Unit 8 Education in the United States

In 2008, Congress passed an updated version of the G.I. Bill, commonly known as the Post-9/11 G.I. Bill, which provides financial support for education and housing to individuals with at least 90 days of service after September 10, 2001.
affirming Federal Government‘s commitment “to promote the full realization of equal employment opportunity through a positive, continuing program in each executive department and agency”. It is notable值得注意的；显著的that affirmative action was not extended to women until Executive Order 11375 amended Executive Order 11246 on 13 October 1967, expanding the definition to include “sex.” Presently, affirmative action expressed through Executive Order 11246 considers factors of “race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” In the U.S., affirmative action’s original purpose was to pressure institutions into compliance服从，遵从with the nondiscrimination非歧视性mandate命 令，指令of the Civil Rights Act of 1964民权法案. The Civil Rights Acts do not cover veterans, people with disabilities, or people over 40. These groups are protected from discrimination under different laws. Affirmative action has been the subject of numerous court cases, and has been questioned upon its constitutional legitimacy合法(性);正统(性). In 2003, a Supreme Court decision (Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 US 244 – Supreme Court 2003) regarding affirmative action in higher education permitted educational institutions to consider race as a factor; a small plus factor有利因素, when admitting students, but ruled that strict point

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“Affirmative action” means positive steps taken to increase the representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded. When those steps involve preferential 优 先 的 ； 优 待 的 ； 优 惠 的 selection—selection on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity— affirmative action generates intense controversy. Affirmative action was first created from Executive Order 10925, which was signed by President John F. Kennedy on 6 March 1961 and required that government employers "not discriminate against any employee or applicant for employment because of race, creed宗教信仰；信念, color, or national origin国籍" and "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin". On 24 September 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed Executive Order 11246, thereby replacing Executive Order 10925 and
veterans—and a major contribution to America's stock储备品, 供应物 of human capital人力资本,技能资本that sped long-term economic growth.

Since its enactment法律的制定（或通过）in 1944, the GI Bill has played a significant role in educating some of our nation’s greatest scholars and leaders. The GI Bill has produced: 14 Nobel Prize winners Three Supreme Court justices Three Presidents of the United States 12 U.S. Senators 24 Pulitzer Prize winners 91,000 scientists

哈佛大学 哈佛大学是美国最著名与古老的高等学府之一，这所位于麻萨诸塞州 坎布里奇镇的私人学府于1636年9月8日创立，原名是坎布里奇学院。 1620年英国清教徒移民到普利茅斯，16年后（当时中国正值明朝末 年），遵照麻萨诸塞最高法院的表决建立哈佛学校。由于清教徒中不 少人出身于英国剑桥大学，他们就把哈佛大学所在的新镇命名为剑桥 （汉语音译为坎布里奇）。最初学校仅有1名男教师和9名学生。 1638年，清教牧师约翰·哈佛去世时，把他的图书馆和一半财产留给 了学校。为纪念哈佛的慷慨捐赠，1639年3月13日更名为哈佛学院。 最初的哈佛是早期来到北美大陆的清徒们传播宗教理想的地方，它的 毕业生也多从事牧师职业。哈佛初创时期由教会主办。1865年，学校 开始选举管理委员会。 1780年，哈佛学院改为大学。19世纪初开设了神学院、法学院和医学 院。


The Servicemen‘s Readjustment Act军人重新安置法案 of 1944, known informally as the G.I. Bill退役军人权利法案, was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans (commonly referred to as G.I.s). Benefits included low-cost价格便宜的,廉价的mortgages抵 押贷款, loans to start a business or farm, cash payments现金付款of tuition and living expenses生活费用to attend college, high school or vocational education, as well as one year of unemployment compensation〈美〉失业补偿金. It was available to every veteran who had been on active duty现役during the war years for at least ninety days and had not been dishonorably不光彩地discharged（尤指从军队或警 察机关）使（某人）退伍（或离职）. Combat战斗；格斗was not required. By the end of the program in 1956, roughly 2.2 million veterans had used the GI Bill education benefits in order to attend colleges or universities. An additional 6.6 million used these benefits for some kind of training program. Since the original 1944 law, the term has come to include other veteran benefit programs created to assist veterans of subsequent wars as well as peacetime service. Historians and economists consider the GI Bill a major political success—especially in contrast to the treatments of World War I


在美国，“常青藤学府”一般隐喻著和高等学习院校有关，但只有一 些学校被公认为“常青藤联盟”。常青藤联盟由美国东北部之八所学 校组合而成：常青藤(Ivy League)一词通常是指美国东部八所高学术 水平，历史悠久的大学：哈佛(Harvard University)成立于1636年，耶 鲁(Yale University)成立于1701年，宾夕法尼亚大学 (University of Pennsylvania)成立于1740年，普林斯顿(Princeton University)成立于 1746年，哥伦比亚(Columbia University)成立于1754年，布朗(Brown University)成立于1764年，达特茅斯(Dartmouth College)成立于1769 年，和康乃尔(Cornell University)成立于1865年。 这八所大学都是公认的一流大学，它们的历史悠久，治学严谨，教授 水平高，学生质量好，因此常青藤大学又时常作为顶尖名校的代名词。 除康奈尔大学外，所有这些学校均在北美独立战争前创设，每所院校 的入学标准均非常严格。这些学校之间的学术与运动竞争性纪录始于 十九世纪末。