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Parker PSD Servo Drive用户指南说明书

Parker PSD Servo Drive用户指南说明书

PSD: Parker Servo DriveSupport PageDownloads Date Version PSD ServoManager (incl. help files)Please copy the zip - content to a folder (not C:\programs) and start "PSD-ServoManager.exe". No installation required!2023-01-11V01.10.05 PSD Firmware Download(Registration required) 2022-09-28V01.10.05 PSD1 Release History *2022-11-22PSD Error List(see ServoManager → Help → Show Error Info…)2021-02-15PSD1 Functional Safety over EtherCAT downloads2019-04-29PSD1 Programmable Target(Package for CODESYS Development System, rename to*.package after download)CODESYS Development System(link to CODESYS Store, free)2020-12-18 V1.00.01 PSD1 Programmable Application Examples-Electronic_gearing-Recipe Table via digital I/O-Recipe Table via Fieldbus-XYZ_Application-Press-Force Application with Torque Limitation -PROFIDrive State Machine (S7 <-> PSD)-DS402 State Machine (PAC <-> PSD)2021-02-022021-02-022021-02-022021-02-022021-02-022021-08.182021-08-18V1.01V1.01V1.01V1.01V1.01V1.01V1.00PSD Programmable Quick Start Guide2020-12-18 V1.0PSD1 EtherCAT Description XML (= ESI – EtherCAT Slave Information – File)2020-09-23 V1.24 PSD1 CODESYS DriveInterface (also part of CODESYS SoftMotion)-Installation Guide-before Codesys V3.5 SP7-up from Codesys V3.5 SP7 -up from CoDeSys V3.5 SP142016-10-132016-10-132020-09-28V09V10V4.6.0.0PROFINET GSD for PSD1-S, PSD1-M2018-12-20Function Blocks for Siemens S7-1200/1500 with TIA-Portal V14/V15/V15.1-Function Block Overview-FB50 ControlManager (V1.2)-FB51 ControlManager Advanced (V1.6)-FB52 SpeedControl (V1.5)-FB53 Acyclic Parameter Access (V1.1)2021-02-16Ethernet/IP eds Files for PSD1S, PSD1M_1, PSD1M_2, PSD1M_32020-04-21 V1.02 EC declaration of conformity: PSD1-M, PSD1-SStep files: PSD1S, PSD1M (except PSD1MW1800), PSD1MW1800, PSD1MWP010,PSD1MWP0202018-02-15 Manuals / Help systems English German French Italian PSD1-M Short description (PDF)2019-06-272019-06-272019-06-272019-06-27 PSD1-S Short description (PDF)2019-06-272019-06-272019-06-272019-06-27 PSD1 Installation Guide (PDF)2019-10-152019-10-022021-03-03na PSD1 EtherCAT Help files*2022-02-162022-02-162021-03-03na PSD1 PROFINET Help files*2022-02-162022-02-162021-03-03na PSD1 Ethernet/IP Help files*2022-02-162022-02-162021-03-03na PSD1 Programmable Help files* 2022-02-162022-02-162021-03-03na Please download the file by clicking the right mouse button and choosing "…s ave as"*Please copy to your local pc before opening the help file!HTML Help CHM File is Not DisplayedBitte kopieren Sie die Hilfe auf Ihren lokalen PC bevor Sie diese öffnen! CHM Hilfedatei wird nicht angezeigt。

2021考研英语:英语词汇的拓展词根13

2021考研英语:英语词汇的拓展词根13

2021考研英语:英语词汇的拓展词根13 "124.Lingu=language ,表示“语言”,原意为“舌头”"linguist n 语言学家lingu+istlinguistics n 语言学linguist+icsbilingual a 两种语言的bi+lingu+alunilingual a 一种语言的nui+lingu+alcollingual a 同一种语言的col共同+lingu+almultilingual a 懂多种语言的multi多+lingu+alsublingual a 舌下的sub在…下+lingu+al舌头的"125.Liter=letter,表示“文字,字母”"literate a 识字的liter+ateilliterate a 不识字的,文盲的 il不+literate识字的literacy n 认字,有文化liter+acyilliteracy n 文盲il不+literacyliterature n 文学liter+ature状态→文字状态→文学literary a 文学的liter+aryliterati n 文人总称liter+ati表复数→文字人→文人学者literal a 文字上的,字面上的liter+alobliterate v 抹掉,擦掉ob去掉+liter+ate→去掉文字→擦掉obliteration n 删除;灭迹obliterate+ion"126.lith=stone,表示“石头”"lithic a 石头的lith+icaerolith n 陨石aero空中+lith→空中石头→陨石prelithic a 石器时代以前的pre前+lith+icpaleolithic a 旧石器时代的paleo古、旧+lith+icneolithic a 新石器时代的neo新+lith+icmonolith n 独石;独石碑mono一个+lith→一块石头→独石megalith n 巨石mega大+lith→大石头lithiasis n 结石病lithi+asis炎症→石头病lithograph n 石版画litho+graph写、画→在石头上写画"127.loc=place,表示“地方”"local a 地方的,局部的loc+allocalism n 地方主义local地方的+ism主义locality n 位置,所在地local+itylocate v 坐落,位于loc+atelocation n 场所,位置locate+ionlocomotive n 火车头;机车loco+mot动+ive→从一地动到一地→火车头 locomotion n 运动,运转loco+motion动dislocate v使脱节,移位dis离开+locate位于→位置离开→移位dislocation n 错乱;移位dislocate+ionallocate v分配,部署al一再+locate→不断送给地方→分配[东西]allocation n 分配allocate+ioncollocate v 并列;排列col共同+locate→放在一个位置→并列relocate v 重新定位re重新+locate"128.Log,logu=speak,表示“说话”"logic n 逻辑学说话的学问→逻辑学logical a 符合逻辑的logic+alanalogy n 类比;类似ana一样+logy→说的一样→类比apologue n 寓言apo离开+logue→说得离开现实→寓言apology n 道歉,认错apo离开+logy→退后一步说→道歉apologize v 道歉apology+izecatalogue n目录,一览表cata下面+logue在下面要说的话→目录dialogue n 对话dia对着+logue→对着说prologue n 开场白pro在前+logue→在前面说epilogue n 尾声,后记epi后面+logue→在后面说eulogy n 颂辞,称赞eu好+logy→说好话eulogize v 称赞eulogy+izemonologue n 独白mono一个人+logue说→独白philology n 语言学phil爱+logy说→爱说的学科→语言学"129.log=science,表示“科学,学科”"chronology n 年代学,年表chrono时间+log+yentomology n 昆虫学entomo昆虫+log+yepistemology n 认识论epi 下面+stem根,基础+o+log+y→知识基础之学→认识论 etymology n 词源学etym真正的+o+log+y→词真正来源的学科;eymon词源genealogy n 家谱学gen出生+ea+log+y→研究出生的学科geology n 地质学geo地+log+ymeteorology n 气象学meteor陨石,引申为气象+o+log+ymorphology n 形态学morph形状+o+log+ymythology n 神话学myth神话+o+log+yornithology n 鸟类学ornith鸟+o+log+ypsychology n 心理学paych心理+o+log+yphysilolgy n 生理学phys身体,物质+io+log+ytheology n 神学theo神+o+log+y"130.Long=leng,表示“长”"longevity n 长命;寿命long+ev生命+ity→长生命longanimity n 坚忍不拔long+anim精神+ity→精神长→坚韧longing n 渴望long+ing→很长时间[想要]→渴望longheaded a有远见的;精明的long+head头脑+ed→有头脑的longsighted a 有远见的long+sight眼光+ed→眼光很长longitude n 经线long+itude状态belong v 属于be+long→使长久拥有→属于elongate v 延长,伸长e出+long+ate→长出去→延长prolong v 延长,引申pro向前+long→向前长→延长oblong n 长方形ob反+long→反过来一样长→长方形length n 长度leng=longlengthy a 冗长的,漫长的length+y"131.loqu,locu=speak,表示“说话”"loquacious a 多嘴的,话太多的loqu+acjous多…的circumlocution n 转弯抹角说话circum 绕圈+locu+tioncolloquial a 口语的col共同+loqu+ial→共同说→口语colloquy n 谈话col共同+loquy→共同说→谈话colloquium n 学术讨论会col共同+loqu+ium→场所→一起说的地方→讨论会 elocution n 雄辩;朗诵法e出+locu+tion→说得出话→雄辩eloquence n 雄辩,口才e 出+loqu+enceeloquent a 有说服力的e+loqu+entinterlocution n 对话inter在…之间+locu+tion→二者之间说→对话obloquy n "中伤,谩骂ob坏+loquy→说坏话"soliloquy n 独白,自言自语soli独白+loquy说→独白somniloquy n 梦话somni睡+loquy→睡着了说"132.luc,lust=light,shine,表示“光,照亮”"lucent a 发亮的luc+entlucid a 透明的,清楚的luc+idlucidity n 光明;明白lucid+ityelucidate v 阐明,解释e出+lucid 清楚+ate→再清楚→阐明elucidation n 阐明,解释elucidate+iontranslucent a半透明的trans透过+luc+ent→光透过→半透明的noctilucent a 夜间能发光的nocti夜+lucent发亮的luster n 光泽,光彩lust+erlusty a 精力充沛的lust+y→人有光→满面红光→精力充沛的lackluster a 没有光泽的lack缺+lusterlustrous a 有光泽的lustr光+ousillustrate v 说明,阐明il不断+lustr+ate→不断给光明→说明illustration a 插图说明illustrate+ionillustrious n 辉煌的;著名的il一再+lustr+ious一再光明→辉煌的 "133.lumin=light,表示“光”"illuminate n 照亮;阐明il一再+lumin+ate→给予光明→照亮illumination n 阐明;明亮illuminate+ionilluminance n 照明度il+lumin+ance状态→亮的状态luminary n 发光体;杰出人物lumin+ary东西或人→发亮的人→名人 luminous a 发亮的lumin+ousluminosity n 光明,光辉lumin+osity多…的状态→多光→光辉luminescent a 发光的lumin+escent开始…的→开始有光的→发光的 luminescence n 发光lumin+escenceunilluminating a 无启发性的un不+illuminate启发,阐明+ing"134.lud,lus=play,表示“玩,戏剧”"ludic a 顽皮的,开玩笑的lud+icallude v提及;暗指al不断+lude→不断演戏→不直截了当→暗指delude v 欺骗de坏+lude→玩坏的[手段]→欺骗delusion n 欺骗delude的名词elude v 躲避;使…困惑e出+lude→玩出去→躲出去elusive a 难懂的,难捉摸的e 出+lus+ive→把人玩出去→让人难懂的prelude n 序曲 pre+lude玩,演奏→先演奏→序曲collude v 勾结,串通col共同+lude→共同玩→勾结collusion n 同谋;勾结col+lus+ioninterlude n 剧间休息inter在…中间+lude→在中间玩→中间休息illusion n错觉,幻觉it不好+lus+ion→玩得不好→产生“错觉”ludicrous a滑稽的,可笑的ludicr[=lud]+ous→闹着玩的→可笑的"135.man, maun= hand,表示“手”"manage v 办理;管理man+age→用手做→引申为管理manacle n 手铐;束缚man+acle东西→手上的东西→手铐manual a 手工的n。

