广告英语教程翻译
综合翻译_精品文档
综合翻译第一、理解英语原文,拆分语法结构由于英语语言具有“形合”的特点,也就是说,英语句子无论多么复杂,都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的“像葡萄藤一样”的结构。
如果搞不清楚句子的语法结构,考生是很难做出正确的翻译的。
因此在翻译句子之前,必须先通读全句,一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构,这是正式动笔翻译之前的一项重要准备工作。
怎么拆分呢具体来讲,考生可以寻找下面一些“信号词”来对英语句子进行拆分,进而更加有效地理解英语原文。
1.基本原则:把主句和从句拆分出来,把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。
2.连词:如and, or, but, yet, for等并列连词连接着并列句;还有连接状语从句的连接词,如:when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, since, thought, although, so that, ......等等;它们是考生要寻找的第一大拆分点。
3.关系词:如连接名词性从句的who, whom, whose, what, which, whatever, whichever等关系代词和when, where, how, why等关系副词;还有连接定语从句的关系代词,如who, which, that, whom, whose等等;它们是第二大拆分点。
4.标点符号:标点符号常常断开句子的主干和修饰部分,也是一个明显的拆分点。
5. 除此之外,介词on, in, with, at, of, to等引导的介词短语,不定式符号to,分词结构也可以作为拆分点。
例如:Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(35词,2023年62题)拆分本句的信号词有:which, in, that。
综合教程3第一单元课文翻译
【《新编实用英语综合教程3》第一单元课文翻译答案】Promotion Methods推广方法A marketing manager can choose from several promotion methods-personal selling, mass selling and sales promotion营销经理可以选择几种推广方法---个人销售,大量销售,推广和销售Personal selling-flexibility is its strength.Personal selling involves direct face –to- face communication between sellers and potential customers face-to-face selling also provides immediate feedback-which helps sales people to adapt salespeople are included in most marketing mixes .but personal selling can be very expensive. So its often desirable to combine personal selling with mass selling and sales promotion.个人销售的灵活性是它的强项。
个人销售包括直接面对面销售商之间的沟通和潜在客户面对面的销售也提供即时的反馈,这有助于在大多数营销组合,以适应销售人员包括销售人员,但个人销售可能会非常昂贵。
因此,它往往需要结合个人销售质量的销售和促销。
Mass selling –reaching millions at a price or even freeMass selling is communicating with large numbers of potential customers at the same time .it less flexible than personal selling. But when the target market is large and scattered, mass selling can be less expensive.大规模抛盘达到数百万??的价格,甚至免费大规模销售的同时有大量的潜在客户沟通。
英汉翻译教程第六章PPT
广告英语的翻译
• 总之,衡量广告翻译的优劣,主要看译文在多大 程度上体现了原文的宣传效果和表情、说服等功 能,多大程度上保留了原文的语言特色及神韵。 为此,翻译时选词上要力避生涩艰拗,造句上要 尽量简洁明快,修辞上要多保留原文辞格。译文 要注重整体把握,不为一词一句所限,要充分发 挥译者的主观能动性。此外,广告翻译还应充分 考虑中英两种语言间的文化差异。只有这样,才 能使译文体现原文的各项功能,为产品畅销打下 良好的基础。
商贸函电的翻译
• 下面是一份电传的主要部分及其参考译文: TKS F UR OFA BUT RGRTS UR PRICES TOO HIGH F OUR MKT, AS GDS OF JAPANESE MAKE WITH SimILAR DES R ON SALE HR AT MCH LOWER PRICES. IF U RDU UR PRICE BY 5PCT, V WL ODA 1000 SETS. PLS TAKE THIS MATTR INTO CONSIDERATION N RPL ASAP. RGDS.
