经济类文献 中英文对照

Appendix：
Shallow low-carbon economy influence on
China's textile industry export trade, and puts forward the countermeasures
Now, Low Carbon Economy (Low) this words few Economy growing near the public view, and began to people as well. Then, what is low-carbon economy?What is the influence of Low Carbon Economy for China's textile industry export trade？
The concept of low carbon economy by the British government in 2003. In 2003, the British government in its energy in the future of our energy white: create low-carbon economy first put forward the concept of low carbon economy. So-called low carbon economy, low energy consumption, low in pollution and low emission of economic model based on human society, the agriculture civilization, industrial civilization again after the great progress. Low carbon economy is high energy utilization efficiency and clean energy structure, the core is the energy technology innovation, system innovation and human survival and development concept of fundamental transformation.
Low carbon economy, and put forward not accidental, people increasingly recognize that human economic activities and continuous expansion has given us survive earth brings great destruction, direct consequences caused by the earth's environment is the serious pollution, global warming, sea levels rising land, and covered by the earth's environment change of abnormal natural disasters. The problem of our human society has their own survival and development caused a serious threat. Therefore, low
carbon economy in the world, immediately, especially the western society developed economy has caused great resonance and responses. The world's economic superpower U.S. 2007, puts forward the low carbon economy act, suggests that low carbon economy development road became the important strategic choice for the future of the United States. In the same year, the United Nations passed a resolution on the climate change, established the "Bali roadmap", the requirement of developed countries in 2020 will greenhouse gas 25 to 40.
Our country for low carbon economy also responded to the corresponding. In September 2007, Chinese President hu jintao in the asia-pacific economic cooperation (APEC) summit on the 15th, put forward to develop China solemnly low-carbon economy, demonstrated that we as a world power, environmental protection, to the world of the future of the human society sustainable development of responsibility and mission.
In the third world, the industry has been developing countries is the pillar industries of national economy, high proportion. Because China's industrial technology, the whole process and equipment is still lags behind that of developed countries, China's industrial output energy consumed by far above the level of developed countries. At the same time, in China's energy resources distribution, the proportion of coal than other energy. According to the national bureau of statistics yearbook 2008 data released, in 2007, China's total energy production in coal, and the proportion of total energy production to 76.6% and clean energy water electricity, nuclear power, wind power proportion only 8.2 per cent (see chart 1). In the energy consumption and the proportion of coal and 69.5% high (see chart 2). All the energy consumption
and industrial consumption accounted for all 72.83% energy consumption. The above data shows that the carbon emissions, present in large quantity, under the situation of economic development is still with increasing trend.
China is still at the stage of the high speed development of economy, the economic development is the country's top priority. This is a decision will be taken in our country although various measures to reduce pollution and reduce emissions, but because our country industry structure adjustment in the short term, not complete but energy structure and energy consumption in a long time will remain the current structure, so with the development of economy, China's total carbon emissions will increase. According to the United Nations development program in December 2007, the human development report, released in 2007, China 2008 "/ carbon emissions in America, only after the second in the world. Very likely surpass the United States in 2009, ranked first.
If the requirement of western countries, China reduce carbon emissions, the present condition that the only way to stop the development of economy, it is clearly impossible choice. Because China's large population, although per capita emissions of carbon only American 1/5-1/6, but carbon emissions, facing the great western countries require reduction pressure. Especially in export trade, because our traditional exports are labor-intensive products, has obvious high investment, high cost and low technology, low output characteristic of high carbon economy in western countries, import and export trade imbalance of circumstances, more vulnerable to the pressure from western countries. Low carbon economy due to occupy the protection of the environment, the author thinks that moral point in the near future, low carbon
economy will be waved for tools, western countries for our export trade adversely.
Concretely speaking, there are two adverse effects:
First, set on China trade barriers, increase product sales cost, make product price advantage loss in China.