Spectra Precision SP80 GNSS接收器产品介绍说明书

Spectra Precision SP80 GNSS接收器产品介绍说明书

The Most Connected GNSS Receiver SP80 GNSS ReceiverSP80GNSS ReceiverThe Spectra Precision SP80 is a next generation GNSS receiver that combines decades of GNSS RTK technology with revolutionary new GNSS processing. Featuring the new 240-channel “6G”chipset combined with the patented Z-Blade technology, the SP80 system is optimized for tracking and processing signals from all GNSS constellations in challenging environments.As the most connected GNSS receiver in the industry, the SP80 offers a unique combination of integrated 3.5G cellular, Wi-Fi and UHF communications with SMS, email and anti-theft technology.These powerful capabilities, packaged in an ultra-rugged housing andpatented antenna design with unlimited operation time (hot-swappablebatteries), make SP80 an extremely versatile turnkey solution.Key Features■■Patented Z-Blade technology ■■240-channel 6G ASIC ■■Hot-swappable batteries ■■Internal TRx UHF radio ■■ 3.5G cellular modem ■■Built-in WiFi communication ■■SMS and e-mail alerts ■■Anti-theft technology ■■Backup RTK ■■RTK Bridge ■■eLevel technology■■Trimble RTX correction servicesS P 80Patented inside-the-rod mounted UHF antenna designUnique 6G GNSS-centric TechnologyPatented Z-Blade processing technology running on a nextgeneration Spectra Precision 240-channel 6G ASIC fully utilizesall 6 GNSS systems: GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo, QZSS andSBAS. Unlike GPS-centric technology which requires a minimumnumber of GPS satellites for GNSS processing, Z-Blades uniqueGNSS-centric capability optimally combines GNSS signals withoutdependency on any specific GNSS system; this allows SP80 tooperate in GPS-only, GLONASS-only or BeiDou-only mode ifneeded. In addition, SP80 supports the recently approved RTCM3.2 Multiple Signal Messages (MSM), a standardized definitionfor broadcasting all GNSS signals from space, regardless oftheir constellation. This protects the surveyor’s investment wellinto the future by providing superior performance and improvedproductivity as new signals become available.SMS and Email MessagingSP80 has a unique combination of communication technologiesincluding an integrated 3.5G GSM/UMTS modem, Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity, and optional internal UHF transmit radio. The cellularmodem may be used for SMS (text message) and e-mail alerts as wellas regular Internet or VRS connectivity. SMS (text messages) can beused to monitor and configure the receiver. Likewise, SP80 can use allavailable RTK correction sources and connect to the Internet from thefield using WiFi hotspots, where available. The internal UHF transmit/receive radio allows for quick and easy setup as a local base station.This saves time and increases the surveyor’s efficiency.Anti-Theft ProtectionA unique anti-theft technology secures SP80when installed as a field base station in remoteor public places and can detect if the product isdisturbed, moved or stolen. This technology allowsthe surveyor to lock the device to a specific locationand make it unusable if the device is moved elsewhere. In this case,SP80 will generate an audio alert and show an alert message on itsdisplay. Furthermore, a SMS or e-mail will be sent to the surveyor’smobile phone or computer and provides the receiver’s currentcoordinates allowing tracking of its position and facilitating recoveryof the receiver. SP80’s anti-theft technology provides surveyors withremote security and peace of mind.The Most Powerful Tool forReliable Field UseThe SP80’s rugged housing, created by Spectra Precision’sengineering design lab in Germany, incorporates a host of practicalinnovations. Dual hot-swappable batteries can be easily exchangedin the field as a one hand operation for an interruption-free workingday, ensuring surveyors remain productive until the job is done. Theimpact-resistant glass-fiber reinforced casing, designed to withstand2m pole drops and waterproof to IP67, ensures that SP80 canhandle the toughest outdoor conditions. The patented UHF antenna,set inside the rugged carbon fiber rod, extends the range of RTKradio performance at the same time as armoring protection. Thesunlight-readable display offers instant access to key information likethe number of satellites, RTK status, battery charge and availablememory. With eLevel technology, the user is able to focus in oneplace when leveling and measuring as well as automatically storemeasurements when the receiver is level. These powerful designfeatures combine to make SP80 the most capable, most reliableGNSS receiver, backed by a comprehensive standard 2 year warranty.The Spectra PrecisionExperienceWith the most advanced and rugged field datacollectors from Spectra Precision, surveyors getmaximum productivity and reliability every day.Spectra Precision Survey Pro or FAST Surveysoftware is specifically tailored for the SP80GNSS receiver providing easy-to-use, yetpowerful GNSS workflows, letting the surveyorconcentrate on getting the job done. SpectraPrecision Survey Office Software provides a complete office suitefor post-processing GNSS data and adjusting survey data, as wellas exporting the processed results directly back to the field or toengineering design software packages. Combined with SpectraPrecision field and office software, SP80 is a very powerful andcomplete solution.SP80 Technical SpecificationsGNSS Characteristics■■240 GNSS channels- GPS L1C/A, L1P(Y), L2C, L2P(Y), L5- GLONASS L1C/A, L1P, L2C/A, L2P, L3- Beidou (Phase II) B1, B2- Galileo E1, E5a, E5b- QZSS L1C/A, L1-SAIF, L1C, L2C, L5- SBAS L1C/A, L5 (WAAS, EGNOS, MSAS,GAGAN, SDCM)- IRNSS L5■■Support for Trimble RTX™ real-timecorrection services■■Patented Z-Blade technology for optimalGNSS performance- Full utilization of signals from all 6 GNSSsystems (GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou, Galileo,QZSS and SBAS)- Enhanced GNSS-centric algorithm:fully-independent GNSS signal trackingand optimal data processing, includingGPS-only, GLONASS-only or BeiDou-onlysolution (Autonomous to full RTK)- Fast Search engine for quick acquisitionand re-acquisition of GNSS signals■■Patented SBAS ranging for using SBAS code& carrier observations and orbits in RTKprocessing■■Patented Strobe™ Correlator for reducedGNSS multi-path■■Up to 20 Hz real-time raw data (code &carrier and position output)■■Supported data formats: ATOM, CMR, CMR+,RTCM 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.0, 3.1 and 3.2 (includingMSM), CMRx and sCMRx (rover only)■■NMEA 0183 messages outputReal-Time Accuracy (RMS) (1)(2)SBAS (WAAS/EGNOS/MSAS/GAGAN)■■Horizontal: < 50 cm■■Vertical: < 85 cmReal-Time DGPS position■■Horizontal: 25 cm + 1 ppm■■Vertical: 50 cm + 1 ppmReal-Time Kinematic Position (RTK)■■Horizontal: 8 mm + 1 ppm■■Vertical: 15 mm + 1 ppmNetwork RTK (6)■■Horizontal: 8 mm + 0.5 ppm■■Vertical: 15 mm + 0.5 ppmReal-Time Performance■■Instant-RTK® Initialization- Typically 2 sec for baselines < 20 km- Up to 99.9% reliability■■RTK initialization range: over 40 kmPost-Processing Accuracy (RMS) (1)(2)Static & Fast Static■■Horizontal: 3 mm + 0.5 ppm■■Vertical: 5 mm + 0.5 ppmHigh-Precision Static (3)■■Horizontal: 3 mm + 0.1 ppm■■Vertical: 3.5 mm + 0.4 ppmData Logging CharacteristicsRecording Interval■■0.05 - 999 secondsPhysical CharacteristicsSize■■22.2 x 19.4 x 7.5 cm (8.7 x 7.6 x 3.0 in)Weight■■ 1.17 kg (2.57 lb)User Interface■■Graphical PMOLED display■■WEB UI (accessible via WiFi) foreasy configuration, operation, status,and data transferI/O Interface■■RS232 serial link■■USB 2.0/UART■■Bluetooth 2.1 + EDR■■WiFi (802.11 b/g/n)■■ 3.5G quad-band GSM (850/900/1800/1900MHz) / penta-band UMTS module(800/850/900/1900/2100 MHz)Memory■■ 2 GB internal memory NAND Flash(1.5 GB user data)■■Over a year of 15 sec. raw GNSS datafrom 14 satellites■■SD/SDHC internal memory card (up to 32GB)Operation■■RTK rover & base■■RTK network rover: VRS, FKP, MAC■■NTRIP, Direct IP■■CSD mode■■Post-processing■■RTK bridge■■UHF repeater■■UHF networking■■Trimble RTX (cellular/IP)Environmental Characteristics■■Operating temperature: -40° to +65°C(-40° to +149°F) (4)■■Storage temperature: -40° to +85°C(-40° to +185°F) (5)■■Humidity: 100% condensing■■IP67 waterproof, sealed against sand and dust■■Drop: 2m pole drop on concrete■■Shock: ETS300 019■■Vibration : MIL-STD-810FPower Characteristics■■ 2 Li-Ion hot-swappable batteries, 38.5 Wh(2 x 7.4 V, 2600 mAh)■■Battery life time (two batteries): 10 hrs(GNSS On, and GSM or UHF Rx On)■■External DC power: 9-28 VStandard System Components■■SP80 receiver■■ 2 Li-Ion batteries■■Dual battery charger, power supply andinternational power cord kit■■Tape measure (3.6 m / 12 ft)■■7 cm pole extension■■USB to mini-USB cable■■Hard case■■ 2 year warrantyOptional System Components■■SP80 UHF Kit (410-470 MHz 2W TRx)■■SP80 Field Power Kit■■SP80 Office Power Kit■■Data collectors- Ranger 3- T41- MobileMapper 50- Nomad 1050■■Field software- Survey Pro- FAST Survey- Survey Mobile (Android)- SPace control app for 3rd partydevices (Android)(1) A ccuracy and TTFF specifications may be affected byatmospheric conditions, signal multipath, satellite geometry andcorrections availability and quality.(2) P erformance values assume minimum of five satellites, followingthe procedures recommended in the product manual. High multi-path areas, high PDOP values and periods of severe atmosphericconditions may degrade performance.(3) L ong baselines, long occupations, precise ephemeris used(4) A t very low temperatures UHF module should not be used in thetransmitter mode.(5) Without batteries. Batteries can be stored up to +70°C.(6) Network RTK PPM values are referenced to the closest physicalbase station.(7) Receiver initialization time varies based on GNSS constellationhealth, level of multipath, and proximity to obstructions such aslarge trees and buildings.Trimble RTX Initialization (1)(2)(7)。

中国山西玉钺文破译

中国山西玉钺文破译

中国山西玉钺文破译下载温馨提示:该文档是我店铺精心编制而成,希望大家下载以后,能够帮助大家解决实际的问题。

文档下载后可定制随意修改,请根据实际需要进行相应的调整和使用,谢谢!并且,本店铺为大家提供各种各样类型的实用资料,如教育随笔、日记赏析、句子摘抄、古诗大全、经典美文、话题作文、工作总结、词语解析、文案摘录、其他资料等等,如想了解不同资料格式和写法,敬请关注!Download tips: This document is carefully compiled by the editor. I hope that after you download them, they can help yousolve practical problems. The document can be customized and modified after downloading, please adjust and use it according to actual needs, thank you!In addition, our shop provides you with various types of practical materials, such as educational essays, diary appreciation, sentence excerpts, ancient poems, classic articles, topic composition, work summary, word parsing, copy excerpts,other materials and so on, want to know different data formats and writing methods, please pay attention!中国山西玉钺文是一种珍贵的历史文化遗产,具有重要的历史价值和研究意义。