商贸函电指经济贸易活动中的各类信函、电报、电传等。 其文体特征主要有: 1) 措词简洁明了。为使表达明晰,商贸函电在措词上力求 简明扼要,不太讲究修饰。 2) 用语正式庄重。正式庄重的语言常常显得诚恳、自然、 有礼貌,因此常用于商贸函电中。 3) 专业术语较多。如FOB(离岸价)、CIF (到岸价)、 settlement(理赔)、L/C(信用证)、AC(承兑)等。 4) 具有相对固定的格式。商贸函电格式相对固定,大体上 由以下六个部分组成: a. 信头(the heading) b. 信内地址(the inside address) c. 称呼(the salutation) d. 信文(the body) e. 结束语 (the complimentary close) f. 签名(the signature)
英文广告翻译
• 第三:套译法
• 有些广告双关语的产生是建立在一定的文 化背景之上的。英语语言、文化在汉语中 的传播形成了双语翻译之间的桥梁。套译 法就是套用英语在汉语中已经沉积下来的 固有模式,对英语广告进行翻译。 • 例如:
• • • • • •
All is well that ends well. 烟蒂好,烟就好。 Better late than the late . 迟到总比丧命好。/晚了总比完了好。 We take no pride in prejudice. (Times) 对于您的偏见,我们没有傲慢。
语法双关
• 语法双关是指由于语法方面的问题产生的双关, 如省略结构、某词或词组具有两种以上语法功能 等。 • ----Which lager can claim to be truly German? • ----This can. (Lager 牌淡啤酒) • 译文: • --哪种大罐啤酒可称得上是地道的德国货? • --这罐。
• 广告语言就是“广告中的语言”,它包括各 种广告中所有的语言文字信息。在报纸、路 牌、招贴、橱窗、霓虹灯、邮件等视觉媒体 的广告中,广告语言是由文字、标点符号排 列组合而成。在广播、电话等听觉广告中, 广告语言则由语言(语音、语速)和停顿来 表示;在电视、电影等视听广告中,广告语 言又是由上述各种因素综合构成的。 • --《实用广告写作》
• Good to the last drop. • 滴滴香浓,意犹未尽。(Maxwell 麦斯威 尔咖啡)
• Obey your thirst. • 服从你的渴望。(雪碧)
• Come to where the flavor is—Marlboro Country. • 光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。(万宝路香 烟)
李观仪《新编英语教程(5)》(第3版)学习指南【词汇短语+课文精解+全文翻译+练习答案】
李观仪《新编英语教程(5)》(第3版)学习指南【词汇短语+课文精解+全文翻译+练习答案】目录Unit 1 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 2 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 3 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 4 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 5 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 6 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 7 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 8 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 9 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 10 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 11 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案Unit 12 一、词汇短语 二、参考译文 三、课文注释 四、练习答案弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录内容简介《新编英语教程(第3版)学习指南》按照原教材的课次进行编写,每单元涉及单元语法、词汇短语、参考译文、课文精解以及练习答案等内容,旨在帮助学生更好、更高效地学习和掌握教材中的重点及难点知识,具有很强的针对性和实用性。
在编写过程中,该书力求突出重点,答疑难点,语言言简意赅,讲解深入浅出,希望它能得到广大英语专业学生和英语自学者的喜爱和认可。
弘博学习网————各类考试资料全收录Unit 1一、词汇短语Text I1clumsy [5klQmzi] adj. moving or doing things in a very awkward way 笨拙的,拙劣的:I spilt your coffee. Sorry—that was clumsy of me.我把你的咖啡弄洒了。
新编英语教程第三册第三版B翻译
Unit 1在弗雷德看来,面试进行得很顺利。
五天前他曾向一家小公司申请工作,此刻那公司的一名董事正在对他进行面试。
在这之前弗雷德一直在当推销员。
他此刻想调工作并非是因为缺钱,而是因为作为一名推销员他几乎没有空闲的时间。
弗雷德在谈话前很担忧,生怕头脑发昏说错话,可是很幸运他发现自己同这位董事的一路的地方颇多。
显然这位董事很满意。
合法弗雷德在想着自己极可能取得工作时,董事接着问他:“你愿意加班吗?”In Fred’s view, the interview was going very smoothly indeed. Five days before, he had applied for a job at a small business company and now he was being interviewed by one of its directors.Fred had been working as a salesman. He wanted to change his job not because he was short of money, but because as a salesman he could hardly enjoy any leisure at all.Fred had been worried that he might lose his head and say something silly, but fortunately he found that he had a lot in common with the director.It was clear that the director was quite satisfied. Fred was thinking that his chances of landing the job were favourable when the director proceeded to ask, “Do you mind working over time?”Unit 2B.汉译英汤姆一开始同父亲谈话就想直截了本地把自己的意思说出来。
新视野英语教程第三册课后翻译答案(高职高专版)
三1你认为一个人要做些什么才能成为一个幸福的人?(to be a happy person)What do you think one can do to be a happy person?2. 自从她去年离开上海去重新过她的农村生活后,我的心里一直很失落。
(a void finds its way into…)Since she left Shanghai and resumed her life in the country last year, a void has found its way into my heart.3. 我甚至没想过他会中头奖。
