课后问答题详细答案-国际金融(吉林大学出版社18年1月第1版)

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国际金融学(含答案)

国际金融学(含答案)一、引言随着全球化进程的加速，国际金融学作为一门研究国际资本流动、金融市场、货币政策和汇率制度等方面的学科，日益受到广泛关注。

本文将对国际金融学中的一些核心概念和问题进行探讨，并给出相应的解答。

二、国际资本流动国际资本流动是指跨国界的资本流动，包括直接投资、证券投资和其他投资。

国际资本流动对全球经济发展具有重要意义，但同时也带来了一定的风险。

问题1：国际资本流动的主要原因是什么？解答：国际资本流动的主要原因包括以下几点：1. 利率差异：投资者寻求更高的投资回报，从而在全球范围内进行资本配置。

2. 投资多样化：投资者通过在不同国家和地区的投资，降低投资风险。

3. 投资环境：包括政策、法律、市场潜力等因素，吸引跨国公司进行投资。

三、汇率制度汇率制度是指一个国家或地区确定其货币与其他货币比价的制度。

汇率制度对国际贸易、投资和货币政策产生重要影响。

问题2：固定汇率制度和浮动汇率制度各有何优缺点？解答：固定汇率制度优点是汇率稳定，有利于国际贸易和投资，缺点是容易产生货币高估或低估，导致国际收支失衡。

浮动汇率制度优点是能够自动调节国际收支，缺点是汇率波动较大，可能对经济产生冲击。

四、国际金融市场国际金融市场是指全球范围内的金融市场，包括货币市场、债券市场、股票市场、外汇市场等。

国际金融市场为全球投资者提供了融资和投资渠道，对全球经济发展具有重要作用。

问题3：国际金融市场的风险有哪些？解答：国际金融市场的风险主要包括以下几点：1. 市场风险：包括利率风险、汇率风险、股价风险等。

2. 信用风险：借款人违约或信用评级下降，导致投资者损失。

3. 流动性风险：市场流动性不足，导致投资者无法及时买卖资产。

4. 操作风险：交易过程中的操作失误、技术故障等。

五、货币政策货币政策是指中央银行通过调整货币供应量、利率等手段，实现宏观经济目标的一种政策。

货币政策对国际金融体系产生重要影响。

问题4：货币政策如何影响国际金融市场？解答：货币政策对国际金融市场的影响主要体现在以下几个方面：1. 利率：利率调整影响国际资本流动，进而影响汇率、股票、债券等市场。

国际金融考试题及答案

国际金融考试题及答案国际金融考试题及答案一、选择题1、下列哪个国家或地区的货币不属于美元体系？（） A. 加拿大 B. 欧盟 C. 日本 D. 墨西哥答案：B. 欧盟2、下列哪个国家或地区的货币不属于欧元体系？（） A. 法国 B. 德国 C. 意大利 D. 西班牙答案：A. 法国3、下列哪个国际金融中心属于亚洲？（） A. 纽约 B. 伦敦 C. 东京 D. 巴黎答案：C. 东京二、简答题4、请简述国际收支与国际贸易的关系。

答案：国际收支是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内（通常为一年）与其他国家或地区的经济交往所导致的货币收支状况。

国际收支平衡是国际经济交往的重要目标，而国际贸易是影响国际收支平衡的主要因素之一。

当一个国家的进口总额大于出口总额时，就会出现国际收支逆差，导致该国货币贬值，通货膨胀压力增加，经济发展受阻。

相反，当一个国家的出口总额大于进口总额时，就会出现国际收支顺差，导致该国货币升值，通货膨胀压力减小，经济发展加速。

因此，国际贸易对于国际收支有着直接的影响，而国际收支的平衡与否又直接关系到国家的经济发展和金融稳定。

5、请简述外汇市场的主要功能。

答案：外汇市场的主要功能包括以下几个方面：（1）实现货币买卖：外汇市场为不同国家的货币提供了交换场所，使得人们可以方便地进行货币买卖。

（2）提供汇率参考：外汇市场的交易价格为人们提供了汇率参考，即不同国家货币之间的交换比例。

（3）促进国际结算：外汇市场为国际结算提供了便利，使得国际贸易可以顺利进行。

（4）调节国际收支：外汇市场在国家层面上调节了国际收支，使得国家的货币供应量与需求量达到平衡。

（5）维持国际信誉：外汇市场使得各国中央银行能够通过干预外汇市场来维持本国货币的国际信誉。

6、请简述固定汇率制和浮动汇率制的优缺点。

答案：固定汇率制的优点包括：（1）稳定市场信心；（2）为投资者提供稳定的预期；（3）降低汇率波动带来的风险。

固定汇率制的缺点包括：（1）可能引发通货膨胀；（2）在国际贸易中容易遭受汇率损失；（3）难以适应国际经济变化。

(完整)国际金融答案

第一章外汇与汇率一、填空1、外汇是指以（外币）所表示的用于（国际结算）的支付手段。

2、外汇可分为自由外汇与(记账外汇)两类。

3、汇率的表示方法可分为三种,即直接标价法、(间接标价法)与（美元标价法）.4、表示汇率变化性质的概念有（法定升值）与法定贬值。

5、远期汇率有两种基本的报价方法：（直接报价法)与(点数报价法）。

6、外汇远期或外汇期货相对于外汇即期的三种基本关系是（升水）、（贴水）和（平价）。

7、买入汇率与卖出汇率的算术平均值被称为（中间汇率).8、信汇汇率与票汇汇率都是以（电汇汇率）为基础计算出来的.9、套算汇率的计算方法有（交叉相除）与（同边相乘)两种。

10、政府制定官方汇率,一是用于（官方之间的货币互换），二是为(政府干预市场）提供一个标准.11、购买力平价理论有两种形式：(购买力绝对平价)和（购买力相对平价)。

12、绝对购买力平价理论认为,汇率为（两国物价）之比。

13、相对购买力平价理论认为,汇率的变化幅度取决于（两国通胀的差异）。

14、利率平价理论所揭示的是在抵补套利存在的条件下(远期汇率）与（利率)之间的关系。

15、利率平价理论认为,外汇市场上,利率高的货币远期（贴水）,利率低的货币（升水),其升贴水的幅度大约相当于（两国货币的利率差）。

16、汇率的货币决定理论认为，汇率是由货币的（供给）与（需求）的均衡来决定的。

17、资产组合理论认为，外汇价格与利率都是（由各国国内财富持有者的资产平衡条件）决定的。

18、影响汇率变化的主要因素有国际收支、（通货膨胀）、利率水平、（经济增长率）、(财政赤字)与（心理预期）。

19、狭义上的货币危机主要发生在（固定汇率）制下。

20、货币危机按其性质不同，可分为(经济条件恶化所造成的货币危机）与（心理预期所导致的货币危机）.21、货币危机最容易传播到以下三类国家：一是（与货币危机发生国有较密切的贸易关系或出口上存在竞争关系)的国家、二是（与货币危机发生国存在较为相近的经济结构、发展模式及潜在经济问题）的国家、三是过分依赖国外资金流入的国家.二、名词解释1、外汇2、自由外汇3、记帐外汇4、汇率5、直接标价法6、间接标价法7、美元报价法8、基准货币9、报价货币 10、法定升值 11、法定贬值 12、升值13、贬值 14、买入价15、卖出价16、中间价17、基本汇率18、套算汇率 19、名义汇率 20、实际汇率 21、有效汇率22、即期汇率 23、远期汇率 24、直接报价法 25、点数报价法 26、贴水 27、升水 28、电汇汇率 29、信汇汇率30、票汇汇率 31、官方汇率 32、市场汇率33、同业汇率 34、商业汇率 35、一价定律 36、相对购买力平价37、绝对购买力平价 38、货币危机答案:1、以外国货币所表示的用于国际结算的支付手段。

国际金融习题参考答案

国际金融习题参考答案国际金融参考答案第一章某年日本国际收支平衡表(单位:10亿美元)请回答:商品输出 101.11 1.日本该年国际收支差额是顺差,还是逆差?具体金额是多少? 商品输入 --99.36 答：国际收支为逆差，具体金额为-131.3亿美元。