SAIA家庭控制系统S-Serie E-Line RIO数据手冊说明书

SAIA家庭控制系统S-Serie E-Line RIO数据手冊说明书

PCD1.E1000-A10E-Line S-Serie RIO 12DIData sheetGeneral technical dataPower supply On a 35 mm top-hat rail ( i n accordance with DIN EN 60715 TH35)Dimensions and installationThe S-Serie E-Line RIO modules are controlled via the RS-485 serial communication protocols S-Bus and Modbus for decentralised automation using industrial quality components. The data point mix is specifically designed for building automation applications.The compact design according to DIN 43880 enables the use in electrical distributionboxes even in the most confined spaces. Installation and maintenance are facilitated by the local manual override for each output. Remote maintenance is also possible using the access to the manual override by the web interface in the Saia PCD® controller. Programming is very efficient and fast using a complete FBox library with web templates for S-Bus. Individual programs may directly access the data points via Registers and Flags, a complete documentation is available from this data sheet.f S-Bus protocol optimized for fast data exchangef Modbus protocol for integration in multi-vendor installations*f Local override operating level via web panel or buttons on the module f Easy programming using the FBox library and web templates f Industrial hardware in accordance with IEC EN 61131-2 f Pluggable terminal blocksf Bridge connectors for power supply and communication f Bus termination on boardf Configurable Bi-Colour LEDs and labelling for I/Os* B y default the module is working in S-Bus Data Mode with Autobaud detection. To configure Modbus the Windows based Application “E-LineApp” is required.FeaturesHousing width 6 HP (105 mm)Compatible with electrical control cabinet (in accordance with DIN 43880, size 2 × 55 mm)/DA+DB-GND+24VOpenClose For easy installation the power supply and communicationbus is available together at one connector. The push-in springterminals enable wiring as well support the connector bridge.Push-in spring terminals enable wiring with rigid or flexible wireswith a diameter up to 1.5 mm². A max. of 1 mm² is permitted withcable end sleeves.Terminal technologyConnection conceptOFF No PowerGreen Communication OKGreen blink Auto bauding in progressOrange No communicationRed ErrorRed/Green alternate B ooter mode(e.g. during Firmware download)Red blink Internal fatal errorStatus LEDThe module provides an active bus termination. It is switchedoff by factory default. To enable the termination, the switchneed to be in the “Close” position.Bus terminationThe USB interface provides access to the communicationprotocol configuration. Firmware updates can also be downloaded via Saia PG5® Firmware Download tool.Service interfaceReset buttonPushed over 20 seconds: The button needs to be pushed forminimum 20 seconds and released during the first minute afterpower up. All user settings are reset to factory default values.Pushed at power up: Power off the device and press thebutton. Power on and release the button before 5 seconds havepassed. The device stays in boot mode for further actions likefirmware download etc.Input/output configurationAssignment overview OFF No Power Green Communication OK Green blink Auto bauding in progress Orange No communication Red Error Red/Green alternate B ooter mode(e.g. during Firmware download)Red blink Internal fatal errorStatus LEDLED SignalisationThe Input indication LED can be configured in colour and blink code separately for state Low and High. LED colour f Off f Red f Green*f Orange (red + green)LED blink code f No blink*f Slow blinking (0.5 flashes per second) f Fast blinking (2 flashes per second)*Factory defaultRemarks: I n case of error on analogue I/O (overflow), the LEDwill blink at 1 Hz.Digital intputf Data exchange for I/O via optimised S-Busf Configurable save state for bus interruption or timeout f Direct generation of the symbolsf Reading and writing of the status of the manual override status f Direct compatibility with web macrosThe modules are addressed and programmed with Saia PG5® Fupla FBoxes. Web templates are available for the operation and visualisation of the manual override function.Further information, including which FBoxes are supported,Getting Started, etc., can be found on our support page .Web templates are available for the operation and visualisation of the manual override function.FuplaCommunication FBoxWeb templatesProgrammingThe inputs of the E-Line RIO modules can be addressed via the standard S-Bus. However the FBoxfrom the E-Line library is used for the configuration of these modules.It is therefore recommended to use the optimised S-Bus protocol and the corresponding FBoxes from the E-Line library. Mixed mode operation is not recommended.Power supply and bus terminationConnection diagramsGND +24V/DA+DB–GND +24V/DA+DB–Digital inputs24 VDCSource operationE-Line libraryE-Line RIOs support the device setup by a windows application program connected via USB. The installer is available for down-load from the SBC support page: E-Line RIO IO Modules.The Baudrate can be defined as automatic detection (default) or set to a specific value. The drop down choice will be available when the check box “Automatic” is unchecked.TN delay and TS delay shall be left at their default values of 2.Create a new device configurationOpen an existing device configurationSave the current settings as device configurationUpload configuration from the deviceDownload settings to the deviceThe station number can be set by the rotary switches at the device in the range of 0 … 98. If the rotary switches are set to position 99 the station number can be defined by the deviceconfiguration in a range of 0 … 253.The serial communication protocol can be defined either as S-Bus or Modbus. By default the modules are delivered fromfactory with S-Bus.S-Bus settingsThe Baudrate is set by default to 115k. It can be defined aschoice of the list.For best interoperability the Parity Mode and number ofStop Bits can also be set.Modbus settingsS-Bus communication is based on Saia PCD® S-Bus Data Mode. Only the set-up of a unique S-Bus address within the communi-cation line is required to establish a communication between Saia PCD® controllers and E-Line RIO modules. The address can be set by the rotary switches at the front of the module. The baud rate will be learned from the network by factory default. In addition a Windows based application is available for manual parameter setup. Configuration parameters as well as manual override state and value are saved non-volatile. A delay of about one second between a manual state change and none volatile saving has to be taken into consideration.Device address f 0 … 98 Address is taken from the rotary switchesf 99Address is taken from the device configuration. The address is settable with the E-Line configuration software.Usage of the E-Line module specific FBoxesThe usage of the E-Line module specific FBoxes from the E-Line S-Bus Fupla library allows an easy and efficient commissioning of the E-Line RIO.The FBox allow to define and configure all possible functionalities of the E-Line RIO like the behaviour and colour of the LED’s and so on.In the background, the FBox does use the fast ‘E-Line S-Bus’ protocol for a high speed communication between the master and the RIO.The following chapter describes the media and parameter mapping to Registers and Flags for individual programming. For efficient PCD programming the E-Line RIO FBox family and templates are suitable for most applications. Only individual pro-gramming (e.g. Instruction List) require standard S-Bus communication.Digital inputsThe LEDs can be configured individually depending on the I/O state in colour and blink code.LED ConfigurationRegister format:Bit 0 ... 7 I/O state Low LED colour Bit 8 ... 15 I/O state Low LED blink code Bit 16 ... 23 I/O state High LED colour Bit 24 (31)I/O state High LED blink codeLED colour 0: Off1: Red2: G reen 3: Orange (red + green)LED blink code 0: No blink 1: Slow blinking (0.5 flashes per second) 2: Fast blinking (2 flashes per second)Factory default: Low: off, High: LED colour 2 (green), no blinkDirect access to the RIO media with standard S-Bus send and receive telegrams** Time in 0.1 ms (e.g. 2 means 200 us) before sending the first character after line driver activation (only used for S-Bus slave protocol)*** The four registers contain the ASCII characters of the product type.E.g. for PCD1.A2000-A20:0605: 50434431H 0606: 2E413230H 0607: 30302D41H 0608: 32300000HDevice InformationModbus fulfils the requirements for standard communication protocols. It is based on Modbus RTU. The Windows based configuration software is required to enable and set up the Modbus communication parameters. The device address can be set up with the rotary switches at the front of the module. Configuration parameters as well as manual override state and value are saved non-volatile. A delay of about one second between a manual state change and non-volatile saving has to be taken into consideration.Device addressf0 … 98 Address is taken from the rotary switchesf99 A ddress is taken from the device configuration. The address is settable with the E-Line configuration software.Start-up proceduref Reboot: All outputs are cleared (Off state)f<1 sec. Output in manual operation are set according to the state before power down.f Outputs in automatic modeIs no telegram received after reboot within the “safe state power-on timeout” the module enters as will intothe safe state mode and sets the outputs according to their configured values.On reception of a valid command telegram the outputs are controlled by the communication. When nocommunication update followed within the “safe state com. timeout” the module enters into safe state andsets the outputs according to their configured values.The following chapter describes the media and parameter mapping to Registers and Flags (=Coils).Supported Modbus services:f Function code 1 (read outputs)f Function code 3 (read registers)f Function code 15 (write multiple outputs)f Function code 16 (write multiple registers)The CRC has to be calculated over all telegram bytes starting with address field up to the last data byte. The CRC has to be attached to the data. Please find an example at the appendix of this document. For more details, please refer the publicly available Modbus documentation .The LEDs can be configured individually depending on the I/O state in colour and blink code.Register format:Output L, Bit 0 … 7 I/O state Low LED colour Output L, Bit 8 … 15 I/O state Low LED blink code Output H, Bit 0 … 7 I/O state High LED colourOutput H, Bit 8 … 15 I/O state High LED blink codeLED colour 0: Off1: Red2: Green3: Orange (red + green)LED blink code 0: No blink1: Slow blinking (0.5 flashes per second)2: Fast blinking (2 flashes per second)Factory default: Low: off, High: LED colour 2 (green), no blinkE.g. for PCD1.A2000-A20:1210…1217: 5043H | 4431H | 2E41H | 3230H | 3030H | 2D41H | 3230H | 0000HDevice InformationCRC Generation Example(Source: /docs/PI_MBUS_300.pdf, the following content of this page is copied from the referenced document. In case of any questions, please check out the original source)The function takes two arguments: unsigned char *puchMsg; A pointer to the message buffer containing binary data to be used for generating the CRC unsigned short usDataLen; The quantity of bytes in the message buffer. The function returns the CRC as a type unsigned short.CRC Generation Functionunsigned short CRC16(puchMsg, usDataLen) ;unsigned char *puchMsg ; /* message to calculate CRC upon */unsigned short usDataLen ; /* quantity of bytes in message */{unsigned char uchCRCHi = 0xFF ; /* high byte of CRC initialized */unsigned char uchCRCLo = 0xFF ; /* low byte of CRC initialized */unsigned uIndex ; /* will index into CRC lookup table */while (usDataLen--) /* pass through message buffer */{uIndex = uchCRCHi ^ *puchMsgg++; /* calculate the CRC */uchCRCHi = uchCRCLo ^ auchCRCHi[uIndex];uchCRCLo = auchCRCLo[uIndex];}return (uchCRCHi << 8 | uchCRCLo);}High-Order Byte Table/* Table of CRC values for high-order byte */static unsigned char auchCRCHi[] = {0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40,0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41,0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41,0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40,0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41,0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40,0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40,0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41,0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41,0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40,0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40,0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41,0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40,0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41,0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41,0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x01, 0xC0, 0x80, 0x41, 0x00, 0xC1, 0x81, 0x40 }; Low-Order Byte Table/* Table of CRC values for low-order byte */static char auchCRCLo[] = {0x00, 0xC0, 0xC1, 0x01, 0xC3, 0x03, 0x02, 0xC2, 0xC6, 0x06, 0x07, 0xC7, 0x05, 0xC5, 0xC4, 0x04,0xCC, 0x0C, 0x0D, 0xCD, 0x0F, 0xCF, 0xCE, 0x0E, 0x0A, 0xCA, 0xCB, 0x0B, 0xC9, 0x09, 0x08, 0xC8,0xD8, 0x18, 0x19, 0xD9, 0x1B, 0xDB, 0xDA, 0x1A, 0x1E, 0xDE, 0xDF, 0x1F, 0xDD, 0x1D, 0x1C, 0xDC,0x14, 0xD4, 0xD5, 0x15, 0xD7, 0x17, 0x16, 0xD6, 0xD2, 0x12, 0x13, 0xD3, 0x11, 0xD1, 0xD0, 0x10,0xF0, 0x30, 0x31, 0xF1, 0x33, 0xF3, 0xF2, 0x32, 0x36, 0xF6, 0xF7, 0x37, 0xF5, 0x35, 0x34, 0xF4,0x3C, 0xFC, 0xFD, 0x3D, 0xFF, 0x3F, 0x3E, 0xFE, 0xFA, 0x3A, 0x3B, 0xFB, 0x39, 0xF9, 0xF8, 0x38,0x28, 0xE8, 0xE9, 0x29, 0xEB, 0x2B, 0x2A, 0xEA, 0xEE, 0x2E, 0x2F, 0xEF, 0x2D, 0xED, 0xEC, 0x2C,0xE4, 0x24, 0x25, 0xE5, 0x27, 0xE7, 0xE6, 0x26, 0x22, 0xE2, 0xE3, 0x23, 0xE1, 0x21, 0x20, 0xE0,0xA0, 0x60, 0x61, 0xA1, 0x63, 0xA3, 0xA2, 0x62, 0x66, 0xA6, 0xA7, 0x67, 0xA5, 0x65, 0x64, 0xA4,0x6C, 0xAC, 0xAD, 0x6D, 0xAF, 0x6F, 0x6E, 0xAE, 0xAA, 0x6A, 0x6B, 0xAB, 0x69, 0xA9, 0xA8, 0x68,0x78, 0xB8, 0xB9, 0x79, 0xBB, 0x7B, 0x7A, 0xBA, 0xBE, 0x7E, 0x7F, 0xBF, 0x7D, 0xBD, 0xBC, 0x7C,0xB4, 0x74, 0x75, 0xB5, 0x77, 0xB7, 0xB6, 0x76, 0x72, 0xB2, 0xB3, 0x73, 0xB1, 0x71, 0x70, 0xB0,0x50, 0x90, 0x91, 0x51, 0x93, 0x53, 0x52, 0x92, 0x96, 0x56, 0x57, 0x97, 0x55, 0x95, 0x94, 0x54,0x9C, 0x5C, 0x5D, 0x9D, 0x5F, 0x9F, 0x9E, 0x5E, 0x5A, 0x9A, 0x9B, 0x5B, 0x99, 0x59, 0x58, 0x98,0x88, 0x48, 0x49, 0x89, 0x4B, 0x8B, 0x8A, 0x4A, 0x4E, 0x8E, 0x8F, 0x4F, 0x8D, 0x4D, 0x4C, 0x8C,0x44, 0x84, 0x85, 0x45, 0x87, 0x47, 0x46, 0x86, 0x82, 0x42, 0x43, 0x83, 0x41, 0x81, 0x80, 0x40 };PCD1.K0206-005PCD1.K0206-025PCD1.E1000-A10Saia-Burgess Controls AGBahnhofstrasse 18 | 3280 Murten, Switzerland T +41 26 580 30 00 | F +41 26 580 34 ********************|* Horizontal pitch: 1 HP corresponds to 17.5 mmTerminal set 32304321-003-S。

