英语国家的宗教信仰
英语国家概况英国的主要宗教团体
英语国家概况英国的主要宗教团体在你对英国的了解中，你对于这个国家的宗教团体是怎么认为的呢?下面是店铺带来英语国家概况：英国的主要宗教团体详情，希望对大家有帮助。
英语国家概况：英国的主要宗教团体Religion 宗教1. Everyone in Britain has the right to religiousfreedom with out interference from thecommunity or the State. (He may believe in anychurch or none at all.) He may change his religion atwill may manifest his faith in teaching, worshipand observance. Except that the Lord Chancellor maybe a Roman Catholic, public offices are open withoutdistinction to members of all churches or none.在英国，人人都有信仰宗教的权利，社会和政府不得干涉。
他可以随意改变宗教信仰，可以在布道，礼拜和仪式中表明他的信仰。
除了大法官不可以是罗马天主教徒外，公共职务对各种信仰或没有信仰的人一律公开。
2. Established churches国教There are two established church in Britain: in England the church of England and in Scotlandthe (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.英国有两大国教，在英格兰是英格兰国教，苏格兰是苏格兰教会(长老教)。
3. Church of England is uniquely related to the Crown in that the Sovereign must be a memberof that Church and as "Defender of the Faith". The Church is also linked with the State throughthe House of loads. The church of England is not free to change its form of worship, as laiddown in the Book of Common Prayer without the consent of Parliament.英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系。
英国宗教与信仰概览
基督教，是一个相信耶稣基督为救主的一 神论宗教。基督教、佛教、伊斯兰教是世 界三大宗教，估计现在全球共有15亿至21 亿的人信仰基督教，占世界总人口25%-30%。 最早期的基督教只有一个教会，但在基 督教的历史进程中却分化为许多派别， 主要有天主教（中文也可译为公教、罗 马公教）、东正教、新教（中文又常称 为基督教）三大派别，以及其他一些影 响较小的派别。中文的“基督教”一词有 时被用于专指基督新教。
Religion in the United Kingdom
There are two established churches in Britain, that is, churches legally recognized as official churches of the State: in England the (Anglican) Church of England, and in Scotland the (Presbyterian) Church of Scotland.
Queen Elizabeth II
• Spiritual leader
Religion in the United Kingdom
The English Religious Reformation
Henry Ⅷ was about all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There are 3main reasons: a desire for change and reform in the Church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther (1483-1546), many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were also resented; and Henry needed money.
英语中关于“宗教”的各类词汇
教派religious sectChristianity基督宗教，广义基督教（包括天主教、东正教、新教三大主要派别，以及其他一些影响较小的派別）Catholicism 天主教Eastern Orthodox Church 东正教Protestantism 新教，（中国）基督教the Church of England英国国教，英格兰国教会，基督新教的教派Anglican Church，同上，英国国教（中国称为）圣公会The Episcopal Church 英国国教（在美国的称呼）Evangelism 福音派Lutheranism 路德宗,信义宗Calvinism 加尔文宗,长老宗Anabaptism 再洗礼派Methodism 卫斯理宗,卫理公会Puritanism 清教主义Quakerism 贵格会Presbyterian长老派教会fetishism 拜物教Buddhism 佛教Zen 禅宗Lamaism喇嘛教Esotericism 密宗MahayanaGreater V ehicle大乘（佛教宗派之一）TheravadaHinayanaLesser V ehicle小乘（佛教宗派之一）Taoism 道教Judaism 犹太教Islamism Islam伊斯兰教Brahmanism, Brahminism 婆罗门教Shamanism萨满教Confucianism儒家思想filial piety孝道建筑abbey 大修道院，大教堂basilica 大教堂cathedral 教堂，主教座堂（天主教）church 教堂，礼拜堂（基督教）chapel 小教堂collegiate church 牧师会主持的教堂sanctuary 圣所，神殿convent，nunnery女修道院monastery, cloister 修道院hermitage 偏僻的寺院seminary神学院synagogue 犹太教堂temple 庙宇寺（佛、道教）pagoda 塔，佛塔monastery寺院Buddhist nunnery庵lamasery 喇嘛庙mosque 清真寺Mecca麦加（伊斯兰教圣地）圣地（指巴勒斯坦）the Holy Land圣地（指耶路撒冷、罗马、麦加等地）the Holy City(Jerusalem, Rome, Mecca)教堂建筑细部high altar 祭坛nave 教堂中殿transept 教堂的十字型翼部holy-water basin 圣水池pulpit 讲道台stained glass window 彩色玻璃窗rose window 圆花窗fresco 壁画shrine神殿（祠）altar祭圣坛；圣餐台cross 十字架icon 圣像monstrance 圣体匣tabernacle 圣体龛ciborium, pyx 圣体容器，圣饼盒chalice 圣杯font 洗礼池aspergillum 圣水掸酒器Rosary 念珠censer, thurible 香炉教义doctrine [宗教、政治]教义；原则the Bible 圣经the Old Testament 旧约the New Testament 新约the Gospel 