Western countries have been keen on recent discussions in developing countries levy duties, using the so-called carbon emissions of carbon of trade protectionism, developing countries, especially China's exports.
So-called few Tariff customs (Carbon) refers to the special products imported high tariffs imposed Carbon dioxide emissions.
The concept of a former French President Jacques chirac first, is intended to eu countries should abide by the Kyoto protocol, the country of import goods, otherwise in consisting of carbon emissions trading mechanism, the goods will suffer unfair competition, especially in steel industry and industry.
March 2009, the us energy secretary ZhuDiWen if other countries have implemented compulsory measures for greenhouse gas emissions, America will collect "carbon tariffs.
In early June 2009, held in Bonn UN climate change conference, a part of the U.S. representative proposed products imported from China tariffs.
June 2009, 22 states Clean Energy Security Act as Clean Energy Security and the ACESA (representatives) testimony.
Although at present in the world, there is no country in other countries import tariffs, but ACESA carbon tax law, including China, America has the right to limit the implementation of carbon emissions country not a carbon products imported tariffs. The U.S. senate has voted to act will formally went
into effect, from the law gives the President of the United States to other countries levy duties of carbon. Once ACESA law goes into effect formally, not only the United States, other western countries will follow in succession, legally recognized the effectiveness of carbon tariffs. In the future, China's export trade, when China's exports was imposed some high carbon tariffs, export prices will greatly enhance the competitiveness of the market to lose.
Second, the setting of non-tariff barriers, using standard will certain kinds of Chinese products according to the outside in.
In western countries the non-tariff barriers is a typical market access standard set authentication. Will reach the standard of the products in the market of exclusion. Producers would make a lot of money into the western standards of human authentication work, increase the cost of production and reduce the product's competitiveness.
So, in the international economic environment advocate low carbon, how should we respond to enterprises in China, which will be for the adverse effects bottomed out? The author thinks that the following measures should be adopted.
First, the state should actively effectively adjust the industrial structure, and optimize the structure of trade, increasing the proportion of service trade. At the same time, the enterprise itself in the country shall be under the guidance of the realization of the enterprise and upgrading.
1 National further through relevant industry policy formulation, adhere to take a new road to industrialization, to reform and opening up and technological progress as the power, enhance the ability of independent innovation, encourage and support the development of advanced production
capacity, restrictions and backward production capacity, prevent haphazard investment and low level repeated construction, promote the upgrading of the industrial structure, the industrial structure in China to health, reasonable, effective, economical and ecological development, China's industrial structure has the features of sustainable development.
2 Countries with capital, capital of guided by the entity economy, especially for individual into increased capital of the private economy, and to accelerate the investment of more high-tech enterprise development and support, and gradually changed our export with labor-intensive and resources, the present situation of denseness export products to improve the technology content and added value, improve the export-oriented enterprises within the production of independent intellectual property rights, and gradually reduce and get rid of high-tech products exported by foreign intellectual property.
3 To propel the development of service trade, trade in services of China exports as a new growth point. To improve the competitiveness of China's service trade, trade in services of more high-tech content, vigorously develop e-commerce, China's foreign trade in services on a scale from to get basic level of ascension.
4 For enterprise itself, our enterprise shall present interests and long-term development prospect together, establish good green environmental protection consciousness, automatic completion of the production and operation of enterprises and upgrades. Labor-intensive and resources-intensive enterprise, the enterprise shall be as the primary problem to transformation, shall not be satisfied with current income and operating conditions. Enterprises should pay attention to technical transformation and technological innovation and
development, promote the upgrading of products. Avoid industry competition between homogeneity, low-level, through the technology development, with characteristics, differentiation, brand products in the international market competition. While increasing market development, eliminate non-traditional rely on a single market. With high-tech enterprise shall capital-intensive in national policies and the support of capital, with independent intellectual property products in the international market competition, grasps the core technology, completes the intellectual property protection and the overseas registered, enhance the international competitive power.