劳务收入 25.142.该平衡表所表示的国际收支情况是否平衡? 劳务支出--34.53 答：该国自主性交易不平衡，因而其国际收支处于不平衡私人单方面转移 --0.25 状态。

政府单方面转移 --0.85 3.该表所列外汇储备变化数为+12.87(10亿)美元,是指该国直接投资 --2.66 外汇储备增加了,还是减少了?--1.25 答：外汇储备减少了，减少数额是131.3-2.6=128.7亿美证券投资元其它长期投资 --8.7其它短期投资 5.84 4.该年的国际收支情况对日元汇率有何影响?答：单从国际收支角度看，该国货币有贬值趋势。

错误和遗漏 2.38对外国官方债务 0.26 第二章1.已知USD、HKD、RMB的基本汇率为:USD1=HKD7.7268 外汇储备变化+12.87 USD1=RMB8.3261 求港元与人民币的汇率?答：港元兑人民币的汇率为：HKD1=8.3261/7.7268= RMB 1.07762.某日电讯行市:GBP1=USD1.5541 USD1=Can1.1976 求英镑对加元的套算汇率为多少?答：因为GBP1=USD1.5541 USD1=Can1.1976所以，英镑兑加元的套算汇率为GPB1= 1.5541×1.1976=Can1.86123.已知在纽约外汇市场上三个月美元利率4%，瑞士法朗利率6%，即期汇率USD1=SF1.5，求三个月期美元远期汇率升(贴)水?答：因为三个月美元利率所以三个月美元远期汇率升水，升水点数=1.5×（6%-4%）×3/12=SF0.00754.已知在纽约外汇市场上美元六个月期利率10%，港元六个月期利率6%，即期汇率USD1= HKD7.7120，求港元六个月远期汇率?[升(贴)水=即期汇率x两国利差x期限]答：因为美元六个月期利率>港元六个月期利率（10%>6%）所以港元六个月远期汇率升水，升水点数=7.7120×（10%-6%）×6/12=HKD0.1542 因为在纽约外汇市场用间接标价法，所以港元六个月远期汇率为：USD1= 7.7120-0.1542=HKD7.55781第三章1、英国三个月期利率为9%,美国为6%,外汇市场汇率USD1=GBP0.6525,若美国投资者用1532567.25美元进行投资,在两地分别获得利息收入多少?假定到期汇率不变,可获净利多少美元?如果到期美元对英镑升值3.5%,汇率变动为USD1=GBP0.6753,将亏损多少美元? 答：美国投资者在美国获得的利息收入为：1532567.25×6%×3/12=22988.51美元在英国获得的利息收入为：1532567.25×0.6525×9%×3/12=22500.00英镑如果到期汇率不变，则可获净利为（1532567.25×0.6525×9%×3/12）/0.6525=33482.76美元如果汇率变动为USD1=GBP0.6753，则将亏损：（1532567.25+22988.51）―[1532567.25×0.6525×(1+9%×3/12)]/0.6753=4141 3.702、某日,在N.Y市场上USD1=FF5.1，在Paris市场上GBP1=FF8.51在London市场上GBP1=USD1.69，问可否套汇?现有1000万美元,如何套? 答：①统一标价N.Y市场和London市场都是间接标价法，所以只需转换Paris市场标价：FF1=GBP0.1175②将三个标价相乘的结果与1比较 5.1×1.69×0.1175=1.0127>1 所以可以套汇套汇途径:用1000万美元在N.Y市场可换得5100万法国法郎,然后在Paris市场可换得599.2949万英镑(5100×0.1175=599.295),最后在London市场可换得1012.7325万美元（599.25×1.69=1012.7325）3、设伦敦市场上的美元即期汇率为:GBP1=USD1.6125/30,美国和英国存款年利率分别为6%和10%,求一年期远期汇率?求美元升(贴)水额?答：因为美国存款年利率升水额=1.6125×（10%―6%）～1.6130×（10%―6%）=USD0.06450/0.06452 因为在伦敦市场是间接标价法，所以美元一年期远期汇率为：GBP=1.6125―0.06450/1.6130―0.06452=USD1.54800/1.54848练习题1、港某商行于1999年9月17日拟向印度出口一批印刷机，原以港元向其报价，每台单价为90000港元，印商要该商行改用美元向其报价。

国际金融试题及答案

国际金融试题及答案试题一1.什么是国际金融？答：国际金融是指跨越国界的金融活动，包括国际货币交流、跨国投资、国际金融市场交易等。

2.国际金融的主要特点有哪些？答：国际金融的主要特点包括货币不同、政治风险、汇率风险、跨国金融机构等。

3.请简要描述国际金融市场的分类。

答：国际金融市场通常分为货币市场、资本市场和外汇市场。

货币市场用于短期资金融通，资本市场用于长期资金融通，外汇市场用于货币兑换和国际贸易结算。

4.解释金融衍生品是什么？答：金融衍生品是一种衍生自金融资产的金融工具，其价值的变动取决于标的资产的价格波动。

常见的金融衍生品包括期权、期货、互换和远期合约等。

5.解释跨国公司的融资方式。

答：跨国公司融资可以通过外汇贷款、国际债券发行、直接投资、跨国股票发行等方式进行。

这些融资方式可以帮助跨国公司筹集资金以支持其在全球范围内的业务发展。

试题二1.请简要解释国际金融体系。

答：国际金融体系是由各国之间的货币关系和金融交流所组成的结构。

它包括国际货币体系、国际支付体系、国际资金融通体系等组成部分。

2.解释国际金融风险管理的重要性。

答：国际金融风险管理是为了降低跨国金融交易中的各种风险，保护金融机构和企业的利益。

由于国际金融的特殊特点，如汇率风险、政治风险等，风险管理至关重要。

3.国际金融市场参与者的主要类型有哪些？答：国际金融市场的参与者主要包括中央银行、商业银行、跨国公司、投资基金、个人投资者等。

4.解释国际金融监管的目的及措施。

答：国际金融监管的目的是确保金融市场的稳定和透明，保护投资者利益，减少金融风险。

国际金融监管的措施包括制定监管政策法规、加强监管机构的监管能力、加强国际合作等。

5.解释国际金融交易中的汇率风险管理方法。

答：在国际金融交易中，汇率风险管理方法包括使用远期外汇合约、货币对冲、多币种账户、购买外汇期权等方式来降低汇率风险。

以上就是国际金融试题及答案的内容，希望对你有所帮助。

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国际金融简答100题(含答案)(K12教育文档)

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一、简答题1、国际收支平衡表的编制原理是什么？2、国际收支平衡表的分析方法有哪些?3、国际收支失衡的主要原因是什么？4、现行国际收支账户构成与原有国际收支账户构成有何不同5、确定外部均衡的标准有哪些?6、简述内外均衡冲突7、率的标价方法有哪些？在不同标价法下,外汇汇率上升或下降的涵义怎样理解？8、什么是购买力平价说?其内容主要包括哪些？9、我国《外汇管理条例》是如何对外汇进行表述的?10、金本位制下，决定汇率的基础是什么?11、外汇市场的参与者有哪些？12、外汇市场上的交易可以分为哪些层次?13、远期外汇交易的目的有哪些？14、外汇期货交易的特点有哪些？15、外汇期合约的内容有哪些？16、什么是外汇风险?它有哪些类型?17、防范交易风险的方法和措施有哪些？18、防范折算风险的方法与措施有哪些？19、防范企业经济风险的方法与措施有哪些?20、简答外汇管制的目的和内容。

22、国际储备与国际清偿能力有何关系?23、国际储备的构成与来源如何?24、国际储备有何作用?25、影响一国国际储备规模的因素有哪些?26、为何要进行外汇结构管理？如何进行外汇储备结构管理?27、国际储备政策与其他政策如何搭配？28、非贸易结算及其特点。