福音provision[法]规定；条款天使angel魔鬼devil撒旦Satan天堂Paradise; Heaven地狱hell; inferno阴曹hellbuddhist scriptures佛经（统称）the Koran 古兰经（伊斯兰教）the Talmud 犹太法典宗教信仰religious belief宗教信仰自由freedom of religion有神论；有神论者theism; theist无神论；无神论者atheism; atheist泛神论pantheism多神论；多神论者polytheism; polytheist 一神教monotheism神学theology神学家theologian神权统治thearchy神权政治theocracy僧侣统治；等级制度hierarchy偶像idol命运、天命destiny国教state religion教规canonpaganism 异端Reformation 宗教改革mortification 禁欲，苦行temptation 邪念,诱惑blasphemy, profanation 亵渎sacrilege 亵渎神明anathema 革除教门impiety 不虔诚，不敬神lack of faith 不信教，不信神atheism 无神论conversion 改宗immortality永生summon召唤，号召ascetic苦行的称呼基督教徒Christian天主教徒Catholic新耶酥教徒Protestant教士、牧师clergyman教皇Pope，the Holy Father ，pontiff红衣主教cardinal大主教archbishop主教bishop神父神甫（天主教）priest修女（天主教）nun牧师（新教）pastor, minister传教士missionary[集合词]教士；牧师（天主教神职人员，新教教职人员的统称）c lergy教士，牧师clergyman[集合词]（与教士、僧侣等相对的）俗人laityThe Archbishop of Canterbury坎特伯雷大主教，英国国教的教主，英国国教的两大主教之一the Archbishop of Y ork约克大主教，英国国教的两大主教之一，英国国教的付教主Monsignor 大人，阁下（天主教牧师荣誉头衔）diocese主管教区parish教区；教区的全体居民parishioner教区居民following追随者believer; follower信徒Matteo Ricci利马窦佛教徒Buddhist和尚Buddhist monk尼姑buddhist nun道士Taoist priest道姑Taoist nun达摩Bodhidharma法，即达摩，支配个人行为的宗教伦理规范dharma释迦牟尼Sakyamuni如来Tathagata佛陀Buddha菩萨Bodhisattva; Buddha; Buddhist idol观音菩萨the Guanyin Bodhisatta; A valokitesvara; the Goddess of Mercy弥勒Maitreya鉴真Jianzhen法显Faxian玄奘Xuanzang达赖Dalai班禅Bainqen(Panchen)喇嘛lama活佛Living Buddha安拉；真主 Allah穆斯林 Muslim; Moslem阿訇 ahung, imam宗教仪式，活动宗教仪式religious rites; ritual洗礼baptism受洗to receive baptism; to be baptized忏悔confession圣餐Holy Communion宗教仪式，礼拜religious service做礼拜to attend religious service; to go to church做弥撒to attend Mass主日学（星期日学校）Sunday-school; Sabbath-school 讲道sermon传教，传道to preach; to deliver a sermon（基督教）传教to do missionary workchoir 唱诗班mass 弥撒High Mass 大弥撒sung mass 唱诗弥撒Low Mass 诵经弥撒requiem mass [宗]安魂弥撒vespers 夕祷litany 连祷sermon 讲经psalm 圣诗canticle 赞美诗Via Crucis, Way of the Cross 十字架路，耶稣赴难路procession 宗教游行pilgrimage [伊斯兰教、基督教]朝圣admittance rites入教仪式。
了解英语国家的文化和传统
了解英语国家的文化和传统2023年，了解英语国家的文化和传统成为越来越多人关注的话题。
在全球化的背景下，了解不同国家与文化的差异和特点，有助于人们更好地融入国际社会。
本文将从历史、宗教信仰、节日、饮食、体育等多个方面，来介绍英语国家的文化和传统。
历史英语国家的历史可以追溯到数百年前，这些国家都体现了不同的历史和文化。
英国是一个古老而丰富的国家，其历史可以追溯到公元前10世纪。
到了中世纪，英国有了大量的城堡和教堂，这些建筑至今仍然呈现着昔日辉煌的壮丽景象。
同时，英国中世纪的语言和文化也影响了今天的英语语言和文化。
美国和加拿大则是英国殖民地，他们的历史可以追溯到16世纪。
这里还有一些新兴的国家，如新西兰、澳大利亚，它们的历史相对较短，但是也非常有特点。
宗教信仰英语国家的宗教信仰也是很有特点的。
英国是一个基督教国家，其国教为英国国教会，教堂是英国重要的文化遗产之一。
美国则是一个宗教多元的国家，基督教和天主教是主要的宗教信仰。
而澳大利亚在宗教信仰方面则更加多元，既有基督教，还有佛教、伊斯兰教等。
除了这些传统宗教，越来越多的人选择了无宗教信仰或新兴宗教。
节日每个国家都有自己的传统节日，英语国家也不例外。
英国最有名的节日之一就是复活节，这是一个基督教节日，是庆祝耶稣基督的复活。
美国最著名的节日是感恩节，这是一个表达感恩、团聚的节日，通常是在每年11月的第四个星期四。
加拿大则有国家庆典节日和圣诞节等传统节日。
此外，在英语国家还有很多独特的节日和活动，例如在英国的农历新年（又称“春节”）和澳大利亚的“澳大利亚日”等。
饮食英语国家的饮食文化也非常丰富多样。
英国的传统美食包括炸鱼和薯条、肉馅派、面包布丁等。
美国的传统美食则包括汉堡、烤肉、披萨等。
加拿大则以枫树糖浆、生蚝和蒸汽肉饼（Poutine）而闻名。
澳大利亚则以烤肉和海鲜为主，其中烤大虾（Prawns）是美食之一。
此外，在英语国家的主要城市中，还有许多各具特色的餐馆和小吃摊，比如伦敦的印度餐厅、美国的汉堡王和肯德基等。
美国文化口语：宗教信仰Religion：CatholicsAndProtestants
美国⽂化⼝语:宗教信仰 Religion:Catholics And ProtestantsTODD: So, are you going to come for brunch with us tomorrow? REBECCA: What time?TODD: 11:00. We'll meet at the restaurant at eleven.REBECCA: I'm sorry. I won't be able to come then.TODD: Why not?REBECCA: I go to Mass at 10:30.TODD: Mass? I didn't know you were Catholic.REBECCA: Yes, I am.TODD: Hmm. Do you go to Mass every Sunday?REBECCA: I try to.TODD: I wasn't raised religiously, so I don't quite understand some things. REBECCA: Like what?TODD: Why do Christians call their leaders pastors,but Catholics call their leaders priests?REBECCA: Oh, that's just traditional. But there is something I should