(cross one's mind)It didn't even cross my mind that he would win the first prize.4. 我是在大城市长大的,忙忙碌碌的生活(rat race)对我不再新鲜了。
(grow up)I grew up in a big city, so the rat race is no longer new to me.1. 教书是一个重要的职业——一个令人神往的职业,充满挑战和激情。
(a fascinating one, filled with…)Teaching is an important profession—a fascinating one, filled with challenges and excitement.2. 如果这位科学伟人还活着的话,毫无疑问他会扩充他的定义,把最新的研究成果(research findings)包括进来。
(expand… to include)If the great scientist were still alive today, he would no doubt expand his definition to include the latest research findings.3. 解决国与国之间争端(dispute)的最好的办法是通过联合国。
经典广告英文翻译(PPT格式)
(2) 证言体 这类广告像一分证明书,提供“权威 人士”或“著名人士”对商品的鉴定、 赞扬、使用和见证,读来亲切可信。 翻译时应采用相同的方法,有实有据, 保证原文的说服力。例如:
以前我的头发干枯,粗糙,难以梳理, 自从用了潘婷营养洗发露,头发变得健康, 亮泽。因为潘婷营养洗发露含有独特的维他 命原B5,能由发根渗透到发尖,其全新改 良配方,能加倍保护头发,免受损害,令头 发分外健康,加倍亮泽。 My hair was dry, coarse and unmanageable. But from the time I began to use Pantene Pro-V Treatment Shampoo, it has become healthy and shiny. This is because Pantene Pro-V treatment Shampoo contains unique Pro VB5,which deeply penetrates your hair from root to tip. Its new improved formula gives your hair extra protection against damage, leaving it healthier and shiner.
1.广告的语言特点及英译:
玩弄辞藻 使用警策句,以发人思考,从而注 意广告中的商品 言简意赅,简洁易懂 使用大众化口语体
玩弄辞藻
堆砌形容词和形容词最高级 finest food, most attractive surroundings and a friendly disposition (餐馆广告) Incredible sale: beautiful, beautiful, beautiful lynx and mink, top quality, latest styles fur garments (服装广告) 夸大其辞, 以耸听闻 Our Sunday Brunch Buffet Is A Legend In Its Time (餐馆 广告) 运用押韵法 BETA Builds it Better (家具广告) Spend a dime, Save you time(电器广告) Never Late, on Father’s Day (礼品广告)
英语翻译教程教案Unit1
Unit 1Exercises1.中国人有在正月十五晚上吃元宵、赏花灯的习俗。
【原译】Chinese have the custom that they eat sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour and appreciate festive lanterns at the night of January 15.【改译】The Chinese have the custom of eating yuanxiao (sweet dumplings made of glutinous rice flour) and watching festive lanterns on the fifteenth evening of the first lunar month.其他译文:In China, it’s the custom (for people) to eat…There is a Chinese tradition of eating…According to custom, people in China eat…2.他的不合作态度使这个项目进展十分缓慢。
【原译】The project makes less progress because of his incooperation.【改译】The project is making very slow progress due to his lack of cooperation,The project is proceeding rather slowly because of his uncooperativeness.His uncooperative attitude accounted for the slow progress of the project.His uncooperative attitude resulted in the project’s slow progress.3.你们谁想参加春游就在星期五之前报名并交费。
新视野英语教程第二册课后翻译答案(高职高专版).(优选)
新视野英语教程 2汉译英Unit One1.房子着火了,里面的人面临着死亡的危险。
(in danger of)The house was on fire and people inside were in danger of losing their lives.2.他买不起这么好的房子。
(afford to do)He cannot afford to buy such a nice house.3.这个主意听起来也许有些怪,不过还真有点道理。
(make sense)Although this idea may sound strange, it does make sense.4. 约翰看起来是个好人。
即便如此,我还是不信任他。
(even so)John seems (to be) a nice person. Even so, I don't trust him.Unit Two1.如果他一开始谈论过去,你就永远都没法从他那儿脱身。
(get away from)If he starts talking about the past, you'll never get away from him.2. 冬天失业率有上升的趋势。
(tendency)There is a tendency for job losses to rise in the winter.3.在我不断地要求下,父亲终于同意和我一起去澳大利亚了。
(frequent)Because of my frequent demands, father finally agreed to go to Australia with me.4.他把老店卖了,开了一家新店,以便赚更多的钱。
(make money)He sold his shop and opened a new one to make more money.Unit Three1.我们应该从失败中吸取教训, 这是很重要的。
经典广告英文翻译..