29、国际结算的发展过程。

30、承兑及其作用是什么？31、背书及其主要方式有几种？33、本票与汇票的区别?34、什么是保险单及其作用?35、汇款及其三种具体结算方式是什么?36、国际结算的特点有哪些？37、海运提单及其作用是什么？38、国际金融市场及其作用?39、什么是亚洲美元市场？40、货币市场与资本市场的区别？41、欧洲货币市场有哪些特点?42、欧洲债券与外国债券的区别？43、证券市场国际化的原因？44、欧洲货币市场的含义？45、国际资本流动的动因。

国际金融课后习题答案

《国际金融》课后习题答案第一章国际收支本章重要概念国际收支：国际收支是指一国或地区居民与非居民在一定时期全部经济交易的货币价值之和。

它体现的是一国的对外经济交往，是货币的、流量的、事后的概念。

国际收支平衡表：国际收支平衡表是将国际收支根据复式记账原则和特定账户分类原则编制出来的会计报表。

它可分为经常项目、资本和金融项目以及错误和遗漏项目三大类。

丁伯根原则：1962 年，荷兰经济学家丁伯根在其所著的《经济政策：原理与设计》一书中提出：要实现若干个独立的政策目标，至少需要相互独立的若干个有效的政策工具。

这一观点被称为“丁伯根原则”。

米德冲突：英国经济学家米德于1951 年在其名著《国际收支》当中最早提出了固定汇率制度下外均衡冲突问题。

米德指出，如果我们假定失业与通货膨胀是两种独立的情况，那么，单一的支出调整政策（包括财政、货币政策）无法实现部均衡和外部均衡的目标。

分派原则：这一原则由蒙代尔提出，它的含义是：每一目标应当指派给对这一目标有相对最大的影响力，因而在影响政策目标上有相对优势的工具。

自主性交易：亦称事前交易，是指交易当事人自主地为某项动机而进行的交易。

国际收支失衡：国际收支失衡是指自主性交易发生逆差或顺差，需要用补偿性交易来弥补。

它有不同的分类，根据时间标准进行分类，可分为静态失衡和动态失衡；根据国际收支的容，可分为总量失衡和结构失衡；根据国际收支失衡时所采取的经济政策，可分为实际失衡和潜在失衡。

复习思考题1．一国国际收支平衡表的经常账户是赤字的同时，该国的国际收支是否可能盈余，为什么？答：可能，通常人们所讲的国际收支盈余或赤字就是指综合差额的盈余或赤字.这里综合差额的盈余或赤字不仅包括经常账户，还包括资本与金融账户，这里，资本与金融账户和经常账户之间具有融资关系。

但是，随着国际金融一体化的发展，资本和金融账户与经常账户之间的这种融资关系正逐渐发生深刻变化。

一方面，资本和金融账户为经常账户提供融资受到诸多因素的制约。

吉林大学智慧树知到“金融学”《国际金融》网课测试题答案1

长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海。

住在富人区的她吉林大学智慧树知到“金融学”《国际金融》网课测试题答案（图片大小可自由调整）第1卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.在记入国际收支的时候,一般来说，货物按()。

A、CIF价B、CFR价C、FCA价D、FOB价正确答案：D2.两国货币购买力之比就是决定汇率的“首先的最基本的依据”,这是()。

A、购买力平价理论B、利率平价理论C、国际借贷说D、汇兑心理说正确答案：A3.以直接标价法表示的外汇汇率升降与本国货币对外价值的高低成()A、正比B、反比C、无关D、以上说法都不对4.20世纪30年代,主要的国际货币集团有()。

A、黄金集团B、英镑集团C、日元集团D、法郎集团E、美元集团正确答案：B,D,E5.为了使国际收支的借贷数额相等而人为设立的抵消账户是()A、经常账户B、错误和遗漏账户C、官方储备账户D、资本和金融账户6.外汇市场的主体是()A、外汇银行B、外汇经纪人C、中央银行D、客户7.我国的国际储备的主体是()A、黄金B、外汇C、特别提款权D、基金组织头寸8.LSI法中的L是指()A、提前收付B、借款C、即期合同D、投资9.比较而言，容易导致通货膨胀的汇率制度是()A、固定汇率制B、布雷顿森林体系C、金本位制D、浮动汇率制度10.欧洲货币体系的核心是()A、EUAB、SDRC、EMSD、ECU11.关于租赁业务，下列说法正确的是()A、租赁物的所有权和经营权相分离B、融资与融物相结合C、租金分期回流D、以租赁合同为基础E、承租人付出租金12.世界上最早的国际金融中心是()。

A、纽约B、东京C、伦敦D、法兰克福13.欧洲货币市场短期信贷利率由借贷双方具体商定，一般以()为基础。

A、LIBORB、NIBORC、SIBORD、HIBOR14.欧元诞生以后，构成SDR的货币篮子中有货币()A、16种B、5种C、4种D、9种15.世界银行集团的组成部分包括()。

A、国际开发协会B、国际金融公司C、国际复兴开发银行D、多边投资担保机构E、国际投资争端解决中心第2卷一.综合考核(共15题)1.以直接标价法表示的外汇汇率升降与本国货币对外价值的高低成()。

智慧树答案国际金融(吉林大学)知到课后答案章节测试2022年

绪论1.判断题：国际金融即研究国家和地区之间由于经济、政治、文化的交往和联系而产生的跨国界货币资金周转和运动的一门学科。

答案:对第一章1.金本位货币制度下的汇率制度属于?答案:固定汇率制度2.以下不是金币本位制的特点的是（）。

答案:代用货币有限制的兑换金币3.在金本位制下，汇率由（）决定。

答案:铸币平价4.以下不属于牙买加协议体系内容的有（）。

答案:美元是唯一的国际货币5.在铸币平价理论中“黄金输出点”是指（）。

答案:汇率偏离铸币平价的最高点6.布雷顿森林体系是一个以（）为中心的国际货币体系答案:美元7.美国于（）年放弃美元兑换黄金的义务。

答案:19718.以下不属于国际货币体系的内容的是（）答案:汇率采取何种标价方法9.布雷顿森林体系是在二战后由美国提出的国际货币体系，以下对它的叙述不正确的是（）。

答案:国际储备多元化10.布雷顿森林体系的根本缺陷是（）答案:美元的双重身份和双挂钩制度11.国际货币基金组织规定，一国货币若实现（）项目下的自由兑换，则该国货币就是可兑换货币答案:经常12.以促进成员国之间的国际货币合作为宗旨的国际金融机构是( ) 答案:IMF13.世界银行集团包括（）答案:IBRD+IDA+IFC14.欧洲货币体系于（）年3月13日生效答案:197915.趋同标准规定，参加欧元的成员国年度预算赤字不能超过国内生产总值的( )答案:3％16.特别提款权从创设至今共进行过（）轮分配答案:三17.IMF贷款对象是会员国的（）答案:中央银行第二章1.美国政府规定，外国公司购买一家企业的股票超过（）便属直接投资答案:10%2.国际货币基金组织规定，国际收支平衡表中应根据（）日期来记录有关的经济交易.答案:所有权变更3.本国居民因购买和持有国外资产而获得的利润、股息及利息应记入( )答案:经常账户4.（）是国际收支平衡表中最基本最重要的往来项目答案:贸易收支项目5.国际收支记录的是发生在（）之间的交易。

《国际金融学》练习题含答案

《国际金融学》练习题含答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 以下哪个因素不会影响汇率的变动？A. 国际收支B. 利率差异C. 通货膨胀D. 国际援助答案：D2. 以下哪种汇率制度属于固定汇率制度？A. 浮动汇率制度B. 管理浮动汇率制度C. 联系汇率制度D. 市场汇率制度答案：C3. 以下哪个国家采用联系汇率制度？A. 美国B. 中国香港C. 英国D. 日本答案：B4. 以下哪个国际金融组织负责协调国际金融事务？A. 国际货币基金组织（IMF）B. 世界银行C. 国际清算银行D. 亚洲开发银行答案：A5. 以下哪个因素不会导致国际收支失衡？A. 国际贸易顺差B. 资本流入C. 通货膨胀D. 外汇储备增加答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 浮动汇率制度下，汇率的决定因素是______。