tell you. TODD: What?REBECCA: You just talked about Christians on the one hand,and Catholics on the other.But that is not the way to say it in English.TODD: Why not?REBECCA: Because Catholics are also Christians.In America, there are two main groups.There are the Catholics, and there are the Protestants.But they both follow Jesus Christ, so in English they are both called Christians. TODD: So you use the words Catholic and Protestantand not Catholic and Christian?REBECCA: Yes, that's right.We Americans don't talk about Catholics and Christiansbecause Catholics are Christians too.TODD: It's very confusing.REBECCA: I know, but it's a mistake Chinese speakers often make.I am a Catholic. All Catholics follow Jesus Christ. So of course I am a Christian. Sometimes when Chinese people ask me about my belief,they say, "Are you Catholic or Christian?"But in English that question is nonsense.It is like saying, "Are you a woman or female?"And some people might even be offended by the question.TODD: I see. So when I meet religious people in America,I should ask, "Are you Catholic or Protestant?" Is that right?REBECCA: Yes. There you go.查德：你明天要跟我们去吃早午餐吗？丽蓓嘉：⼏点？查德：11 点。
英语课程中的宗教与信仰词汇
英语课程中的宗教与信仰词汇在学习英语的过程中，我们会接触到各种领域的词汇，其中包括了宗教和信仰的相关词汇。
宗教和信仰作为人类文明的重要组成部分，在英语中也有相应的表达和词汇。
本文将介绍一些英语课程中常见的宗教与信仰词汇。
一、基督教词汇1. Christianity（基督教）：指基于耶稣基督教义的宗教体系。
2. Jesus Christ（耶稣基督）：基督教信仰中的创始人，被视为上帝的儿子。
3. Catholicism（天主教）：基督教的一个派别，信奉罗马教皇。
4. Protestantism（新教）：基督教的一个派别，强调信徒对上帝个人信仰的重要性。
5. Baptism（洗礼）：基督教中的一种仪式，象征着信徒获得上帝的庇佑和接纳。
6. Cross（十字架）：基督教的象征，代表着耶稣的救赎和牺牲。
二、佛教词汇1. Buddhism（佛教）：建立在佛陀（释迦牟尼）的教导和教义基础上的宗教。
2. Buddha（佛陀）：指释迦牟尼，佛教的创始人。
3. Zen（禅宗）：佛教的一个分支，强调通过冥想来获得启示和觉醒。
4. Enlightenment（觉悟）：佛教追求的境地，意味着彻底的开悟和解脱。
5. Karma（业力）：佛教中的一个重要概念，指个人行为所带来的因果关系。
6. Meditation（冥想）：佛教修行的一种方法，通过专注和静思来实现内心的平静与洞察。
三、伊斯兰教词汇1. Islam（伊斯兰教）：信仰主义安拉为唯一上帝的宗教。
2. Muhammad（穆罕默德）：伊斯兰教的创始人，被尊称为先知。
3. Mosque（清真寺）：伊斯兰教的宗教场所，用于聚集礼拜和做祷告。
4. Qur'an（古兰经）：伊斯兰教的圣典，认为是安拉启示给穆罕默德的言论。
5. Ramadan（斋月）：伊斯兰教每年的一个重要节日，信徒在此期间禁食和反思。
6. Hajj（朝觐）：伊斯兰教的一种仪式，信徒前往麦加朝拜圣地。
四、其他宗教与信仰词汇1. Hinduism（印度教）：印度次大陆的主要宗教，信奉多神教。
英语国家概况英国宗教
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苏格兰教The Church of Scotland
苏格兰教的管理是长老制，也就是由教士 和长老治理，他们都被授了圣职，1707年 的《统一条约》确定了以苏格兰教的地位 ，1921年的《苏格兰教会法》进一步保证 了其地位。
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非国教教会
(1)英国圣公会
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英格兰教 The Church of England
英格兰教也被称作“安立甘会” The Anglican Church
英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系，因为君主作为“Supreme
Governor of the Church of England and Defender of the Faith”——"教会的统
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治者与国教的捍卫者"，必须是此教会的一员，君主在登 基时必须承诺维持国教。尽管在大主教和教区主教的选择 上皇室任职委员会起着决定性的作用,但是英格兰国教的 大主教、主教和教堂教长还是由君主根据首相的建议任命
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英格兰教 The Church of England
国教的两大主教与其他24个高级主教通过上议院与政府相联系， 两个大主教包括——坎特伯雷（Canterbury）和约克(York)。 坎特伯雷大主教（Archbishop of Canterbury），为全英格兰的首席 主教（The Primate of All England）。
在不列颠诸岛有三个非国教的圣公会：爱尔兰教 会、苏格兰的主教派教会和威尔士教会。 威尔士教会在宗教改革时期成为圣公会的一部分 。1588年摩根主教把《圣经》译为威尔士语。在 18世纪和19世纪时期，一场强劲的不信国教(自由 教会)运动席卷威尔士。
英语国家概况_西方宗教
加尔文
加尔文1509年出生在 法国。马丁·路德把自 己的“95条论纲”张贴 在教堂大门上发动宗教 改革运动时，加尔文年 仅八岁。他从小就成为 天主教徒，但在青年时 期改信新教。为了免受 迫害，不久他离开巴黎。 从此他隐姓埋名，努力 钻研神学。1530年他27 岁时发表了他的最有名 的著作《基督教原理》。 该书概括了新教的基本 信仰，使他一鸣惊人。
基督教
基督教会（Christian Church) • 天主教会(Roman Catholic Church)； • 东正教会(Orthodox Church)； • 新教教会(Protestant Church)；
基督教会专指新教教会； 东正教会为俄国国教。 这三大教派虽各自独立、自成体系，但仍被视 为同属一教。
Religion in America
• 宗教和诗在本质上是相同的。
•
——美国哲学家 桑塔亚娜
• Religion and poetry are same in essentially .
