微观经济学名词解释 (2)
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名词解释
1.Scarcity(稀缺性)
The limited nature of society’sresources.
社会资源的有限性。
2.Efficiency(效率)
The property of society getting themost it can from its scarce resources.
社会能从其稀缺资源中得到的最大利益的特性。
3.Opportunity Cost(机会成本)
Whatever must be given up to obtainsome item.
为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。
4.Market Failure(市场失灵)
A situation in which a market left onits own fails to allocate resourcesefficiently.
市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。
5.Externality(外部性)
The impact of one person’s actions onthe well-being of a bystander.
一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。
6.Circular-flow Diagram(循环流量图)
A visual model of the economy thatshows how dollars flow throughmarkets among households and firms.
一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。
7.Production Possibilities Frontier(生产可能性边界)
A graph that shows the combinationsof output that the economy canpossibly produce given the availablefactors of production and theavailable production technology.
表示在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时,一个经济所能生产的产品数量的各种组合的图形。
8.Microeconomics(微观经济学)
The study of how households andfirms make decisions and how theyinteract in markets.
研究家庭和企业如何作出决策,以及他们如何在市场上进行交易。
9.Macroeconomics(宏观经济学)
The study of economy-widephenomena, including inflation,unemployment, and economicgrowth.
研究整体经济现象,包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。
10.Positive Statements(实证表述)
Claims that attempt to describe theworld as it is.
试图描述世界是什么样子的观点。
11.Normative Statements(规范表述)
Claims that attempt to prescribe howthe world should be.
试图描述世界应该是什么样子的观点。
12.Absolute Advantage(绝对优势)
The comparison among producers of agood according to their productivity.
用比另一个生产者更少的投入生产某种物品的能力。
parative Advantage(比较优势)
The comparison among producersof a good according to theiropportunity cost.
一个生产者以低于另一个生产者的机会成本生产一种物品的行为。
petitive Market(竞争市场)
A market in which there are manybuyers and many sellers so that eachhas a negligible impact on the marketpric
有许多买者与买者,以至于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。w of Demand(需求定理)
The claim that, other things equal, thequantity demanded of a good fallswhen the price of the good rises.
认为在其他条件不变时,一种物品的价格上升,对该物品的需求量减少的观点。
16.Normal Good(正常物品)
A good for which, other things equal,an increase in income leads to anincrease in demand.
在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。
17.Inferior Good(低档品)
A good for which, other things equal,an increase in income leads to adecrease in demand.
在其他条件相同时,收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。
w of Supply(供给定理)
The claim that, other things equal, thequantity supplied of a good riseswhen the price of the good rises.
认为在其他条件不变时,一种物品价格上升,该物品供给量增加的特点。19.Equilibrium Price(均衡价格)
The price that balances supply anddemand.
使供给与需求平衡的价格。
w of Supply and Demand(供求定理)
The claim that the price of any goodadjusts to bring the supply anddemand for that good into balance.
任何一种物品价格的调整都会使该物品的供给与需求达到平衡。
21.Elasticity(弹性)
A measure of the responsiveness ofquantity demanded or quantitysupplied to one
of its determinants.
衡量需求量与供给量对其某种决定因素的反应程度的指标。
22.Price Elasticity of Demand(需求价格弹性)
A measure of how much the quantitydemanded of a good responds to achange in the price of that good,computed as the percentage changein quantity demanded divided by thepercentage change in price.
衡量一种物品需求量对其价格变动反应程度的指标,用需求量变动百分比除以价格变动百分比来计算。
23.Income Elasticity of Demand(需求收入弹性)
A measure of how much the quantitydemanded of a good responds to achange in consumers’income,computed as the percentage changein quantity demanded divided by thepercentage change in income.
衡量一种物品需求量对消费者收入变动程度的指标,用需求量变动百分比除以