英语专八语言学、文学 General

听力答案

90%；co-educational; science; ten;

qualification framework; examination results;

high school diploma; 1.8 million; one third

Scottish universities/Scotland

Linguistics

Chapter 1

1.The Definition of Language (3 editions)

Language is a system of arbitrary, vocal, symbols used for human communication. (1st edition)

Language is a means of verbal communication. （revised edition）

2.Design Features of Language

●Arbitrariness

●Duality

●Creativity (Productivity)

●Displacement

3.Functions of Language

●Informative

●Interpersonal

●Performative

●Emotive (Evocative & Expressive)

●Phatic

●Recreational.

●Metalingual

4.Important Distinctions in Linguistics

●Descriptive vs. Prescriptive

●Synchronic vs. Diachronic

●Langue vs. Parole

●Competence vs. Performance

Chapter 2

1.phonetics VS phonology

phonetics(语音学): 1). all the speech sounds in all language.

2). production of speech sounds

phonology (音系学)：1). system of sounds of a particular language.

2). how speech sounds are used to convey meanings in linguistic communication.

2.phone VS phoneme VS allophone

phone:a phonetic unit of a language or segment of it. (such as [l],[e],[t]) phoneme: 1). a unit of distinctive value.

2). is not an actual sound, but an abstract unit.

3).capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another

in a given language.

• e.g /p/, /f/ in pork, fork; /l/, /b/ in loom, boom

allophone: the different members of a phoneme.

eg: [l][l0][ł] are allophones of the phonemes /l/

allophone are said to be in Complementary Distribution.

3.Minimal Pair

When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.

eg: pill and bill

4.Phonological processes and rules

Assimilation

Epenthesis (the process of insertion of a sound)

5.Suprasegmental Phonology

●Syllable

●Stress

●Tone

●Intonation

Chapter 3-4

1.syntactic relations

(1)positional relations (also called horizaontal relations or chain relations)

(2)relations of substitutability (associative relations by Saussure, paradigmatic

relations by Hiemslev)

(3)relations of co-occurrence (partly belong to syntagmatic relations and partly

to paradigmatic relations)

2.grammatical construction

(1)immediate constituents (IC analysis)

(2)endocentric and exocentric constructions

3.endocentric constructions

coordination

subordination

4.syntactic function

subject

predicate

object

5.category

number

gender

case

6.phrase

NP, VP, PP, AP

7.clause

finite and non-finite clauses

8.recursiveness

conjoining

embedding