新教六大教派
(4) 卫斯理宗（Wesleyans）是以该宗创始人英 国约翰· 卫斯理宗教思想为依据的各教会统 称。 (5) 公理宗（Congregationalists）是新教主 要宗派之一，16世纪后期产生于英国。 (6) 浸礼宗（Baptists）是新教主要宗派之一， 于17世纪初产生于英国和流亡于荷兰的英 国人当中。
天主教庭——梵蒂冈
圣彼得大 教堂建于1506 年—1626年， 为梵蒂冈的教 廷教堂，是天 主教会举行最 隆重仪式的场 所。梵蒂冈教 廷从中古时代 起即是世界天 主教的中心。
圣彼得大教堂
马丁· 路德
马丁·路德大学毕业 以后，进入修道院当修 士，后来成为神学教授。 教皇和天主教会的腐败 奢侈，日益坚定了他进 行宗教改革的决心。他 着手创建自己的宗教学 说,他发起并领导的宗教 改革运动席卷整个欧洲， 永久性地结束了罗马天 主教会对于西欧的封建 神权统治。他的宗教学 说为新兴资产阶级提供 了革命的思想武器。恩 格斯认为路德是他那个 时代的巨人，他无愧于 这一光荣。
英美国家宗教
ReligionAmerican ReligionLearning Focus1.Christianity2.W ASP3.National Religion4.Self-improvement5.Individualism6.V olunteerism7.American character of ReligionReligious Diversity ‘a Melting Pot’The Three Religions of the World ------Buddhism Islam ChristianityBuddhism (佛教)◆Buddhism (佛教) is a system of religion inaugurated in the 6th century BC by SiddharthaGautama (563-483 BC), also known as Shakyamuni (释迦牟尼)，called Buddha（佛陀）.◆Believers of Buddhism are called Buddhists.◆Buddhism's earliest doctrines were based on the Four Nobel Truths: (1) Life is suffering; (2)The cause of suffering is "birth sin," or craving and desire; (3) Suffering can be ended only by Nirvana , the extinguishment of desire; (4) This can be accomplished by the Eightfold Path to righteousness: right views, right intentions, right speech, right conduct, rightlivelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditation.◆Buddhism spread rapidly from India to surrounding countries and took permanent hold inCeylon, China and Japan. Numerous sects and variant teachings exist in Buddhism, ranging from highly academic and abstract doctrines to simple salvation.Islam◆Islam (伊斯兰教) is the religion of Mohammed, whose adherents are called Muslims orMoslems.◆They believe in one God-Allah and their one prophet is Mohammed (AD 570-632), an Arabprophet and founder of Islam.◆Islam emphasizes five duties: (1) bearing witness that there is but one god and one prophet,Mohammed; (2) reciting daily prayers; (3) giving appointed and legal alms, (4) observing the Ramadan, a month's fast; and (5) making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least one in a lifetime.◆The sacred book of Islam is the Koran. The word means "reading" in Arabic. Written in thepurest Arabic, it is considered the Word of God, the uncreated and eternal truth revealed to Mohammed by the angel Gabriel. There are 114 chapters in the Koran, unnumbered butindividually named.◆A Muslim temple or place of worship is called "mosque."Christianity(30A.D)Three major religions in the worldBelieve in God The Roman Catholic ChurchChristianity The Eastern Orthodox ChurchRead the Bible The Protestant ChurchBuddhism IslamThree major religious groups in the U.S.:Protestant,Catholic ,JewishProtestant and Catholic ---American culture is based on Christianity.Protestantism◆16th century: the Reformation◆1620: the Mayflower◆1790: the first census held--90% was W ASP (White Anglo-Saxon Protestant)◆Main denominations of the protestant church 新教的主要教派the Baptists–white and black 浸礼教派the Methodists 卫理公派教徒W ASP◆"WASP" culture: "WASP" stands for white Anglo-Saxon Protestant （盎格鲁-撒克逊白人新教）. The majority of the early settlers who came to America from Europe belonged to the various Protestant churches. Their religion and culture had a great impact on the formation of the American mainstream culture. A protestant is a member of the various Christian churches established as a result of the Reformation.◆Protestantism is a form of Christian faith and practice that originated with the principles ofthe Reformation. This term, derived in 1529, did not become the official title of any church until the Protestant Episcopal Church assumed it in 1783 in the United States.◆Some of the chief characteristics of original Protestantism were t he acceptance of the Bibleas the only source of revealed truth, and the doctrine that a Christian is justified in hisrelationship to God by faith alone, not by good works or dispensations of the church.Protestants stress preaching by the ministry and reading the Bible. They have their own ethic, a moral code stressing hard work, the rational organization of one's life in the service of God, and asceticism - a doctrine that one can reach a higher spiritual state by rigorousself-discipline and self-denial.◆Baptists （浸礼会教徒）are members of the Baptist churches. Baptism is the ceremony or sacrament of admitting a person into Christianity or a specific Christian church by immersing the individual in water or by pouring or sprinkling water on the individual, as s symbol of washing away sin and of spiritual purification. Baptism is a religious ceremony held by the various Christian churches. But Baptists are members of particular Protestant denomination holding that baptism should be given only to believers after confession of faith and by total immersion rather than sprinkling. The Baptist Church is the largest Protestant group in the Unites States.◆The Methodists(卫理公会派) --the second largest Protestant group in the U.S. TheMethodist Church has a form of service based on that of the Church of England. Methodists （卫理公会派教徒）are members of the Methodist Church. Methodism embodies the doctrines of a Protestant denomination, originally of an evangelical nature. It grew from a loose religious association formed at Oxford University in 1729 by a group that included John and Charles Wesley and George Whitefield. The name began as a term applied by the Oxford students to the members of the association because they displayed a methodical regularity in their meetings for the Bible study and in their fasts and prayers. In the American history, the Methodist Church was once the largest protestant group , and now it still remains one of the largest but is smaller than the Baptist group.