校状元c880参数

校状元c880参数

校状元c880参数校状元C880是一款智能手机,下面是关于其参数的详细介绍:1. 外观设计,校状元C880采用了精致的设计,拥有流线型的机身,提供多种颜色选择,如黑色、白色、金色等。

机身尺寸为XXX,重量为XXX,手感舒适。

2. 屏幕,校状元C880配备了一块XXX英寸的高清显示屏,分辨率为XXX,显示效果清晰细腻,色彩鲜艳。

同时,还支持触控操作,实现多点触控。

3. 摄像头,校状元C880配置了一颗XXX像素的后置摄像头和一颗XXX像素的前置摄像头。

后置摄像头支持自动对焦、LED闪光灯、HDR等功能,能够拍摄高质量的照片和录制高清视频。

前置摄像头适合自拍和视频通话。

4. 处理器和内存,校状元C880搭载了一颗XXX处理器,拥有强大的计算能力和良好的功耗控制。

同时,它还配备了XXXGB的RAM和XXXGB的存储空间,用户可以存储大量的文件、应用和媒体内容。

5. 操作系统,校状元C880运行基于Android系统的XXX操作系统,用户可以享受到丰富的应用和功能,同时还能够进行个性化设置和定制。

6. 电池和续航,校状元C880内置了一块XXXmAh的大容量电池,支持快速充电技术,能够满足用户长时间使用的需求,减少充电等待时间。

7. 网络和连接,校状元C880支持多种网络连接方式,包括4G LTE、Wi-Fi、蓝牙等,用户可以随时随地与互联网和其他设备进行连接和通信。

8. 安全性和其他功能,校状元C880提供了多种安全功能,如指纹识别、面部识别等,保护用户的隐私和数据安全。

此外,还支持GPS导航、NFC支付等实用功能。

总结,校状元C880是一款配置强大、功能丰富的智能手机,拥有优秀的外观设计、高清屏幕、高像素摄像头、强大的处理器和大容量电池等特点,能够满足用户对于手机性能和体验的需求。

Infoprint 250 導入と計画の手引き 第 7 章ホスト

Infoprint 250 導入と計画の手引き 第 7 章ホスト

SUBNETMASK
255.255.255.128
Type of service...............: TOS
*NORMAL
Maximum transmission unit.....: MTU
*LIND
Autostart.....................:
AUTOSTART
*YES
: xx.xxx.xxx.xxx
: xx.xxx.xxx.xxx
*
(
)
IEEE802.3
60 1500
: xxxx
48 Infoprint 250
31. AS/400
IP
MTU
1
1
IPDS TCP
CRTPSFCFG (V3R2)
WRKAFP2 (V3R1 & V3R6)
RMTLOCNAME RMTSYS
MODEL
0
Advanced function printing............:
AFP
*YES
AFP attachment........................:
AFPATTACH
*APPC
Online at IPL.........................:
ONLINE
FORMFEED
*CONT
Separator drawer......................:
SEPDRAWER
*FILE
Separator program.....................:
SEPPGM
*NONE
Library.............................:

Sorter工业六轴机器人MH80机器人方法matlab程序代码

Sorter工业六轴机器人MH80机器人方法matlab程序代码

机器人运动学几何参数辨识对象:工业六轴机器人MH80机器人方法:POE and MDH method(POE and MDH method Identify the Robot's Kinematics Parameters)function varargout = Sorter(varargin)% SORTER M-file for Sorter.fig%This is the main GUI that implements the SMARTY: Vision baxxxxsed Autonomous Ball Sorting Robotic%Systemgui_Singleton = 1;gui_State = struct('gui_Name' mfilename ...'gui_Singleton' gui_Singleton ...'gui_OpeningFcn' @Sorter_OpeningFcn ...'gui_OutputFcn' @Sorter_OutputFcn ...'gui_LayoutFcn' [] ...'gui_Callback' []);if nargin && ischar(varargin{1})gui_State.gui_Callback = str2func(varargin{1});endif nargout[varargout{1:nargout}] = gui_mainfcn(gui_State varargin{:});elsegui_mainfcn(gui_State varargin{:});end% --- Executes just before Sorter is made visible.function Sorter_OpeningFcn(hobxxxxject eventdata handles varargin)% fh = figure;handles.output = hobxxxxject;global sPortglobal XCOR_LIMIT YCOR_LIMIT BOUNDARYglobal RLIMIT YLIMIT BLIMIT GLIMIT WLIMIT COLOR_THRESH Calibrate_Ball BALL_AREA_RATIOglobal C1_AREA C2_AREA C1_RATIO C2_RATIO BOT_RATIOglobal RED_LOCATION GREEN_LOCATION BLUE_LOCATION YELLOW_LOCATION global cycles_ang cycles_lin Kp_ang Kp_linglobal val vidglobal Target Target_Location Target_Ball grip_state loop %fh% Update handles structureguidata(hobxxxxject handles);clcimaqreset%RS-232% devices = instrfind;% if(~isempty(devices))% fclose(devices);% end%% sPort = serial('COM4''BaudRate'9600'Timeout'10'Terminator'10'OutputBufferSize'8)% fopen(sPort)%Bluetoothdevices = instrfind;if(~isempty(devices))fclose(devices);endsPort = serial('COM15''BaudRate'9600'Timeout'10'Terminator'10'OutputBufferSize'8)fopen(sPort)vid = videoinput('winvideo');input = getsnapshot(vid);imshow(input);hold onXCOR_LIMIT = 720;YCOR_LIMIT = 480;BOUNDARY = 50;RLIMIT = 700;YLIMIT = 1000;BLIMIT = 50;GLIMIT = 500;WLIMIT = 500;COLOR_THRESH = 100;Calibrate_Ball = 'Red';BALL_AREA_RATIO = 0.5;C1_AREA = 650; % Area limit for bigger white area on botC2_AREA = 250; % Area limit for smaller white area on botC1_RATIO = 0.7; % Calibration area ratio for bigger circleC2_RATIO = 0.7; % Calibration area ratio for smaller circleBOT_RATIO = 2.57; % Calibration Ratio for gripper to characteristic lengthRED_LOCATION = [BOUNDARYBOUNDARY];GREEN_LOCATION = [XCOR_LIMIT-BOUNDARYYCOR_LIMIT-BOUNDARY]; BLUE_LOCATION = [XCOR_LIMIT-BOUNDARYBOUNDARY];YELLOW_LOCATION = [BOUNDARYYCOR_LIMIT-BOUNDARY];cycles_ang = 10;cycles_lin = 10;val = 0;Kp_ang = 0.5;Kp_lin = 0.25;% Kp_ang = 0.2;% Kp_lin = 0.05;moveflag = 0;Target = [300 300];Target_Location = [50 50];Target_Ball = [100 100];grip_state=0;loop = 0;set(handles.text_message'String''WELCOME');% UIWAIT makes Sorter wait for user response (see UIRESUME)% uiwait(handles.figure1);% --- Outputs from this function are returned to the command line.function varargout = Sorter_OutputFcn(hobxxxxject eventdata handles)% --- Executes on button press in button_right.function button_right_Callback(hobxxxxject eventdata handles)% --- Executes on button press in button_left.function button_left_Callback(hobxxxxject eventdata handles)% --- Executes on button press in button_backward.function button_backward_Callback(hobxxxxject eventdata handles)% --- Executes on button press in button_forward.function button_forward_Callback(hobxxxxject eventdata handles)% --- Executes when selected obxxxxject is changed in uipanel_control.function uipanel_control_SelectionxxxxchangeFcn(hobxxxxject eventdata handles)global sPortglobal XCOR_LIMIT YCOR_LIMIT BOUNDARYglobal RLIMIT YLIMIT BLIMIT GLIMIT WLIMIT COLOR_THRESH Calibrate_Ball BALL_AREA_RATIOglobal C1_AREA C2_AREA C1_RATIO C2_RATIO BOT_RATIOglobal RED_LOCATION GREEN_LOCATION BLUE_LOCATION YELLOW_LOCATIONglobal cycles_ang cycles_lin Kp_ang Kp_linglobal val vidglobal Target Target_Location Target_Ball grip_state loop %fhif(get(handles.checkbox_axis'Value')==1)axis ongrid onendif(get(handles.radio_run'Value') ==1)Initialize_GUIh=msgbox(['Set Targets in the Workspace!']'Info''help');uiwait(h);%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Autonomouns Robot Motion%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%while(get(handles.radio_run'Value') ==1)if(get(handles.radio_manual'Value')==1)Robot_Motion_Manual_GUIelseif(get(handles.radio_assistive'Value')==1)Robot_Motion_Semiautomatic_GUIelseif(get(handles.radio_autonomous'Value')==1)%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Bot Position Autonomous%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%input = getsnapshot(vid);imshow(input);hold onif(get(handles.checkbox_border'Value')==1)plot([0 XCOR_LIMIT][YCOR_LIMIT-BOUNDARY YCOR_LIMIT-BOUNDARY]'w'); plot([0 XCOR_LIMIT][BOUNDARY BOUNDARY]'w');plot([XCOR_LIMIT-BOUNDARY XCOR_LIMIT-BOUNDARY][0 YCOR_LIMIT]'w'); plot([BOUNDARY BOUNDARY][0 YCOR_LIMIT]'w');end%-----Noise removal by thresholding-----output=(input>COLOR_THRESH);label1=output(::1);label2=output(::2);label3=output(::3);botout=(label1>0)&(label2>0)&(label3>0);whiteprops=regionprops(bwlabel(botout)'Area''Centroid');Bot = find([whiteprops.Area] > WLIMIT);for i=1:1:length(Bot)plot(whiteprops(Bot(i)).Centroid(1)whiteprops(Bot(i)).Centroid(2)'k*')endgrip_stateif(length(Bot)==2)if(whiteprops(Bot(1)).Area < whiteprops(Bot(2)).Area)x1 = whiteprops(Bot(2)).Centroid(1);x2 = whiteprops(Bot(1)).Centroid(1);y1 = whiteprops(Bot(2)).Centroid(2);y2 = whiteprops(Bot(1)).Centroid(2);elsex1 = whiteprops(Bot(1)).Centroid(1);x2 = whiteprops(Bot(2)).Centroid(1);y1 = whiteprops(Bot(1)).Centroid(2);y2 = whiteprops(Bot(2)).Centroid(2);endLength = sqrt((x1-x2)^2+(y1-y2)^2)Bot_Ang = rad2deg(atan2(y1-y2x1-x2))Grip = [x1+Length*(BOT_RATIO)*cosd(Bot_Ang)y1+Length*(BOT_RATIO)*sind(Bot_Ang)]%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%Set Target%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%rcount=0;gcount=0;bcount=0;ycount=0;tcount = 0;Target_Error = 1000;redlabel=(label1-(label2+label3));greenlabel=(label2-(label1+label3));bluelabel=(label3-(label2+label1));redlabel=redlabel.*(redlabel>0);greenlabel=greenlabel.*(greenlabel>0);bluelabel=bluelabel.*(bluelabel>0);redprops=regionprops(bwlabel(redlabel)'Area''Centroid');greenprops=regionprops(bwlabel(greenlabel)'Area''Centroid');blueprops=regionprops(bwlabel(bluelabel)'Area''Centroid');if(grip_state==0)for i=1:length(redprops)if redprops(i).Area>RLIMITif(norm(redprops(i).Centroid-RED_LOCATION)>BOUNDARY); rcount=rcount+1;RedCentroid(rcount1)=round(redprops(i).Centroid(1));RedCentroid(rcount2)=round(redprops(i).Centroid(2));Current_Target_Error = norm(Grip-RedCentroid(rcount:));if(Current_Target_Error<Target_Error)Target_Error = Current_Target_Error;Target_Ball = RedCentroid(rcount:);Target_Location = RED_LOCATION;endendendendfor i=1:length(greenprops)if greenprops(i).Area>GLIMITif(norm(greenprops(i).Centroid-GREEN_LOCATION)>BOUNDARY); gcount=gcount+1;GreenCentroid(gcount1)=round(greenprops(i).Centroid(1));GreenCentroid(gcount2)=round(greenprops(i).Centroid(2));Current_Target_Error = norm(Grip-GreenCentroid(gcount:));if(Current_Target_Error<Target_Error)Target_Error = Current_Target_Error;Target_Ball = GreenCentroid(gcount:);Target_Location = GREEN_LOCATION;endendendendfor i=1:length(blueprops)if blueprops(i).Area>BLIMITif(norm(blueprops(i).Centroid-BLUE_LOCATION)>BOUNDARY);bcount=bcount+1;BlueCentroid(bcount1)=round(blueprops(i).Centroid(1));BlueCentroid(bcount2)=round(blueprops(i).Centroid(2));Current_Target_Error = norm(Grip-BlueCentroid(bcount:));if(Current_Target_Error<Target_Error)Target_Error = Current_Target_Error;Target_Ball = BlueCentroid(bcount:);Target_Location = BLUE_LOCATION;endendendendif(rcount>0)plot(RedCentroid(1:rcount1)RedCentroid(1:rcount2)'b*')endif(gcount>0)plot(GreenCentroid(1:gcount1)GreenCentroid(1:gcount2)'y*')endif(bcount>0)plot(BlueCentroid(1:bcount1)BlueCentroid(1:bcount2)'r*')endtcount = rcount+gcount+bcount;if(tcount>0)Target = Target_Ballplot(Target(1)Target(2)'gx');set(handles.text_targetxy'String'[num2str(Target(1)'=') ' : ' num2str(Target(2)' =')]); elseh=msgbox('Mission Accomplished''Info''help');uiwait(h);loop = 27;val = num2str(27);endelseTarget = Target_Locationplot(Target(1)Target(2)'gx');set(handles.text_targetxy'String'[num2str(Target(1)'=') ' : ' num2str(Target(2)' =')]); end。

modbus tcp 中80c6的解决方法

modbus tcp 中80c6的解决方法

modbus tcp 中80c6的解决方法摘要:一、问题背景介绍二、Modbus TCP协议概述三、80C6错误原因分析四、解决80C6错误的方法1.调整IP地址和子网掩码2.检查端口号设置3.配置Modbus TCP参数4.升级或更换设备驱动程序5.优化网络环境五、解决后的验证与总结正文:一、问题背景介绍在工业自动化领域,Modbus TCP协议广泛应用于各种设备之间的通信。

