欧洲文明史思考题
欧洲文明史复习+考题~
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欧洲文明史复习整理题型:选择5题,共10分;填空5题,共10分;简答3题,共30分;论述2题,共50分。
文艺复兴:考了论述题1概述:文艺复兴是指13世纪末在意大利各城市兴起,以后扩展到西欧各国,于16世纪在欧洲盛行的一场思想文化运动,带来一段科学与艺术革命时期,揭开了近代欧洲历史的序幕,被认为是中古时代和近代的分界。
代表欧洲社会由中世纪向近现代过渡的整个时期。
背景:资本主义萌芽最早出现于意大利,城市经济繁荣,为文艺复兴运动提供了可能。
新兴资产阶级不断壮大,希望冲破教会神学的束缚,因为当时的天主教会统治压抑人的个性,阻碍科学和生产的发展。
拜占廷帝国灭亡时,大批学者逃到意大利,带来大量古希腊罗马的古籍,为文艺复兴提供了文化基础。
思想观念:核心思想是人文主义,人文主义包含的是一种以人为本的理性思想,关注的主要是人和人性,包括人的尊严、人的价值、人的才能的展示,而不是神和信仰,社会价值趋向对于人的个性的关怀,注重强调维护人性尊严,提倡宽容,反对暴力,主张自由平等和自我价值体现。
个人主义是文艺复兴时期产生的一个概念,是人文主义的一个重要组成部分和基本内容。
对个体的重视成为人文主义关心的一个焦点和核心。
人文主义者希望通过“人本位”思想的提出与“神本位”思想对抗,以唤起人们对人的价值和尊严的认识。
个人主义作为一种政治和社会哲学,强调的并不是一般意义上的自私自利,而是高度重视个人自由和个人意志,广泛强调自我支配和不受外来约束的个人。
(这样,个人主义实际上创立了一个能够和资本主义经济制度相适应的道德观念。
对个人主义思想的强调和弘扬增强了人内在信心和进取精神。
同时还为人人平等的思想进一步的提出奠定了基础。
)人文主义的另一个显著特点是与现实生活的紧密结合,提出了比较系统的世俗主义,它主张通过对现世生活,而不是死后生活的强调,赋予人世间的生活以一种积极的意义。
世俗主义反对把人生看成是痛苦的历程,认为人应该首先享受现世生活,然后再考虑身后的事,并把追求人间的幸福视为人之天性。
70道选择(0174)欧洲文化入门复习思考题
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(0174)《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题I. Choose the most appropriate one for the following blanks.1. Two major elements in European culture are __D__.A. the Greek and RomanB. the Judaism and ChristianityC. the Greco-RomanD. A and B2. _B___ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).A. The OdysseyB. The IliadC. Prometheus BoundD. Persians3. The play Prometheus Bound was written by ___A__.A. AeschylusB. AristophanesC. EuripidesD. Sophocles4. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was __B__ , who is Father of Comedy.A. EuripidesB. AristophanesC. SophoclesD. Aeschylus5. __C__ was one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory.A. HomeB. HeracleitueC. DemocritusD. Socrates6, __C__by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.A. DialoguesB. The ApologyC. The RepublicD. Symposium7. Dante called __A__ “ the master of those who know”.A, Aristotle B. Plato C. Socrates D. Archimedes8. Euclid is even now well-known for his __A__.A. ElementsB. PoeticsC. EthicsD. Politics9. __C__ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.A, Discus Throwe r B, Venus de MiloC, Laocoon group D, Parthenon10. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between __D__ .A. Athens and SpartaB. Athens and SyracuseC. Athens and PersiansD. Greeks and Persians11. It is __D__ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.A. HeracleitusB. AristotleC. SocratesD. Pythagoras12.Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of _B___ in 27 B. C..A.RomeB. AugustusC. The Roman EmpireD. Pax Romana13. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by __B___.A. LucretiusB. V irgilC. Julius CaesarD. Cicero14. The oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 books are the first five books, called __C__.A. DeuteronomyB. ExodusC. the PentateuchD. Genesis15. In ___B_ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).A. 169B.C. B. 586 B. C. C. 536 B. C. D, 721 B.C.16. The most important and influential of English Bible is __B__, first published in 1611.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version17. _A___ is the oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament.A. The SeptuagintB. The VulgateC. Wycliff’s versionD. Authorized version18. It is generally accepted that __B__ and Shakespeare are two great reserviors of Modern English.A. the BibleB. the English BibleC. the New TestamentD. the Old Testament19. The Middle Ages is a period in which ___D__ , _____ and Gothic heritages merged.A. Greco-Roman, ChristianityB. classical, ChristianC. Greek, RomanD. classical, Hebrew20. The centre of medieval life under feudalism was _B____.A. knighthoodB. the manorC. the ChurchD. polis21. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into __C__ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.A. ChristianityB. the Roman ChurchC. the Roman Catholic ChurchD. the Western Catholic22. ___A__ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.A. Summa TheologicaB. Summa Contra GentilesC. Opus maiusD. Beowulf23. The Anglo-Saxon epic __C__ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.A. Song of RolandB. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.C. BeowulfD. the Divine Comedy24. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between _B___.A. the 13th and 15th centuriesB. the 14th and mid-17th centuryC. the 15th and 16th centuriesD. the 14th and 16th centuries25. __D__ is the essence of the Renaissance.A.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureB.Attempts to get rid of conservatismC.The flowering of paintings, sculpture and architectureD.Humanism26. Fracesco Petrarch, the author of __B__, is known as Father of Humanism.A. the DecameronB.CanzoniersC. DavidD. Sleeping Venus27. After Reformation, ___D__ came into being.A. ChristianityB. CalvinismC. LutheranismD. Protestantism28. Which was NOT true about Durer?CA, The leader of the Renaissance in Germany B, A master of woodcutC, Never being to Italy D, A follower of Martin Luther29. Father of modern astronomy is __C__.A. Da V inciB. Amerigo V espucciC. Nicolaus CopernicusD. Marchiavelli30. V asari was best known for his entertaining biographies of __D__.A. FabricaB. PrinceC. the Divine ComedyD. Lives of the Artist s31. ___B__’s theories have given rise to important developments of modern science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.A. Galileo GalileiB. Gottfried Wilhelm von LeibnizC. Sir Isaac NewtonD. Johannes Kepler32. In the first ___D__ , Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.A. the Advancement of LearningB. the New AtlantisC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Treatise of Civil Government33. Thomas Hobbes’s ___A__ is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.A. LeviathanB. the Advancement of LearningC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Treatise of Civil Government34. The theme of ___D__ is the fall of men.A. New MethodB. Treatise of Civil GovernmentC. Essay Concerning human UnderstandingD. Paradise Lost35. ____C_ was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.A. CorneilleB. RacineC. MolièreD. Descartes36. Which of the following artists helped to gring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?A. RubensB. BerniniC. BorrominiD. Caravaggio37. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S.constitution? ____D__A. John LockeB. RousseauC. V oltaireD. Montesquieu38. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? __C____A. Philosophical ThoughtsB. Rameau’s Neph ewC. Elements of PhysiologyD. Encyclopedie39. ___D__ , novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.A. Walter ScottB. Henry FieldingC. Samuel JohnsonD. Samuel Richardson40. Which of the Lessing’s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German drama? ___A__A. Minna Von BarnhelmB. LaocoonC. Hamburgische DramaturgieD. Nathan the Wise41. In ___B__ , Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.A. the Sorrow of Young WertherB. FaustC. Wilhelm Meister’s TravelsD. Poetry and Truth42. Among Schiller’s works, ___C__ was a play best known to the Chinese audience.A. The RobbersB. WallensteinC. Cabal and LoveD. Wilhelm Tell43.Kant’s years of his philosophical studies are crystalized in three difficult books; among them ,__D___ was the most important single book by any modern pholosopher.A.General History of Nature and Theory of the HeavensB.Critique of Practical ReasonC. Critiquue of JudgementD. Critique of Pure Reason44. It has been said that “ the world had waited centuries for __C___ and he was only to remain here a moment”.A. BeethovenB. HaydnC. MozartD. Bach45. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel? ______D.A. GoetheB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Walter Scott46. In 1798, __B_____, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.A. Songs of ExperienceB. Lyrical BalladsC. Isles of GreeceD. Ode to the West Wind47. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage? __A___A. George SandB. Victor HugoC. Daniel DefoeD. Henry Fielding48. ___D___ stood in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia, ______ is generally recognized as his masterpiece.A. Lermontov, A Hero of Our TimeB. Pushkin, Luslan and LiudmilaC. Pushkin, Boris GodunovD. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin49. The publication of Mickiewicz’s __C___ is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature.A. Sonnets from the CrimeaB. Konrad WallenrodC. Ballads and RamancesD. Pan Tadeusz50. Beethoven’s ___D__ is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for t he finale Shiller’s Ode to Joy.A. Symphony No. 3B. Symphony No. 5C. Symphony No. 6D. Symphony No. 951. ____C_ sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.A. BerliozB. ChopinC. WagnerD. V erdi52. Based on ___A__ , Marx and Engels developed their own dialectical materialism.A.the German classical philosophyB. the English classical political economyC.the Utopian SocialismD. the Manifesto of the Communist Party53. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of _____, so Marx discovered the law of development of __C___.A.the survival of the fittest, the communist partyB.the natural selection, the scientific socialismanic nature, human historyD. natural species, historical societies54. In 1858 Darwin received a letter from ___D__, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.A. John Stevens HenslowB. Charles LyellC. Thomas HuxleyD. Alfred Russel Wallace55. Zola defined the theory of __A___ and illustrated it in his great work entitled _____.A.naturalism, Les Rougen-MacquartsB. naturalism, Madame BovaryC. realism, the Human ComedyD. realism, the Charterhouse of Parma56. ___A_ was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy57. ___D__ holds an important position in his own country’s cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.A. Nikolai GogolB. Ivan Sergeyevich TurgenevC. Fyodor DostoyevskyD. Count Leo Tolstoy58. Among Ibsen’s masterpieces, __B___ is a plea for the emancipation of women.A. GhostsB. A Doll’s HouseC. the Wild DuckD. Hedda Gabler59. Among Charles Dickens’s works, __D___ has the most intricate, complicated plot.A. Oliver TwistB. Hard TimesC. David CopperfieldD. Bleak House60. ___A__, George Eliot’s masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finest Engl ish novel of the 19th century.A. MiddlemarchB. The Mill on the FlossC. Adam BedeD. Silas Marner61. The term “ impressionism” was taken directly from the title of __D___ Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).A. Renoir’sB. Pissarro’sC. Manet’sD. Monet’s62. ____B_ was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.A. RenoirB. DegasC. MonetD. Pissarro63. ____C__ reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emoyion and temperament.A. Paul CézanneB. Paul GauguinC. V incent van GoghD. Auguste Rodin64. In Freudian system, __A___ is the container of the instrinctual urges.A. IdB. EgoC. SuperegoD. Oedipus Comlex65. T.S. Eliot’s long poem _C____ is his major contibution to English poetry.A.the Love Song of J. Alfred PrufrockB. Four QuartetsC. the Waste LandD. imagism66. __D___ by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.A. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManB. DublinersC. Finnegans WakeD. Ulysses67. The term “ Angry Y oung Man” came to be widely used only after the publication of _A____ play Look Back in Anger (1956).A. John Osborne’sB. Kingsley Amis’sC. Allen Ginsberg’sD. Jack Kerouac’s68. __C___ poem Howl, written in 1956, was regardedas an important development in Americanpoetry.A. John Osborne’sB. Kingsley Amis’sC. Allen Ginsberg’sD. Jack Kerouac’s69. ___D__ is known as the first “ cubist” novel: in his novels , one finds a precise, neutral descr iption of things, registered with a camera’s eye.A. Samuel BeckettB. Nathalie SarrauteC. Jean-Paul SartreD. Alain Robbe-Grillet70. ____B_ masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot (1952), which was rememdered as one of the most famous Absurd Drama.A. Nathalie Sarraute’sB. Samuel Beckett’sC. Jean-Paul Sartre’sD. Alain Robbe-Grillet’sII.Match the names of Column A with the appropriate items of Column B. Column A Column B1. Sophocles g a. the founder of the inductive method2. Democritus c b. Don Giovanni3. V irgil h c. one of the earliest exponents of the atomic theory4. Thomas Aquinas p d. a universal genius5. Da V inci d e. The Execution of the Third of May6. John Calvin o f. Eugene Onegin7. Andreas V esalius i g. the Oedipus complex8. Giorgio V asari n h. The Aeneid9. Goya e i. Fabrica10. Percy Bysshe Shelley j j. Prometheus Unbound11. Alessandro Manzoni q k. Critique of Pure Reason12. Aleksander Pushkin f l. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs13. Immanuel Kant k m. Encyclopédie14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau r n. the first to use the term Renaissance15. RenéDescartes t o. Institutes of the Christian Religion16. Francis Bacon a p. the supreme figure in scholasticism17. Nicolaus Copernicus l q. The Betrothed18. Jean Racin s r. The Social Contract19. Diderot m s. Phaèdra20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart b t. the founder of analytical geometryIII. Decide the following statements true or false.1. Homer’s epics described the events of Homer’s own time. ( F )2. Sappho was considered the most important lyric peot of ancient Greece. ( T )3. V enus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920. ( F )4. Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law in many Western countries. ( T)5. The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopaedia: history, literature, philosophy and record of great minds. ( T )6. The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in apopular form ofLatin. ( F ) 7. Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whose work is generally considered orthodox. ( T ) 8. Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient times and eventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800. ( F ) 9. The Gothic style started in France, quickly spread through all parts of western Europe and flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 17th . ( F ) 10. In the period of Renaissance, where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it was literature and in England it was philosophy and drama. ( T ) 11. Chritopher Columbus was discoverer of the New World and the American continent was named after him.( F)12. It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon in England and with RenéDescartes in France. ( T ) 13. Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by Dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color. ( F ) 14. Throughout his life, Peter Paul Rubens did 1,204 paitings and 300 drawings, something that is unprecedented in the history of art. ( T ) 15. The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were tw o 17th century Englishmen Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton. ( F ) 16. The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are known as the Viennese School. ( F ) 17. Marxism was linked to a great intellectual tradition extending into the 18th century French Enlightenment, german post-Kantian philosophy, English classical political economy, and early 18th century European socialism. ( F ) 18. As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the laws governingthe bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the evolutionof man himself. ( F ) 19. Black humor is a kind of desperate humor. It is the laughter at tragic things. Man’s fate is decided by comprehensible powers. We can’t do anything about it, therefore we may as well laugh. ( F ) 20. Expressionist art is marked by the expression of reality by means of distortion to communicate one’s inner vision. The artists of this school used bright colors to bring out their pessimistic views on life.( T)IV. Explain the following.1.Renaissance2.Reformation3.French Classicism4.Baroque Art5.Enlightenment6.Romanticism7.Realism8.Dadaism9.The Human Comedy10.The Bible。
西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)