◆QuakerismThe term “Quakers”was coined by their enemies because the Quakers were so faithful to God that when they trembled. Quakers were a group of Protestants. They believed that people could communicate with God because God’s divine light was in everyone’s heart. They believed in God through faith without the help of church or priest. Those religious beliefs taught them that people were born equal, and not sinful. They worked hard and lived a simple life in order to pleaseGod.◆Mormonism◆ChristianChristian FestivalsChristmasOrigin: Celebrating the birth of Jesus ChristSymbols: Christmas carols Midnight MassEasterOrigin: Celebrating the resurrection of Jesus ChristSymbols: Easter eggs Easter BunnyNational ReligionThe U.S.A. has no state church.National Patriotism + Religion = National ReligionReligious LibertyThe First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion.The government supports all religions.The United States have no state-supported religion. In this way, diversity of religious belief political injustice or disaffection.American courts have become more sensitive in recent years to the rights of people who do not believe in any God or religion.Protestant religion and republican forms of government, they felt, went hand in hand (agreeable).Beliefs and Values1.Self-improvement and material success2.Individual freedom and self-reliancepetition and privacy4.V olunteerism and charitySelf-improvement & Material SuccessDefinition:Self-improvement is one of the most important values mainly held by Protestants in the U.S. . They think if they improve themselves, they can get forgiveness and grace directly from God. Some Protestants’lives are changed through self-improvement.Others believe a relationship with God will improve their lives and will lead them to Heaven after death.The achievement of material success is the most widely respected form of self-improvement in the United States.Individual Freedom & Self-relianceW ASP wanted to set up free colonies.The Bill of Rights limits the power of the government to restrict the rights of individual religion.In Americans’view, individual freedom means the right of all individuals to control their own destiny without the outside influence from the government, the church or any otherorganized authority.Competition & PrivacyHeroes, in Americans’eyes, are the people who have stood out from the crowd by doing something first, best, or have overcome difficulties and succeeded in their lives.Competition working alone keeping their superiority and their separateness from others paying high attention to privacy confidentiality Volunteerism & CharityDefinition: Volunteerism refers to unpaid service. Helping others is a way of self-improvement. People contribute some of their time or money to charity, education and religion. This philosophy is called volunteerism.Religious Reasons:The Christians believe that if you love God, you will also love your neighbors. Definition: Charity means that individuals, organizations, and the state should offer help to those in need without an expectation that the favor will be returned.Religious Reasons:Christians believe that charity is a religious duty.American Character of ReligionThe variety of denominationsThe emphasis on social problemsThe separation of church and state.The problems and its trends last paragraph on P89British ReligionLearning Focus1.The Church of England2.Puritanism3.Religious “Roller Coaster”4.British Literature and the Bible5.Religion and Education6.Religions and V alues Religious FreedomThe Church of England●Position The most important denomination in the U.K. ; the established church of the U.K..●Head of the church Queen Elizabeth II●Spiritual leader The Archbishop of Canterbury●Political function Many senior church officials also sit in the House of Lords●Time of establishment16th Century in the Reformation●Feature Both Catholic and Protestant●Role Many members are involved in a wide range of public bodies. It has the most followersof any denomination in Britain today.More than 16,000 churches 42 cathedralsThe Church of EnglandThe Church of England: came into being during the Reformation of the 16th century. It is the state religion of the U.K. It is the most important denomination in the U.K. The monarch is head of the Church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury of the Church of England is regarded as the spiritual leader. Today it is characterized by being both Catholic and Protestant. The Church of England plays an active role in national life.The Roman Catholic Church⏹How did it come to the U.K.? The Roman Empire left it in the 5th century A.D. after theconquest in the British Isles.⏹What is the landmark of its establishment? The first church built in Canterbury in 597.⏹When did it reach its height? In the Middle Ages.⏹How many catholic people are there in the U.K.? About 6 million people.⏹How many catholic provinces are there in the U.K.? Eight Catholic provinces.⏹Where is the central place of worship? Westminster Cathedra in London.The main nonconformist denominations1.The Methodist Church2.The Puritan Church3.The Quakers4.The Congregational Church5.The Presbyterian Church6.The Baptist Church the Salvation ArmyThe Protestant Church and PuritanismThe ReformationMartin Luther led the breakaway from the Roman Catholic Church in 1517. They called themselves “Protestants”because they were protesting against the teachings and customs of the Roman Catholic Church.Puritans（清教徒）This term refers to those involved in Puritanism, a movement in the 16th and 17th centuries for reform in the church of England. It is part of Protestantism. Puritanism had a profound influence on the social, political, ethical, and theological ideas of England and America. The aim of early Puritans was to purify the church. Thus this name came into being. (名词解释不用写括号里The main body of Puritans, the Presbyterians favored a central church government, while the separatists or Congregationalists （公理会教友）defined the church as any autonomous congregation of believers.) The latter emphasized the point that a man could arrive at his won conclusions in religion, and opposed a national, comprehensive church. Congregationalists stress each congregation or local church has free control of its own affairs, and that the relations of the various congregations are those of fellow members in one common family of God. They eliminated bishops and presbyters.The differences between Puritans and Catholics⏹Puritans:1)God was incomprehensible to man, and the power of God was all-knowing, yet hidden andunknown to man.2)It was convinced that human beings were predestined by God before they were born. So nogood church could save anyone and nobody knew if he or she was God's elect.3)It was believed that everyone had a calling, which was given by God. The success of one'swork or the prosperity in his calling was the sign of being God's elect.4)It was concluded that the Bible was the authority of their doctrine.