然而,在使用过程中,部分用户遇到了Modbus TCP中80C6错误,导致设备无法正常通信。

本文将针对这一问题,分析其原因,并给出解决方法。

二、Modbus TCP协议概述Modbus TCP是一种基于以太网的通信协议,主要用于实现设备之间的数据传输。

它包括Modbus TCP客户机和服务器两种角色,通过以太网交换数据。

在Modbus TCP通信中,80C6错误表示客户端与服务器之间的通信出现异常。

三、80C6错误原因分析80C6错误的产生原因较多,主要包括以下几点:1.IP地址和子网掩码设置不正确:Modbus TCP通信需要确保客户端和服务器之间的IP地址在同一子网内。

如果IP地址或子网掩码设置有误,可能导致80C6错误。

2.端口号设置问题:Modbus TCP通信需要设置正确的端口号,通常为502。

如果端口号设置错误,可能导致80C6错误。

3.Modbus TCP参数配置问题:在某些情况下,Modbus TCP参数配置不正确也可能导致80C6错误。

4.设备驱动程序问题:如果设备驱动程序版本较低或存在兼容性问题,可能导致80C6错误。

5.网络环境问题:网络环境不稳定,如信号干扰、延迟较高等,也可能导致80C6错误。

四、解决80C6错误的方法针对上述原因,以下为解决80C6错误的方法:1.调整IP地址和子网掩码:确保客户端和服务器之间的IP地址和子网掩码设置正确,并在同一子网内。

2.检查端口号设置:确保Modbus TCP通信的端口号设置正确,通常为502。

cisco 思科 Catalyst 9800-80 无线控制器 产品手册

cisco 思科 Catalyst 9800-80 无线控制器 产品手册

思科 Catalyst 9800-80 无线控制器针对基于意图的网络全新打造目录产品概述:主要功能 (4)平台详细信息 (5)产品优势 (12)规格 (13)软件要求 (17)许可 (18)保修 (21)订购信息 (22)Cisco Capital (22)文档历史记录 (23)图 1:思科 Catalyst 9800-80Catalyst 9800-80 是模块化无线控制器,具备 100GE 模块化上行链路和无缝软件更新,适用于大型企业和园区。

Catalyst 9800 针对基于意图的网络全新打造,汇集了思科 IOS XE 和思科 RF 的卓越性能,为您不断发展壮大的组织提供一流的无线体验。

Catalyst 9800 是功能齐全的企业就绪型控制器,可以助力业务关键运营,彻底改变最终客户体验:•通过冷热补丁实现高可用性和无缝软件更新,确保您的客户端和服务在计划内和计划外事件过程中都永不间断。

•使用 Catalyst 9800 保护无线环境、设备和用户。

借助加密流量分析和软件定义接入 (SD-Access),您的无线基础设施将成为最强大的第一道防线。

这款控制器具有内置安全功能,包括:安全启动、运行时防御、映像签名、完整性验证和硬件防伪功能。

•可以部署在任意位置,提供无处不在的无线连接。

Catalyst 9800 具有多种扩展选项,包括本地部署、公共云/私有云部署和交换机嵌入式部署,可最大限度满足您组织的需求。

•基于模块化操作系统,开放式可编程 API 实现第 0-N 天网络操作自动化。

模型驱动流传输遥测确保您能深入了解网络和客户端的运行状况。

产品概述:主要功能最大无线接入点数量最多 6,000 个最大客户端数量64,000最大吞吐量最高 80 Gbps最大 WLAN 数量4096最大 VLAN 数量4096非模块化上行链路8 个 10GE/1GE SFP+/SFP 或 6 个 10GE + 2 个 GE模块化上行链路(可选)受支持的上行链路模块如下:•C9800-18X1GE(=)•C9800-10X10GE(=)•C9800-1X40GE(=)•C9800-2X40GE(=)•C9800-1X100GE(=)上行链路模块支持热插拔。

linux中permission denied解决方法

linux中permission denied解决方法

linux中permission denied解决方法在Linux中,当您尝试访问、修改或执行一个文件或目录,但权限不足时,会出现"Permission denied"的错误。

要解决这个问题,您可以使用chmod命令来修改文件或目录的权限。

以下是解决"Permission denied"问题的步骤:1. 检查当前用户权限:使用ls -l命令查看文件或目录的权限。

这将显示一个类似于-rwxr-xr--的字符串,其中每个字符代表不同的权限。

2. 修改权限:使用chmod命令来修改文件或目录的权限。

基本的语法是:Bashchmod [options] mode file其中,mode是您想要设置的权限。

例如,要给所有用户读、写和执行权限,可以使用chmod 777 file。

要只给所有者读、写和执行权限,而给组和其他用户只有读权限,可以使用chmod 755 file。

3. 使用符号模式:除了数字模式外,您还可以使用符号模式来修改权限。

例如:* u 代表用户(所有者)* g 代表组* o 代表其他用户* a 代表所有用户(所有者、组和其他用户)例如,要给所有用户读、写和执行权限,可以使用chmod u+rwx,g+rwx,o+rwx file。

4. 递归修改权限:如果您想要修改目录及其所有子目录和文件的权限,可以使用-R选项。

例如,要递归地给所有用户读、写和执行权限,可以使用chmod -R 777 directory。

5. 更改文件所有者:如果您需要更改文件的所有者或组,可以使用chown命令。

例如,要将文件的所有者更改为另一个用户,可以使用sudo chown newuser:newgroup file。

6. 检查文件类型和权限:在某些情况下,文件可能是特殊类型的,如设备文件或符号链接。

在这种情况下,简单地更改权限可能不会解决问题。

您可以使用file命令查看文件类型,并根据需要采取适当的措施。

Agilent 11970系列混合器数据手册说明书

Agilent 11970系列混合器数据手册说明书

Agilent 11970 Series Harmonic MixersData Sheet For use with the Agilent E4407B, 8560E/EC Series, 8566B,71000 Series, and PSA Series spectrum analyzers,plus the N9030A PXA signal analyzerExceptional performanceThe Agilent Technologies 11970 Series harmonic mixers are general purpose mixers employing a dual-diode design to achieve very flat frequency response and lowconversion loss. Each mixer is calibrated across its full band:11970K* 18 to 26.5 GHz 11970A 26.5 to 40 GHz11970Q 33 to 50 GHz 11970U 40 to 60 GHz11970V 50 to 75 GHz 11970W 75 to 110 GHzThis series of mixers has been designed for a local oscillator frequency of 3 to 6.1 GHz. Accurate absolute amplitude measurements can be made by using the mixer’s conversion loss calibration chart. The SWR of the waveguide input is typically 2.2:1 to further minimize measurement uncertainty. The combination of high gain-compression level and low conversion loss provides the maximum dynamic range for measuring input signals.* 11970K is excluded from PXA support18 to 110 GHz11970K*, 11970A, 11970Q, 11970U, 11970V, 11970W19812Easy to useThe excellent frequency response and low conversionloss are achieved without external dc bias or tuning stubs. Since bias and tuning stubs are not required, manualoperation is simplified, and the complexity of hardware and software for automatic systems is greatly reduced. The repeatability of amplitude measurements is also enhanced. The dual-diode design of the mixers further simplifiesmeasurements by suppressing the odd-order harmonics by more than 20 dB, which makes identification of the mixing products easier.RuggedThe rugged Agilent 11970 Series mixers willsurvive input levels up to 100 milliwatts (+20 dBm)with no damage to the mixer diodes. They will withstand shocks up to 30 G’s and the vibration required by MIL-STD 28800C, Type III, Class 3 tests.Figure 1. The 11970 Series mixers have separate LO input and IF output portsAgilent 8560E/EC Series spectrum analyzer Extended frequency 8560E/ECSeriesFrequency extension for the Agilent E4407B,8560E/EC Series, 8566B, and 71000 Series and PSA Series spectrum analyzersThe 11970 Series harmonic mixers are fully compatiblewith the Agilent E4407B, 8560E/EC Series, 8566B (requires a preamplifier), 71000, and PSA Series spectrum analyzers. Accurate frequency and amplitude measurements are made directly from the spectrum analyzer’s display after calibration using the mixer’s calibration chart.Frequency extension for the Agilent N9030A PXA Series signal analyzerThe 11970 Series harmonic mixers (11970K excluded) are also compatible with the N9030A PXA Series high-performance signal analyzer. The PXA offers optional external mixing (Option EXM), enabling it to work with the 11970 Series and other external mixers for frequency extension. An external diplexer is required because the PXA external mixing has a single SMA LO/IF port, whereas the 11970 Series mixers have separate LO and IF ports. Recommended diplexers can be purchased from Agilentas N9020A-E13, or from OML Inc. as DLP.313B.Spectrum analyzerExtended frequency PSA SeriesAgilent E4407B spectrum analyzer Extended frequency E4407B ESA-E SeriesAgilent N9030APXA Series signal analyzer Extended frequency PXA Seriesharmonic mixer3Input frequency, GHzNominal frequency response & conversion loss1826.533 40 50 60 75 110C o n v e r s i o n l o s s , d B50454035302520KAQUVWSpecificationsSpecifications describe the device’s warranted performance over the temperature range 0 to 55° C (except where noted).11970 Series tested with Agilent PSA spectrum analyzersAgilent model number Frequency range (GHz) LOharmonic number Maximum conversion loss (dB) Nominal spectrum analyzer noise (dBm)1 kHz BW Frequency response (dB) Nominal gain compression (dBm)11970K 18 to 26.56– 24 –105 ±1.9 –311970A 26.5 to 40 8– 26 –102 ±1.9 –511970Q 33 to 50 10– 28 –101 ±1.9 –711970U 40 to 60 10– 28 –101 ±1.9 –711970V 50 to 75 14– 40 –92 ±2.1 –311970W75 to 11018–46–85±3.0–1Nominal performance, as noted in the following tables, while not warranted, provides information useful in applying the device.1. An LO power of between 14.5 to 16 dBm at the mixer’s LO input is necessary to achieve the given frequency response and spectrum analyzer amplitude accuracy specifications. When LO power varies between 14 to 18 dBm at the mixer’s LO input, add ±1 dB to the frequency response and spectrum analyzer amplitude accuracy specification.4Agilent model number Flange Weight X Y Z 11970K UG-595/U WR-42 0.17 kg 0.36 lb 36 mm 1.4 in 51 mm 2.0 in 90 mm 3.5 in 11970A UG-599/U WR-28 0.14 kg 0.32 lb 36 mm 1.4 in 51 mm 2.0 in 71 mm 2.8 in 11970Q UG-383/U WR-220.14 kg 0.32 lb36 mm 1.4 in 51 mm 2.0 in 76 mm 3.0 in 11970U UG-383/U-M WR-19 0.14 kg 0.32 lb 36 mm 1.4 in 51 mm 2.0 in 76 mm 3.0 in 11970V UG-385/U WR-15 0.14 kg 0.32 lb 36 mm 51 mm 76 mm 1.4 in 2.0 in 3.0 in 11970WUG-387/U WR-100.14 kg 0.32 lb36 mm 1.4 in51 mm 2.0 in76 mm 3.0 in11970 Series tested with Agilent PXA signal analyzerAgilent model number Frequency range (GHz)LOharmonic number 1Maximum conversion loss (dB)Nominal signalanalyzer noise (dBm)21 kHz BW Frequency response (dB)Nominal gain compression (dBm)11970A 26.5 to 406–/8–26–110/–108±1.9–511970Q 33 to 50 8–/10–28–108/–106±1.9–711970U 40 to 6010–28–106±1.9–711970V 50 to 7512–/14–40 –96/–94±2.1–3 11970W75 to 11018–46 –88±3.0–11. When used with 11970 Series mixer in A-, Q-, or V-band, the PXA’s LO harmonics are automatically switched between two different numbers as listed to optimize conversion loss.2. If the LO harmonics are switched, the noise levels for the signal analyzer/mixer combination will change, corresponding to the different LO harmonic numbers.Ordering Information* Not compatible with N9030A PXA** Required if the 11970 mixer is used with the Agilent PXAWarranty and ServiceStandard warranty for 11970 mixers is 12 monthsStandard warranty for N9029A-E13 diplexer is 3 months, provided by OML, Inc./find/externalmixersAgilent Email Updates/find/emailupdatesGet the latest information on the products and applications you select.LAN eXtensions for Instruments puts the power of Ethernet and the Web inside your test systems. Agilent is a founding member of the LXI consortium.Agilent Channel Partners/find/channelpartnersGet the best of both worlds: Agilent’s measurement expertise and product breadth, combined with channel partner convenience.For more information on Agilent Technologies’ products, applications or services, please contact your local Agilent office. The complete list is available at:/find/contactus Americas Canada (877) 894 4414 Brazil(11) 4197 3500Mexico 01800 5064 800 United States (800) 829 4444 Asia Pacific Australia 1 800 629 485China800 810 0189Hong Kong 800 938 693India 1 800 112 929Japan 0120 (421) 345Korea 080 769 0800Malaysia 1 800 888 848Singapore 180****8100Taiwan0800 047 866Other AP Countries(65) 375 8100Europe & Middle East Belgium 32 (0) 2 404 93 40 Denmark 45 70 13 15 15Finland 358 (0) 10 855 2100France 0825 010 700 * 0.125 €/minute Germany 49 (0) 7031 464 6333 Ireland 1890 924 204Israel 972-3-9288-504/544Italy 39 02 92 60 8484Netherlands 31 (0) 20 547 2111Spain 34 (91) 631 3300Sweden 0200-88 22 55United Kingdom 44 (0) 131 452 0200For other unlisted countries:/find/contactusRevised: June 8, 2011Product specifications and descriptions in this document subject to change without notice.© Agilent Technologies, Inc. 2011Published in USA, September 19, 20115968-1445EAgilent Advantage Services is committed to your success throughout your equipment’s lifetime. To keep you competi-tive, we continually invest in tools and processes that speed up calibration and repair and reduce your cost of ownership. You can also use Infoline Web Services to manage equip-ment and services more effectively. By sharing our measure-ment and service expertise, we help you create the products that change our world./quality/find/advantageservicesAdvancedTCA ® Extensions for Instrumentation and Test (AXIe) is an open standard that extends the Advanced TCA for general purpose and semiconductor test. Agilent is a founding member of the AXIe consortium.PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation (PXI) modular instrumentation delivers a rugged, PC-based high- performance measurement and automation system.。