答案：市场供求关系2. 国际收支平衡表包括______和______两大部分。

答案：经常账户、资本账户3. 以下汇率制度中，属于中间汇率制度的是______。

答案：管理浮动汇率制度4. 国际货币基金组织的主要职能是______。

答案：协调国际金融事务、提供金融援助5. 以下哪个国家的货币被认为是避险货币？______答案：瑞士法郎三、判断题（每题2分，共20分）1. 浮动汇率制度下，政府不干预外汇市场。

（）答案：错误2. 固定汇率制度下，政府需要通过外汇市场干预来维持汇率稳定。

（）答案：正确3. 通货膨胀会导致汇率上升。

（）答案：错误4. 资本流入会改善国际收支状况。

（）答案：正确5. 亚洲开发银行是国际货币基金组织的附属机构。

（）答案：错误四、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 简述浮动汇率制度与固定汇率制度的优缺点。

答案：浮动汇率制度的优点：市场调节机制更加灵活，有利于经济自我调整；减少了政府干预外汇市场的成本。

缺点：汇率波动可能导致经济不稳定，影响国际贸易和投资。

固定汇率制度的优点：汇率稳定，有利于国际贸易和投资；减少了汇率波动的风险。

国际金融课后问题详解中文

国际金融的建议答案第二章2。

不同意，至少作为一个一般性发言。

经常帐盈余的含义之一是该国出口比进口更多的商品和服务。

人们很容易判断，这是不好的，该国生产商品和服务出口，但该国是不是在同一时间获得商品和服务，将允许它做更多的消费和国投资进口。

在这样一个经常帐赤字可能被视为良好的额外进口允许该国国消费和投资，比其目前的生产价值。

经常帐盈余的另一个含义是该国从事外国金融投资是建立对外国人索赔，这增加了国家财富。

这听起来不错，但正如上文所指出，上述目前购的商品和服务的成本。

经常帐赤字是国家对外国人跑下来的索赔或增加其对外国人的债务。

这听起来很糟糕，但它与目前国支出水平较高的的利益。

在不同时间，不同国家不同的权衡这些成本和收益的平衡，使我们不能简单地说，经常帐盈余是经常帐赤字。

4。

不同意。

如果一个国家有其官方定居点平衡的盈余（正值），然后在其官方储备的平衡值必须相同数额的负值（使两个零）。

一个负值意味着这项资产项目，资金流向，以便为国家收购这些资产。

因此，该国增加其持有的官方储备资产。

6。

E项交易，其中外国官方持有的美国资产增加。

这是积极的（信贷）项目官方储备资产和负（借记卡），为私人资本流动的项目，如美国银行收购英镑的银行存款。

借记项目有助于在美国正式住区的平衡赤字（而信贷项目录“线下”，允许正式住区的平衡赤字）。

所有其他交易涉及借记卡和信用卡，这两者都包括在官方定居点的平衡，使他们不直接有助于在正式住区的平衡赤字（或盈余）的项目。

8。

A.商品贸易差额：$ 330 - 198 = 132 $商品和服务的平衡：$ 330 - 198 + 196 - 204 = $ 124经常余额：$ 330 - 198 + 196 - 204 + 3 - 8 = $ 119官方定居点的平衡：$ 330 - 198 + 196 - 204 + 3 - 8 + 102 - 202 + 4 = $ 23B.在官方储备资产（净）= - 官方定居点余额= - $ 23的变化。

国际金融习题答案(全)

第一章三、名词解释1、国际收支：在一定时期内，一国居民与非居民之间经济交易的系统记录。

2、国际收支平衡表：一国将其一定时期内的全部国际经济交易，根据交易的内容与范围，按照经济分析的需要设置账户或项目编制出来的统计报表。

3、居民是指一个国家的经济领土内具有经济利益的经济单位。

在国际收支统计中判断一项交易是否应当包括在国际收支的范围内，所依据的不是交易双方的国籍，而是依据交易双方是否有一方是该国居民。

4、一国的经济领土：一般包括一个政府所管辖的地理领土，还包括该国天空、水域和邻近水域下的大陆架，以及该国在世界其他地方的飞地。

依照这一标准，一国的大使馆等驻外机构是所在国的非居民，而国际组织是任何国家的非居民。

5、经常账户：是指对实际资源在国际间的流动行为进行记录的账户，它包括以下项目：货物、服务、收入和经常转移。

反映进口实际资源的记人经常项目借方；反映出口实际资源的记人经常项目贷方。

6、经常转移包括各级政府的转移(如政府间经常性的国际合作、对收入和财政支付的经常性税收等)和其他转移(如工人汇款)。

当一个经济体的居民实体向另一个非居民实体无偿提供了实际资源或金融产品时，按照复式记账法原理，需要在另一方进行抵消性记录以达到平衡，也就是需要建立转移账户作为平衡项目。

