不同国家之间的文化差异

案例陈述：

公司派江城去机场接来自加拿大的客人Hoffman 一家人。一见面，江城就问Hoffman “您好！今年高寿？有70了吧？身体真硬朗！”对于江城的“热情”寒暄，Hoffman显得很尴尬。上车后，江城抚摸着小孩子的头说“这孩子真可爱”，Hoffman一家人见此情景脸色一下子就不好了。在给Hoffman一家接风的时候，江城的领导对外国客人说“eat slowly”，“drink slowly！”在送他们一大家子回旅馆休息的时候说“walk slowly”。总之，Hoffman一家人这一天都处于极度不自在的状态。

案例分析：

在这个案例中，江城犯了多次跨文化交际错误。一是问年龄，在西方文化中，禁忌语多与隐私有关，许多个人情况如家庭、婚姻、信仰、年龄、薪水等都是个人隐私。因此，我们在与英美人进行交际时常犯这种错误，因为年龄属于个人隐私，问年龄会使得Hoffman很难堪。二是摸小孩子的头，在西方，只有父母和神父（在给孩子洗礼的时候）才有权利抚摸小孩子的头。三是语言使用不得体，中国人喜欢在吃饭的时候向客人说“慢慢吃”“慢慢喝”或者在送客的时候说“慢走”，这是中国人对待客人的礼貌方式，但是在西方人看来，他们会觉得别人以为自己老了不行了，感到自己的自尊受到了威胁。正确的问候应该是“enjoy yourself!”“make yourself at home!”“take care！”或者“have a good journey!”

Jiangcheng is sent to the airport to receive the Hoffman family from Canada. The moment they meet each other, Jiangcheng raise a question with huge enthusiasm:” How do you do? Mr Hoffman. How old are you? Are you 70 years old? You are in such a good health.” But Hoffman appears to be very embarrassed about it. After they get in the car, to ease the nervous atmosphere, Jiangcheng praises their child is lovely by touching his head. It turns out that things even go worse. Jiangcheng` boss also makes the same mistake when they have dinner together, because he keeps saying” eat slowly” or “drink slowly”, even “walk slowly” sending the fam ily back to hotel. Anyway, the Hoffman feel uncomfortable all the whole day.

Case analysis:

In this case, Jinagcheng made many mistakes on cross-cultural communication. One is asking age. In western culture, taboo words are mostly about privacy, namely some personal things, such as family, marriage, religion, age, salary, etc. Asking age would make Hoffman embarrassed because age is a personal affair. Second is touching a kid` head. In western society, only parents and the priest can touch a kid`s head. The priest did it when baptized the kid. Third one is the inappropriate use of language. It is a Chinese way to be polite to say “eat slowly” or “walk slowly”. But in westerners` opinion, they would feel being invaded after hearing those phrases. The right way of greeting should be like those ones: “enjoy yourself!”, “make yourself at home!”“take care！”or“have a good journey!”

一、案例叙述：

自从我来到秘鲁之后，我真实感受到了秘鲁人思维方式的多元化。秘鲁是一个天主教国家，几乎所有的秘鲁公司、企业或者机构都会有天主教的神像，每当遇到这些标志性的意识形态，我才知道，与我理解不一样的是，相较于中国，秘鲁人对于殖民是不同的态度，他们是非常感谢西班牙当时的殖民和拓荒的。哥伦布发现新大陆后，带来了天主教和一系列的节日礼俗（比如圣弗朗西斯节，San Rosa 节等），带来了西方较为传统的家庭观念（如天主教禁止堕胎，所以秘鲁不实行计划生育，一家十多口人生活在一个大家

庭等），同时也带来西方较为直接的线性思维（贴面礼、正面表达爱情等等）。当然，秘鲁也有本土的印加文化、Chavin文明、Caral文明等，尤其是亚马逊流域一带的BORA种族，也还处于最为原始的宗亲氏族制度中。而中国人的始祖文明是华夏文明，中国人都是炎黄子孙、龙的传人，以礼乐为制度、易经八卦、丹书朱文、上古汉语为源泉，在历史上曾一脉相传，但19世纪后外来侵略殖民，文明发展陷入停滞，但是，中国五千年的文明一直延续下来，至今中华民族的优良传统和核心价值观仍然影响着每一个中国人的内心。而翻看过往的历史，中国人对于“殖民”一词，至今看来还是非常抵触的。

二、案例分析：

秘鲁的本土主流文明是印加文明。印加为其最高统治者的尊号，意为太阳之子。15世纪起印加文明势力强盛，极盛时期的疆界以今秘鲁和玻利维亚为中心，首都在秘鲁南部的库斯科。16世纪初由于内乱日趋衰落，1532年被西班牙殖民者灭亡。不容置疑的是，秘鲁是一个拥有悠久文化历史的古老国家，是古代美洲大陆三大文明中心之一。同中国一样，古老而灿烂的“印加文化”丰富多彩，闻名世界，是人类文明的宝贵财富，它的发展为世界文化做出了重要贡献。和中国五千年的文明相比，以秘鲁为代表的南美文明是断断续续并较为分散的，和中国朝代的更迭相比，秘鲁的各“代”文明独立，各自为家，因而或多或少的缺乏延续性。相比较而言，西班牙的殖民促成了秘鲁在当时的统一格局。

现阶段，在秘鲁，当您与集印加皮肤外表与西方行为风格内在于一身的秘鲁人相处，你会发现，两种对比鲜明的文化碰撞，不免给秘鲁人的个人性格和价值观念带来了一些多元和复杂，也对秘鲁社会的发展造成了一定影响。而秘鲁人对于过去文明和现在文明的去与留，也显得异常纠结，在遗产保护等人文科学研究中尤为明显。

Description:

Since I came to Peru, I realized the diversification of their mind in flesh. Peru is a Catholic country. Almost all the companies or institutes have the statue of Catholic god. Seeing this remarkable ideology made me understand their different attitude toward colonialism from Chinese that they are grateful for Spanish colonization and exploration of virgin land at that time. After Columbus discovered the New World, Catholics, a series of customs, such as St.Francis and San Rosa, were imported into Peru. Also western linear thinking mode—nisous and express affection explicitly—was introduced in Peru as well as some traditional family values that Catholics forbid induced abortion so that no birth control policy exist in Peru and their family is usually big. Naturally, Peru has indigenous Inca culture, Chavin civilization, and Caral civilization, especially BORA race living along the Amazon who is still governed by the most primitive clan system. While Chinese civilization roots in Huaxia civilization, Chinese people are all offsprings of YanHuang and descendants of China-style dragon. They have a system of rituals and music which can be dated from the ancient ZHOUYI Philosophy (book of changes), ancient Chinese language and literary. Sadly Chinese civilization stopped developing when the western invaders came to colonize in 19th centuries. However, it still keeps moving forward for five thousand year and will keep flourishing in the future. Traditional virtues and core values keep influencing every Chinese people thought they still are against the word: colonize.

Case analysis:

Mainstream civilization of indigenous Peru is Inca civilization. Inca is honor name of their most superior leader, which means son of the sun. Inca civilization starts to boom in 15th century when the country had a large land centered by today`s Peru and Bolivia and the capital was Cuzco in the south of Peru. However in 16th century, Peru went downhill gradually as a result of civil strife, and was colonized by Spanish in 1532. Undoubtedly, Peru is an ancient country with a long history and one of three civilized center in American Continent. Like Chinese colorful culture, Inca culture is prosperous and famous around the world, making great contributions for huaman`s