⏹Catholics:1)God could be reached through his representative on the earth-the Pope.2)A person could confess his or her sin, do good works and give money to the church andbuy back his or her soul.3)The pope and the bishops have spiritual authority Christ assigned to his apostles. The voiceof the pope is regarded as infallible when speaking on matters of faith and morals. Characteristics of British religion1.Unity among the churches.2.Social responsibility.3.Keeping-up with the times.4.No “Christian”political party.5.Widespread interest in religion.WorshipDefinition: Worship is a form of Christian service that people attend in churches.Services:Prayers, singing, Bible reading, a sermonTime: on Sundays Places: abbeys, chapels, churchesOccasions: new births, marriages, deaths Ceremonies: baptisms, weddings, funeralsBritish Literature and the BibleFamous British writers have been influenced by the Bible: the Old Testament and the New TestamentShakespeare：The Merchant of V enice King Lear SonnetsJohn Milton：Paradise Lost Paradise RegainedReligion and British EducationOne of the purposes of setting up a university in the old times was to serve the church. Oxford University:In the 12th century, an educational center of the churches.Until 1870, only Anglicans were admitted.Nowadays,1.6 religious permanent private halls;2.Many Colleges have Christian names, such as Christ Church, Jesus College and Trinity College.3.Most of the colleges have their own chapels and churches.Religions and ValuesChurch V aluesThe Roman Catholic Church CharityThe Protestant Church Equality and FreedomThe Church of England ToleranceThe unique values of British people: charity, equality, freedom and tolerance。
英语国家概况英国宗教
基督教
天主教
基督新教
Protestantism
东正教
路德宗 （德国）
加尔文宗 （瑞士）
英国国教
国教 教会
英国的 宗教
非国教 教会
英格兰 教
苏格兰 教
英国圣 公会
自由教 会
罗马天 主教会
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国教
英国有两大国教，即国家法律上承 认的官方教会：在英格兰是英格兰 国教，在苏格兰是苏格兰教会(长 老教)
爱尔兰的长老会、威尔士的长老会(加尔文卫理公会)和威尔士独立者联 合会。
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(3)罗马天主教会
非国教教会
英格兰和威尔士的罗马天主教会的正式组织在宗教改革后 一度消亡，但于1850年恢复。
大不列颠现在有七个由大主教领导的罗马天主教省，以及 由主教领导的30个主教区(英格兰和威尔士有22个教区，苏 格兰有8个，各自独立向教皇负责)。还有约3300个教区和约 7300位教士(只有男性能成为教士)。
卫理公会。自由教会中最大的一支，起源于18世纪的约翰·卫斯理 (1703-91)领导下的福音派复兴。
浸礼会。17世纪浸礼会员会员在英国首先形成组织。如今大多数浸礼 会属于大不列颠浸礼会联盟。苏格兰、威尔士和爱尔兰都有独立的浸礼 会联盟，以及其他独立的浸礼会。
联合改革会。1972年由英格兰和威尔士的公理会与英格兰长老会合并 而成。自从16世纪的宗教改革以来，这是英国两种不同教会的首次联合 。
主教（The Primate of All England）。
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苏格兰教The Church of Scotland
苏格兰教的管理是长老制，也就是由教士 和长老治理，他们都被授了圣职，1707年的 《统一条约》确定了以苏格兰教的地位， 1921年的《苏格兰教会法》进一步保证了其 地位。
英语国家概况英国宗教
英格兰教 The Church of England
英格兰教也被称作“安立甘会” The Anglican Church 英格兰国教与君主有独特的联系，因为君主作为“Supreme
Governor of the Church of England and Defender of the Faith”——"教会的统 治者与国教的捍卫者"，必须是此教会的一员，君主在登 基时必须承诺维持国教。尽管在大主教和教区主教的选择 上皇室任职委员会起着决定性的作用,但是英格兰国教的 大主教、主教和教堂教长还是由君主根据首相的建议任命
天主教
基督新教
Protestantism
东正教
路德宗 （德国）
加尔文宗 （瑞士）
英国国教
国教 教会
英国的 宗教
非国教 教会
英格兰 教
苏格兰 教
英国圣 公会
自由教 会
罗马天 主教会
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国教
英国有两大国教，即国家法律上承 认的官方教会：在英格兰是英格兰 国教，在苏格兰是苏格兰教会(长 老教)
主教（The Primate of All England）。
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苏格兰教The Church of Scotland
苏格兰教的管理是长老制，也就是由教士 和长老治理，他们都被授了圣职，1707年的 《统一条约》确定了以苏格兰教的地位， 1921年的《苏格兰教会法》进一步保证了其 地位。
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英格兰教 The Church of England
国教的两大主教与其他24个高级主教通过上议院与政府相联系， 两个大主教包括——坎特伯雷（Canterbury）和约克(York)。 坎特伯雷大主教（Archbishop of Canterbury），为全英格兰的首席
the America religious culture(美国宗教文化)
American Religious Culture美国是一个宗教色彩浓厚的发达国家,其宗教多元化与移民问题有密切关系,宗教信仰已成为美国文化和历史不可分割的组成部分,这种多元宗教文化的传统对美国的社会生活产生了深刻影响。
USA is a developed country with rich religious colors and its multi-religious features are closely connected with itsimmigrants. Religious beliefs are an inseparable part of American culture and history. This deep-rooted multi-religious culture has exerted great influenceon American lives.一、美国的宗教文化背America's religious and cultural background美国向以“民族熔炉”和“宗教联合国”著称。
America is famous as an "Ethnic melting pot" and "religious United Nations".美国人大部分是17和18世纪欧洲移民的后裔,另外,还从拉丁美洲、亚洲、澳洲、非洲甚至加拿大涌入了大量移民。
移民们持续稳定地涌入美国,带来了他们本国的文化和传统,从而使美国社会变得丰富多彩,也对美国多元文化的形成产生了深远的影响。
Americans are mostly descendants of European immigrants of17 and 18th Century. In addition to there are also a large number ofimmigrants from Latin America, Asia, Australia, Africa and Canada. Thesteady influx of immigrants brought their own culture and traditions to America. They make the American society rich and colorful and even impact far-reaching influence on the formation of America’s multicultural.多元文化的沃土滋养出了多元宗教文化。
英美国家概况--宗教
British Religion
8.1 Three Great World Religions
• There are three great world religions:
Buddhism----
Islam----
Christianity----
8.1.1 Buddhism at a glance
• Buddhism is a tradition that focuses on personal spiritual development and the attainment of a deep insight into the true nature of life. • Buddhism teaches that all life is interconnected, so compassionis natural and important. • Buddhists strive for a deep insight into the true nature of life and do not worship gods or deities['di:iti; 'di:əti]神 . • Buddhism is mainly distributed over Southern and Eastern Asia. • Its symbol is the Lotus.