使用大众化口语体
现代广告多采用家喻户晓的俗语,口语,读来亲切感人。翻译 时,应注意选用切适的英语口语词,力求使疑问在语气上与原 文保持一致。例如:
”航空牌“人造皮革箱 用料上乘,做工精细,款式新颖,价格合 理,规格齐全,欢迎选购。
“Aviation” Artificial Leather Suitcase Selected materials, fine workmanship, modern designs, reasonable price, various specifications. Order welcome.
“雪莲”牌羊绒衫 北京生产的”雪莲”牌羊绒衫,系选用优质的山羊绒 作原料制成.本品具有色泽鲜艳,手感柔滑,穿着舒适,轻, 软,暖等特点,由于该产品品质优良,做工精细,花型,款式 新颖,尺码齐全,受到过外消费者的热烈欢迎.
“Snow Lotus” Cashmere Sweaters “Snow Lotus” Cashmere Sweaters from Beijing are made from superior Chinese Cashmere fibre. They are lustrous in colour, supple, light, warm and comfortable to wear. Owing to their fp, novel designs and styles, and complete size range, they have gained popularity from consumers abroad.
Welcome to Qingdao
Here you will see beautiful scenes, breathtaking wonders, First-class facilities and efficient services. You can bask, indulge, and luxuriate on the beautiful beaches, and in the golden sunshine.
基础英语(综合教程)2课后句子翻译
Unit1:1.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术,令观众仿佛身临其境。
(illusion)Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves.2.在那场大火中,整个古城毁于一旦,但是这块石碑却幸运地保存了下来。
(devastate)That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived.3.他们看了那段录像,听了那位妇女的讲述,心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情。
(fill with)The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake.4.那场大地震中,我们听到过太多太多教师的事迹,他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生,献出了自己的生命。
(leave behind)In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives.5.豫园的建造始于1558年,但由于资金短缺时建时停,1578年才建成。
(off and on)The construction of the Y u Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money.6.1980年我遇到她时,她刚从国外读完硕士回来。
新编跨文化交际英语教程1~7单元翻译
Unit 2 Page 60 Unit 3 Page 96Unit 5 Page 175 Unit 6 Page 215Case 2A common cultural misunderstanding in classes involves conflicts between what is said to be direct communication style and indirect communication style. In American culture, people tend to say what is on their minds and to mean what they say. Therefore, students in class are expected to ask questions when they need clarification. Mexican culture shares this preference of style with American culture in some situations, and that‘s why the students from Mexico readily adopted the techniques of asking questions in class. However, Korean people generally prefer indirect communication style, and therefore they tend to not say what is on their minds and to rely more on implications and inference, so as to be polite and respectful and avoid losing face through any improper verbal behavior. As is mentioned in the case, to many Koreans, numerous questions would show a disrespect for the teacher, and would also reflect that the student has not studied hard enough.Case 3The conflict here is a difference in cultural values and beliefs. In the beginning, Mary didn’t realize that her Dominican sister saw her as a member of the family, literally. In the Dominican view, family possessions are shared by everyone of the family. Luz was acting as most Dominican sisters would do in borrowing without asking every time. Once Mary understood that there was a different way of looking at this, she would become more accepting. However, she might still experience the same frustration when this happened again. She had to find ways to cope with her own emotional cultural reaction as well as her practical problem (the batteries running out).Case 6When a speaker says something to a hearer, there are at least three kinds ofmeanings involved: utterance meaning, speaker’s meaning and hearer’s meaning. In the dialogue, when Litz said ‘How long is she going to stay?’ she meant to say that if she knew how long her mother-in-law was going to stay in Finland, she would be able to make proper arrangements for her, such as taking her out to do some sightseeing. However, her mother-in-law overheard the conversation, and took Litz’s question to mean “Litz does not want me to stay for long”. From the