艾迪玛X7AC1800D双带无线路由器说明书

艾迪玛X7AC1800D双带无线路由器说明书

1 HIGHLIGHTS•802.11ax High Speed Wi-Fi Dual-Band : IEEE 802.11ax concurrent dual-band with 1800Mbps (2.4GHz at 574Mbps and 5GHz at 1201Mbps).•Efficient MU-MIMO: Serves multiple devices simultaneously to enhance connected devices capacity for data transmission.•High Performance Wi-Fi : Beamforming with targeted, directional signals for better range and reliability. AirTimeFariness optimizes the Wi-Fi speed and eliminates Wi-Fi lag. Band steering balances channel utilization, enabling high capacity environment.•Designed for High Density Mobile & IoT Usage : Supports up to 256 users simultaneously (100 users per band), ideal for BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) workplace.•Reliable, Secure Wi-Fi : Reliable Wi-Fi access with WPA3 and WPA2-AES encryption supported for high level of security.•Multiple SSIDs for Security Management : Supports up to 32 SSIDs (16 x 2.4GHz & 16 x 5GHz) ideal for multiple departments, groups, customers or guests.•802.11r/k Fast Roaming : Roams smoothly between APs without lag or interruption, ensuring top performance for video & voice streaming applications.•Wide Coverage & High Sensitivity : Adjustable RF output power and high receiver sensitivity for wide coverage across large spaces.•Power over Ethernet (PoE): Supports IEEE 802.3af PoE and includes a power jack for flexible power supply option.. •Built-In RADIUS Server : With management for up to 256 user accounts.•Business Environments : Advanced choice for high-performance and high-density applications. Suitable for a wide range of commercial applications such as offices, hotels, meeting rooms, schools, campuses, resorts, retail and others.OVERVIEWThe CAX1800 is a powerful wireless solutiondesigned to meet the needs of modern mainstream high-density business with the latest emerging IEEE 802.11ax Wi-Fi 6 technology for wireless speeds up to 1800Mbps (574Mbps at 2.4GHz and 1201Mbps at 5GHz). Enterprise-grade performance and build quality, combined with user-friendly operation, easy deployment, super-fast wireless speed, an extensive feature set and a practical, ceiling-mount design make an ideal dual-band solution for enterpriseenvironments that demand security, reliability,expandability, high-density and high-speed wireless connectivity of mobile and IoT environments such as offices, schools, hotels, hospitals, retail shops or shopping malls.AX1800 Wi-Fi 6 Dual-Band Ceiling-Mount PoEAccess PointCAX1800FEATURES•AX1800 High-Speed : Max Wi-Fi speed up to 1800Mbps (2.4GHz at 574Mbps and 5GHz at 1201Mbps) this isvariable and depends on each country regulations•Efficient MU-MIMO : Serves multiple devicessimultaneously for data transmission with improved capacity for wireless connections.•High Performance Wi-Fi : Beamforming, AirTime Fariness, Band Steering and 802.11r/k Fast Roaming enhance the best Wi-Fi performance•High Density Mobile & IoT Usage : Supports up to 256 users simultaneously, ideal for BYOD workplace.•Reliable, Secure Wi-Fi : WPA3 & WPA2-AES encryption supported for high level of security.2 Benefit of 802.11ax, The Latest Emerging Wi-FiIdeal for High-Density & BYOD NetworkingWide range of potential applications for enterprise High-Density, BYOD, mobile and IoT environments from office, meeting rooms to schools, campuses and hospitality business such as hotels, restaurants, shopping malls, retail shops and hospital.More CapacityUp to 4X capacity and data throughput to maximize Wi-Fi performance with MU-MIMO serving multiple devicessimultaneously and improving capacity for wireless connections.Fastest SpeedOffers up to 1.8Gbps peak speedsthrough Dual Band Simultaneous (DBS) combining 2.4 and 5GHz bands, and higher order modulation (1024 QAM) for streaming HD videos without lag. Further RangeNew packet format, longer guard intervals and modes that introduce redundancy, allowing error recovery in order to extend the range, especially for outdoor Wi-Fi Point- to-Point links. Better EfficiencyDesigned to be more efficient formultiple users with varying bandwidth needs to be served simultaneously for efficient wireless access in highly demand IoT environments.Power SavingLess battery drain with Target Wakeup Time (TWT) which allows devices to negotiate when and how often they will wake up to send or receive data for longer battery life.SSID 1Finance Dept.SSID 2 Sales Dept.SSID 3Meeting RoomSSID 4 VoIPMU-MIMOHigh Density & BYOD Networking802.11r/k Fast Roaming 2.4GHz 5GHz Concurrent Dual-Band574Mbps1201MbpsBeamformingWide Coverage & Multiple SSIDsWi-Fi 6CAX1800SSID 5 GuestOfficeSchoolHotelRestaurantCAX1800AX1800 Wi-Fi 6 Dual-BandCeiling-Mount PoE Access PointMaximum performance, actual data rates, and coverage will vary depending on network conditions and environmental factors. Product specifications and design are subject to change without notice.Copyright © 2020 Edimax Technology Co. Ltd. All rights reserved. No. 278, Xinhu 1st Rd., Neihu Dist., 3444 De La Cruz Blvd., Santa Clara, Fijenhof 2, 5652 AE Eindhoven, HARDWAREInterface 1 x RJ45 10/100/1000Mbps Ethernet Port (PoE in)ButtonReset button LED Indicator•Power LED •Diag LEDAntenna •Type: 2 x Built-In PIFA (2 dual-band antenna) •Gain: 2.2dBi (2.4GHz), 2.9dBi (5GHz) Max. Power•DC: 12V / 1A•802.3af (PoE Injector Optional) PowerConsumption 12W (Full Loading)Power Saving802.3az Mounting CeilingHousing UL94-5VB Flammability Rating Dimension176.29 (D) x 32.75 (H) mm Weight372gWIRELESSStandard802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/ax Concurrent Dual-Band Frequency Band•Radio Ⅰ: 802.11b/g/n/ax 2.412~2.4835(GHz) •Radio Ⅱ: 802.11a/n/ac/ax5.15~5.25(GHz), 5.25~5.35(GHz),Operation Channels•2.4GHz : US/Canada 1-11; 2.412~2.462GHzEurope 1-13; 2.412~2.472GHz •5GHz : Country dependent for the following ranges:US/Canada:−Band 1: 36, 40, 44, 48; 5.180~5.240(GHz) Europe:−Band 1: 36, 40, 44, 48; 5.180~5.240(GHz)•802.11b 17dBm@1Mbps 17dBm@11Mbps •802.11g17dBm@6Mbps 15dBm@54Mbps •802.11n (2.4G)17dBm@MCS0(HT20) 15dBm@MCS7(HT20) 12dBm@MCS9(HT40) •802.11ax (2.4G) 9dBm@MCS11(HT40) 15dBm@MCS4/12 15dBm@MCS5/13 14dBm@MCS6/14 14dBm@MCS7/15•802.11a17dBm@6Mbps 16dBm@54Mbps•802.11n(5G) 17dBm@MCS0 (HT20) 15dBm@MCS7 (HT20)•802.11ac17Bm@MCS0 (VHT80) 15dBm@MCS7 (VHT80) 14dBm@MCS9 (VHT80) •802.11ax (5G)10dBm@MCS11 (HT80)(2.4GHz : 20dBm or lower, 5GHz: 23dBm or lower)Receiver Sensitivity•802.11b ≤-88dBm@1Mbps ≤-86dBm@11Mbps •802.11g≤-88dBm@6Mbps ≤-71dBm@54Mbps •802.11gn (2.4G)≤-88dBm@MCS0 ≤-68dBm@MCS7 ≤-60dBm@MCS9•802.11ax (2.4G)≤-53dBm@MCS11•802.11a ≤-87dBm@6Mbp ≤-68dBm@54Mbps •802.11n(5G) ≤-87dBm@MCS0 ≤-68dBm@MCS7 •802.11ac≤ -56dBm@MCS9 •802.11ax (5G)≤ -50dBm@MCS11ConcurrentClients Up to 100 Per Radio No. of SSIDs 16 (2.4GHz) + 16 (5GHz) 802.11 r/k Fast Roaming Y Band Steering Y AirTime FarinessY BeamformingYSPECIFICATIONSSOFTWAREWireless Mode AP / WDS AP / WDS Bridge 802.1q VLAN Y (VID = 1-4095) Spanning Tree STPQoS •WMM (802.11e)•Max associated station numberPass-Through IPv6 and VPN (PPTP, L2TP/IPsec) DSCP (802.1p) Y Multicast Rate up to 54MbpsYSECURITYEncryption WEP / WPA2-AES / WPA3 Wireless L2 IsolationY Station IsolationY IEEE 802.1x AuthenticatorY EAPAuthentication PEAP Hidden SSID Y MAC AddressFilterY Wireless ClientIsolation Y Rogue AP Detection (w/NMS)YMANAGEMENTDeployment•Standalone (AP mode)•Master AP mode : Can manage 16 Edimax CAX1800 APs with NMS•Managed AP mode : Be managed by Edimax CAX1800 Master AP with NMS Configuration•HTTP/HTTPS •SNMP v1, v2c, v3 •CLI (Telnet, SSH) RADIUS Server Built-In Auto-Channel Y Private MIBYOTHERSCertification CE, FCCEnvironmentalCondition •Operating Temperature: 0°C~40°C (32°F~104°F)•Operating Humidity: 90% or LessPackage Content•AX1800 Ceiling Mount PoE Access Point •Ceiling-Mount & T-rail Mount Bracket Kit •Ethernet Cable•Quick Installation GuideOptional AccessoryGP-101IT IEEE802.3at PoE Injector 3Edimax Technology Co., LtdTaipei City, TaiwanEmail:****************.twEdimax Computer CompanyCA 95054, USAEmail:****************Edimax Technology Europe B.V.The NetherlandsEmail:***************Maximum Transmit Power (EIRP)。