Second, the country should in international exchanges, relying on China's great-nation station for export trade favorable international environment.
1 Our government actively participate in international economic cooperation between the bilateral and multilateral process, should play in various international economic cooperation organization, relying on the role in economic strength, for more power. Fully grasping the common international convention, the connotation and essence of the world through such platform, by international dialogue between western developed countries, especially in the dialogue and maintain our interests.
January 2009 - July, according to the ministry of commerce of China statistical, 17 countries (regions) of China launched trade relief investigations, involving a value 92.34 72 million (2008) of 6.2 billion dollars, and 105.06% 16.1 percent year-on-year growth of anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and 45, and safeguard measures, July 13 safeguard. Based on the related government domestic interests and irresponsible in a certain extent, the deterioration of our export trade adverse environment. China must fully mastered represented by
the dispute settlement mechanism of the WTO agreement, the connotation of series of positive response to such action, more relevant countries with the same auxiliary anti-dumping investigation, polite courteous response in relevant international negotiations, maintain the initiative in the lawful rights and interests of export enterprises.
2 At the same time, China's export enterprise shall be in strict accordance with the national policies and regulations of production and operation. Enterprises to strengthen international trade rules of learning and understanding, abide by the traffic rules, respect the habits and customs of the exporter, strengthen the coordination between the domestic industry with constraints, avoid the malicious competition between enterprises short-sighted.
Third, our country should strengthen the development about low-carbon economy theory research, carbon trading policies and regulations, actively participate in international trade, domestic charcoal carbon trading market, and start to determine the price of carbon trading.
So-called carbon trading, means carbon emissions trading is put forward by the British, the idea that all countries on the quantification of carbon emissions, establish a system based on buying carbon emissions, reduce carbon emissions quota, enterprise, its emissions in the international market sale index, and other enterprises can buy carbon emissions permits. Nature is let production enterprise to be on the enterprise of carbon emission quotas, which sell profit by cleaner production technology energy, On the other hand carbon emissions in large enterprises under the condition of normal production, in order to save money buying carbon emission quotas, and other
alternative choice of clean energy, thereby reducing social general carbon emissions.
In the Kyoto protocol signed on the basis of the international has established several international carbon emissions trading market. The Kyoto protocol stipulates three forms of carbon trading, including the clean development mechanism (CDM) and emission trading (ET) and joint performance (JI).
As the world's second largest carbon emissions, our country is most resource potential resource supply carbon trading. However, due to the international carbon trading rules are basically formulated by the western developed countries, China's lack of discourse. For example, CDM project is between China and the western countries for carbon emissions trading. 2008 China CDM project of certified emissions reductions of volume, has the world's total volume 84%. But because of the lack of carbon emissions trading and international trading platform of 2 class market in China, and direct the certified reduction in price sell developed countries, thus make foreign trade agency, and obtain profits in the developed countries cheap emissions into tools.
Therefore, established the China's carbon trading market for international carbon trading, market, from carbon trading chain can be the lowest layer, have more power highunemployment, pricing, and to ensure that the interests of Chinese enterprises.
At the same time, according to the Kyoto protocol, the provisions in the CDM mechanism, the amount of carbon dioxide emissions constraints of developed countries and government agencies, enterprises can through the
technology transfer or investment in developing countries, and the energy conservation and emission reduction projects, so as to achieve the project cooperation that reduce carbon dioxide emissions. This is the inheritance of the enterprise in the green upgrades created favorable conditions. Our enterprise should be under the guidance of the active participation in direct economic benefit for the condition, also can get energy conservation and emission reduction technology upgrading channels, the low cost of green upgrades to complete the enterprise. Thus likely to high-value textile products to participate in international competition.
附录：
浅析低碳经济时代下我国纺织业出口竞争力的
影响及对策
现在，低碳经济( Low Carbon Economy)这个词汇越来越多的走近公众的视野，并开始为人们所知悉。