Chinese point of view, it seems to be inappropriate for Litz to ask such a question just two days after her mother-in-law’s arrival. If she feels she has to ask the question, it would be better to ask some time later and she should not let her mother-in-law hear it.Case 7Keiko insists on giving valuable gifts to her college friends, because in countries like Japan, exchanging gifts is a strongly rooted social tradition. Should you receive a gift, and don’t have one to offer in return, you will probably create a crisis. If not as serious as a crisis, one who doesn’t offer a gift in return may be considered rude or impolite. Therefore, in Japan, gifts are a symbolic way to show appreciation, respect, gratitude and further relationship.Keiko obviously has taken those used items from Mary, Ed and Marion as gifts, for she probably doesn’t know that Americans frequently donate their used household items to church or to the community. Mary, Ed and Marion would never consider those used household items given to Keiko as gifts. No wonder they felt very uncomfortable when they received valuable gifts in return.Case 10In Japan, a company is often very much like a big family, in which the manger(s) will take good care of the employees and the employees are expected to devote themselves to the development of the company and, if it is necessary, to sacrifice their own individual interests for the interests of the company, from which, in the long run, the employees will benefit greatly. But for the French, a company is just a loosely- knit social organization wherein individuals are supposed to take care of themselves and their families. Moreover, the way the French make decisions in the family might also be different from the typical Japanese one, which may not often involve females and the power to decide usually lies with the dominating male. As there are such cultural differences between the Japanese and the French, Mr. Legrand’s decision made Mr. Tanaka feel dumbfounded.Case 12In this case, it seems that the Chinese expectations were not fulfilled. First, having two people sharing host responsibilities could be somewhat confusing to the hierarchically minded Chinese. Second, because age is often viewed as an indication of seniority, the Chinese might have considered the youth of their Canadian hosts as slight to their own status. Third, in China, it is traditional for the host to offer a welcome toast at the beginning of the meal, which is the reciprocated by the guests; by not doing so, the Canadian might be thought rude. The abrupt departure of the Chinese following the banquet was probably an indication that they were not pleased with the way they were treated. The Canadians’ lack of understanding of the Chinese culture and the Chinese ways of communication clearly cost them in their business dealings with the visiting delegation.Case 17When these two men separate, they may leave each other with very different impressions.Mr Richardson is very pleased to have made the acquaintance of Mr Chu and feels they have gotten off to a very good start. They have established their relationship on a first-name basis and Mr Chu’s smile seemed to indicate that he will be friendly and easy to do business with. Mr Richardson is particularly pleased that he had treated Mr Chu with respect for his Chinese background by calling him Hon-fai rather than using the western name, David, which seemed to him an unnecessary imposition of western culture.In contrast, Mr Chu feels quite uncomfortable with Mr Richardson. He feels it will be difficult to work with him, and that Mr Richardson might be rather insensitive to cultural differences. He is particularly bothered that, instead of calling him David or Mr Chu, Mr Richardson used his given name, Hon-fai, the name rarely used by anyone, in fact. It was this embarrassment which caused him to smile. He would feel more comfortable if they called