XCR-1000 爆炸式汽车说明书

XCR-1000 爆炸式汽车说明书

Specifications- Length: 826mm (32.5 inch)- Width: 488mm (19.2 inch)- Height: 328mm (12.9 inch)- Ground Clearance: 80mm (3.14 inch)- Wheelbase: 568-572mm (22.35-22.5 inch) - Weight: 15.35kg (33.8lbs)(Varies depending on the equipment used) - Chassis: 5mm Aluminum, Hard Anodized - Fuel Tank Capacity: 700cc Needed To Complete- 2-Channel Radio System- Steering & Throttle Servo- Receiver Battery Pack and Charger - Gasoline Fuel- 2-cycle engine oil- Fuel Bottle/Fuel GunFeatures1. Using the CR290F engine equipped with a high-powered CR muffler.2. Hard anodized chassis using a 5mm thick. (All CNC machine processing)3. The non-welders Billet steel Clutch Bell.4. Using the large shock with 7mm shaft.5. Using the triple brake system (Front 2ea, Rear 1ea).6. Using the brake pads made of carbon fiber.7. The disc brake is applied using a variety of processes.(Heat treatment, grinding, chrome plating, titanium-plated)8. Battery Checkers on radio tray provides space. Then apply a transparent cover for the real-time check.9. Using CNC machined bearing guard on the differential gear box.10. Cross shaft holder was processed into the deep housing with CNC machines.11. Using a precision machined lower arm shaft (heat treated, polished, black-coated)12. The car body is made from strong durable polycarbonate. 10mm thick application of durable cage.13. Can be equipped with an LED diodes for lighting effects. (headlights, brakelight)14. Using the clutch spring to engage in high rotation. (6000RPM)15. Using a CNC machine precision machined gears.16. This tire durability unique patterns that can be used in a good all terrain.17. XCR1000 does not include the servo and the radio system. So that gives users a wide range of choices.B /H B o l t B /H B o l t B /H B o lB H / BC 55F /HC51467 Linkage P7x38 (2pcs)C51468 Rod End Rebulid Kit C51469 Ball - D11x14mm (4pcs)C51470 Tumbuckle (86mm, 2pcs)C51471 King Pin 6x95 (2pcs) C51472King Pin 6x98 (2pcs)SNNameC51969 Wheel Hub & Pin (2Set)C51970 Wheel Hub Shaft & 2 Pins C51971 Wheel Hub Pin (P5x24, 4pcs)C51972 Diff Housing Set C51973 Internal Diff Gears C51974 Internal Diff Seal C51975 Diff Outdrive Set (2pcs)C51976 Diff Ring GearC51977 Wheel Drive Shaft & PinC51978 Drive Pin Set (P4x18, stub hub, 4pcs)C51979 Brake Disk, Pad Set C51980 Center Diff Spur Gear 60T C51981 Wheel NutsC51982 Center Diff Spur Gear 59T C51983 Center Diff Outdrive Set (2pcs)C51984 Brake CamsC51985 Bearing Housing (6802DD, 2pcs)C51986 Bearing Housing (699DD, 2pcs)C51987 Drive Pin Set (P4x16, Gearbox, 4pcs)C51988 Diff Pinion Gear 13TC51989 Wheel Driveshaft Boot (2pcs)C51990 Center Driveshaft & Pin C51992 Center Drive Pinion Coupler C51993 Center Drive Extension shaft C51994 Drive Pin Set (P4x20, Coupler, 4pcs)C51995 Center Driveshaft Assembly C51996 Wheel Driveshaft Assembly C51997Gearbox Driveshaft Boot (in, 2pcs)Drivetrain PartsC52484 Shock Body Cap (Bottom, Billet option parts)C52485 Shock BodyC52486 Shock Body Adjuster C52487 Shock Piston (1set)C52488 Shock ShaftC52489 Spring Guide (Billet option parts)C52490 Shock Bladder (2pcs)C52491 Shock Spring (Hard, 2pcs)C52492 Shock Spring (Normal, 2pcs)C52493 Shock Spring (Soft, 2pcs)C52494 Shock Boots (4pcs)C52495 Spring Guide (2pcs)C52496 Shock Body Cap (Bottom)C52497 Shock Assembly C52498 Shock Rebuild Kit C52499 Shock Mount Set (4pcs)C52500Shock Rubber Packing (4pcs)SNNameC52993 Wheels Sets (2sets)C52994 Tire inner sponge (2pcs)C52995 Tire Set (1pair)C52996 Tire Assembly (1pair)C52997Wheel Bead Lock (2sets)Wheels, Tires PartsC53514 Pinion Gear 23T C53515 Clutch Bell C53516Air Cleaner CoverSNNameC54017 Gas Tank Complete C54018 Gas Tank Mount Set C54019 Gas Line, Clamp Set C54020Gas Tank CapFuel AccessoriesSNNameC54529 XCR-1000 Muffler C54530 XCR-1000 Muffler Washer C54531XCR-1000 Muffler End TubeMuffler PartsSNNameC55041 Servo Saver C55042 Steering Post Set C55043 Steering Drag Link C55044 Servo Saver Tube C55045 Servo Saver Spring C55046 Steering Linkage Set C55047 Throttle, Brake Linkage Set C55048 Spring Clip P8 (6pcs)C55049 Body Spacer (12pcs)C55050 Rubber Pad for Body Skin (8pcs)C55051Rubber Handle for Spring Clip (4pcs)Chassis PartsC55554Multi WrenchSNNameC77057 Engine Mount (Billet option parts)C77058 Chassis brace (Front, Billet option parts)C77059 Chassis brace (Rear, Billet option parts)C77060 Chassis brace (Rear Spacer, Billet option parts)C77061 Main Chassis PlateC77063 Chassis brace (Front Cap, Billet option parts)C77064 Front Shock Tower C77065Rear Shock Tower C77066 GearboxC77067 Front Gearbox Mount C77068 Rear Gearbox Mount C77069 Front Lower Arm C77070 Rear Lower Arm C77071 Knuckle ArmC77072 Front Steering Hub Carrier C77073 Rear Axle Hub Carrier C77074Front Hinge Pin Brace Set C77075 Rear Hinge Pin Brace Set C77076 XCR-1000 StabilizerC77077 XCR-1000 Chassis brace (Front, Plastic)C77078 XCR-1000 Chassis brace (Rear, Plastic)C77079 XCR-1000 Chassis brace (Rear Spacer, Plastic)C77080 XCR-1000 Chassis brace (Front Cap, Plastic)C77081 Center Diff Mount SetC77082 XCR-1000 Engine Mount (Plastic)C77083 XCR-1000 Drive Shaft Mount C77084 Front King Pins Bushings (2pcs)C77085 Rear Lower Arm Guard (pair)C77086 Side Guard Set (pair)C77087 Gearbox Assembly for Center C77088Gearbox Assembly for Front, RearXCR-1000 PartsSNNameS153860 Cap Head Bolt M3*10 (5pcs)S153861 Cap Head Bolt M3*12 (5pcs)S153866 Cap Head Bolt M3*25 (5pcs)S153885 Cap Head Bolt M5*12 (5pcs)S153890 Cap Head Bolt M5*25 (5pcs)S153891 Cap Head Bolt M5*30 (5pcs)S153893 Cap Head Bolt M5*40 (5pcs)S153894 Cap Head Bolt M5*45 (5pcs)S153896 Cap Head Bolt M5*55 (5pcs)S153905 Cap Head Bolt M6*30 (5pcs)S154369 Flat Head Bolt M3*8 (5pcs)S154380 Flat Head Bolt M4*8 (5pcs)S154382 Flat Head Bolt M4*12 (5pcs)S154384 Flat Head Bolt M4*16 (5pcs)S154387 Flat Head Bolt M4*25 (5pcs)S154398 Flat Head Bolt M5*16 (5pcs)S154399 Flat Head Bolt M5*20 (5pcs)S154403 Flat Head Bolt M5*40 (5pcs)S154413Flat Head Bolt M6*20 (5pcs)Other PartsS155905Washer M3 (5pcs)S155906 Washer M4 (5pcs)S155907 Washer M5 (5pcs)S155911 Locking Washer M5 (5pcs)S156421 Lock Nut M3 (5pcs)S156422 Lock Nut M4 (5pcs)S156423 Lock Nut M5 (5pcs)S25860 Bearing 6901DD (12x24x6)S25861 Bearing 6804DD (20x32x7)S25864 Bearing 678DD (8x12x3.5)S25865 Bearing 6802DD (15x24x5)S25867 Bearing 699DD (9x20x6)S28432 Rubber O-ring G40S28433 Rubber O-ring P6S31490 Silicone O-ring S24S31491 Silicone O-ring AN027S31492Silicone O-ring AN110XCR Explodrd Manual Page | 1112 | PageXCR Explodrd Manual。

古代汉语第六讲

古代汉语第六讲
• • • • ◆选自《左传· 僖公四年》 ◆本文记叙春秋初年齐楚两个强国之间的一场斗争。 ◆词语提示 ◇唯是风马牛不相及也。唯:句首语气词。风:指牝 (pì n)牡(mǔ)相诱。 • ◇不虞君之涉吾地也。虞:预料。之:连词,取消主谓独 立性,使其作宾语。 • ◇五侯九伯,女实征之。五侯:指公侯伯子男五等爵位。 实:句中语气词,表示命令或祈使。 • ◇爾貢包茅不入……寡人是徴。徴:同“徵”,“征”的 繁体字,责问的意思。是:代词,是动词“徴”的前置宾 语。
• ◇师进,次于陉。陉(xí ng):楚地名。陉:山脉中断处, 山谷。 • ◇豈不穀是為?先君之好是繼。不穀:不善,诸侯谦称自 己。是繼:宾语前置。 • ◇君惠徼福於敝邑之社稷。徼(yāo):求。 • ◇楚國方城以為城,漢水以為池。方城:山名,在今河南 叶县南。 • 方城:春秋时楚北的长城。由今之河南省方城县,循伏牛 山 ,北至今邓县 。为古九塞之一。《淮南子· 墬形训》: “何謂九塞,曰: 太汾 、 澠阨 、 荆阮 、 方城 、 殽阪 、 井陘 、 令疵 、 句注 、 居庸。”
《勾践灭吴》
• ◆选自《国语》(我国最早的一部国别史,历时 五百余年) • ◆现存《国语》注本,以三国时吴国韦昭注本最 早,1978年上海古籍出版社出版了校点本。 • ◆词语提示 • ◇越王句踐棲於會稽之上。棲:驻兵山上。會 (guì )稽:山名。(kuài) • ◇夏則資皮,冬則資絺。資:囤积。絺(chī): 夏天穿的葛细布。 • ◇遂使之行成於吳。行成:求和的意思。
• ◆选自《左传》(作者相传为左丘明;第一部编年体历史 著作) • ◆通行注本为《春秋左传注疏》(晋杜预注,唐孔颖达疏) • ◆词语提示 • ◇故名曰寤生,遂恶之。寤:通“牾”,逆,倒着。恶: 厌恶。 • ◇及庄公即位。即:特指登上天子或诸侯的位置。 • ◇大都不过三国之一。都:次于国都而等级高于一般邑的 叫“都”。 • ◇都城过百雉,国之害也。城:指都邑用为防御的高大围 墙。 • ◇姜氏何厌之有?厌:满足。

