile/ as it was happening/ at the same time/ simultaneously 等。 11. 表示结束：eventually/ finally/ at last/ in the end 等。
Organ Retrieval Methods Spark Debate
Doctors try to expand donor
pool by preserving body parts patients whose hearts and lungs fail.
Exercise
Why
Historians Disagree
他们系统地将衔接分为五大 类：照应（reference）、替 代（substitution）、省略 （ellipsis）、连接 （conjunction）及词汇衔接 （lexical cohesion）。 其中前三类属于语法手段， 第四类属于逻辑手段，最后 一类属于词汇衔接手段。
照应是一些起信号作用的词项。
Substitution
Compare the new dictionary with the old one(s). We rent a . A: Black coffee, please. B: The same for me. They do not buy drinks at the supermarket, but we do. I think so.
系的一种衔接手段，常用 的有递进、转折、因果、 时间。词义衔接是实现衔 接的又一手段。它是通过 词义的选择来实现的。
Conjunction
I told him years ago, but he won’t listen. He was drowned because he fell off the pier. With the following conjunctions in sentences or passages:
词义衔接主要可划分为重
复、同义词、反义词、局 部词、上座标词、下义词 和搭配。
Lexical cohesion
There are more than 26,000 patients on the national waiting list for transplants. About 2,000 patients are dying annually while waiting for transplants, mostly patients waiting for hearts, kidneys and livers, for the shortage of organs.
外照应指独立于上下文之
外的词项。内照应指意义 依赖于上下文的词项。下 照应（后照应）指意义依 赖于前述词项的词项、上 照应（前照应）指意义依 赖于后述词项的词项。
Reference
The
snail is considered a great delicacy. As the child grows, he learns to be independent. It never should have happened. She went out and left the door open.
替代指用一个词项去代替另一个
或几个词项，是词项之间的一种 代替关系。英语中常用的替代词 one(s), do, same。Halliday和 Hasan将其分为名词性替代、动 词性替代和从句性替代。由于前 述句子或上下文使得意义明确而 省去句子的一部分称作为省略。 它可以视为“零替代” （Halliday & Hasan, 1976:142），省去一些上下文可 使之意义明确的成分。
衔接与连贯 (cohesion and coherence )
衔接
语篇的有形网络
连贯
语篇的无形网络
(1) Gettysburg Address
(Abraham Lincoln)
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.
它们不能像大多数词项那样本身 可作出语义理解，而只能通过照 应别的词项来说明信息 （Halliday & Hasan, 1976:31）。 照应分为外照应（exophora） 和内照应（endophora）。内照 应又可分为下照应（或称后照应） （anaphora）和上照应（或称 前照应）（cataphora）。
语篇的衔接手段
众所周知，大树是通过许许多多 的树叉把大大小小的枝条同树干 连接起来形成一个完美的整体。 其实语篇就好比是一棵大树—— 一个条理清晰，上下连贯（语篇 特征）的整体，那么语篇是靠什 么形成的呢？回答是靠衔接手段。
衔接
―衔接”这一概念是Halliday于 1962年首次提出的。后来在他与 Hasan合著的Cohesion in English一书中把衔接定义为 “存在于篇章内部，使之成为语 篇的意义关系”（Halliday& Hasan, 1976:4）。他们认为， 衔接是产生语篇的必要（尽管不 足）的条件（1976：298-299）。 在他们看来，有了衔接不一定产 生语篇，但是如果没有衔接则一 定不会产生语篇。