each other Mr Chu and Mr Richardson. Nevertheless, when he was away at school in North America he learned that Americans feel uncomfortable calling people Mr for any extended period of time. His solution was to adopt a western name. He chose David for use in such situations.Case 19Talking about what’s wrong is not easy for people in any culture, but people in high-context countries like China put high priority on keeping harmony, preventing anyone from losing face, and nurturing the relationship. It seems that Ron Kelly had to learn a different way of sending message when he was in China. At home in Canada he would have gone directly to the point. But in China, going directly to the problem with someone may suggest that he or she has failed to live up to his or her responsibility and the honor of his or her organization is in question. In high-context cultures like China, such a message is serious and damaging. In low-context cultures, however, the tendency is just to “spit it out”, to get it into words and worry about the result later. Senders of unwelcome messages use objective facts, assuming, as with persuasion, that facts are neutral, instrumental, and impersonal. Indirectness is often the way members of high-context cultures choose to communicate about a problem. Case 21Sometimes our best intentions can lead to breakdowns (故障)in cross-cultural communication. For example, one of the very common manners of touching --- handshaking --- may result in conflict when performed with no consideration of cultural differences. Among middle-class North American men, it is customary to shake hands as a gesture of friendship. When wanting to communicate extra friendliness, a male in the United States may, while shaking hands, grasp with his left hand his friend’s right arm. However, to people of Middle Eastern countries, the left hand is profane (亵渎的) and touching someone with it is highly offensive. Therefore, in Vernon’s eyes, Kenneth was actually an extremely offensive message to him. Case 22In Puerto Rican culture, as in some other Latin American and Eastern cultures, it is not right for a child to keep an eye-contact with an adult who is accusing him or her, while in the United States, failing of meeting other person’s eye accusing him or her would be taken as a sign of guiltiness. As the principal knew little about this cultural difference in using eye-contact, he decided that the girl must be guilty. Generallyspeaking, avoiding eye-contact with the other(s) is often considered as an insult in some cultures, but may signify respect for authority and obedience in other cultures. Case 25For people from the American culture and western European cultures, one’s time should be scheduled into segments or compartments which are to be kept discrete from one another. They prefer to do one thing at a time. They will be annoyed when they have made an appointment with somebody, only to find a lot of other things going on at the same time. They don’t like to interrupt others and be interrupted by other while they are doing something. In contrast, people from many other cultures including the Chinese culture are more likely to operate with several people, ideas, or matters simultaneously. They are more easily distracted and subject to interruptions, which they would not usually mind very much. The miscommunication between Katherine and the director can be ascribed to their lack of knowledge about each other’s way of using time.In this case, to the Chinese director as well as many other Chinese people, it is natural to handle the other things which needed to be dealt with immediately. He may have thought that, in this way, he utilized the time best. But to Katherine and most Westerners, it’s quite different. They tend to do things strictly according to their schedule and appointments with others, which is their concept of using time best.高语境交流和低语境交流(由高到低排列)Japanese, Chinese, Korean, African American, Native American, Arab, Greek, Latin,Italian,English,Frech,Amercian,Scandinavian,German,German-Swiss。