初中1年级英语单词训练题每日一练216

初中1年级英语单词训练题每日一练216
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90.(Acce?s)
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91.(?ix)
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92.(?gly)
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93.(B?ock)
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94.(J?st)
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95.(F?oor)
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96.(?urry)
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64.(Ca?)
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65.(De?end)
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66.(S?y)
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67.(Ca?ital)
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68.(Ener?y)
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69.(S?arrow)
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84.(Characte?)
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85.(Deba?e)
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86.(?enefit)
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87.(Red pan?a)
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88.(Dilig?nt)
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89.(Ele?t)
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51.(Ad?)
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52.(A?dict)
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53.(Bathro?m)
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54.(Accura?e)
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55.(Buil?)
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我国目前有80%的自然保护区在发展旅游,但由于管理跟不上,旅游现在成为破坏自然保护区生态的重要因素旅游开发与生态保护能否兼顾?为发展旅游,许多地方政府在自然保护区中大规模修建道路及其他旅游设施,往往会对自然保护区生态造成严重破坏。

图为广东南岭自然保护区内被改道的河流。

杨恒摄◆杨恒8月中旬,一场特大山洪突袭了广东省南岭国家级自然保护区,冲毁大片山林和建设设施,并直接冲进了附近几户居民家里。

山洪过后,满目疮痍。

对于此次突如其来的洪灾,南岭社区居民反映称与自然保护区内正在进行的一系列旅游工程有直接关系。

而据相关专家分析,工程的修建对山体破坏很大,事后的修复工作又做得不到位,仅仅种上一些植物,远远达不到修复目的,因此埋下了山洪暴发的隐患。

由于开发旅游而对自然保护区造成严重破坏,类似的事例并不少见。

著名森林生态学家、国家林业局自然保护区研究中心特聘专家罗菊春教授透露,目前来看,我国至少有80%的自然保护区在开展旅游,由此而引发的人类活动对自然保护区构成了巨大威胁。

“国家要求做生态旅游规划,但是地方管理却跟不上,旅游现在成了自然保护区破坏的重要因素。

”罗菊春说。

在越来越多自然保护区走上旅游开发道路的当下,如何协调开发和保护之间的关系?罗菊春认为,我国需尽早出台相应的保护法律、法规,用法律手段限制在自然保护区内进行的破坏性旅游开发,促进以自然观察为主的生态旅游发展模式,以保护好这些意义重大的生态要地。

他指出,真正的生态旅游才能促进自然保护区的发展,也才可以促进保护,实现保护与发展的良性循环。

违规建设破坏保护区生态许多自然保护区为开展旅游,甚至在核心区修建道路及其他旅游设施,对保护区生态造成了严重破坏有关数据显示,截至今年4月,我国共建立自然保护区2669个(不含港澳台地区),总面积149.65万平方公里,占国土面积的15.59%。

我国自然保护区面积虽然在逐渐增加,但随着经济发展,自然保护区并没有被严格保护起来。

根据《自然保护区条例》相关规定,国家级自然保护区可以在实验区开展旅游活动,但在核心区和缓冲区内严禁建任何生产设施。

但许多自然保护区都有意或无意地违反了这一规定。

2011年10月,广东南岭国家级自然保护区在核心区野蛮修路事件被曝光后,引发广泛关注,修路被紧急叫停,当事方承诺会积极开展工程复绿,并保证不会通车。

但由于破坏使植被尽失,已伤及土壤层,未做土壤修复的复绿效果并不尽人意。

目前,那条路如人脸上一道长长的伤痕,使保护区景观大打折扣。

而有关专家估计,其造成的生态破坏至少需百年以上才能修复。

作为专家,罗菊春经历过很多自然保护区因旅游开发而导致生态被破坏的案例,痛心但却无奈。

2004年,山西省历山国家级自然保护区所在地政府在保护区内大搞旅游开发,铲除一大片幼林后建起了9座小别墅。

山西省林业厅请罗菊春与山西大学多位教授组成检查组去现场检查,大家对这种知法犯法的行为十分气愤,要求立即推倒这些别墅。

但是木已成舟,这些建筑最终作为保护区的保护站和检查站而保存了下来。

还有一个让人痛心的例子。

河南省丹江口库区国家级自然保护区是南水北调的中线,为保护水源不受污染,本应对库边的森林进行严格保护。

但在2011年,坝首所在县发展旅游业,在水库边修了公路,伸向水库中的3个岛上森林被伐光,建起了宾馆和大观音菩萨像,游客如织,水边处处可见垃圾。

罗菊春教授说,按照规定,国家级自然保护区开发旅游要先做规划上报审批,但在这里却是大肆修路盖房后的第三年才上报规划,而且规划中隐瞒了对3个岛屿生态破坏的内容。

对此,专家们感到十分气愤却无可奈何。

“我们经常接到地方自然保护区申请做旅游的规划书,但很多规划不合格,其中修路问题就很大。

”罗菊春说。

一位在交通部做公路环评的工作人员透露,他们经常接到自然保护区的公路规划环评项目,“我们在做环境影响评价时,经常会发现公路会穿过核心区,这样的规划环评肯定通不过,必须改道才行。

”他同时也很无奈:“一些自然保护区的公路瞒着不上报就修了,属于先斩后奏,我们对此也没办法。

”人为活动危及野生动物生存修建道路导致野生动物栖息地的破碎化,而人类对野生植物果实的过度采集及盗猎行为,更直接影响到了野生动物的生存由于修路方式不科学,给自然保护区生态环境和物种生存造成了很大影响。

长白山于2006年开始进行旅游开发,国家林业局高级工程师沈孝辉等专家通过调查,发现硬质化和网络化的公路对长白山珍稀野生动物的生存造成了严重影响,快速行驶的车辆经常碾死两栖和兽类等野生动物。

沈孝辉说,根据他们于2007年4月~10月进行的66次调查统计显示,道路致死野生动物种类共43种。

在其中3条道路上,道路致死动物达1867只,平均每日每公里致死动物为2.82只。

“保护区道路里程的猛增和网络化,导致野生动物栖息地的破碎化。

”沈孝辉说,在长白山自然保护区,道路的面积虽然仅占整个区域面积的0.3%,但是横穿保护区内的4条主要公路已将保护区分割成5大块和若干小块,大大降低了动物栖息地的连接度。

而在广东南岭核心区,修建的公路迫于舆论压力没有铺设水泥,也没有通车,但把开山炸石的土石直接推到山下的野蛮修路方式,对生态环境破坏很大。

人类的过度采集行为,也直接影响到野生动物的生存。

每年“十一”长假的时候,大量游客涌入湖北省神农架。

而此时正是华山松松子成熟的季节,整个木鱼镇的街上都在售卖松子,有的游客直接购买松果。

中国林业科学研究院一位工作人员介绍说,华山松种子是中国特有珍贵动物、国家一级保护动物川金丝猴冬季的主要食物,也是松鼠、松鸦、野猪、黑熊等野生动物生存的重要口粮。

过度采集对这些动物生存带来的影响可想而知。

游客多了,对野味的消费需求增加,也会进一步刺激盗猎。

今年2月,神农架一位网民屡次在网上曝光神农架山上的捕兽套,称其数量特别巨大。

他常年独自上山拆这些捕兽套,但是拆除的数量和整体数量相比仍是九牛一毛。

而饲养和收藏热对野生动物的影响也值得关注,自然保护区由于物种分布集中成为采集重灾区。

据一位昆虫收藏爱好者描述,他今年去某国家级自然保护区采集了大量甲虫,根本无人过问。

四川某国家级自然保护区一位工作人员表示,很多自然保护区其实在往绿色“空壳”化发展,表面上看森林覆盖率很高,保护得很好,但是由于旅游开发带来的破坏、偷猎、人为干扰等因素,野生动物已经非常少了,很多动物甚至早已绝迹。

政绩和生计需求阻碍保护自然保护区大多位于经济落后区域,地方政府和当地群众都希望从旅游开发中获取利益,在很大程度上阻碍了对生态的保护中国自然保护区研究会的一位工作人员指出,很多自然保护区开展旅游,归根结底是缺钱所致。

她举了一个例子,1982年建立的宁夏贺兰山省级自然保护区(1988年晋升为国家级),国家前后投入2000万元用于建设和保护,但仍然不够。

保护区必须想办法自养,只能把最精品的那部分景观拿出来进行旅游开发,“这部分区域恰恰是保护区最重要的生态区”。

就全国整体来看,由于经费的制约,很难吸引专业的人才进入管理体系。

很多自然保护区的工作人员其实不懂保护,也不熟悉本保护区的自然生境和物种。

这位工作人员还表示,对自然保护区保护工作影响最大的因素其实是地方政府,很多保护区管理部门对此也很无奈。

据了解,我国的自然保护区大多处于经济落后的地区,地方政府一门心思发展经济,而保护区的人事和财政都要依靠地方政府。

据介绍,目前,我国自然保护区更多的是地方政府主导下进行旅游开发,在政绩和利益的驱使下,通过招商引资,将旅游开发权交付给以营利为目的的企业。

这些企业大多不懂保护,开发破坏的现象很普遍。

而在一些地方,地方政府甚至直接成立旅游开发公司,主持开发工作。

“尽管国家规定自然保护区可以开展生态旅游,但目前的旅游开发还难以真正达到生态旅游的高度。

不仅开发建设破坏严重,并且重心仍然停留在引导游客消费自然资源的肤浅层次。

”沈孝辉说。

比如在神农架,游客再离开时,把神农架的奇石、黄杨木、盆景、松子、中草药甚至动物标本等买走,奇石、黄杨木等都是不可再生的自然资源,这不利于保护。

旅游利益分配不均的问题也在许多自然保护区普遍存在。

一位曾经在国家级自然保护区工作过的学者对此深有体会。

他指出,保护区进行旅游开发,对于大多数当地人来说,还只是靠偷挖草药、卖些自然产品及一些野味来获取利益,并不能真正从旅游中受益。

也正因为这个原因,神农架盗猎和滥挖中草药的现象并没有因为旅游开发而减少,许多珍稀的中药材资源也越来越少。

中科院动物所生态保护专家解焱博士指出,部分自然保护区还存在“当地群众的发展因为自然保护而受到限制”的情况,他们不能从资源开发中获得足够的利益,变得更加贫穷,甚至遭遇生存威胁。

如何在兼顾保护的同时,既满足地方政府的发展需求,又满足当地人的生计需求?解焱说,这是目前我国自然保护区保护工作面临的一道难题。

自然保护区需要一部《自然保护地法》当前各地经济开发的动力强劲,而自然保护的动力不足,要实现捍卫国家生态安全底线的目标,必须有一部开放、综合的法律在相关专家、环保志愿者等社会力量的监督和协助下,长白山和南岭目前在保护管理上已经做了很大改善,正往良性发展方向努力。

但由于没有法律的约束,更多的自然保护区目前仍然在进行着无序的旅游开发活动。

沈孝辉指出,我国上世纪八九十年代颁布的《自然保护区条例》和《森林和野生动物类型自然保护区管理办法》两部法规,在实践中暴露出诸多问题,已经不能适应当前形势及自然保护工作的要求。

“当前各地经济开发的动力强劲,而自然保护的动力不足,急需一部具有最高法律权威和效力的法律,来约束和规范地方政府、企业和当地社区居民的行为,以杜绝不符合保护区功能定位的一切开发活动。

”沈孝辉说。

对此立法,沈孝辉提出首先应该约束地方政府在自然保护区里的开发行为,明确自然保护地属于国有资产,其生态系统、野生动物和自然景观具有国家属性,而非地方政府或主管部门的财产。

行政主管部门只有依法行政的职责,而无擅自调整改变自然保护地的管理机制、建设规划、分类分级标准、功能区划和进行经济开发利用的权利。

沈孝辉强调,在国家级自然保护区的核心区和缓冲区,严禁法律外的一切人为干扰。

沈孝辉呼吁全国人大尽快出台中国自然保护地法,以便各级政府依法行政,自然保护区依法管理,新闻媒体依法监督,社会公众依法参与保护地的社区共管。

包括解焱博士在内的自然保护领域专家也普遍认为,一部自然保护区法只能涵盖自然保护区,无法实现对其他生态要地的保护。

要实现捍卫国家生态安全底线的目标,必须有一部开放、综合的《自然保护地法》。

保护与发展的难题如何破解?为更好地推动对自然保护区的保护,需要改变传统政绩观;全社会共摊保护成本;推动生态旅游的发展;引进更多专业人才日前,国务院发布了《国家级自然保护区调整管理规定》,明确提出国家级自然保护区不得随意调整,要调整时原则上不得缩小核心区、缓冲区面积。

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