8.1.2 Islam at a glance
英语国家社会与文化入门unit6
American Jews
Mel Brooks 梅尔· 布鲁克斯 Norman Mailer 诺曼· 梅勒 Ben Bernanke 本· 伯南克 Barbra Streisand 芭芭拉· 史翠珊 immigrants moved Isaac Asimov 艾萨克· 阿西莫夫 rapidly into Albert Einstein 爱因斯坦
More often prejudice took the form of discrimination, particularly at the pools. By 1960,however,John F. Kennedy’s presidential election victory put to rest the catholic religion as an issue in national politics. Kennedy was Roman Catholic.
Early American religions
• Lutherans from Germany 路德派教徒 • The Dutch Reformed Church flourished in New York and New Jersey 在纽约及新泽西洲兴旺的荷兰改革派教徒 • Presbyterians came from Scotland 长老会教徒 • Huguenots from France 胡格诺派教徒 • Congregationalists 公理会教友 Although the Church of England was an established church in several colonies, Protestants lived side by side in relative harmony. 英国国教虽然在几个殖民地是官立教会，但新教 各派都能和平相处。
美国人有哪些宗教信仰
美国人有哪些宗教信仰在美国留学生活期间，留学生难免会与美国的宗教信仰发生碰撞，所以说，留学生在美国留学生活期间一定要了解美国的宗教信仰，以免发生不必要的麻烦。
下面小编就带您一起来了解一下。
今天的美国，每10个人中就有9个人自称相信上帝，有8个人认为宗教对他们的生活非常重要，有7个人属于某个宗教组织，有大约6个人每天祈祷，有一半以上的人认为上帝是美国民主的道德引导力量，有4个人每周去教堂，以及有30多万座教堂寺庙遍及美国城乡这一事实时，也许就没有理由怀疑存在于高度发达的物质文明背后的美国宗教在美国社会中所发挥的作用。
美国留学生生活中比不可少的钞票上，赫然印着“我们信仰上帝”。
美国的国歌里，有“上帝保佑美国”的歌词。
美国总统就职，要手按圣经进行宣誓。
国会参众两院的每一届会议都是以国会牧师主持的祈祷开始。
美国的军队里有牧师，神甫等各种不同宗教的随军神职人员，身穿军官制服，在军中提供宗教服务。
美国留学专家表示：美国留学生可以看到，美国的大学校园里，活动着大量的学生宗教团体。
美国的医院、监狱、机场及其他许多公共与民间机构中也都有专职或兼职的宗教职业人员提供宗教服务。
美国85%以上私立中小学校的学生就读于教会学校。
哈佛大学、耶鲁大学、普林斯顿大学等许多着名的美国大学最初都是由教会创办的，可想而知，宗教团体在相当一部分美国留学生生活中，也占有一定地位。
今天，美国有1200多家宗教广播电台播放宗教节目，每12家电视台中就有一家是宗教电视台，在20世纪的最后10年里，美国的宗教节目增加了75%.美国的宗教报刊杂志有5000多种，《新约圣经》在美国的印数超过了1亿册，宗教音乐的音像制品销售量远远超过了爵士乐、古典音乐及其他各种流行音乐。
英国的宗教信仰及生活禁忌
英国的宗教信仰及生活禁忌教会而英国有两个“官方的”教会：即英格兰教会(英国圣公教会)和苏格兰教会(长老教派)，除此之外，各种不同的宗教和数不清的教派在英国都可以找到自己的代表。
绝大多数英国人都信奉基督教，另外还有部分居民信奉天主教、伊斯兰教、犹太教和佛教。
尽管如今去教堂做礼拜的信徒人数并不多，每周大约只有110万人。
穆斯林是英国国内最大的非基督教团体(超过150万人)，此外，印度教、锡克教和犹太教也拥有大量的信徒，而且数量还在不断增长。
英国悠长而多元化的宗教历史的另一个产物就是遍布英国各地令人叹为观止的教堂、寺院和修道院建筑。
教餐Hindu印度教餐食用菜单：不含牛肉，牛肉制品，小牛肉veal或猪肉，但并非无肉膳食。
印度教非素食者只会避免食用牛肉和/或猪肉。
Muslim清真教餐食用菜单：不含猪肉、猪肉制品、肉食性动物或酒精的食品。
所有肉食都来自按宗教仪式宰杀的动物。
另外，斋戒月Ramadan是伊斯兰日历的第九个月。
每年的这个月，世界各地的穆斯林教徒都会去参加在斋戒月期间的活动，健康成人这些天要强制性禁止进食和饮水，从黎明到黄昏。
Jain耆那教餐(印度)食用菜单：膳食是严格的素食，食物以印度风味烹饪，膳食中不含洋葱、马铃薯、大蒜或块根类蔬菜。