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西方文明史导论题库(试题62道含答案)1.现代西方学者的哪些研究旨在纠正将文化视为断裂发展的观点,强调延续性?A.《近代国家的中世纪起源》B.《12世纪文艺复兴》正确答案:AB2.西罗马帝国灭亡后出现的大整合对哪些要素进行了整合?A.古希腊人的放大了的个人B.古罗马的放大了的国家C.日耳曼人的家和家族要素D.作为欧洲精神统治者的基督教教会正确答案:ABCD3.1500-1800年间的欧洲历史,通常被界定为?A.中世纪B.前工业化时期C.近代早期D.现代正确答案:C4.西方文明的发展过程中出现过哪几次比较大的整合?A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案:ABC5.西方文明中的哪一次大整合成为推动欧洲从中世纪向近代过渡的由衰及兴的转折?A.西罗马帝国灭亡后的大整合B.文艺复兴时期的整合C.后现代文化对于现代社会的整合正确答案:B6.下列哪项不属于西方近代社会的特征?A.国家臣民关系B.主权国家C.领主附庸制D.政教分离正确答案:C7.作为知识分子的人文主义者在欧洲的危机和转型中呈现出哪些特点?A.独立于封建政府,直接来自民间,受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化,不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会,不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案:ABCD8.欧洲在中世纪晚期出现的结构性危机的具体表现包括哪些?A.危机的非复原性B.危机的普遍性C.危机导致旧结构主体与部件的分离D.危机造成对中古文明基本原则的背离正确答案:ABCD9.哪位学者充分重视了普通人在近代欧洲政治形成中的作用,这种政治是普通人通过公社、议会、共和国三个步骤自下而上推动的,从而明显有别于只强调君主通过“王朝战争”自上而下建立近代国家的历史解释?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:B10.下列哪位学者的主要观点不属于促进社会和谐的文化理论?A.亨廷顿B.卡赞斯坦C.斯克瑞布尼D.鲍斯曼正确答案:A11.哪位学者写作了《文艺复兴的衰落》,在自由与秩序组成的共生共存的范畴内研究文艺复兴的文化,纠正将差异变为对立的做法?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:A12.下列哪些是软实力的特征?A.隐形的规则B.无意识的约定俗成C.高情感D.强迫性的驯服力正确答案:ABC13.创新型人才需要具备哪些素质?A.能服从领导,但不盲目跟从B.能团结群众,但不随波逐流C.能充分展现个人魅力,但绝不损害别人形象D.能谦虚好学,但不照搬照抄正确答案:ABCD14.文明是从哪些要素的出现开始的?A.农村B.城市C.国家正确答案:ACD15.文明的发展对社会有哪些启示?A.文明从造墙开始,到拆墙结束B.从硬实力到软实力C.从世俗价值到心灵价值正确答案:ABC16.第一个提出软实力概念的人实际上是哪位?A.老子B.约瑟夫·奈正确答案:A17.哪位学者提出社区宗教改革和普通人的革命的概念,强调了普通人通过社区组织来自下而上地推动近代政治的发展?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:B18.哪位学者否定了把工业革命之前的文化分裂为精英文化、大众文化之间的对立的做法,认为这两种文化之间存在着互补性,甚至可以被视为同一种文化延伸出来的两种表述方式?A.鲍斯曼C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:C19.哪位学者提出宗教改革并不是路德一人的宗教改革,而是存在诸多的宗教改革,如茨温利的改革、加尔文的改革、德国诸侯的改革、市民的宗教改革和农民的宗教改革?A.鲍斯曼B.布瑞克C.斯克瑞布尼D.卡赞斯坦正确答案:C20.下列哪一项不属于路德的宗教改革思想主张?A.因信称义B.行为称义C.凡信徒皆祭司D.重视《圣经》和基督,而不是崇拜教会、教皇正确答案:B21.宗教改革产生了哪些影响?A.政治上,变教会政府两分法为政府掌控下的教会B.经济上,关闭修道院,不再向教会纳税,教会财产归国家或世俗政府C.教会上,将教会视为人间的组织D.心理上,强调基督徒的自由正确答案:ABCD22.在七大圣礼中,哪一个是为立志到僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指的?A.洗礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.坚信礼正确答案:C23.耶稣是从谁那里受洗的A.圣母B.约翰C.上帝D.撒旦正确答案:B24.中世纪教会与世俗社会之间的矛盾体现在以下哪些方面?A.教会与国王的权力之争B.富裕的教会与贫穷的社会之间的经济之争C.禁欲的文化与开放的世俗贵族文化之间的文化之争D.礼仪限制下的人与因果限制下的人之间的思想之争E.教会对一些职业的限制与世俗人士要不择手段挣钱谋生之间的工作之争正确答案:ABCDE25.中世纪的教会具有哪些特点?A.等级制B.宗教对世俗的反动C.教义的理论主张与教会的实际行为之间存在矛盾正确答案:ABC26.人文学科和社会学科的研究大体上可以被归纳为哪两种类型?A.基础研究B.决策研究C.实验研究正确答案:AB27.在天主教的七大圣礼中,哪一项是对立志当僧侣的人授予权杖和戒指?A.坚信礼B.涂油礼C.授受礼D.圣餐礼正确答案:C28.哪些原因促成欧洲最早向近代过渡?A.欧洲是世界上过渡阻力最小的地区B.成熟的市民阶层给予领导C.过渡时的策略灵活理性D.根据社会需要分阶段过渡,过渡的进程比较符合民意正确答案:ABCD29.欧洲的市民具有哪些特殊性,使其能够在欧洲由衰及兴的过程中担当起领导职责?A.独立于封建政府,直接来自民间,受市场、民间文化影响B.独立于封建文化,不受学院派的影响C.独立于教会,不受教会的影响D.独立于封建传统的祖宗家法正确答案:ABCD30.欧洲历史上的第二个过渡期大致可以划分为哪三个阶段?A.从476年西罗马帝国崩溃到800年查理大帝加冕B.从1350年到1500年的危机和驯服时期C.从1500年到1650年的制度转换时期D.从1650年到1800年的民主与专制进行斗争的大革命时期正确答案:BCD31.一个社会从中古到近代的转变,叫转型,也叫过渡,但是有两种情况:一种是有过渡期的过渡,另一种是没有过渡期的过渡。
世界古代史思考题整理
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世界古代史思考题整理第二章:1.埃及古王国时期中央集权君主专制政治的表现?a.国王通过庞大的官僚机构控制全国,并直接控制军事机关(2分);b.国王对全国土地拥有最高所有权,并对全国土地征税(2分);c.宣扬君权神授,利用宗教维护统治(2分);d.古王国时期留存的巨大金字塔和狮身人面像等是中央集权君主专制统治的物化象征(2分)。
2.分析埃赫那吞宗教改革的实质、失败原因和历史意义。
实质:早期王权与神权的斗争。
内容:(1)先是扶持拉神,自称拉神的最高祭祀。
(2)后创立崇拜宇宙间唯一太阳神阿吞的一神教,宣布阿吞是全国唯一应该崇拜的神。
(3)封闭阿蒙神庙及其它神庙,驱逐其祭祀,没收其财产;在底比斯和外地建造阿吞神庙,并奉献田产和财物。
(4)把自己名字中的阿蒙改为阿吞,更名为“埃赫那吞”(意为对阿吞有益的人)。
(5)在底比斯以北的希尔摩城附近另建新都“埃赫塔吞”(意为阿吞的视野)。
另组织文人编写诗歌,颂扬阿吞结果:在埃赫那吞死后,其继任者图坦哈吞顶不住阿蒙神庙贵族的进攻,放弃了阿吞神,重新崇拜阿蒙神。
改革以失败告终。
失败原因主要是:a.埃赫那吞改革的目的是为强化王权,加强中央集权,与广大人民的利益无关因而没有得到人民的支持;b.阿蒙神庙贵族集团的势力过于强大;c.古老的宗教习惯和信仰在人们的思想中已根深蒂固,很难改变。
意义:埃赫那吞的改革虽然失败了,但是意义却是深远而重大的。
埃赫那吞宣称阿吞是唯一存在的神,不仅是埃及的神,而且也是全世界的神。
这种一神教的思想,是古代社会进入帝国阶段在宗教观念上的反映,有利于形成一种超越地区和民族传统习俗局限的文化形态。
以后的犹太教进一步发展了一神教思想,其最初的渊源当与埃及的埃赫那吞有关。
3.透过金字塔分析埃及古王国社会。
①说明古王国时期的埃及建立了高度集权的专制统治。
(甚至有人认为实行了最早的计划经济。
)(有人推测当时全世界约有2000千万人口)②说明了古王国时期埃及的富有与强大。
欧洲文明十五讲】读书说明与指导马德义
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【欧洲文明十五讲】读书说明与指导第一部分书目内容简介欧洲文明是世界文明的重要组成部分,不了解欧洲文明就不能够很好地了解世界史,尤其是近代以来的世界。
近代欧洲在世界历史发展进程中具有不可替代的历史作用,世界近代史就是一部资本主义产生、发展并走向成熟的历史。
该过程本身对世界历史产生深远影响,而资本主义的产生发展主要是在欧洲进行的,读这本书有助于我们认识与分析世界史发展的主要脉络,也有助于我们了解和认识当今某些重大国际问题。
本书作者以“口语化”形式叙述,通过精彩的“即兴发挥”娓娓道来,通俗易懂,极具吸引性。
第二部分读书总体要求和读书目标《欧洲文明十五讲》是北京大学出版社(2004)出版的“名家通识讲座”系列内容之一,作者陈乐民(已故)是中国社科院欧洲研究所原所长,他一生潜心研究欧洲史,著述颇丰。
2002年他在北大国际关系学院给本科生授课,其讲稿辑录成本书。
通过学习本书内容,我们可以了解到整个欧洲历史发展的基本脉络,作者对欧洲历史的重点内容所做的以点带面的生动描述勾勒出欧洲史的基本轮廓。
我们在研读这本书的同时要积极认真地加以思考,掌握基本历史事实,并力争达到可以利用本书内容分析理解欧洲若干历史与现实问题的水平。
第三部分书目基本内容第一讲[开场白]一、读书目的和读书要求作者研究欧洲文明史论的依据做学问的体会基本书目要求提问与解答二、重点内容提示和重点知识解析重点内容:(1)作者研究欧洲文明史的依据(2)系列问题讨论重点知识解析:(1)目前研究国际关系问题多倾向于美国相关问题上,作者觉得这是一个浅层次的研究。
作者研究欧洲,“实际上心理想的是中国。
”(2)主要问题:欧洲文明的核心就是民主与科学,但是否可以以此概括欧洲文明?研究欧洲文明是依靠“人文感觉”还是将其作为一种社会科学、用科学方法加以研究?美国文明是否超越了欧洲文明?地理环境决定论。
三、思考题1.美国文明与欧洲文明的关系。
2.如何理解地理环境决定论。
第二讲[希腊——欧洲的精神家园]一、读书目的和读书要求通过对本讲内容的学习,应该掌握古希腊文化的历史分期以及如何理解作者提出的“战争”和“改革”极大影响希腊历史乃至欧洲历史发展的观点。
世界古代史思考题
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世界古代史思考题第一章1、关于人起源于猿的学说是如何由假说变为科学的?早在公元前6世纪,古希腊思想家阿拉克西曼德就曾提出鱼是人类的祖先。
公元前5世纪的德谟克利特也认为最早的人是从动物中分出,国野兽共同生活。
我国春秋战国时期的管仲、屈原、墨翟等也有类似的思想。
在中世纪,神学在世界上占据了主导地位,进化论思想被埋没。
在文艺复兴运动兴起之后,随着考古学、民族学、解剖学等学科的发展,进化论思想又逐渐兴起。
最早提出人起源于猿的思想的学者是法国人拉马克,1809年出版了《动物哲学》一书,大胆提出了人类起源于猿的科学假说。
提出了用进废退的进化论思想。
英国学者赫胥黎,于1863年出版了名著《人类在自然界的位置》,引用了比较解剖学、胚胎学等方面的知识,论述了人类与猿类的亲属关系,提出人猿同祖论。
最为突出的是英国学者达尔文,他于1859年发表了《物种起源》一书,揭示了生物由简单到复杂、由低级到高级的进化规律,确立了生物进化论思想。
1871年,出版了《人类的起源与性的选择》一书,从生物进化论角度说明人类起源于猿。
但达尔文未能正确认识人和动物的根本区别,未能正确解释猿演变为人的根本原因。
使这一学说由假说变为科学的是恩格斯,1876年发表了《劳动在从猿到人转变过程中的作用》这一光辉著作,提出了劳动创造了人的科学论断,指出劳动和制造工具是人类和动物的最根本区别。
还明确将人类起源的过程划分为三个阶段:攀树的猿群、正在形成中的人、完全形成的人。
后来一百多年的考古发现和研究,证明了恩格斯学说的正确性。
2、如何理解恩格斯劳动创造了人的理论?对于猿为何会演变为人,你有何见解?关于猿为何会进化为人,达尔文提出了“性选择”理论,显然是缺乏说服力的。
恩格斯提出了劳动创造人的理论,被人们广泛接受。
首先,劳动使猿的体质改造为人的体质。
其次,劳动促使了原始组织向人类社会组织的转变。
再次,劳动促使了形成中人思想意识的发展。
3、何谓新石器革命?新石器革命有何重要意义?又称农业革命,即指原始农业和原始畜牧业的产生;早期农耕和畜牧有三大中心:西亚、东亚、中南美洲。
(0174)《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题-推荐下载
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(0174)《欧洲文化入门》复习思考题I. Complete each of following sentences with the most likely answer.1.____ culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century B.C..a. Greekb. Romanc. Egyptiand. Chinese2. Two major elements in European culture are ____.a. the Greek and Romanb. the Judaism and Christianityc. the Greco-Romand. a and b3. ____ deals with the Trojan War (the Greek states led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of Troy ).a. The Odysseyb. The Iliadc.Prometheus Boundd. Persians4. The play Prometheus Bound was written by _____.a. Aeschylusb. Aristophanesc. Euripidesd.Sophocles5. The best writer of comedy of the ancient Greece was ____ , who is Father of Comedy.a. Euripidesb. Aristophanesc. Sophoclesd.Aeschylus6. Herodotus , Father of History, wrote about the war between ____ .a. Athens and Spartab. Athens and Syracusec. Athens and Persiansd. Greeks and Persians7. _____ ever said that “ You can not step twice into the river?”a. Homeb. Heracleituec. Democritusd. Socrates8. _____ by Plato is a book about the ideal state ruled by a philosopher but barring poets.a. Dialoguesb. The Apologyc. The Republicd.Symposium9. Dante called _____ “ the master of those who know”.a. Aristotleb. Platoc. Socratesd.Archimedes10. Euclid is even now well-known for his ____.a. Elementsb. Poeticsc. Ethicsd. Politics11. The theory of ____ is that one should endure hardship and misfortune with courage.A. the Epicurans b. the Stoics c. the Sceptics d. the Cynics12. ____ has been a big subject for discussion among writers and artists.a, Discus Throwe r b, Venus de Milo c, Laocoon group d, Parthenon13. It is _____ who was the founder of scientific mathematics.a. Heracleitusb. Aristotlec. Socratesd. Pythagoras14. Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus in ______.a. 146 B.C.b. 27 B.C.c. 27 A. D.d. 30 B.C.15. In _____ the West Roman Empire ended when the last emperor of the West was deposed by the Goths.a. 27 B. C.b. 395c. 476d. 145316. After the 27 B. C. the Romans enjoyed a long period of peace lasting 200 years . Itis known as _____.a. the Roman Lawb. the Roman roadsc. the Roman Empired. the Pax Romana17. ____by Julius Caesar are models of succinct Latin.a. The Aeneidb. Poeticsc. Commentariesd. Elements18. The great epic, The Aeneid, was written by _____.a. Lucretiusb. Virgilc. Julius Caesard. Cicero19. ____ wrote the philosophical poem On the Nature of Things to expound the ideas of Epicurus the Greek atomist.a. Lucretiusb. Crassusc. Julius Caesard. Pompey20. ____ is not Roman architecture.a. The Colosseumb. Pont du Gardc. The Parthenond. The Panthenon21. ____ is a statue which illustrates the legend of creation of Rome.a. The Colosseumb. Spoils from the Temple in Jerusalemc. Constantine the Greatd. She-Wolf22. _____ is by far the most influential in the West.a. Buddismb. Islamismc. Christianityd. Judaism23. _____ was the land promised by God to Abraham.a. Canaanb. the Middle Eastc. Egyptd. the Garden of Eden24. The word “Testament” means _____.a. Jesus Christb. God and Manc. the agreement between God and Mand. God and Christ25. The first five books, called ______, are the oldest and most important of the Old Testament of 39 booksa. Deuteronomyb. Exodusc. the Pentateuchd. Genesis26. Around 1300 B. C., Moses led the Hebrews to leave Egypt. With this began_____.a. Genesisb. Leviticusc. Numbers d the Exodus27. ____ is a collection of 150 poetic pieces.a. Book of Psalmsb. Proverbc. Book of Jobd. Ecclesiastes28. In ____ the Jews were carried away into the Babylonian Captivity(巴比伦之囚).a. 169 B. C.b. 586 B. C.c. 536 B. C. d, 721 B.C.29. In Babylon the Hebrews formed ____ to practice their religion.a. synagoguesb. lawsc. Paradised. the Law of Torah30. In ____, Emperor ____ made Christianity the official religion of the empire and outlawed all other religions.a. 313, Constantineb. 