高中英语新高考-阅读理解指导与解读：手把手教你挑战阅读难题(C、D篇)

篇）
这套卷实在是难得的好卷，笔者下决心宁愿熬夜也要挑选最难的部分来分析一下。

因为精力实在有限，这里只挑两篇，后面争取分析剩下的。

此时，我仿佛看到高智商命题者在笑而不语。

1
阅读B篇
The spread of no-maintenance artificial lawns is threatening wildlife and rare plants, conservationists and gardening experts are warning. Gardens are an increasingly impor¬tant shelter for wildlife which was forced into withdrawing from the countryside by loss of the natural homes and intensive farming. But the growth in the popularity of artificial lawns, which look like the real thing but require no cutting, watering or fertilizing, means there’s no shelter in an increasing number of Britain’s back gardens.
Tim Rumball, editor of Amateur Gar¬dening magazine, said: “Artificial grass these days looks great and these days you can buy rolls of it whereas before it was a very specialist thing. It can take people a few min¬utes to realize they are on an artificial lawn rather than a real one.”
Besides the impact on wildlife, a damaging impact has also been had on the wider environment because of replacing real grass. Mr Rumball said: “Lawns matter a lot. Plants change carbon dioxide into oxy¬gen and if all the lawns are taken away in Britain you will significantly affect the carbon levels in the atmosphere. When grass
grows longer, it attracts insects. If you have an artificial lawn then these insects will be reduced and the whole of the food chain will be affected, especially birds that rely on insects for their diet.”
Joy Wallis of Dorset Wildlife Trust is also concerned about the trend for artificial grass. “These days, gardens are a shelter for wildlife.”she said. “Creatures can’t survive in the countryside because it is so full of chemicals. Birds get absolutely nothing from artificial grass, and they can’t dig for worms or anything like that. It seems a shame that people feel they haven’t got the time or the tendency to look after a lawn.”
Robert Redcliffe of Namgrass, which currently sells 10,000 square meters of artificial grass per week, says business is booming, adding, “We started five years ago in the UK and it can transform the way you use the garden. There’s the obvious advantage of no cutting or watering, but also there’s no mud for children or pets to walk through the house.”He disagrees that artificial grass is harmful to the environment and added, “There are ecological benefits. In the long run the effect of artificial grass is outweighed by not having to use a lawnmower, run¬ning water or fertilizers.”
究竟怎样的阅读才能符合高考标准？我认为首先是选材的水准，其次才是命题的技术。

而选材应该从四个方面来评价：生词率；语篇结构；信息沟；话题意义。

本篇生词率控制得好，有6个：maintenance，intensive，lawn，outweigh，lawnmower，fertilizer
这里lawn恰好又是关键词，好在文章配图，是比较容易理解的，也是江苏高考的特征。

信息差（information gap）:文章讲的是人造草坪。

我认为这算是比较新鲜的事物，有趣。

这样同样符合高考阅读特征。

话题意义：通过人造草坪来说明环保的重要性，这也是符合主流的阅读话题。

语篇结构：这是区别选材水平高低最大的标准。

熟悉江苏高考阅读的读者都知道江苏高考阅读结构层次分明，各个段落写什么第一句就能看出来，而且彼此逻辑体系很严密。

一篇不好的选材，会让你看完后捣糨糊一样，感觉文章很乱。

且看本文，看每段第一句，就对文章说什么一目了然：
第一段：The spread of no-maintenance artificial lawns is threatening wildlife and rare plants
第二段：Tim Rumball, editor of Amateur Gar¬dening magazine, said….(某人说的话基本都不用看，都是证明前面的论点)
第三段：Besides the impact on wildlife, a damaging impact has also been had on the wider environment because of replacing real grass.
第四段：Joy Wallis of Dorset Wildlife Trust is also concerned about the trend for artificial grass.
第五段：Robert Redcliffe…says business is booming…There’s the obvious advantage of
结构是：前四段说的都是artificial lawn的威胁（threatening; besides, damaging impact; also concerned）,最后一段说的是它的好（advantage）
总之，看这样的文章，让读者舒服，因为能不怎么费力看懂文章大意，增强了信心。

个人认为，这是正确导向，阅读文章是让大多数学生能看懂大意的，而不是故意用晦涩的文章刁难学生。

然后，我来分析命题技术：
58. What can we learn from the growing trend for artificial lawns?
A. More people are fed up with the real lawns.
B. More people prefer the lower price of artificial grass.
C. More people believe artificial grass to look really better.
D. More people pay less attention to taking care of the environment.
此题命题技术打分A级。