7、贸易收支：又称有形贸易收支，是国际收支中的一个项目，指由商品输出入所引起的收支。

出口记为贷方，进口记为借方。

IMF规定，在国际收支的统计工作中，进出口商品都以离岸价格(FOB)计算。

若进口商品以到岸价格(CIF)计算时，应把货价中的运费、保险费等贸易的从属费用减除，然后列入劳务收支项目中。

8、服务交易：是经常账户的第二个大项目，它包括运输、旅游以及在国际贸易中的地位越来越重要的其他项目，如通讯、金融、计算机服务、专有权征用和特许以及其他商业服务。

将服务交易同收入交易明确区分开来是《国际收支手册》第五版的重要特征。

9、收入交易：包括居民和非居民之间的两大类交易：①支付给非居民工人(例如季节性的短期工人)的职工报酬；②投资收入项下有关对外金融资产和负债的收入和支出。

国际金融课后答案

CHAPTER 12NA TIONAL INCOME ACCOUNTING AND THE BALANCE OF PA YMENTSANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. The reason for including only the value of final goods and services in GNP, as stated in thequestion, is to avoid the problem of double counting. Double counting will not occur if intermediate imports are subtracted and intermediate exported goods are added to GNP accounts. Consider the sale of U.S. steel to Toyota and to General Motors. The steel sold to General Motors should not be included in GNP since the value of that steel is subsumed in the cars produced in the United States. The value of the steel sold to Toyota will not enter the national income accounts in a more finished state since the value of the Toyota goes towards Japanese GNP. The value of the steel should be subtracted from GNP in Japan since U.S. factors of production receive payment for it.2. Equation 2 can be written as CA = (S p - I) + (T - G). Higher U.S. barriers to imports mayhave little or no impact upon private savings, investment, and the budget deficit. If there were no effect on these variables then the current account would not improve with the imposition of tariffs or quotas. It is possible to tell stories in which the effect on the current account goes either way. For example, investment could rise in industries protected by the tariff, worsening the current account. (Indeed, tariffs are sometimes justified by the alleged need to give ailing industries a chance to modernize their plant and equipment.) On the other hand, investment might fall in industries that face a higher cost of imported intermediate goods as a result of the tariff. In general, permanent and temporary tariffs have different effects. The point of the question is that a prediction of the manner in which policies affect the current account requires a general-equilibrium, macroeconomic analysis.3. a. The purchase of the German stock is a debit in the U.S. financial account. There is acorresponding credit in the U.S. financial account when the American pays with a check on his Swiss bank account because his claims on Switzerland fall by the amount of the check.This is a case in which an American trades one foreign asset for another.b. Again, there is a U.S. financial account debit as a result of the purchase of a German stockby an American. The corresponding credit in this case occurs when the German seller deposits the U.S. check in its German bank and that bank lends the money to a German importer (in which case the credit will be in the U.S. current account) or to an individual or corporation that purchases a U.S. asset (in which case the credit will be in the U.S.financial account). Ultimately, there will be some action taken by the bank which results ina credit in the U.S. balance of payments.c. The foreign exchange intervention by the French government involves the sale of a U.S.asset, the dollars it holds in the United States, and thus represents a debit item in the U.S.financial account. The French citizens who buy the dollars may use them to buy American goods, which would be an American current account credit, or an American asset, which would be an American financial account credit.d. Suppose the company issuing the traveler’s check uses a checking account in France tomake payments. When this company pays the French restaurateur for the meal, its payment represents a debit in the U.S. current account. The company issuing the traveler’s checkmust sell assets (deplete its checking account in France) to make this payment. This reduction in the French assets owned by that company represents a credit in the American financial account.e. There is no credit or debit in either the financial or the current account since there has beenno market transaction.f. There is no recording in the U.S. Balance of Payments of this offshore transaction.4. The purchase of the answering machine is a current account debit for New Y ork, and acurrent account credit for New Jersey. When the New Jersey company deposits the money in its New Y ork bank there is a financial account credit for New Y ork and a corresponding debit for New Jersey. If the transaction is in cash then the corresponding debit for New Jersey and credit for New Y ork also show up in their financial accounts. New Jersey acquires dollar bills (an import of assets from New Y ork, and therefore a debit item in its financial account); New Y ork loses the dollars (an export of dollar bills, and thus a financial account credit). Notice that this last adjustment is analogous to what w ould occur under a gold standard (see Chapter 19).5. a. Since non-central bank capital inflows fell short of the current-account deficit by $500million, the balance of payments of Pecunia (official settlements balance) was -$500 million. The country as a whole somehow had to finance its $1 billion current-account deficit, so Pecunia's net foreign assets fell by $1 billion.b. By dipping into its foreign reserves, the central bank of Pecunia financed the portion of thecountry's current-account deficit not covered by private financial inflows. Only if foreign central banks had acquired Pecunian assets could the Pecunian central bank have avoided using $500 million in reserves to complete the financ ing of the current account. Thus, Pecunia's central bank lost $500 million in reserves, which would appear as an official financial inflow (of the same magnitude) in the country's balance of payments accounts.c. If foreign official capital inflows to Pecunia were $600 million, the country had a balanceof payments surplus of $100 million. Put another way, the country needed only $1 billion to cover its current-account deficit, but $1.1 billion flowed into the country. The Pecunian central bank must, therefore, have used the extra $100 million in foreign borrowing to increase its reserves. Purchases of Pecunian assets by foreign central banks enter their countries' balance of payments accounts as outflows, which are debit items. The rationale is that the transactions result in foreign payments to the Pecunians who sell the assets.d. Along with non-central bank transactions, the accounts would show an increase in foreignofficial reserve assets held in Pecunia of $600 million (a financial account credit, or inflow) and an increase Pecunian official reserve assets held abroad of $100 billion (a financial account debit, or outflow). Of course, total net financial inflows of $1 billion just cover the current-account deficit.6. A current account deficit or surplus is a situation which may be unsustainable in the longrun. There are instances in which a deficit may be warranted, for example to borrow today to improve productive capacity in order to have a higher national income tomorrow. But for any period of current account deficit there must be a corresponding period in whichspending falls short of income (i.e. a current account surplus) in order to pay the debts incurred to foreigners. In the absence of unusual investment opportunities, the best path for an economy may be one in which consumption, relative to income, is smoothed out over time.The reserves of foreign currency held by a country's central bank change with nonzero values of its official settlements balance. Central banks use their foreign currency reserves to influence exchange rates. A depletion of foreign reserves may limit the central bank's ability to influence or peg the exchange rate. For some countries (particularly developing countries), central-bank reserves may be important as a way of allowing the economy to maintain consumption or investment when foreign borrowing is difficult. A high level of reserves may also perform a signaling role by convincing potential foreign lenders that the country is credit-worthy. The balance of payments of a reserve-currency center (such as the United States under the Bretton Woods system) raises special issues best postponed until Chapter 18.7. The official settlements balance, also called the balance of payments, shows the net changein international reserves held by U.S. government agencies, such as the Federal Reserve and the Treasury, relative to the change in dollar reserves held by foreign government agencies. This account provides a partial picture of the extent of intervention in the foreign exchange market. For example, suppose the Bundesbank purchases dollars and deposits them in its Eurodollar account in a London bank. Although this transaction is a form of intervention, it would not appear in the official settlements balance of the United States.Instead, when the London bank credits this deposit in its account in the United States, this transaction will appear as a private financial flow.8. A country could have a current account deficit and a balance of payments surplus at thesame time if the financial and capital account surpluses exceeded the current account deficit. Recall that the balance of payments surplus equals the current account surplus plus the financial account surplus plus the capital account surplus. If, for example, there is a current account deficit of $100 million, but there are large capital inflows and the capital account surplus is $102 million, then there will be a $2 million balance of payments surplus.This problem can be used as an introduction to intervention (or lack thereof) in the foreign exchange market, a topic taken up in more detail in Chapter 17. The government of the United States did not intervene in any appreciable manner in the foreign exchange markets in the first half of the 1980s. The “textbook” consequence of this is a balance of payments of zero, while the actual figures showed a slight balance of payments surplus between 1982 and 1985. These years were also marked by large current account deficits.Thus, the financial inflows into the United States between 1982 and 1985 exceeded the current account deficits in those years.CHAPTER 13EXCHANGE RA TES AND THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET: AN ASSET APPROACH ANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. At an exchange rate of $1.50 per euro, the price of a bratwurst in terms of hot dogs is 3 hotdogs per bratwurst. After a dollar appreciation to $1.25 per euro, the relative price of a bratwurst falls to 2.5 hot dogs per bratwurst.2. The Norwegian krone/Swiss franc cross rate must be 6 Norwegian krone per Swiss franc.3. The dollar rates of return are as follows:a. ($250,000 - $200,000)/$200,000 = 0.25.b. ($216 - $180)/$180 = 0.20.c. There are two parts of this return. One is the loss involved due to the appreciation of thedollar; the dollar appreciation is ($1.38 - $1.50)/$1.50 = -0.08. The other part of the return is the interest paid by the London bank on the deposit, 10 percent. (The size of the deposit is immaterial to the calculation of the rate of return.) In terms of dollars, the realized return on the London deposit is thus 2 percent per year.4. Note here that the ordering of the returns of the three assets is the same whether wecalculate real or nominal returns.a. The real return on the house would be 25% - 10% = 15%. This return could also becalculated by first finding the portion of the $50,000 nominal increase in the house's price due to inflation ($20,000), then finding the portion of the nominal increase due to real appreciation ($30,000), and finally finding the appropriate real rate of return ($30,000/$200,000 = 0.15).b. Again, subtracting the inflation rate from the nominal return we get 20%- 10% = 10%.c. 2% - 10% = -8%.5. The current equilibrium exchange rate must equal its expected future level since, withequality of nominal interest rates, there can be no expected increase or decrease in the dollar/pound exchange rate in equilibrium. If the expected exchange rate remains at $1.52 per pound and the pound interest rate rises to 10 percent, then interest parity is satisfied only if the current exchange rate changes such that there is an expected appreciation of the dollar equal to 5 percent. This will occur when the exchange rate rises to $1.60 per pound(a depreciation of the dollar against the pound).6. If market traders learn that the dollar interest rate will soon fall, they also revise upwardtheir expectation of the dollar's future depreciation in the foreign-exchange market. Given the current exchange rate and interest rates, there is thus a rise in the expected dollar return on euro deposits. The downward-sloping curve in the diagram below shifts to the right and there is an immediate dollar depreciation, as shown in the figure below where a shift in the interest-parity curve from II to I'I' leads to a depreciation of the dollar from E0 to E1.E($/euro i E 0 E 1Figure 13-27. The analysis will be parallel to that in the text. As shown in the accompanying diagrams, amovement down the vertical axis in the new graph, however, is interpreted as a euro appreciation and dollar depreciation rather than the reverse. Also, the horizontal axis now measures the euro interest rate. Figure 13-3 demonstrates that, given the expected future exchange rate, a rise in the euro interest rate from R 0 to R 1 will lead to a euro appreciation from E 0 to E 1.Figure 13-4 shows that, given the euro interest rate of i, the expectation of a stronger euroin the future leads to a leftward shift of the downward-sloping curve from II to I'I' and a euro appreciation (dollar depreciation) from E to E'. A rise in the dollar interest rate causes the same curve to shift rightward, so the euro depreciates against the dollar. This simply reverses the movement in figure 13-4, with a shift from I'I' to II, and a depreciation of the euro from E' to E. All of these results are the same as in the text when using the diagram for the dollar rather than the euro.EE 0rates o f return (in euro s) (euro E 101Figure 13-3Ei E(euro/$)E ’Figure 13-48. a. If the Federal Reserve pushed interest rates down, with an unchanged expected futureexchange rate, the dollar would depreciate (note that the article uses the term "downward pressure" to mean pressure for the dollar to depreciate). In terms of the analysis developed in this chapter, a move by the Federal Reserve to lower interest rates would be reflected in a movement from R to R' in figure 13.5, and a depreciation of the exchange rate from E to E'.If there is a "soft landing", and the Federal Reserve does not lower interest rates, then thisdollar depreciation will not occur. Even if the Federal Reserve does lower interest rates a little, say from R to R", this may be a smaller decrease then what people initially believed would occur. In this case, the expected future value of the exchange rate will be more appreciated than before, causing the interest-parity curve to shift in from II to I'I' (as shown in figure 13.6). The shift in the curve reflects the "optimism sparked by