305, Diocletianc. 64 A. D., Nero Caesard. 392, Theodosius31. Towards the end of ____ four accounts ( Gospels ) were accepted as part of the New Testament, which tells the beginning of ____.a. the 4th century, Christianityb. the 1st century, Jesus Christc. the 3rd century, Crucifixiond. 392, Christianity32. Revelation is the last book of ____.a.the Bibleb. Jesusc. the Old Testamentd. the NewTestament33. Juses went with his disciples to Jerusalem for the ____ , but was betrayed by Juda and caught at ____.a. Easter, Templeb. Passover, the Last Supperc. Big Day, the Last Supperd. high day, supper34. The most important and influential of English Bible is ____, first published in 1611.a. The Septuagintb. The Vulgatec. Wycliff’s versiond. Authorized version35. ____ is the oldest extant Greek translation of t he Old Testament.a. The Septuagintb. The Vulgatec. Wycliff’s versiond. Authorized version36. The standard American edition of the Revised Version appeared in ____.a. 1539b. 1885c. 1901d. 197937. It is generally accepted that ____ and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.a. the Bibleb. the English Biblec. the New Testamentd. the Old Testament38. In European history, the period between ancient times and modern times is also called ____.a. The Germanic Agesb. the Age of Faithc. Medievald. Scholasticism39. Under feudalism, ______ were the three classes of people of western Europe.a. clergy, knights and serfsb. Pope, bishop and peasantsc. clergy, lords and peasantsd. knights, nobles and serfs40. A knight was not pledged to ____.a. be loyal to his lordb. fight for the churchc. respect women of noble birthd. collect taxes41. In 1054, the Christian Church was divided into ____ and the Eastern Orthodox Church.a. Christianityb. the Roman Churchc. the Roman Catholic Churchd. the Western Catholic42. _______, ruler of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex, inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.a. St. Thomas Aquinasb. Alfred the Greatc. Charlemagned. Roger Bacon43. _____ by Aquinas forms an enormous system and sums up all the knowledge of medieval theology.a. Summa Theologicab. Summa Contra Gentilesc. Opus maiusd. Beowulf44. The Anglo-Saxon epic ____ originated from the collective effort of oral literature.a. Song of Rolandb. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.c. Beowulfd. the Divine Comedy45. Dante Alighieri’s masterpiece , _____, is one of the landmarks of world literature.a. Song of Rolandb. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.c. Beowulfd. the Divine Comedy46. _____ were Chaucer’s most popular work for their power of observation, piercing irony, sense of humor and warm humanity.a. Beowulfb. The Canterbury Talesc. Song of Rolandd. the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.47. The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque, and it flourished during ____.a. the 11th and 12th centuriesb. the 12th and 13th centuriesc. the 12th and 14th centuriesd. the mid-12th and the end of 15th centuries48. Generally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between ____.a. the 13th and 15th centuriesb. the 14th and mid-17th centuryc. the 15th and 16th centuriesd. the 14th and 16th centuries49. ____ is the essence of the Renaissance.a.The revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman cultureb.Attempts to get rid of conservatismc.The flowering of paintings, sculpture and architectured.Humanism50. With ____ by Boccaccio the courtly themes of medieval literature began to give way to the voice and mores of early modern society.a. the Decameronb. Canzoniersc. Davidd. Sleeping Venus51. Fracesco Petrarch, the author of ____, is known as Father of Humanism.a. the Decameronb.Canzoniersc. Davidd. Sleeping Venus52. ____ , Father of political science in the West, wrote Prince and Discourses.a. Fracesco Petrarch,b. Dantec. Niccolo Machiavellid. John Calvin53. ____ , one of the creators of modern painting, was a close friend of Dante.a. Petrarchb. Giottoc. Boccacciod. Da Vinci54. Which one of the following is Da Vinci’s painting?a. The Ssistine Madonnab.Betrayal of Judasc. Sleeping Venusst Supper55. Which one is NOT true about Michelangelo?a. A Florentine painterb. A poetc. A towering figure of the Renaissanced. A musician56. Raphael was best known for his _____.a. Virgin Maryb. portrait paintingc. eleganced. short life57. The Reformation happened in the _____ century.a. 14thb. 15thc. 16thd. 17th58. The main idea of ____ was to make open protests against the indulgences.a.Martin Luther’s 95 Theseb.Wycliff’s Version of Whole Biblec. Calvin’s Institutes of the Christian Religiond. the Hus War59. The head of the Church of England is _____ .a. the Popeb. the king or queenc. the Archbishopd. Juses60. After Reformation, _____ came into being.a. Christianityb. Calvinismc. Lutheranismd. Protestantism61. “ What do I know? ” is ____’s world-famous motto.a. Montaigneb. Ronsardc. Descartesd. Francis Bacon62.With the publication of Miguel de Cervantes’s _____ in 1602, the European novel entered a new stage.a. the Praise of Follyb. the Decameronc. Canzoniersd. Don Quxiode63. ____, a great Dutch scholar and humanist, published the first Greek edition of the New Testament.a. El Grecob. Erasmusc. Bruegeld. Durer64. Which was NOT true about Durer?a, The leader of the Renaissance in Germanyb, A master of woodcutc, Never being to Italyd, A follower of Martin Luther65. _____ discovered the Cape of Good Hope.a. Nicolaus Copernicusb. Bartholomen Diasc. Vasco Gamad. Amerigo Vespucci66. Father of modern astronomy is ____.a. Da Vincib. Amerigo Vespuccic. Nicolaus Copernicusd. Marchiavelli67. Andreas Vesalius’s work _____ marked the beginning of a new era in the study of anatomy.a. Fabricab. Lives of the Artist sc. the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbsd. Prince68. Vasari was best known for his entertaining biographies of _____.a. Fabricab. Princec. the Divine Comedyd. Lives of the Artist s69. _____’s laws formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led toNewton’s discovery of _____ .a.Kepler , heliocentric theoryb. Kepler , the laws of gravitationc. Galileo , the colors of the spectrumd. Copernicus, the laws of gravitation70. _____’s theories have given rise to important developments of modern science, ranging from Freudian psychology to Einsteinian physics.a. Galileo Galileib. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnizc. Sir Isaac Newtond. Johannes Kepler71. In the first _____ , Locke flatly rejected the theory of divine right of kings.a.the Advancement of Learningb.the New Atlantisc. Essay Concerning human Understandingd. Treatise of Civil Government72. Thomas Hobbes’s _____ is one of the most celebrated political treatises in European literature.a.Leviathanb.the Advancement of Learningc. Essay Concerning human Understandingd. Treatise of Civil Government73. The theme of _____ is the fall of men.a.New Methodb.Treatise of Civil Governmentc.Essay Concerning human Understandingd.Paradise Lost74. _____ was the best representative dramatist of French classical comedies.a. Corneilleb. Racinec. Molièred. Descartes75. Which of the following artists helped to bring the Roman Baroque style to its climax?a. Rubensb. Berninic. Borrominid. Caravaggio76. Whose doctrines of the separation of powers became one of the most important principles of the U.S. constitution? ______a. John Lockeb. Rousseauc. Voltaired. Montesquieu77. In which of Diderot’s works, the author developed his materialist philosophy and fore-shadowed the doctrine of evolutions as later proposed by Charles Darwin? ______a. Philosophical Thoughtsb. Rameau’s Nephewc. Elements of Physiologyd. Encyclopedia78. _____ , novelist, is often called the founder of English domestic novel.a. Walter Scottb. Henry Fieldingc. Samuel Johnsond. Samuel Richardson79. Which of the Lessing’s works was a landmark in the 18th-century German drama? _____a. Minna Von Barnhelmb. Laocoonc. Hamburgische Dramaturgied. Nathan the Wise80. In _____ , Goethe draws on a immense variety of cultural material. It is not only his own masterpiece but the greatest work of German literature.a. the Sorrow of Young Wertherb. Faustc. Wilhelm Meister’s Travelsd. Poetry and Truth81. Among Schiller’s works, _____ was a play best known to the Chinese audience.a. The Robbersb. Wallensteinc. Cabal and Loved. Wilhelm Tell82. Kant’s years