先看题眼：关于人造草坪的趋势的理解。

文章一开始就是说这种趋势，读者自然会产生疑问：这种趋势到底是什么？大抵介绍新事物的文章，基本要先问它是什么。

首先A利用读者的错误联想，因为文章说真草坪需要浇水等，而人造的不需要，这不等于人们讨厌真草坪。

伪比较干扰是常用干扰手段。

B项文章没有提及。

（不过按照高考命题风格，选项内容最好在文章找到出处，很少出现无中生有干扰）C选项利用第二段的Artificial grass these days looks great来干扰，文章只是说它看起来不错，干扰项说它比真草坪看起来真的好多了。

这又是伪比较。

命题人大意是想通过细节考查小推理能力，artificial lawns处在风头上，然而对环境有很大坏处（首段说明了对动植物都有害），二者一结合说明大众不关心环境。

59. What can be inferred from what Robert Redcliffe says?
A. Wildlife is likely to be threatened.
B. All enjoy the convenience of artificial lawns.
C. He focuses on keeping the balance of ecology.
D. Parents spend more time accompanying children.
此题命题技术我不好确定。

因为。

它实在太高明了。

先看题眼，根据某人说的话来推断，属于常规推断题，没什么可说的。

在最后一段可以定位Robert Redcliffe，本段都是他在讲人造草坪的好。

但答案却是A。

估计考生和我一样犯糊涂了。

奥妙在提干设问里：What can be inferred from what Robert Redcliffe says?问的是，你从Robert Redcliffe推断出什么？不是问Robert Redcliffe想告诉我们什么？换句话说：问的是这个人的话说明了什么事实，不是这个人的话说明了这个人的说话意图。

这就是高考重点突出的考查：学会区分事实和态度。

前面说人造草坪对环境的破坏，尤其是野生动物很不满，后果很严重。

而最后这个人说我的生意红火呢。

二者一结合就是：你的人造草坪生意越好，说明了对野生动物威胁越严重。

这是事实。

其实，本题和上一题命题技术本质上是一样的，即：两个事实的相加推理。

只不过这里涉及到的思维转换脑洞更大一些。

60. The author’s real purpose of writing the passage is to_________.
A. warn the public against damaging the real lawns
B. emphasize the necessity of limiting artificial lawns
C. provide ways of protecting the living environment
D. give the reasons for the popularity of artificial lawns
此题是谈写作目的。

B项是不难得出的，因为文章一开头就表明了主旨，紧接着列举式推进说明。

就是最后一段也是侧面论证。

干扰项：A项中的damaging the real lawns没有提及；C项目的ways文章没有提及；D 项只是某个段落的细节。

2
阅读C篇
Robotic surgery is one thing, but sending a robot inside the body to carry out an operation quite another, which has long been a goal of some researchers to produce tiny robotic devices being capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugs or to make repairs without the need for a single cut, the possibility of which has just got a bit closer.
However, unlike the plot of one film—which featured a microscopic crew and submarine traveling through a scientist’s bloodstream —this device could not be inserted into blood vessels（管）because it is too big. While other types of miniature swallowable robots have been developed in the past, their role has mostly been limited to capturing images inside the body. In a presentation this week to the International Conference, Daniela Rus and Shuhei Miyashita of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology described a robot they have developed that can be swallowed and used to collect dangerous objects accidentally taken in.
To test their latest version, Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita designed a robot as a battery hunter, which might seem to be an odd task, but more than 3,500 people in America alone, most of them children, swallow the tiny button cells used in small
electronic devices by accident every year. To start with, the researchers created an artificial esophagus（食道）and stomach made out of silicone(硅胶). It was closely modeled on that found in a pig and filled with medical liquid; the robot itself is made from several layers of different materials, including pig intestine（肠）, and contains a little magnet. This is folded up and encased in a 10mm×27mm capsule of ice. Once this reaches the stomach the ice melts and the robot unfolds which is moved and guided with the use of a magnetic field outside the body. In their tests, the robot was able to touch a button battery and draw it with its own magnet, and during dragging it along, the robot could then be directed towards the intestines where it would eventually be gotten rid of through the anus(肛门). After it, the researchers sent in another robot loaded with medication to deliver it to the site of the battery burn to speed up healing.
The artificial stomach being transparent on one side, the researchers were able to see the batteries and visually control the robots. If not, that will require help with the help from imaging system, which will be a bit more of a challenge, but Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita are determined to succeed.
本篇生词：microscopic，submarine，bloodstream，miniature，capture，数量完全符合要求
信息差（information gap）:让机器人进入体内治疗，这个听起来就脑洞大开的说，不仅新，而且抓眼球。