那么，究竟什么是低碳经济？低碳经济对中国纺织品出口的影响是什么呢？
低碳经济的概念最早是由英国政府在2003年提出。

2003年，英国政府在其能源白皮书《我们能源的未来:创建低碳经济》首次提出了低碳经济的概念。

所谓低碳经济，就是以低能耗、低污染、低排放为基础的经济模式，是人类社会继农业文明、工业文明之后的又一次重大进步。

低碳经济实质是高能源利用效率和清洁能源结构问题，核心是能源技术创新、制度创新和人类生存发展观念的根本性转变。

低碳经济的提出不是偶然的，而在于人们日益认识到，人类自身的经济活动及其不断的扩张已经给我们生存的地球带来了巨大的破坏，直接的后果就是造成地球环境的严重污染，全球气候变暖，海平面不断升高淹没陆地，以及地球环境遭到改变带来的种种异常的自然灾害。

上述的问题已经对我们人类社会自身的生存和发展造成了严重的威胁。

所以，低碳经济的提出，立刻在国际上，尤其是经济发达的西方社会引起了巨大的共鸣和反响。

世界头号经济强国美国，2007年提出了《低碳经济法案》，表明低碳经济的发展道路成为美国未来的重要战略选择。

同年，联合国通过有关的决议，制定了应对气候变化的“巴厘岛路线图”，要求发达国家在2020年前将温室气体减排25%至40%。

我们国家对于低碳经济也做出了积极的相应。

2007年9月，中国国家主席胡锦涛在亚太经合组织（APEC）第15次领导人会议上，郑重提出了中国要发展低碳经济的主张，彰显了我们作为世界大国，对世界环境保
护，对未来人类社会可持续发展的责任心和使命感。

我国作为第三世界发展中国家，工业一直是国民经济中的支柱行业，所占比例过高。

由于我国工业的整体技术，工艺和设备仍落后于发达国家的水平，造成我国的工业产出所消耗的能源远远高于发达国家的水平。

根据国家统计局2008年统计年鉴公布的数据，2007年，我国能源生产总量及构成中，煤炭所占的能源生产总量的比重达到76.6％，而清洁能源如水电，核电，风电的比例只有8.2％（见表一）。

在消费的能源中，煤炭所占的比例也高达69.5％（见表二）。

所有消费的能源中，工业消费又占到了所有能源消费的72.83％。

以上数据表明，现阶段我国的炭排量在总量很大的情况下，仍然有随着经济发展不断增加的趋势。

我国尚处在经济的高速发展阶段，发展经济是目前国家的首要任务。

这就决定了尽管我们国家会采取种种的措施降低污染，减少排放，但是由于我国行业结构的调整不会在短期内完成，而能源构成和能源消费在较长时间内仍会保持目前的结构，所以随着经济的发展，我国总的炭排放仍会不断增加。

根据联合国开发署2007年12月发布的《人类发展报告2007/2008》，中国的炭排放总量仅排在美国之后，位居世界第二位。

很有可能在2009年超过美国，排名世界第一。

如果按照西方国家的要求，我国降低碳排放总量，目前情况下唯一的办法就是停止经济的发展，这显然是不可能的选择。

由于我国人口众多，虽然我国人均炭排放只有美国的1/5－1/6，但是由于炭排放总量的巨大，我国面临着西方国家要求减排的巨大压力。

特别是在出口贸易中，由于我国传统的出口商品都是劳动密集型的商品，具有比较明显的高投入，高消耗，低技术，低产出的高炭经济的特点，在目前西方国家进出口贸易不平衡的情况下，更容易受到来自西方国家的压力。