of his philosophical studies are crystallized in three difficult books; among them ,_____ was the most important single book by any modern philosopher.a.General History of Nature and Theory of the Heavensb.Critique of Practical Reasonc.Critiquue of Judgementd.Critique of Pure Reason83. It has been said that “ the world had waited centuries for _____ and he was only to remain here a moment”.a. Beethovenb. Haydnc. Mozartd. Bach84. Which of the following writers or poets is usually called the father of European historical novel? ______.a. Goetheb. Victor Hugoc. Daniel Defoe d Walter Scott85. Romanticism, which developed in Europe in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, started from the ideas of ______ in France and from _____ movement in Germany.a.Rousseau, the Storm and Stressb. Voltaire, Hamburgischec. Diderot, Pantheismd. Montesquieu, Lyric Songs86. In 1798, _______, a volume of poems by Wordsworth and Coleridge, made literary history.a. Songs of Experienceb. Lyrical Balladsc. Isles of Greeced. Ode to the West Wind87. Which of the following Romantic writers ever fought for women’s freedom in love and marriage? _____a. George Sandb. Victor Hugoc. Daniel Defoed. Henry Fielding88. ______ stood in the van of the Romantic movement in Russia, ______ is generally recognized as his masterpiece.a. Lermontov, A Hero of Our Timeb. Pushkin, Luslan and Liudmilac. Pushkin, Boris Godunovd. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin89. The publication of Mickiewicz’s _____ is uaually taken as the beginning of Romanticism in Polish literature.a. Sonnets from the Crimeab. Konrad Wallenrodc. Ballads and Ramancesd. Pan Tadeusz90. _____ was among the first ones in European art history to comment in his art on the events of the day.a. Goyab. Davidc. Delacroixd. Gericault91._____ was the foremost painter of the romantic movement in France.a. Goyab. Davidc. Delacroixd. Gericault92. Beethoven’s _____ is a choral symphony, choosing as a text for the finale Shiller’s Ode to Joy.a. Symphony No. 3b. Symphony No. 5c. Symphony No. 6d. Symphony No. 993. _____ sought to revolutionize the opera by making it a combination of the arts: dramatic, musical, and scenic.a. Berliozb. Chopinc. Wagnerd. Verdi94. Based on _____ , Marx and Engels developed their own dialectical materialism.a.the German classical philosophyb.the English classical political economyc.the Utopian Socialismd.the Manifesto of the Communist Party95. After his long and careful study, Marx discovered that _____ was the source ofprofit, the source of the wealth of the capitalist class.a. capitalb. surplus valuec. remunerationd. property96. Just as Darwin discovered the law of development of _____, so Marx discovered the law of development of _____.a.the survival of the fittest, the communist partyb.the natural selection, the scientific socialismanic nature, human historyd.natural species, historical societies97. _____, a French naturalist, developed the ideas on the evolution of animals 50 years before Darwin.a. Lamarckb. Lyellc. Marxd. Henslow98. In 1858 Darwin received a letter from _____, who, working independently, also came to the conclusion concerning the origin of the species by means of natural selection.a. John Stevens Henslowb. Charles Lyellc. Thomas Huxleyd. Alfred Russel Wallace99. According to Darwin’s theory of evolution, the evolution of species is the result of_____.a. survival of the fittestb. natural selectionc. all animal lifed. super-organic evolution100. In Europe, the realist movement arose in _____ of the 19th century and had its origin in _____.a. the 30s, Britainb. the 40s, Francec. the 50s, Franced. the 60s, Britain101. Zola defined the theory of _____ and illustrated it in his great work entitled_____.a.naturalism, Les Rougen-Macquartsb.naturalism, Madame Bovaryc.realism, the Human Comedyd.realism, the Charterhouse of Parma102. ____ was the first master of fiction in Russia to leave romantic conventions and go to life for his subjects.a. Nikolai Gogolb. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenevc. Fyodor Dostoyevskyd. Count Leo Tolstoy103. ____ was the first Russian author to gain recognition in the West.a. Nikolai Gogolb. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenevc. Fyodor Dostoyevskyd. Count Leo Tolstoy104. ____ by Fyodor Dostoyevsky is another study of criminal psychology.a. The House of Deathb. The Brothers Karamzovc. Crime and Punishmentd. Idiot105. _____ holds an important position in his own country’s cultural history as an ethical philosopher and religious reformer.a. Nikolai Gogolb. Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenevc. Fyodor Dostoyevskyd. Count Leo Tolstoy106. Among Ibsen’s masterpieces, _____ is a plea for the emancipation of women. a. Ghosts b. A Doll’s Housec. the Wild Duckd. Hedda Gabler107. August Strindberg’s first significant play was _____ which is considered Sweden’s first great drama.a. the Son of Servantb. A Fool’s Defensec. Master Olafd. the Dance of Death108. Among Charles Dickens’s works, _____ has the most intricate, complicated plot.a. Oliver Twistb. Hard Timesc. David Copperfieldd. Bleak House109. _____, George Eliot’s masterpiece, is regarded by some critics as the finest English novel of the 19th century.a. Middlemarchb. The Mill on the Flossc. Adam Beded. Silas Marner110. _____, Whitman’s best known poem, expresses his grief over the death of Lincoln.a. Song of Myselfb. When Lilacs Last in the Dooeyard Bloom’dc. I sit and Look Ou td. Leaves of Grass111. _____ was noted for his great psychological subtlety and devotion to the art of fiction and was hailed as “ the Master beyond all masters”.a. Walt Whitmanb. Mark Twainc. Henry Jamesd. George Eliot112. Millet’s works, such as _____, generally depict one or two peasant figures quietly engaged in earthly or domestic toil.a. the Sowerb. the Stonebreakersc. the Portrait of a Ladyd. Burial at Ornans113. The term “ impressionism” was taken directly from the title of _____Impressionism: Sunrise (1872).a. Renoir’sb. Pissarro’sc. Manet’sd. Monet’s 114. _____ was particularly good at doing portraits of ballet dancers in opera houses.a. Renoirb. Degasc. Monetd. Pissarro115. ______ reacted against impressionism by using color to suggest his own emotionand temperament.a. Paul Cézanneb. Paul Gauguinc. Vincent van Goghd. Auguste Rodin116. _____ led sculpture into the realm of Art for Art’s Sake , and was the first sculptor of genius since Bernini in Renaissance Italy.a. Paul Cézanneb. Paul Gauguinc. Vincent van Goghd. Auguste Rodin117. _____ has been described as the founder of modern musical impressionism.a.Claude Deussyb. Antonín Dvorákc. Sibeliusd. R. Strauss118. _____ was made up of many facets, such as symbolism, surrealism, cubism, expressionism, futurism, etc.a. Realismb. Naturalismc. Modernismd. Impressionism119. _____ discovered X-rays in 1895.a. Becquerelb. Roentgenc. Soddyd. Einstein 120. In Freudian system, _____ is the container of the instinctual urges.a. Idb. Oedipus Complexc. Superegod. Ego121. T.S. Eliot’s long poem _____ is his major contribution to English poetry.a.the Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrockb. Four Quartetsc. the Waste Landd. imagism122. _____ by James Joyce is considered his most mature work and the single best fiction ever written since the beginning of the 20th century.a. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Manb. Dublinersc. Finnegans Waked. Ulysses123. The major theme of Thomas Mann’s novel _____ is the psychological effect of isolation.a. the Buddenbrooksb. the Magic Mountainc. the Counterfeitersd. Remembrance of Things Past124. Sholokhov established an international reputation for his monumental novel of Cossack life, _____ , written between 1925 and 1940.a. My Apprenticeshipb. The Strangerc. The Quiet Dond. Remembrance of Things Past125. The term “ Angry Young Man” came to be widely used only after the publicationof _____ play Look Back in Anger (1956).a. John Osborne’sb. Kingsley Amis’sc. Allen Ginsberg’sd. Jack Kerouac’s126. _____ poem Howl, written in 1956, was regarded as an important development in American poetry.a. John Osborne’sb. Kingsley Amis’sc. Allen Ginsberg’sd. Jack Kerouac’s127. _____ is known as the first “ cubist” novel: in his novels , one finds a precise, neutral description of things, registered with a camera’s eye.a. Samuel Beckettb. Nathalie Sarrautec. Jean-Paul Sartred. Alain Robbe-Grillet128. _____ masterpiece was a play called Waiting for Godot(1952), which was remembered as one of the most famous Absurd Drama.a. Nathalie Sarraute’sb. Samuel Beckett’sc. Jean-Paul Sartre’sd. Alain Robbe-Grillet’s 129. _____ drew mustache upon Mona Liza, a photograph of Mona Liza, as if defacing a attack upon those who had betrayed the humanist idea of the Italian Renaissance.a. Marcel Duchampb. Umberto Boccionic. Salvador Dalid. Jackson Pollock130. _____ by Igor Stravinsky is among the most famous and most important compositions written in the 20th century.a.Symphony No. 7 in C major, Op.60 (Leningrad)b. A Survivor From Warsaw, Op.46 (chorus and orchestra)c.The Rite of Springd.The FirebirdII, Match the names of Column A with the appropriate items of Column B.Part OneColumn A Column B1. Sophocles a. the founder of the inductive method2. Democritus b. Don Giovanni3. Virgil c. one of the earliest exponents of the atomictheory4. Thomas Aquinas d. a universal genius5. Da Vinci e. The Execution of the Third of May6.John Calvin f. Eugene Onegin7. Andreas Vesalius g. the Oedipus complex8. Giorgio Vasari h. The Aeneid9. Goya i. Fabrica10. Percy Bysshe Shelley j. Prometheus Unbound11. Alessandro Manzoni k. Critique of Pure Reason12. Aleksander Pushkin l. The Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs13. Immanuel Kant m. Encyclopédie14. Jean-Jacques Rousseau n. the first to use the term Renaissance15. René Descartes o. Institutes of the Christian Religion16. Francis Bacon p. the supreme figure in scholasticism17. Nicolaus Copernicus q. The Betrothed18. Jean Racin r. The Social Contract19. Diderot s. Phaèdra20. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart t. the founder of analytical geometryPart TwoColumn A Column B1. Karl Marx a. Symphony in E Major(“From the NewWorld”)2. Charles Darwin b. The Portrait of A Lady3. Stendhal c. The Charterhouse of Parma4. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov d. The German Ideology5. George Bernard Shaw e. Remembrance of Things Past6. Henry James f. Catch-227. Édouard Manet g. The Wanderings of Oisin and OtherPoems8. Auguste Rodin h. Man and Superman9. Antonín Dvorák i. The Thinker10. Joseph Conrad j. Symphony No.7 in C Major( Leningrad )11. William Butler Yeats k. Portrait of A Man Unknown12. William Faulkner l. Lord Jim13. Marcel Proust m. The Luncheon on the Grass14. Jack Kerouac n. On the Origin of Species15. Nathalie Sarraute o. As I Lay Dying16. Jean-Paul Sartre p. The Man in the Shell17. Joseph Heller r. Being and Nothingness18. Max Beckmann s. On the Road19. Pablo Picasso t. The Dream20. Dmitry Shostakovich q. Three DancersIII. Decide the following statements true or false.1. Sappho was considered the most important lyric poet of ancient Greece.2.Diogenes is chiefly noted for his doctrine that “ man is the measure of all things.”3.Venus de Milo was discovered in the island of Milo in 1920.4.Roman law eventually became the core of modern civil and commercial law inmany Western countries.5.The Romans greatly admired Greek works and freely borrowed from them. Andbesides being profound, powerful and beautiful, their own writings showed littleoriginality.6.After 392 A.D., Christianity had changed from an object of oppression to aweapon in the hands of the ruling class to crush their opponents.7.The Bible is much more than a religious book; it is really an encyclopedia: history,literature, philosophy and record of great minds8.The Old Testament was originally written in Hebrew, the New Testament in apopular form of Latin.9.During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. Theonly organization that seemed to unite Europe was feudalism.10.Some of the hermits were great scholars known as “ Father of the Church”, whosework is generally considered orthodox.11.Charlemagne wanted to rule as the emperors of Rome had done in ancient timesand eventually was crowned “ Emperor of the Romans” by himself in 800.12.Dante’s the Divine Comedy while itself is the greatest Christian poem with aprofound vision of the medieval Christian world, expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.13.The Gothic style started in France, quickly spread through all parts of westernEurope and flourished and lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas, into the 17th .14.Where the impact with Italy was most strongly felt in fine arts, in France it wasliterature and in England it was philosophy and drama.15. After Reformation, in religion, Protestantism brought into being different formsof Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.16.Pierre de Ronsard wrote the first literary history criticism in the literary history ofFrance.17.Chritopher Columbus was discoverer of the New World and the Americancontinent was named after him.18.It is generally believed that modern philosophy begins with Francis Bacon inEngland and with René Descartes in France.19.The Cartesian doubt is summarized in his motto: “ I doubt, therefore I think: Ithink , therefore I am.”20.Baroque art, flourished first in Spain was characterized by dramatic intensity andsentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and color.21.The designing and building of St. Paul’s Cathedral is the landmark in Frencharchitecture.22.The most important forerunners of the Enlightenment were two 17th centuryEnglishmen Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton.23.The three composers of the classical music , Bach ,Haydn and Mozart are knownas the Viennese School.24.The representatives of the Later Romantics in music are Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner,Verdi, Brahms, and Tchaikovsky.25.As Isaac Newton dominated 17th-century science with his discovery of the lawsgoverning the bodies of the universe, so Charles Darwin dominated 18th-centuryscience, for he discovered the laws governing the evolution of man himself.。
欧洲史思考题
![欧洲史思考题](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/c8a691b2bb4cf7ec4bfed00e.png)
1.分析“荷马时代”在希腊历史发展过程中的作用。
史诗时代的社会经济生活一般而言,荷马时代的希腊不再存在奴隶制国家,人们生活在军事民主制阶段的氏族部落组织中。
多利亚人入侵时,伯罗奔尼撒和中希腊的许多城池市镇悉遭破毁。
商旅断绝,文化没落,此后两三百年间再也未见宫室城郭的修筑和金银珠宝的流通,文字的使用亦告绝迹。
因此,荷马时代亦有“黑暗时代”之称。
2.分析雅典民主制度的利与弊民主制度还很不成熟,极易被执政的多数人中的少数贵族利用,成为其掌握的为自己谋利益的合法性政治工具。
在民主制度下,虽然由多数人掌权,但是我们可以看到在古希腊雅典城邦中,统治阶级为了维护自己的利益在民主制度的掩盖下,损害少数人甚至大众的利益。
陶片放逐法:这个法令使一些人得到应有的惩罚,但在后期,它也使一些很有才干但和投票者有矛盾的人被放逐。
不完善的民主制度具有很大的弊端,有时这不仅不会有助于实现自由,反而会遏制人性的发展民主制度建立和发展的前提是多数人执政,即实行多数人对少数人的统治。
当执政的多数人是正义的、正确的、素质较高的多数人时,民主制度推动历史发展的作用是十分巨大的,而如果执政者是无知的、非正义的,则必将阻碍社会的进步。
雅典的民主制在后期激化了社会矛盾,使社会处于无政府的混乱状态民主制度会使国家和社会处于无秩序的混乱状态。
充分的民主制度倡导充分的自由与民主,这是十分有害的民主制度的弊端还表现在效率问题上。
一般而言,专制制度下的政权其效率要远远高于民主制度,雅典虽然是比较小的国家,但是由于实行直接民主制,其效率也是很低。
民主制度建立在奴隶制和等级制之上。
雅典民主制度是直接民主制只能在小圈推行,不适合人口和地域超过一定范围的国家。
雅典民主制度体现着雅典奴隶主自由民多数人的主权雅典的普通公民确实有许多机会去影响乃至决定政府的决策。
而通过选举产生的官吏,也能较好的体现和执行民意。
其次,同公民主权密切相联系的是公民个人的自由和平等。
平民争取了部分的权益,使贵族阶级相比从前少了特权。
自-西方文明史导论作业参考答案要点
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《西方文明史导论》作业参考答案要点第一章绪论1、【问答题】(1分)英国前首相丘吉尔说:“大学不仅要传授知识,大学更应当传授智慧。
大学不应满足于培训技术,大学更应致力于锻造人格。
”结合你自己的专业,谈谈你对这段话的理解。
主观发挥题,无标准答案,言之有理、表述清晰有逻辑,能提出自己的观点认识为好。
第二章希腊文化的意境和希腊1、【问答题】(10分)概述希腊文化的意境。
理想与美:希腊艺术的意境表述;情感交流的方式:直觉、诗语和精神的形象化;玄同忘我之境在理想和现实的交汇点产生。
2、【问答题】(10分)阐述希腊文化的特点来自民间的自发的民族文化;心灵性,每一件艺术都是用心灵雕刻出的精品;向善性;唯美主义;神秘性和悬念第三章古代希腊的英雄主义1、【问答题】(10分)《荷马史诗》中的隐喻是什么?《荷马史诗》分成两部,上部《伊利亚特》,下部《奥德赛》。
两部史诗的内容不一样,前一部叫人拼命去当英雄,后一部叫人做一个平常人,游山玩水找到自己。
两个主题、风格、内容完全不一样的史书合在一起叫做《荷马史诗》,遭来很多人的非议。
一种普遍的说法是两部史书不是同一个人写的,因为它们的内容如此不同,所要反映的精神世界也是如此不同。
另一种说法,正是这样一种不同,反而组成一个合体,看到了它的两个面。
为什么这么一部有名的史诗,在主题和情节安排上产生出如此之大的反差?是作者的有意所为,还是一个历史的巧合?现在已无从考证,《荷马史诗》的原稿已经没有了。
姑且不做这样的文献考订,围绕内容来说,看一看这里面有没有被我们称之为大惑不解之谜,或者说是荷马史诗的隐喻,有什么谜语隐藏其中。
2、【问答题】(10分)如何破解《荷马史诗》的隐喻?隐喻的破解:英雄主义隐喻的破解:浪漫主义奥德修斯情结和圆满的结局:从英雄主义转变到浪漫主义;行动的浪漫主义者而不是精神的浪漫主义者;坚定的目标性,找回自己;找到两极之间的最佳点;最后的发现:人与人、家和家、社会和社会之间,是可以取得和谐的。
世界历史(上)课中思考题及课后习题参考答案
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世界历史(上)课中思考题及课后习题参考答案第1课史前时期的人类一、课中思考题.1、西方国家某些人认为白种人起源于智人,而有色人种起源于古猿与猿人;白色人种是天然的优等民族,而有色人种是天然的劣等民族。
你同意这种观点吗?为什么?(P2)答:不同意。
尽管种族形成的原因目前还没有令人完全信服的说法,种族形成的具体过程更令人疑惑重重,但人种差别是在人类出现之后形成则是确定无疑的。
这是由于人类为适应各自生活的地区之间的自然条件而形成的。
现在世界上所有的种族都源自作为人类已获得充分发展的同一祖先,人类现存的各个民族在与生俱来的智力方面,彼此没有很大差别——这一点已为所有人类学家所认同。
2、古希腊流传着普罗米修斯将火传播到人间的神话,中国也有燧人氏钻燧取火的传说,你,也能讲讲这些传说吗?(P3)答:①普罗米修斯曾从天上盗取火种到人间,因此触怒了主神宙斯,被锁在高加索山崖,每日遭神鹰啄食肝脏,夜间伤口愈合,天明神鹰复来。
他宁受折磨,坚毅不屈。
普罗米修斯作为敢于抗拒强暴、不惜为人类幸福牺牲一切的英雄,一直受到人民的爱戴。
②燧人氏是中国传说中人工取火的发明者。
相传远古人民“茹毛饮血”,燧人氏钻燧取火,教人熟食。
燧人氏钻燧取火的传说反映了中国原始时代从利用自然火到人工取火的进步。
二、课后习题。
1、“人类从狩猎者和捕鱼者转变为农耕者、从游荡的生活转变到定居生活的变迁,是人类全部历史上最具决定意义的革命,……农业不仅使人口的增长成为可能,而且还引起了人们所熟悉的村落共同体的景象的出现,这种景象甚至到今天还在世界上许多地区流行历史的连续性在任何地方都没有像农村那样明显。
”——摘自《泰晤士世界历史地图集》原始农业是什么时候出现的?请你谈谈对上段话的理解。
(P6)答:原始农业是在母系氏族社会时期出现的。
上段话说明了农业产生的重要意义:是人类全部历史上最具决定意义的革命。
它不仅使人口增长,而且出现人们熟悉的村落的景象,并至今在世界的许多地区流行。
欧洲文明史考点整理.