the expectation of a soft landing" and this change in expectations means that, with a fall in interest rates from R to R", the exchange rate depreciates from E to E", rather than from E to E *, which would occur in the absence of a change in expectations.ER ’ EE*Rrates of return (in dollars)Figure 13-5EE Rrates of return (in dollars) E ”E *R ”Figure 13-6b. The "disruptive" effects of a recession make dollar holdings more risky. Risky assets mustoffer some extra compensation such that people willingly hold them as opposed to other, less risky assets. This extra compensation may be in the form of a bigger expected appreciation of the currency in which the asset is held. Given the expected future value of the exchange rate, a bigger expected appreciation is obtained by a more depreciated exchange rate today. Thus, a recession that is disruptive and makes dollar assets more risky will cause a depreciation of the dollar.9. The euro is less risky for you. When the rest of your wealth falls, the euro tends toappreciate, cushioning your losses by giving you a relatively high payoff in terms of dollars. Losses on your euro assets, on the other hand, tend to occur when they are leastpainful, that is, when the rest of your wealth is unexpectedly high. Holding the euro therefore reduces the variability of your total wealth.10. The chapter states that most foreign-exchange transactions between banks (which accountsfor the vast majority of foreign-exchange transactions) involve exchanges of foreign currencies for U.S. dollars, even when the ultimate transaction involves the sale of one nondollar currency for another nondollar currency . This central role of the dollar makes it a vehicle currency in international transactions. The reason the dollar serves as a vehicle currency is that it is the most liquid of currencies since it is easy to find people willing to trade foreign currencies for dollars. The greater liquidity of the dollar as compared to, say , the Mexican peso, means that people are more willing to hold the dollar than the peso, and thus, dollar deposits can offer a lower interest rate, for any expected rate of depreciation against a third currency, than peso deposits for the same rate of depreciation against that third currency. As the world capital market becomes increasingly integrated, the liquidity advantages of holding dollar deposits as opposed to yen deposits will probably diminish. The euro represents an economy as large as the United States, so it is possible that it will assume some of that vehicle role of the dollar, reducing the liquidity advantages to as far as zero. Since the euro has no history as a currency, though, some investors may be leary of holding it until it has established a track record. Thus, the advantage may fade slowly.11. Greater fluctuations in the dollar interest rate lead directly to greater fluctuations in theexchange rate using the model described here. The movements in the interest rate can be investigated by shifting the vertical interest rate curve. As shown in figure 13.7, these movements lead directly to movements in the exchange rate. For example, an increase in the interest rate from i to i' leads to a dollar appreciation from E to E'. A decrease in the interest rate from i to i" leads to a dollar depreciation from E to E". This diagram demonstrates the direct link between interest rate volatility and exchange rate volatility, given that the expected future exchange rate does not change.EE($/foreign currency)rates of return (in dollars)iE ’i"i'E ”Figure 13-712. A tax on interest earnings and capital gains leaves the interest parity condition the same,since all its components are multiplied by one less the tax rate to obtain after-tax returns. If capital gains are untaxed, the expected depreciation term in the interest parity condition must be divided by 1 less the tax rate. The component of the foreign return due to capital gains is now valued more highly than interest payments because it is untaxed.13. The forward premium can be calculated as described in the appendix. In this case, we findthe forward premium on euro to be (1.26 – 1.20)/1.20 = 0.05. The interest-rate difference between one-year dollar deposits and one-year euro deposits will be 5 percent because the interest difference must equal the forward premium on euro against dollars when covered interest parity holds.CHAPTER 14MONEY, INTEREST RA TES, AND EXCHANGE RA TESANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. A reduction in real money demand has the same effects as an increase in the nominalmoney supply. In figure 14.1, the reduction in money demand is depicted as a backward shift in the money demand schedule from L1to L2. The immediate effect of this is a depreciation of the exchange rate from E1to E2, if the reduction in money demand is temporary, or a depreciation to E3 if the reduction is permanent. The larger impact effect ofa permanent reduction in money demand arises because this change also affects the futureexchange rate expected in the foreign exchange market. In the long run, the price level rises to bring the real money supply into line with real money demand, leaving all relative prices, output, and the nominal interest rate the same and depreciating the domestic currency in proportion to the fall in real money demand. The long-run level of real balances is (M/P2), a level where the interest rate in the long-run equals its initial value.The dynamics of adjustment to a permanent reduction in money demand are from the initial point 1 in the diagram, where the exchange rate is E1, immediately to point 2, where the exchange rate is E3and then, as the price level falls over time, to the new long-run position at point 3, with an exchange rate of E4.2. A fall in a country's population would reduce money demand, all else equal, since asmaller population would undertake fewer transactions and thus demand less money. This effect would probably be more pronounced if the fall in the population were due to a fall in the number of households rather than a fall in the average size of a household since a fall in the average size of households implies a population decline due to fewer children who have a relatively small transactions demand for money compared to adults. The effect on the aggregate money demand function depends upon no change in income commensurate with the change in population -- else, the change in income would serve as a proxy for the change in population with no effect on the aggregate money demand function.R(M /P E 1E 4E 2E 3E(M /PFigure 14-13. Equation 14-4 is M s /P = L(R,Y). The velocity of money, V = Y/(M/P). Thus, when there isequilibrium in the money market such that money demand equals money supply, V = Y/L(R,Y). When R increases, L(R,Y) falls and thus velocity rises. When Y increases, L(R,Y) rises by a smaller amount (since the elasticity of aggregate money demand with respect to real output is less than one) and the fraction Y/L(R,Y) rises. Thus, velocity rises with either an increase in the interest rate or an increase in income. Since an increase in interest rates as well as an increase in income cause the exchange rate to appreciate, an increase in velocity is associated with an appreciation of the exchange rate.4. An increase in domestic real GNP increases the demand for money at any nominal interestrate. This is reflected in figure 14-2 as an outward shift in the money demand function from L 1 to L 2. The effect of this is to raise domestic interest rates from R 1 to R 2 and to cause an appreciation of the domestic currency from E 1 to E 2.5. Just as money simplifies economic calculations within a country, use of a vehicle currencyfor international transactions reduces calculation costs. More importantly, the more currencies used in trade, the closer the trade becomes to barter, since someone who receives payment in a currency she does not need must then sell it for a currency she needs. This process is much less costly when there is a ready market in which any nonvehicle currency can be traded against the vehicle currency, which then fulfills the role of a generally accepted medium of exchange.RE(M M E 1E 2Figure 14-26. Currency reforms are often instituted in conjunction with other policies which attempt tobring down the rate of inflation. There may be a psychological effect of introducing a new currency at the moment of an economic policy regime change, an effect that allows governments to begin with a "clean slate" and makes people reconsider their expectations concerning inflation. Experience shows, however, that such psychological effects cannot make a stabilization plan succeed if it is not backed up by concrete policies to reduce monetary growth.7. The interest rate at the beginning and at the end of this experiment are equal. The ratio ofmoney to prices (the level of real balances) must be higher when full employment is restored than in the initial state where there is unemployment: the money-market equilibrium condition can be satisfied only with a higher level of real balances if GNP is higher. Thus, the price level rises, but by less than twice its original level. If the interest rate were initially below its long-run level, the final result will be one with higher GNP and higher interest rates. Here, the final level of real balances may be higher or lower than the initial level, and we cannot unambiguously state whether the price level has more than doubled, less than doubled, or exactly doubled.8. The 1984 - 1985 money supply growth rate was 12.4 percent in the United States(100%*(641.0 - 570.3)/570.3) and 334.8 percent in Brazil (100%*(106.1 - 24.4)/24.4). The inflation rate in the United States during this period was 3.5 percent and in Brazil the inflation rate was 222.6 percent. The change in real money balances in the United States was approximately 12.4% - 3.5% = 8.9%, while the change in real money balances in Brazil was approximately 334.8% - 222.6% = 112.2%. The small change in the U.S. price level relative to the change in its money supply as compared to Brazil may be due togreater short-run price stickiness in the United States; the change in the price level in the United States represents 28 percent of the change in the money supply ((3.5/12.4)*100%) while in Brazil this figure is 66 percent ((222.6/334.8) *100%). There are, however, large differences between the money supply growth and the growth of the price level in both countries, which casts doubt on the hypothesis of money neutrality in the short run for both countries.9. V elocity is defined as real income divided by real balances or, equivalently, nominalincome divided by nominal money balances (V=P*Y/M). V elocity in Brazil in 1985 was 13.4 (1418/106.1) while velocity in the United States was 6.3 (4010/641). These differences in velocity reflected the different costs of holding cruzados compared to holding dollars. These different costs were due to the high inflation rate in Brazil which quickly eroded the value of idle cruzados, while the relatively low inflation rate in the United States had a much less deleterious effect on the value of dollars.RE(M 1E 3E 2E 1(M 2E 4Figure 14-310. If an increase in the money supply raises real output in the short run, then the fall in theinterest rate will be reduced by an outward shift of the money demand curve caused by the temporarily higher transactions demand for money. In figure 14-3, the increase in the money supply line from (M 1/P) to (M 2/P) is coupled with a shift out in the money demand schedule from L 1 to L 2. The interest rate falls from its initial value of R 1 to R 2, rather than to the lower level R 3, because of the increase in output and the resulting outward shift in the money demand schedule. Because the interest rate does not fall as much when output rises, the exchange rate depreciates by less: from its initial value of E 1 to E 2, rather than to E 3, in the diagram. In both cases we see the exchange rate appreciate back some to E4 in the long run. The difference is the overshoot is much smaller if there is a temporaryincrease in Y. Note, the fact that the increase in Y is temporary means that we still move to the same IP curve, as LR prices will still shift the same amount when Y returns to normal and we still have the same size M increase in both cases. A permanent increase in Y would involve a smaller expected price increase and a smaller shift in the IP curve.Undershooting occurs if the new short-run exchange rate is initially below its new long-run level. This happens only if the interest rate rises when the money supply rises – that is if GDP goes up so much that R does not fall, but increases. This is unlikely because the reason we tend to think that an increase in M may boost output is because of the effect of lowering interest rat es, so we generally don’t think that the Y response can be so great as to increase R.CHAPTER 15PRICE LEVELS AND THE EXCHANGE RA TE IN THE LONG RUNANSWERS TO TEXTBOOK PROBLEMS1. Relative PPP predicts that inflation differentials are matched by changes in the exchangerate. Under relative PPP, the franc/ruble exchange rate would fall by 95 percent with inflation rates of 100 percent in Russia and 5 percent in Switzerland.2. A real currency appreciation may result from an increase in the demand for nontradedgoods relative to tradables which would cause an appreciation of the exchange rate since the increase in the demand for nontradables raises their price, raising the domestic price level and causing the currency to appreciate. In this case exporters are indeed hurt, as one can see by adapting the analysis in Chapter 3. Real currency appreciation may occur for different reasons, however, with different implications for exporters' incomes. A shift in foreign demand in favor of domestic exports will both appreciate the domestic currency in real terms and benefit exporters. Similarly, productivity growth in exports is likely to benefit exporters while causing a real currency appreciation. If we consider a ceterus paribus increase in the real exchange rate, this is typically bad for exporters as their exports are now more expensive to foreigners which may reduce foreign export demand. In general, though, we need to know why the real exchange rate changed to interpret the impact of the change.3. a. A tilt of spending towards nontraded products causes the real exchange rate to appreciateas the price of nontraded goods relative to traded goods rises (the real exchange rate can be expressed as the price of tradables to the price of nontradables).b. A shift in foreign demand towards domestic exports causes an excess demand for thedomestic country's goods which causes the relative price of these goods to rise; that is, it causes the real exchange rate of the domestic country to appreciate.4. Relative PPP implies that the pound/dollar exchange rate should be adjusted to offset theinflation difference between the United States and Britain during the war. Thus, a central banker might compare the consumer price indices in the United States and the U.K. before and after the war. If America's price level had risen by 10 percent while that in Britain had。