广告好处英语
广告好处英语广告好处英语篇1:广告英语教程课文翻译广告的最终目的是推销商品。
为实现此目的,广告撰稿人常利用比喻、拟人、双关、押韵等修辞格来增强语言的表达效果。
下面和小编一起来看看课文吧!广告英语教程课文翻译一、选题依据:(背景与意义、国内外研究现状与发展趋势)背景与意义:随着经济全球化的进一步加快,国际经济的进一步发展带动了广告业的腾飞,英语广告翻译日益成为翻译学研究的重要组成部分,广告翻译的发展对国际贸易的发展不言而喻。
广告是商战中的有力的武器,广告英语是一种专门用途的英语,他与普通英语有着较大的差别,本文结合大量的实例,从广告英语的语法特点、句法特点和修辞特点三方面分析了广告英语的特点,并浅析了其翻译策略。
英语广告翻译作为翻译学的一个新的领域,引起了众多的翻译工作者和研究人员的注意,发展仍然不够成熟和完善,这篇论文正是针对这一系列的问题提出了英语广告的特点和英语广告的翻译策略等重要意义的课题。
从而为英语广告的翻译提供了有效的途径,为众多的翻译工作人员提供了重要的借鉴,同时也推动广告业及广告翻译事业的长足发展。
国内外研究现状与发展趋势:在国际商品贸易发达的今天,广告也日益具有国际性。
从一种语言到另一种语言,广告的翻译既要保留原文的精华,又要符合消费者的心理。
与其他翻译不同的是,上述目的要在对一个广告语的翻译中实现,这就需要运用语言,营销以及美学方面的综合知识。
在翻译的过程中应根据广告的特点,选用适当的表达方法,使译文在表达出原文全部信息的基础上,充分体现原文风格和表现形式,再现原文风貌。
目前,英语广告的翻译比英语文学的翻译起步晚,发展不成熟,随着国际品牌打入国内,英语广告的翻译成为翻译领域的重要课题。
目前国内外的学者已经对英语广告的翻译有了广泛的研究,《文学及语言巨献》杂志中多次刊登了中国的诸多学者关于广告英语翻译策略的文章,并且通过大量的鲜活的例子对具体的翻译方法做出了说明,虽然英语广告翻译的研究已经在国内外取得了显著的成绩,但在国内市场上,有的商家谋利心切且翻译人员也只是粗制滥造,使的众多品牌广告的翻译不够准确有的甚至偏离产品原本别具匠心的宣传口号,实际上是不利于商业和广告翻译事业的发展。
综合英语教程3课后翻译中英互译unit
综合英语教程3课后翻译中英互译u n i t(总4页)--本页仅作为文档封面,使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--1.她似乎与新同学相处得不好She doesn’t seem to get along with her new classmates.2.我与玛丽失去联系多年I’d been out of touch with Mary for year, but I managed to reachher by phone yesterday.3.那老兵喜欢对每一位来访者炫耀他的勋章The veteran enjoys showing off his medals to everyone who visitshim.4. 她丈夫似乎非常反对他出国He husband seems very much opposed to her going abroad.5. 因为托马斯不安心工作他父母很担忧As Thomas couldn’t settle down in his job, his parents were veryworried.6. 我口袋里总装着各种各样的小东西I always have all kinds of bits and pieces in my pockets.7. 她母亲通过一些私人关系是他进入商界Her mother pulled a few strings to get her into the businesscircle.8. 我希望这些菜合你们的口味I hope the food is to your liking.9.那些男孩太吵我把他们骂了一顿__I told the boys off for making so much noise.1. 他决定立即着手这项复杂的工程He resolved to work on the complicated project immediately.2. 他们看见对面的老人被对面驶来的汽车撞倒They saw an old man knocked over by a car coming from the oppositedirection.3. 他在黑暗中摇摇晃晃搜索着电灯开关He walked unsteadily / stumbled along in the dark, groping for thelight-switch.4. 病了三个月后她几乎站不稳了After three month’s illness, he found it difficult to rise to hisfeet again.5. 由于人手不足无法按期完成任务Owing to the staff shortage, the task could not be fulfilled onschedule.6. 在经济萧条期公司遭遇财政困难During the period of depression, the company was running intofinancial difficulties.7. 那盲女上了公车乘客们给他让出了地方When the blind girl got on the crowded bus, the passengers maderoom for her.8.他终于抓住了悬崖的岩石止住了下滑__He at last managed to hold on to the rock on the cliff and stopped himself from1. 母亲立刻派汤姆去叫医生Mother immediately sent Tom for the doctor.2. 由于糖用完了他没做成蛋糕She failed to bake the cake as she had run out of sugar.3. 我知道您现在忙极了I know how desperately busy you are now.4. 汤姆说错了话惹得全班同学哄堂大笑The whole class roared with l aughter at Tom’s slip of the tongue.5. 针剪刀这类东西必须放在小孩子够不到的地方Such things as needles and scissors should be kept out of the reach of children.6. 战士在烈日地下被晒得大汗淋漓The soldiers stood under the burning scorching sun, drenched with sweat.7. 他最后终于回到了他的祖国__He returned to his own country / motherland in theend_____________________________1. 我显然是高估了自己的方向感下次一定要记着带地图Obviously I overestimated my sense of direction. Net time, I will remember to bring along a map with me.2. 母亲对他那个自私不孝的儿子彻底失望了The mother is not thoroughly disillusioned with her selfishunfilial son.3. 她很不善于见什么人说什么话She has no knack for saying the right thing at the right time.4. 从一开始他就和足球结下了不解之缘He and football were meant for each other from the start.5.老板指派我在第一个月里做秘书My boss assigned me the secretarial work for the first month.6. 驾驶员违反交通规则出了罚款外还有别的处罚办法么?If a driver breaks traffic rules, are there any alternatives to a fire?7. 他老是笨手笨脚因而常遭他人嘲笑__Being a clumsy person, he often subjects himself to1. 那天晚上james和你一起吃完饭了么?Did James have supper with you on the night in question?2. 教练对比赛的最终结果表示感谢The coach was satisfied with the ultimate victory of the match. 