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欧洲文明史题型:填空题+选择题(各5题、简答题(3题+论述题(2题1.一般认为,人类文明的第一缕曙光首先出现在底格里斯河和幼发拉底河下游的苏美尔。
人类最早的文明是苏美尔文明,诞生于两河流域(幼发拉底河、底格里斯河,起始年代为公元前3500年-公元前3100年,使用楔形文字。
两河流域文明的三个民族:苏美尔人—阿卡德人—阿摩利人(巴比伦人。
巴比伦人创造的《汉谟拉比法典》被认为是人类历史上最早的有条理的法律文集。
人类古代文明大约始于公元前3500年,而且古代文明主要出现在大型河流经过的地区,以大河流域文明的形式出现,这些大河流域包括底格里斯河和幼发拉底河流域、尼罗河流域、印度河流域以及黄河流域。
这些古代文明出现的时间分别为:苏美尔文明开始于公元前3500年左右,埃及文明起于约公元前3000年,印度河流域的文明起于约公元前2500年,中国黄河流域的文明起于约公元前1500年。
另外,中美洲和秘鲁的文明起于约公元前500年。
人类社会在进入文明时代后发生了一些根本上的改变,这些变化的结果中最显著的两个就是社会关系的不平等和性别关系的不平等。
这些不平等的出现是所有古代文明的共同点。
2. 另一个古代文明在尼罗河流域产生,这就是古埃及文明。
埃及文明是典型的帝国文明。
古埃及文明被认为是“尼罗河的馈赠”,古埃及人使用象形文字,在公元7世纪被阿拉伯人所灭。
古埃及文明从公元前3100年得到统一开始到公元前252年被波斯征服结束,历经2500年时间,这段时间内埃及文明是连续、稳定和保守的。
在法老王统治埃及的这两三千年间,尼罗河的子民创造了举世仅见的辉煌建筑。
纪念碑、神庙、金字塔、石像是古埃及的象征,这些巨石构建的奇迹是埃及人对众神和诸王的奉献。
这些作品表达了对生命本身意义的追寻,与诸神相连的渴望,对美的追求和对不朽的希望。
古埃及人信仰永恒和永生,他们相信人和太阳一样会死而复生。
为保护法老的尸体并让其永生,埃及人认真努力的为他们的国王(即法老修建巨大的陵墓——金字塔。
欧洲文明史复习大纲(思考题答案全)详解
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欧洲文明史复习大纲(思考题答案全)详解《欧洲文明史》教学大纲讲解部分:一、学习欧洲文明史的重要性(一)、从发展趋势上看,欧洲文明是通向现代化并与全球化进程相联系的。
(二)、世界各个地区的文化都深受欧洲文明的影响(三)、与中国文明相比较,取其精华,去其糟粕。
二、欧洲文明史的主要内容(一)、欧洲文明的精华:1、以求真善美的希腊思想为源头的哲学、伦理学和美学2、重视社会效能的政治学、经济学、和法学3、凝合人生、人性、人格至善本性的基督教精神4、探索宇宙,改造自然,造福人类的科学实践(二)、欧洲文明史的阶段性:1、欧洲文明的源头——希腊文明2、希腊文明的继承者与传播者——罗马文明3、中世纪基督教文明4、文明的狂飙疾进时代——文艺复兴时代的文明5、启蒙时代的文明6、工业文明三、学习欧洲文明史要注意的问题(一)、文明不等同于文化(二)、由于欧洲历史的特殊性,欧洲文明史主要侧重于西欧文明(三)、根据学生对于欧洲文明史的了解,本课程的讲授侧重于文艺复兴之前的文明。
第一章欧洲文明的源头——希腊文明重点和难点问题:希腊的城邦制度以及雅典的民主制度讲解部分:一、希腊文明的特点(一)、城邦制度发达(二)、工商航海业发达(三)、民主政治发达(四)、文化具有明显的人文主义和理性的特征二、希腊神话(一)、关于希腊神话的记载1、荷马的《荷马史诗》,包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》2、赫西俄德的《神谱》(二)、希腊神话的特点1、内容丰富、谱系分明、记载详细2、体现了一种人文主义精神,表现为诸神的感性化和理想化3、表现了一种贵族式的民主精神4、以内在的自我否定作为神系延续和发展的契机(三)、希腊神话的影响1、希腊神话由于没有统一的经典教义,因此没能造成对文化的垄断和束缚,从而使希腊文化呈现出多元化的特点。
2、希腊神话神人同形同性的特点,有助于理性的发展和科学的产生。
3、丰富生动的神话传说为希腊乃至整个西方文学艺术的发展提供了丰富的创作素材。
欧洲文明史思考题
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第一章1、希腊文明有哪些特点?城邦制度发达工商航海业发达民主政治发达文化具有明显的人文主义和理性的特征2、分析雅典民主制度的利与弊利:它重视公民的个体自由和责任感;铸就了希腊人渴求知识、乐于探究的民族性格,其民主氛围创造的空间,使古代希腊在众多文化领域取得了辉煌成就;雅典民主的理论与实践为近现代西方政治制度奠定了最初的基础,如法律面前人人平等,三权分立,少数服从多数和选举任期制度等等。
弊:雅典民主政治维护奴隶主贵族的统治地位和利益,其实质是建立在奴隶制基础之上,是少数人的民主。
雅典民主只是“成年男性公民当家作主”的政治制度,民主对妇女、外邦人、广大奴隶而言,是遥不可及的,它与现代民主是不同的,它窒息和限制了社会另一部分成员的自身发展能力,带有很大的局限性。
过于泛滥的直接民主逐渐成为政治腐败、社会动乱的隐患,再加上城邦内部的混乱和城邦之间的战争,那种狭隘的城邦体制,与日益迅速发展的政治、经济难以匹配,城邦民主政治不可避免地衰落了。
3、希腊文明在那些方面对欧洲文明的发展产生了重要影响?希腊文化是西方文明的发源地,对欧洲文明的发展产生了重要影响。
一、经济发展模式。
希腊城邦创造了繁荣的的奴隶制经济,为文化的发展提供物质基础。
统治了希腊地区的罗马侵略和扩张更为严重。
这对以后西方国家的经济发展有深远影响。
二、政治与民主。
1、两千多年前希腊人所创立的奴隶民主制度,提出了法律面前人人平等,个人生活自由等,强化了对个人价值、个人主义与个人尊严的信念,其政治思想中的部分因素构成了近代立宪主义的渊源。
2、当代西方的“人权”社会的民主体现的就是希腊时期有条件的民主政治。
三、神话和宗教。
1、希腊人创造了神,具有“人”性的神话也具有世俗性和民主性,因此从文艺复兴时期的作家到19世纪的资产阶级浪漫主义作家,都从希腊神话中汲取了养料。
2、希腊化时期,人们开始相信超凡的上帝。
被罗马人继承与模仿,成为罗马的国教,从此开辟了欧洲基督教时代。
欧洲古代史 思考题
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欧洲古代史思考题一、古希腊:请简述斯巴达城邦的政治体制结构,并结合时代特点(如黑劳士等)分析斯巴达政制对其社会稳定性的利弊。
斯巴达的政制体制相当于贵族共产主义与自由军国主义的结合,在很好地融合了君主制、贵族制和民主制三种政体的基础上实现了政治统治的稳定,兼备了民主制和寡头制的要素。
政治体制结构为:最上层是双国王,出自两大家庭,可世袭;元老院即议事会30人,成员从全体公民中选出,终身任期,可否决公民大会决议;监督官设置5人,连任一年;公民大会由年满30岁的全体成年男性公民组成。
利处:从政体角度看,每个职务都达到了分权,个人没有过于集中等个权力,斯巴达的元老和监察官均是由全体公民选举产生,公民有参政的权力,监察官在司法事务中拥有很大的权力,都在一定程度上削弱了世袭国王的权力,很好地解决了专制政体人民无法对统治者实现监督,民主政体人民过分干政的问题,与绝对的个人军事独裁不同,斯巴达的混合政体更保证社会的稳定性。
从文化角度讲,斯巴达的双王制有悠久的传统,斯巴达人十分保守和虔诚,热衷于宗教仪式、崇尚军事首领的运气,斯巴达的双王制事实上就是军事统帅的世袭,国王除统帅军队外,几乎没有什么其他的职责,只是负责主持一些小型宗教仪式和献祭活动,从精神层面上更容易使斯巴达人信服来维系社会的稳定。
弊处:从行政管理看,斯巴达行政官员对政治管理的作用很大,更多地参与了城邦的管理,在实行层面上能做到高效独立。
但作为一个以军事为全部要务的国家,对内、对外的政策的制定都要求高速,公民大会与监察官的分权极大地削弱了政治效率,一旦爆发战争起义对社会稳定相当不利。
从经济基础看,斯巴达人有田不耕,大部分经济活动都交给黑劳士来进行,而经济活动的直接目的就是为战争做准备,黑劳士相当于斯巴达人的经济根源。
黑劳士人权的剥夺为起义与社会的覆灭埋下了种子。
从社会结构看,社会阶级由骑士阶层(斯巴达人)和人口大多数的黑劳士(希洛特人)组成,斯巴达卫队由贵族阶层组成,监视奴隶。
世界近代史思考题_(参考答案)
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二、问答题1、试述地理大发现的世界影响首先,新航路的开辟,美洲大陆的发现和环球航行的实现,结束了新旧大陆互相隔绝的封闭状态,使各大洲连为一体,推动了世界整体化进程。
其次,是随着新航路的开辟,亚洲、非洲和美洲开始沦为西欧各国的殖民地、半殖民地。
加快了资本原始积累的步伐和资本主义的发展,而亚、非、美洲各国的独立发展进程被打断,陷入了贫困和落后的深渊。
再次,新航路的开辟和殖民掠夺的开始,引起世界贸易的重大变化,引起商业革命,世界市场开始形成。
最后,新航路开辟引起了“价格革命”。
“价格革命”使新兴的工商业资产阶级以及与市场有联系的贵族牟取了暴利,积累了巨额资本,它加速了西欧封建制度的衰落和资本主义的发展。
2、简述地理大发现的历史背景1500年左右完成的地理大发现不是偶然的,它有深刻的经济根源、社会根源及技术准备。
首先是经济上的动因,即西欧商品货币经济的发展和对黄金的渴求。
商品生产和交换的发展以及资本主义萌芽的产生使西欧迫切希望加强东西方贸易,为工业品寻找新的市场。
而当时东西方贸易的三条通道都以东部地中海为中心。
由于奥斯曼帝国的崛起商路被阻断。
因此西方商人和贵族为了发展同东方的直接贸易,迫切需要开辟一条绕过地中海直达东方的航路。
同时随着流通中所需货币量急剧增加,黄金作为货币的职能日益突出,成为最贵重的交换手段,占有黄金就意味着占有一切。
《马可波罗行记》对中国、印度等地的夸张描述,使西欧贵族、商人、航海家把东方看成遍地黄金,到东方实现黄金梦是促进开辟新航路的重要原因。
第二,传播基督教是推动西欧人向海外发展的一种精神动力。
基督教以博爱人类为教旨,以全人类的宗教自命,充满着一种强烈的使人人都接受基督教的要求。
中世纪发动的十字军东侵,即是以武力扩张基督教信仰的反映。
1500年前后欧洲航海家们从事海上冒险活动的动机之一,便存宏扬基督教于海外诸国之想。
第三,西欧生产力的发展和科学技术的进步,为开辟新航路准备了必要的物质和精神条件。