国际金融课后习题答案(doc 48页)

国际金融课后习题答案(doc 48页)期性失衡，２．结构性失衡，３．货币性失衡，４．收入性失衡，５．贸易竞争性失衡，６．过度债务性失衡，７．其他因素导致的临时性失衡。

以上几方面原因不是截然分开的，而且，固定汇率制与浮动汇率制下国际收支不平衡，发展中国家与发达国家国际收支不平衡都是有区别和联系的。

5．汇率在国际收支失衡的协调中究竟意义何在？答：在国际收支失衡的调节中，有一类是市场自动调节机制，另一类为各国政府的政策调节，在前一类的调节机制中，在浮动汇率制下，国际收支的调节是通过汇率的变动来实现的，如当一国的国际收支为赤字时，外汇市场上的外汇需求会大于外汇供给，汇率上升，这将导致进口增加，出口减少，国际收支得到改善。

当自动调节机制不能完全解决国际收支失衡时，各国政府就会采取不同的政策进行调节，汇率政策就是其中的一类，如当一国的国际收支发生逆差时，该国可使本国货币贬值，以增强本国商品在国外的竞争力，扩大出口；同时，国外商品的本币价格上升，竞争力下降，进口减少，国际收支逐步恢复平衡。

由此可见，汇率无论是在自动调节还是政策调节中都发挥着重要的作用，汇率的上升下降不仅引起外汇市场供求的变化，更重要的是，他将导致进出口贸易的变化，使得国际收支失衡得以解决。

6．一国应该如何选择政策措施来调节国际收支的失衡？答：一国的国际收支失衡的调节，首先取决于国际收支失衡的性质，其次取决于国际收支失衡时国内社会和宏观经济结构，再次取决于内部均衡与外部平衡之间的相互关系，由于有内外均衡冲突的存在。

正确的政策搭配成为了国际收支调节的核心。

国际收支失衡的政策调节包括有：货币政策，财政政策，汇率政策，直接管制政策，供给调节政策等，要相机的选择搭配使用各种政策，以最小的经济和社会代价达到国际收支的平衡或均衡。

其次，在国际收支的国际调节中，产生了有名的“丁伯根原则”，“米德冲突”，“分派原则”,他们一起确定了开放经济条件下政策调控的基本思想，即针对内外均衡目标，确定不同政策工具的指派对象，并且尽可能地进行协调以同时实现内外均衡。

国际金融课后习题答案

第二章1.为什么会存在全球外汇市场？答：通常认为，国际贸易是引起外汇市场建立的最主要原因。

由于各国的货币制度存在着差异，因此各国的货币币种不同。

国际贸易中债权债务的清偿需要用一定数量的一种货币去兑换另一种货币，这个问题的解决则需要依靠外汇市场交易。

透过国际贸易需要跨国货币收付这种现象，挖掘外汇市场起源的本质。

可以看出，外汇市场真正的起源在于：（1）主权货币的存在；（2）非主权货币对境外资源的支配权和索取权的存在；（3）金融风险的存在，对于与预期的外币负债有关的汇率风险，外币资产可能会起到直接的防范作用，而且即使没有任何外国购买计划，增加外国资产也有利于降低国际投资组合的风险；（4）投机获利动机的存在，本国居民也许仅仅是认为外币资产被低估，因此他们可能只是为了纯粹的投机目的而要求持有外汇，从而赚取更高额的回报。