低碳经济由于占据了保护世界环境的道德制高点，笔者以为，在不远的将来，低碳经济将被西方国
家挥舞为工具，对我国的出口贸易产生不利的影响。

尤其是对我国的纺织品贸易有很大影响。

具体说来，不利的影响有两点：
第一,设置关税等贸易壁垒，增加中国纺织产品的销售成本，使中国产品丧失价格的优势。

西方国家近期一直热衷于讨论对发展中国家征收所谓的炭关税，采用炭排放的贸易保护主义，打击发展中国家，特别是我国纺织品的出口。

所谓碳关税（Carbon Tariff）是指对高耗能产品进口征收特别的二氧化碳排放关税。

这个概念最早由法国前总统希拉克提出，用意是希望欧盟国家应针对未遵守《京都协定书》的国家课征商品进口税，否则在碳排放交易机制运行后，欧盟商品将遭受不公平竞争。

2009年3月，美国能源部长朱棣文提出，如果其他国家没有实施温室气体强制减排措施，那么美国将征收“碳关税”。

2009年6月上旬，在波恩举行的联合国气候变化会议上，有部分美国代表提出了对华纺织品进口征收关税的意见。

2009年6月22日，《美国清洁能源安全法案》the American Clean Energy and Security Act（ACESA）获得众议院通过。

目前虽然在世界上，还没有国家对其他国家的进口纺织品征收炭关税，但是ACESA法案规定，美国有权对包括中国在内的不实施碳减排限额国家纺织产品征收碳关税。

该法案待美国参议院投票批准以后将正式生效，从法律上赋予了美国总统对其他国家征收炭关税的权利。

一旦ACESA 法案正式生效，不但美国，其他西方国家也会纷纷效法，从法律上认可炭关税的有效性。

在将来中国纺织品的出口贸易中，一旦中国的纺织品被征收高额的炭关税，出口价格将大大提高从而丧失市场的竞争力。

第二，设置非关税壁垒，用标准将中国纺织品据之于门外。

西方国家非关税壁垒的一个典型做法就是设置市场准入的标准认证。

将达不到标准的纺织产品排除在市场之外。

使生产商将大量的资金人力投入西方标准的认证工作，增加了纺织产品的成本，降低了中国纺织产品的竞争力。

那么，在国际上倡导低碳经济的大环境下，我们应该怎样积极的应对，从而将对于我国纺织企业的不利影响降到最低点呢？笔者以为，应该采用如下的对策。

第一，国家应该积极有效的调整产业结构，优化纺织贸易结构，加大纺织品绿色贸易的比重。

同时，企业自身应当在国家的引导下，自主的实现企业的升级改造。

1 国家进一步通过相关产业政策的制定，坚持走新型工业化道路，以改革开放和科技进步为动力，增强自主创新能力，鼓励和支持纺织企业发展先进生产能力，限制和淘汰落后生产能力，防止盲目投资和低水平重复建设，促进产业结构优化升级，使中国的产业结构向健康，合理，高效，节约和生态型发展转变，使中国的纺织产业结构具备可持续发展的特征。

2 国家以资金为导向，通过资金对纺织实体经济的注入，特别是对个体民营经济加大资金的投入力度，来加大加快高新技术纺织企业的扶持和发展，逐步改变目前我国纺织品出口以劳动密集型和资源密集型为主的现状，提高出口纺织产品的技术含量和附加值，提升纺织品出口型企业生产内的自主知识产权，逐步减轻和摆脱高新产品出口受制于国外知识产权的状况。