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第一章1、希腊文明有哪些特点?城邦制度发达工商航海业发达民主政治发达文化具有明显的人文主义和理性的特征2、分析雅典民主制度的利与弊利:它重视公民的个体自由和责任感;铸就了希腊人渴求知识、乐于探究的民族性格,其民主氛围创造的空间,使古代希腊在众多文化领域取得了辉煌成就;雅典民主的理论与实践为近现代西方政治制度奠定了最初的基础,如法律面前人人平等,三权分立,少数服从多数和选举任期制度等等。
弊:雅典民主政治维护奴隶主贵族的统治地位和利益,其实质是建立在奴隶制基础之上,是少数人的民主。
雅典民主只是“成年男性公民当家作主”的政治制度,民主对妇女、外邦人、广大奴隶而言,是遥不可及的,它与现代民主是不同的,它窒息和限制了社会另一部分成员的自身发展能力,带有很大的局限性。
过于泛滥的直接民主逐渐成为政治腐败、社会动乱的隐患,再加上城邦内部的混乱和城邦之间的战争,那种狭隘的城邦体制,与日益迅速发展的政治、经济难以匹配,城邦民主政治不可避免地衰落了。
3、希腊文明在那些方面对欧洲文明的发展产生了重要影响?希腊文化是西方文明的发源地,对欧洲文明的发展产生了重要影响。
一、经济发展模式。
希腊城邦创造了繁荣的的奴隶制经济,为文化的发展提供物质基础。
统治了希腊地区的罗马侵略和扩张更为严重。
这对以后西方国家的经济发展有深远影响。
二、政治与民主。
1、两千多年前希腊人所创立的奴隶民主制度,提出了法律面前人人平等,个人生活自由等,强化了对个人价值、个人主义与个人尊严的信念,其政治思想中的部分因素构成了近代立宪主义的渊源。
2、当代西方的“人权”社会的民主体现的就是希腊时期有条件的民主政治。
三、神话和宗教。
1、希腊人创造了神,具有“人”性的神话也具有世俗性和民主性,因此从文艺复兴时期的作家到19世纪的资产阶级浪漫主义作家,都从希腊神话中汲取了养料。
2、希腊化时期,人们开始相信超凡的上帝。
被罗马人继承与模仿,成为罗马的国教,从此开辟了欧洲基督教时代。
四、文字、文学、艺术和科学。
1、文学方面主要表现在诗歌和戏剧。
人文主义精神在希腊的悲剧中展露无疑,同时也成為日后欧洲文化发展的一项中心价值。
2、在艺术领域内,表现在建筑,雕刻等凝固艺术上。
艺术作品的创作手法也被文艺复兴时代的大师们所继承和发扬。
3、哲学。
希腊哲学是西方哲学的起源。
五、笃信人本主义,重视人和人的自身价值。
揭示人的地位、业绩及其历史作用,可以说贯穿于整个希腊的政治、文学和艺术、哲学方面的文明史之中。
这种人文精神,对后世不乏振聋发聩的启迪作用。
特别是西方的文艺复兴之后有重要影响。
4、希腊文明的历史是如何体现其人本主义精神的?1.在丰富多彩的古希腊神话中, 不乏先民对人类自身地位的思考。
希腊人在信神的同时, 更相信人自身的智慧和力量, 所以他们在诸神面前不畏惧、不盲从, 而是把诸神赋予了人的思想和感情。
人本主义倾向在希腊神话和荷马史诗中开始酝酿,2.城邦制度。
希腊城邦, 特别是那些工商业比较发达、实行民主政治的城邦, 十分重视公民的民主权利, 每个成员都以独立的人格和独立的权利个体,出现在政治舞台上, 他们能自由地参政。
同时, 希腊的城邦制度强调个人利益和城邦利益结合起来,激励公民为城邦奋斗献身,城邦的特征促使希腊文化不断走向现实主义的道路, 体现出浓厚的人文主义色彩。
3. 商业的发展。
同时, 希腊人在和地中海沿岸各地进行手工业品和农产品的广泛交换过程中, 不仅接触到欧洲的其他民族, 而且也接触到亚洲和非洲的一些民族。
工商业活动开阔了人们的眼界, 活跃了人们的思想;民主政治保证和发展了公民的个性, 尊重公民独立的人格, 由此也决定了希腊文化鲜明的特征, 即城邦文化的广泛群众性和人本主义。
3. 从公元7 世纪的泰勒斯开始, 希腊的自然科学家们对自然界的研究, 就已不再像他们的先人那样用形象思维的方式来思考, 不再用神话来解释, 而是力图用理性思维的方式, 用自然界本身来说明自然。
智者派哲学家的学说影响更大, 普罗塔哥拉提出的“人是万物的尺度”[ 9] (P54), 对启示世人重新估价一切旧的传统观念, 否认神的存在无疑起到了重大作用, 同时说明了古希腊思想家们, 特别注重于人的理性, 人的创造才能, 注重人如何成为有美德者以及有理解和分辨能力者。
第二章1、西罗马帝国灭亡的原因。
1、奴隶制经济危机导致了帝国经济的崩溃。
2、罗马帝国的征服给罗马制造了一个充满矛盾、危机四伏的环境。
3、道德的沦丧是西罗马帝国衰亡的原因之一。
4、以蛮制蛮政策直接导致了西罗马帝国的灭亡。
5、166年和252年的两次瘟疫使意大利的人口锐减。
2、罗马共和国大规模军事征服取得成功的原因。
强烈的生存忧患意识协调一致团结合作的群体精神领导核心适时适度的内政外交方略优良的军事组织体制及战术原则的灵活运用3、罗马共和国是如何向帝制转变的?(一)、马略改革和苏拉独裁公元前107年,罗马执政官马略进行军事改革,将罗马的公民兵制改成了募兵制,为军事独裁政治的产生创造了条件。
(二)、“前三头”政治与凯撒独裁指公元前60年,罗马共和国内三个有势力的人物:克拉苏、庞培、恺撒秘密的结成反元老院的同盟。
不久,克拉苏因出战安息而阵亡。
恺撒则在任高卢总督期间,兵力、财力和威望猛增。
庞培畏惧恺撒的权力,转而与元老院联合。
公元前49年,恺撒开始与庞培展开内战,在次年的法萨罗战役中,庞培战败,后逃到埃及被杀。
前三头政治最后瓦解,公元前45年,恺撒建立独裁统治。
(三)、“后三头”政治公元前43年,屋大维、雷必达、安东尼公开结成的反贵族政治联盟。
后三头政治时期,他们在罗马实行恐怖统治,宣告贵族派为公敌,在平息了贵族的叛乱后,三头在政治上瓜分了罗马行省。
公元前36年,雷必达的兵权被屋大维剥夺。
公元前31年,屋大维与统治东方行省的安东尼在亚克兴开战,安东尼战败自杀。
自此,先后有两头退出政治舞台,屋大维一人成为罗马的独裁统治者,后三头政治宣告结束。
4、在罗马文明发展过程中都在哪些方面体现了罗马文明的规则性?同55、罗马文明都有哪些特点?期末考试材料第三章1、简述政教之争中世纪前期,王权与教会的关系错综复杂,两者既相互支援,又不乏激烈的权益纷争,处于对立、统一状态;中世纪中期,教会的实力不断增强,“上帝之城”与“世俗之城”之间展开了长期的以争夺最高统治权为核心的政治斗争;进入中世纪后期,王权在与教权的合作与斗争的制度化进程中走向强大,而教权则日渐没落。
中世纪前期,王权与教权之间处于一种相互依存、相互利用的关系。
教会和君主各有其独立管辖的领域,二者相互依存、相辅相成,共同管理人间的事务。
随着十一世纪欧洲经济的增长,教会的经济力量越来越大,逐渐想摆脱世俗政权的控制,克吕尼运动便是改革的典型代表。
改革者要求严格教会管理,反对世俗政权对教会的操纵。
克吕尼运动加强了教会的组织力量,最后由改革者与教廷建立起联系,而打破了数世纪以来,政教之间对峙与合作的局面。
教权与王权的冲突,以王权的最终胜利而告终。
教皇作为西欧最高效忠对象的地位消失,各国王权成为各国臣民最高的效忠对象。
王权的加强,民族意识的萌动,是西欧经济发展的结果,又反过来促进了经济的发展。
2、中世纪的西欧封建制度的具体含义是什么?①封建主之间形成了特殊的封君封臣关系;②形成了与封主封臣制相适应的封土制度;③中央权力衰落,各封建主在其领地内有独立的政治权力。
3、分析基督教在欧洲中世纪的地位和作用。
地位:课件P17 西欧基督教化与基督教的封建化基督教占据西欧统治地位中世纪基督教可以说是欧洲国家立国的根基。
任何一个皇室的国王必须得到教廷的认可才可以称的上是国王。
作用:期末考试材料分析题目第四章1、比较欧洲主要国家的封建制度。
大纲P102、分析文艺复兴运动如何体现其人文主义精神。
文艺复兴是14世纪至16世纪在欧洲兴起的一个思想文化运动,其核心内容是人文主义思潮的兴起。
在狭义上,人文主义强调人的现实生活意义,强调对古希腊、罗马思想的崇尚;广义上则指与神学相异的人文学术,也具有人道主义、人性等含义。
一.文艺复兴时代的思想家们则开始对神学提出挑战,他们强调人的高贵,强调人生来就有尊严,有个性,有意志,以此反对中世纪把人作为神的奴仆和罪人的角色,以人性来对抗神性。
二.人文主义同时强调人生而平等,主张按知识和能力分贵贱,反对封建等级门第观念,把追求智慧、知识、个人能力的多方面发展作为人的本性之一。
三.文艺复兴为随后的思想变革铺平了道路,在人文主义思潮兴起之际,作为中世纪欧洲社会权威的教会越来越成为人们抨击的对象,推动了宗教改革和启蒙运动的兴起。
四.文艺复兴时期的作品,如但丁的《神曲》、薄伽丘的《十日谈》、马基雅维利的《君主论》、拉伯雷的《巨人传》等。
集中体现了人文主义思想:主张个性解放,反对中世纪的禁欲主义和宗教观;提倡科学文化,反对蒙昧主义,摆脱教会对人们思想的束缚;肯定人权,反对神权。
五、人文主义者开始用研究古典文学的方法研究圣经,将圣经翻译成本民族的语言,导致了宗教改革运动的兴起。
3、分析地理大发现的背景、条件及意义课件P204、分析文艺复兴,地理大发现和宗教改革是如何相互影响的。
文艺复兴为随后的思想变革铺平了道路,在人文主义思潮兴起之际,作为中世纪欧洲社会权威的教会越来越成为人们抨击的对象,为打击天主教会提供了有力的思想武器。
文艺复兴中人文主义的复兴激起了人们的进取精神,推动了地理大发现。
地理大发现代表着冒险、开拓和进取精神的胜利,推动了宗教改革的兴起。
地理大发现和宗教改革反应了文艺复兴中的人文主义思想。
第五章1、分析启蒙运动对资产阶级革命的意义启蒙运动所批判和主张的内容,为资产阶级取得统治地位,建立资本主义政治制度作了思想和理论上的准备。
同时,启蒙思想在欧洲鼓舞人民拿起武器,争取独立。
它宣扬的天赋人权、三权分立、自由、平等、民主和法制的思想1.使法国大革命产生了大量革命进步的法案,最终形成拿破仑法典,随着法国对外战争,传播到欧洲各地。
2.促进了英国资产阶级革命,推动了资本主义的发展和先进思想的广泛传播。
为民主政治制度提供了蓝本和理论基础。
2、比较英法资产阶级革命的异同。
相同点:(1)原因相同:二国爆发革命的原因都是因为资本主义的发展受到了阻碍,资产阶级为掌握政权,发展资本主义而发动革命。
(2)领导阶级相同:二国的革命都是由资产阶级领导的。
(3)革命动力相同:人民群众在革命中都起了推动作用。
(4)结果相同:二国的资产阶级都取得了胜利,掌握了政权,都促进了资本主义的发展。
不同点:(1)原因不完全相同:英国革命是为了推翻斯图亚特王朝的专制统治;法国革命是要推翻波旁王朝统治。
(2)领导阶级不完全相同:除了资产阶级领导革命外,英国还有新贵族,法国还有自由派贵族参加对资产阶级革命的领导。