2.外汇市场有哪些功能？答：外汇市场作为国际经济联系的纽带，集中地反映了国际经济、国际金融动态和各国汇率变化的趋势，外汇市场为促进国际贸易的发展、国际投资和各种国际经济往来的实现提供r便利条件。

其功能主要表现在以下方面：（1）反映和调节外汇供求。

一国对外经济、贸易的收支以及资本金融项目的变化都最终反映到外汇市场供求状况上，政府、企业、个人通过外汇市场可以解决自己的外汇供求问题。

（2）形成外汇价格体系。

银行接受顾客买卖外汇后，需要在银行间市场进行调节.因而自然产生外汇的供需，加上银行本身自发性的供需，在市场通过竞价过程，便会产生汇率，随后，银行对顾客交易的汇率再根据上述银行间成交汇率加以确定。

（3）实现购买力的国际转移。

结清国际债权债务关系，实现货币购买力的国际转移，是外汇市场最基本的功能。

（4）提供外汇资金融通。

外汇市场是理想的外汇资金集散中心，从而成为世界资本再分配的重要渠道，为银行外汇业务提供平衡头寸的蓄水池作用。

限制的外汇资金大量涌向外汇市场，为外汇需求者提供越来越多的可筹资金，还对促进国际贸易发展，促进投资的国际化起着不可忽视的作用。

国际金融问答题、名词解释考试要点

国际金融简答：1．国际金融中心形成必须具备哪些条件?1)政治经济稳定； 2)金融体系发达； 3)外汇市场发达； 4)外汇管制松，资本流动方便； 5)现代化通讯交通设施；2.国际资本流动对流入国有何影响？国际资本流动对流入国的影响有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

有利的方面表现在对流入国具有的国际收支效果和国民收入效果；不利的方面可能会带来竞争压力，控制不当可能会导致债务危机。

3.外汇期货交易的特点有哪些？外汇期货交易是买卖双方在期货交易所以公开喊价方式成交后，承诺在未来某一特定日期，以当前所约定的价格交付某种特定标准数量的外汇，它与一般现货交易相比，有如下特点：1〕它的交易的对象是外汇期货合同； 2〕它只能在期货交易所内进行；3〕实行保证金制度；4〕实行日清算制度；5〕外汇期货交易实行限价制度；6〕外汇期货交易公开喊价方式。

4.国际储备是否越多越好？为什么？答：国际储备并不是越多越好。

因为〔1〕持有国际储备必须付出时机成本，如果国际储备不是作为储备资产保存起来，而是作为生产资源用于生产建设，就可以用来进口经济发展所需要的资本品。

持有国际储备就意味着放弃当前对这部分国外资源的使用，即放弃了使用这部分国外资源来增加投资，加快经济增长的时机。

〔2〕因为持有过量的国际储备，外汇的人民币占款增多，意味着扩大了基础货币的投放，易造成国内通货膨胀的压力。

5.请简要阐述什么是“保证金交易”。

〔1〕客户在经纪人那里开立一个保证金账户，在明确双方责任义务的前提下，经过经纪人允许，可以以此笔保证金作为担保进行数倍于保证金的外汇交易，盈亏都记入保证金账户。

〔2〕现在通行的保证金比例为5%—10%。

保证金账户为有息账户，一般为活期存款利息。

〔3〕币种可由客户选定，发生的盈利或亏损所涉及不同的货币按经纪人拟订的折算率折合计入保证金账户。

6.简述汇率变化对资本流动的影响。

〔少一条扣1分〕〔1〕汇率变化对资本流动的影响一方面表现在货币升贬值后带来的资本流出或流入的增加〔贬值后，资本流入〕〔2〕另一方面也表现在汇率预期变化对资本流动的影响〔如预期贬值，资本流出〕〔3〕汇率变化对资本流量上的影响还要受其他因素的制约。

国际金融第一章课后题参考答案

第一章外汇与汇率的概述1、填空题（略）注意实际有效汇率指数上升代表本币升值，下降本币下降，是一种间接标价法。

2、选择题（1）ABCD (2)ACD (3)C (4)CD (5)B (6)C3、计算题（1）人民币的基期名义有效汇率583.11.0148.015.0117.02.036.725.0134.03.015.051=⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯==∑=i i i e EER α人民币的计算期名义有效汇率631.11.0132.015.0122.02.06.725.0130.03.0156.051=⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯==∑=i i i e EER α人民币名义有效汇率上升，说明人民币对外升值。

（2）实际有效汇率ππi i i e R ⨯=（间接标价法下），则剔除通货膨胀因素后人民币间接标价法下计算期实际汇率分别为RMB1=USD0.0936，RMB1=EUR0.091，RMB1=JPY3.8，RMB1=0.098，RMB1=0.0528则实际有效汇率为831.01.0053.015.0098.02.08.325.0091.03.0094.051=⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯+⨯==∑=i i i e R EER 4、简答题（1）外汇是商品经济发展到一定程度，即商品国际化阶段之后的产物。

狭义的外汇指外币和以外币表示的可以用于对国际间债权与债务进行结算与清算的手段与资产。

广义的外汇是指一国货币行政当局所拥有的一切可以用于对国际间债权与债务进行结算与清算的手段与资产。

外币只是外汇范畴的一部分，并不是所有的外币都是外汇。

外币只有满足了可兑换的规定性是才是外汇。

（2）根据可兑换的程度不同，可以分为自由外汇、有限自由兑换外汇和计记账外汇。

自由外汇是指不需要经过货币发行国管理当局的批准，可以自由兑换成任何一种外国货币或用于第三国支付的外国货币及其支付手段。

有限自由兑换外汇（货币）是指兑换与国际清偿能力都有一定限制的外汇（货币）。

国际金融问答复习(有答案)

1．动态外汇和静态外汇分别指什么？答：动态外汇概念是指一国货币兑换成另一国货币的实践过程，通过这种活动来清偿国际间的债权债务关系;静态的外汇概念指国际间为清偿债权债务关系进行的汇兑活动所凭借的手段和工具，或者说是用于国际汇兑活动的支付手段和工具。

2．外汇的主要特征有哪些？答：外汇的主要特征包括两个方面：(1) 外汇是以外币表示的遗产。

(2) 外汇必须是可以自由兑换成其他形式的，或以其它货币表示的遗产。

因此，可兑换的外国货币只是外汇资产中最基本的一种形式。

外汇资产的形式还包括外币有价证券、外汇支付凭证、外汇存款凭证。

3．汇率有哪几种标价方法？它们分别有哪些特征？标价方法包括直接标价发和间接标价法。

五六十年代以后，西方各国的跨国银行又普遍同时采用了“美元标价法”。

直接标价法是指以一定单位的外国货币为标准（1，100，10000等）来计算折合多少单位的本国货币。

这种标价法的特点是：外币数额固定不变，折合本币的数额根据外国货币与本国货币币值对比的变化而变化。

间接标价法是指以一定单位的本国货币未标准（比如1，100，10000等），来计算折合若干单位的外国货币。

这种标价法的特点是以本币外计价标准，固定不变，折合外币的数额根据本币与外币币值对比的变化而变化，如果一定数额的本币折合外币的数额增加，说明本币升值、外币贬值；反之，如果一定数额的本币折合外币数额减少，则本币贬值、外币升值。

“美元标价法”则是以关键画笔美元外标准公布外汇牌价，美元以外其它各种画笔之间的比值根据与美元的汇率套算。

4．金本位制度下，汇率的决定因素是什么?汇率的变动具有哪些特征？金本位制度下，两种货币之间的含金量之比，即铸币平价，是决定两只货币汇率的基础。

（1）影响汇率波动的因素是外汇供求关系。

当某种货币供不应求时，即出口增加，贸易顺差累积时，其汇率会上涨，超过铸币平价；当某种货币供大于求时，即进口增加，出口减少，有大量的贸易逆差时，其汇率会下跌，低于铸币平价。