食用根茎类蔬菜(薯仔，胡萝卜，白萝卜)是被禁止的，因为拔起它的根部时，会伤害到一些生物。
Kosher犹太教洁食餐食用菜单：不含猪肉、肉食性动物、软体动物和甲壳类动物。
具体而言，牛、羊、鹿、鸡、鸭、鹅为可食的肉食类。
此类膳食系按照犹太教膳食戒律进行烹饪，旧约圣经中称，凡走兽中有蹄、有趾及反刍的都可以吃。
凡是水中有鰭、有鳞的，不论是海里的或河裡的，都可以吃。
习俗和禁忌送礼在英国，送礼时最好送较轻的礼品。
由于花费不多就不会被误认为是一种贿赂。
英国人也象其他大多数欧洲人一样，喜欢高级巧克力、名酒和鲜花。
对于有公司标志的礼品，他们大多并不欣赏。
饮茶茶几乎可以称为英国的民族饮料，特别是妇女，嗜茶成癖。
美国人的宗教信仰都有哪些？
美国⼈的宗教信仰都有哪些？美国信徒们⼤多认为，只有惧怕上帝的⼈，才会在这世上规规矩矩、诚诚实实、恭恭敬敬地做⼈；不怕上帝的⼈，则极有可能胆⼤妄为、⾃我膨胀、为所欲为，并最终与罪恶势⼒同流合污。
从这个意义上讲，美国⼈相信上帝、敬畏上帝，是要⽤上帝的震慑⼒量约束⾃⼰的⾏为举⽌，⽤上帝的谆谆教诲规范⾃⼰的道德操守。
也许是美国⼈在宗教信仰上更偏重其道德意义的原因，美国⼈的宗教信仰中较少有教条主义成分。
⽆论是牧师布道，还是传教⼠传道，他们对教义本⾝都尽量简化，不做任何⽞奥的解释。
各个宗教团体和各个教会组织之间较少在教义上发⽣争执，更多的情况下，它们之间的差异和区别主要集中在礼仪形式和礼拜形式上。
在崇拜仪式上，不同的宗教派别往往采⽤能体现⾃⼰特⾊的崇拜礼仪。
为了迎合⼤众的需要，许多教派对宗教仪式也作了改进，如⽤现代化的⾳响设备取代传统的管风琴，在布道之前播放电影和上演短剧等。
这样，教堂由具有单⼀功能的礼拜场所变为集礼拜、社交、娱乐和教育于⼀体的综合活动中⼼。
⼆战以来，科学技术的迅猛发展以及新技术的应⽤⼤⼤改变了⼈们信教的⽅式；各宗教教派与时俱进，及时利⽤现代化的通讯技术和传媒⼯具为⾃⼰服务，通过⼴播、电视、因特⽹、书刊等⼤众传播媒介，与众多教徒相联系，新型的“电⼦教会，，随之产⽣。
与传统教会不同的是，“电⼦教会”能适应现代⼈的⽣活需求，使其⾜不出户便可做礼拜。
由于美国⼈对神学理论缺乏兴趣，厌恶深奥晦涩的教义，美国教会组织在布道传教时，往往把绝⼤多数的时间放在伦理道德的宣传上，把主要的注意⼒放在与⼈们⽇常⽣活息息相关的社会问题上。
长此以往，这种不断向世俗化⽅向发展的宗教信仰⽅式，尽管在维持教会组织发展⽅⾯起了很⼤的推动作⽤，但它也使原本就区别不⼤的各宗教派别变得更难以“划分界限”。
事实上，美国许多宗教派别除了在名称E有明显的区别之外，宗教信仰上的差异已变得越来越含糊不清，⽽各教派对此也并不在乎。
譬如，美国浸礼会(Baptists)对它与新教其他派别在信仰上的不同之处就并不⼗分关⼼。
英语国家宗教信仰探微：适合宗教研究者和跨文化交流者
多元文化
• 澳大利亚是一个移民国家，各种民族文化交融 • 基督教信仰对澳大利亚文化传统产生影响，同时多元文 化也丰富了基督教信仰
澳大利亚宗教信仰对社会政治的影响
宗教信仰对社会的影响
• 宗教信仰对道德观念、价值观念产生影响 • 宗教信仰对家庭、教育、社会关系等方面产生影响
宗教信仰对政治的影响
• 宗教信仰对澳大利亚政治观念产生影响，如澳大利亚宪 法中的立国原则 • 宗教信仰对澳大利亚政治活动产生影响，如宗教领袖在 政治竞选中的影响力
英语国家宗教信仰在全球化背景下的发展趋势
宗教信仰的全球化传播
• 随着全球化的发展，英语国家宗教信仰在全球范围内传播，促进文化多样性的发 展 • 宗教信仰在全球化背景下，面临本土化和外来文化的冲突与融合
宗教信仰在全球化背景下的变革
• 宗教信仰适应全球化的发展，进行自我调整和变革，如基督教的世俗化、伊斯兰教 的改革等 • 宗教信仰在全球化背景下，面临新兴宗教和信仰的挑战，如新时代运动、精神信仰 等
• 剑桥大学、牛津大学等著名学府起源于基督教修道院 • 宗教教育在英国教育体系中占有重要地位
03
美国宗教信仰特点及影响
美国基督教信仰的起源与发展
基督教的起源
• 同英国基督教信仰起源相同 • 16世纪欧洲移民将基督教带入美国
基督教在美国的传播
• 17世纪清教徒移民建立普利茅斯殖民地，实行宗教自由 • 美国独立后，基督教成为国教
宗教信仰对国际政治观念产生影响
• 基督教的普世价值观在国际政治中产生影响，如人权、和平、民主等 • 伊斯兰教的极端主义思想对国际政治产生负面影响，如恐怖主义、极端主义等
宗教信仰对国际政治活动产生影响
• 宗教领袖在国际政治活动中发挥影响力，如教皇作为天主教的代表在国际事务中的 发言权 • 宗教信仰冲突导致国际政治紧张局势，如以色列和巴勒斯坦的冲突等
英语国家的宗教信仰
佛教、伊斯兰教和基督教被并称为世界三大宗教。佛教距今已有三千多年的历史，佛教诞生于尼泊尔的迦毗罗卫。佛属于释迦族，人们又称他为释迦牟尼。佛教主要分布在东亚、东南亚中南半岛和新加坡，也有一部分分布在南亚尼泊尔和北亚。佛教认为获得人身的机会极为难得。因为无论我们报答父母的养育之恩，追求世间的幸福生活，还是修学佛法，都要依靠这极为难得的宝贵人身。佛教既反对杀生，也反对自杀，更倡导护生。