3 对于企业自身来说，我们的纺织企业应当将当前的利益与企业的长期发展前景结合在一起，树立良好的绿色环保意识，自动的完成企业生产经营的转型与升级。

纺织业作为劳动密集型及资源密集型的企业，应当将企业的转型作为首要的问题来考虑，不应当满足于当前的收益与经营状
况。

纺织企业应当重视技术改造与技术革新，加大研发的投入，促进产品的升级换代。

避免同行业间同质化，低级别的竞争，通过技术研发，以特征化，差异化，品牌化的产品参与国际市场的竞争。

同时加大非传统市场的开发，消除对于单一市场的依赖。

开发拥有自主知识产权的纺织产品参与国际市场的竞争，掌握核心技术，做好知识产权的海外保护与注册，增强国际竞争的实力。

第二，国家应该在国际间交往中，依托大国地位，为我国的纺织品出口贸易创造良好的国际环境。

1. 我国政府积极的参于国际间双边和多边经济合作的过程中，应该进一步发挥在各种国际经济合作组织中的作用，依托我国的经济实力，争夺更多的话语权。

充分把握国际上共同遵守的国际公约的内涵与实质，通过世贸，世行等平台，通过国际间对话，特别是与西方发达国家的对话中，维护我国的利益。

2009年1月－7月间，根据中国商务部统计，共有17个国家（地区）对中国发起贸易救济调查72起，涉案金额92.34亿美元（2008年全年涉案金额62亿美元），同比分别增长16.1%和105.06%，其中反倾销45起、反补贴7起、保障措施13起、特保7起。

相关的政府基于其本国利益而不负责任的做法，在一定程度上恶化了我国出口贸易的不利环境。

我国必须充分掌握以争端解决机制为代表的WTO系列协议文件的内涵，积极的应对更类诉讼，同时对相关国家辅助以同等的反倾销调查作为回应，有礼有节的在相关国际谈判中争取主动，维护我国出口企业的合法利益。

2. 与此同时，我国的纺织品出口企业应当严格按照国家的政策法规生产经营。

企业加强国际贸易规则的学习与理解，遵守通行的游戏规则，尊重出口国的风俗习惯，加强国内行业间的协调与约束，避免企业间短视的恶意竞争。

第三，我国应当加强关于发展低碳经济的理论研究，制定炭交易的政策法规，积极参与国际炭交易，启动国内炭交易市场，争取炭交易的定价权。

所谓炭交易，就是指碳排放交易，最早是由英国提出这一设想，即在量化了各个国家炭排放量的基础上，建立一个体系，买卖碳排放量配额，企业减少碳排量，其减排指标可在国际市场出售，其他企业则可以买进碳排放量配额。

实质是一方面让生产企业为了将本企业得到的炭排放配额出售获利，从而采用更清洁的技术生产能源；另一方面炭排放量较大的企业在保证正常生产的情况下，为了节省购买炭排放配额的资金，而选择其他可替代的清洁能源，从而使社会总的碳排放量降低。

在《京都议定书》签订的基础上，在国际上已经建立起多家国际间的炭排放交易市场。

《京都议定书》规定了三种炭交易的形式，包括清洁发展机制(CDM)、排放贸易(ET)和联合履约(JI)。

作为全球第二大碳排放资源国，我国是最有潜力的碳交易资源供给国。

但是，由于国际碳交易规则基本上是由西方发达国家制定，我国缺乏话语权。

例如，CDM项目是我国与西方发达国家进行碳排放权交易的主要形式。

2008年中国CDM项目产生的核证减排量的成交量，已占世界总成交量的84%。

但是由于我国缺乏与国际碳排放交易二级市场直接交易的平台，我国这些核证减排量只能以低廉的价格卖给发达国家，从而使国外的交易机构获取暴利，而我国沦为发达国家廉价减排的工具。

所以，建立中国自己的炭交易市场，摆脱对国际炭交易市场的依赖，就可以从炭交易产业链的最低层抽身，掌握更多的话语权，定价权，以保证中国企业的利益。

同时，按照《京都议定书》的规定，在CDM机制下，受到二氧化碳减排额度约束的发达国家企业和政府机构，可以通过技术转让或资金投入的
方式，与发展中国家的节能减排项目进行合作，从而获得该项目所降低的二氧化碳排放量。

这就为我国的企业进行产业的绿色升级创造了良好的条件。

我国相关企业应该在政府的引导下积极参与其中，在获取直接经济收益的条件下，也可以获得节能减排技术升级的渠道，以较低的成本完成企业的绿色升级。

从而有可能以高附加值的纺织产品来参与国际竞争。