话题意义：科技对健康的促进，正能量。

语篇结构：
第一段：Robotic surgery is one thing, but sending a robot inside the body to carry out an operation quite another
第二段：However, unlike the plot of one film…this device could not be inserted into blood vessels（管）because it is too big.
第三段：To test their latest version, Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita designed a robot as a battery hunter
第四段：The artificial stomach being transparent on one side, the researchers were able to see the batteries and visually control the robots…but Dr Rus and Dr Miyashita are determined to succeed.
结构是：先介绍Robotic surgery是什么意思，然后通过比较来说明Robotic surgery的功能，接着做实验论证，这是科技文的特点，最后说明挑战和展望。

不管中间有些细节有点绕人，但由于这篇文章属于典型的科技文行文：介绍、功能、实验、问题和展望，所以一眼看过去也能大致知道文章讲什么，这点实在值得其他命题人学习，不要选一篇文章，读者还没看就吓跑了。

61. According to the passage, the robot operation will probably be able to_________.
A. travel through a scientist’s bloodstream
B. photograph the body to convey to the doctor
C. enter the body to deliver drugs or make repairs
D. operate on a person outside the body completely
这题也是先解决名词概念的问题，属于常规题。

根据首段being capable of traveling through the body to deliver drugs or to make repairs可以看出答案C。

定位句本来就是正儿八经解释名词术语的，所以不难。

再看干扰项：
B项和第二段首句相违背，干扰技术：比较混淆，因为能进入科学家的血管的是小说中的情节；C项和第二段的in the past相违背，干扰技术同上，因为拍照的是过去的机器人的活；D项错在outside，completely。

62. We learn from Paragraph 3 that _________.
A. the researchers did the experiment on a chosen animal
B. the robot took necessary drugs besides a little magnet
C. digesting the swallowed batteries is difficult for children
D. the actual size of the robot may be larger than the capsule of ice
本段讲机器人的实验操作原理，过程繁琐，是命题设问不能少的。

根据第三段：This is folded up and encased in a 10mm×27mm capsule of ice. Once this reaches the stomach the ice melts and the robot unfolds，大概就是把机器人封在冰制的胶囊里，然后胶囊在肚子里融化，机器人展开。

这应该能推论出机器人的实际大小比胶囊大。

干扰项：根据the researchers created an artificial esophagus（食道）and stomach made out of silicone可以排除A，非chosen animal，而是人造的动物肠胃。

根据the robot itself is made from several layers of different materials, including pig intestine（肠）, and contains a little magnet.可知机器人本身就有小磁铁，非B选项中的在小磁铁旁边；C项中的children没有提及。

63. What may the experiment mean to the medical world?
A. The surgeries will cost patients much money.
B. Patients will suffer less for some surgeries.
C. Fewer children will swallow the button cells.
D. A robot will be invented travelling blood vessels.
根据首段的without the need for a single cut以及第三段的After it, the researchers sent in another robot loaded with medication to deliver it to the site of the battery burn to speed up healing可知：这种机器人治疗无需对身体动刀切割；机器人可以送药到指定位置帮助身体痊愈。

可以推知B项说的遭受更少的手术。

干扰项：A项没有提及；文章说的是孩子吞下电池纽扣，机器人可以进入身体去寻找纽扣，然后通过身体内外的磁铁带到肛门排出，并不是C项说的孩子会越来越少吞下纽扣；D项travelling blood vessels在第二段就说了这是小说中才有的事。

64. Which can be the most suitable title for the passage?
A. An Experiment on Robot
B. Tiny Robot, Significant Role
C. The Fantastic Robotic Voyage
D. The Exploration of Robot Technology
标题基本都是扣首尾两段。

但是，通过前面的命题技术，呵呵，这次没那么简单咯。

文章首段介绍Robotic surgery概念，按理说是B，但别急，C项看起来也是说Robot的功能。

这就要通观全文了。

第二段说Robot的功能是进入身体搜集危险物，第三段具体说明Robot在身体中的流通，最后一段是修正补充Robot的功能。

我们这样一看，还是C 项更生动，“奇幻的机器人之旅”。

其实，外刊的科技文标题经常带有一点浪漫的文学笔调，即使贵为Nature这样的高大上的学术杂志的文章标题常常很俏皮。

了解这点对我们以后选标题是很有用的。