3. 为了排除各国人民交往的语言障碍许多语言学家都在研究新的世界语To remove the linguistic barriers in communication among the people of the world, linguists have embarked on the study of a new universal language.4. 合资企业的出现是我们有了更多接触外国人的机会The emergence of joint-venture enterprises has increased our opportunities to have contact with foreigners.5.妈妈嘱咐他收拾起桌上零碎的东西并放在抽屉里Mother asked him to gather up the bits and pieces of his belongings from the desk and put them in the drawer.6. 因为一句玩笑他们发生了争吵Their argument arose out of a small joke.7. 照片不清楚我认不出其中的女孩The picture is too blurred for me to identify the girl in it.8. 如果有人说他自己能和鬼神交流你会信么?__If someone claims to have the ability to communicate with ghosts, would you believe it?__1.毕业后他先做工程师然后当了厂长After graduation, he became an engineer to start with, then the director of a plant.2. 我想我还是接受他的邀请为好因为你不能老是拒绝别人I think I may as well accept his invitation, for you can't keep saying no to people.3. 为了安全起见每个人都必须系上安全带Everyone in the car must wear a seat belt for the sake of safety.4. 把温度降到零度水会变成冰Reduce the temperature to zero degree centigrade and water will freeze / turn into ice.5. 他被指控犯盗窃罪事实上他是无辜的He was accused of theft. But actually he was innocent.6. 出了女主角的表演有点过火外这是一部优秀的影片The heroine's performance is a little exaggerated, but otherwise it is an excellent movie.7. 有时大人也会上小孩的当Sometimes even adults will fall for children's tricks.8. 如果她和你分手那是你活该谁让你老是对她撒谎呢?__You lied to her again and again. So if she leaves you, it serves you right________________1. 我没按父亲的意愿去做生意他很生气My father was very cross at my not learning business from him. 2.这些孩子虽然现在很调皮但长大后他们会明白做坏事是要受到惩罚的Although these kids are very naughty now, they will grow up one day understanding that creating trouble for others would not get away with impunity.3. 她请人把东西用蓝布包好装进箱子She had her things wrapped in a piece of blue cloth and put into the suitcase.4. 我下个月回家度假I'll be home on leave next month.5. 我们费了九牛二虎之力把门弄开We had a terrible job to open the door.6. 他们不知道她就在附近Unknown to them, she was nearby.7. 这个罪犯被剥夺了一切政治权利The criminal was deprived of all political rights.8. 对不起是我错了__I’m sorry, I'm in the1. 春天和秋天我都喜欢但我更喜欢春天I prefer to spring to autumn though I love both seasons.2. 我相信电子汽车有一天会取代汽油汽车I believe that electric cars will one day supplant petrol-driven ones.3. 他们提醒他攀登喜马拉雅山很危险可他不听They warned him of the danger of climbing the Himalayas, but he wouldn’t listen.4. 老师告诉学生他们的前途取决于教育The teacher told his students that their future prospects hinged on their education.5. 她获得了最佳演员奖大家都觉得她当之无愧Everybody thinks that she deserved the award Best Actress of the Year.6.这个孩子每次碰到困难都去找妈妈而不是自己想办法Every time the girl came across a problem, she would turn to her mother for a solution, rather than trying to solve it herself.7. 丈夫去世后他一如既往培养3个女儿After her husband died, she continued to nurture her three daughters.8. 现在人们学英语似乎不是在学习一门有实用价值的语言而是在学一种语法It seemed that a lot of people learn English less as a practical language than its grammar.。
E英语教程智慧版第三册课文翻译
E英语教程第三册课文译文Unit 1 短信达人的火星文你需要发短信告诉妈妈你的足球训练取消了。
为了不被老师发现,你慢慢地、娴熟地将一只手伸进书包,从衣服内袋里掏出你那亮紫色的手机,小心翼翼地避免碰到任何按键,以免这一秘密行动被此刻正在教室前面讲课的老师发现。
你把手机放在大腿上,尽量不在打字的时候低头看手机,同时输入“足球取消,两点来接,谢谢。
”信息发送出去了。
因担心将手机放回包里时会不小心被老师发现,所以你将手机放到夹克口袋里。
但是,等等......刚才你去洗手间的路上,在大厅里从你永远的最好的朋友露西身边经过,看到她的发型很搞笑。
真是不能等到吃午饭时才告诉她,只有不进义气的朋友才会让她顶着那个糟糕的发型到处乱跑。
于是,你又重复了一通偷偷摸摸发短信的过程∶“整整你的头发,竖起来了!!!”此时,你不仅错过了可能很重要的两分钟的讲课内容,而且你的拼写和词汇也越来越糟。
你能看懂这篇文章的标题吗任何曾发过短信或使用过即时通讯的人都能看懂。
大多数青少年都喜欢发短信。
我们的英语老师、家长以及未来的雇主都希望我们注意语法,但在现实中,大多数人都不在意。
有时我们必须要用正确的语法,而有时则没必要。
但问题是,何时必须检查拼写、进行校对何时只要输入、发送信息即可这两者之间的界限正在变得模糊,几乎无法分辨。
打字的方式影响我们的拼写方式。
你是否发现自己曾经在学业论文中用“u”来代替“you”?又或者用“tho”来代替“though”?在当今世界,即时满足就是一切,我们根本不会花费时间去输入多余的字母。
虽然当今的青少年未来终将成为设置拼写和语法标准的人,但现在还是由比我们年长的人负责着这些标准,他们瞧不起犯拼写错误和语法错误的人,这些错误很容易影响到一个人的成绩或工作机会。
无论我们是否注意到,当我们进行非正式沟通时,我们选择使用的词语,或者说我们没有选择使用的词语都十分重要。
我们几乎从未见过一个十几岁的孩子在短信中使用老师教授过的丰富词汇。
广告英语的特点和翻译方法浅谈
广告英语的特点和翻译方法浅谈摘要:现代社会的每一个角落都充斥着广告。
随着当今世界对广告作用的愈来愈重视,广告英语的翻译也颇受人们关注。
本文主要针对商业英语广告,对广告语言的特点进行了归纳, 提出了翻译中用到的一些具体方法,并对翻译时应该注意的问题做了大致总结。
[关键词] 广告广告英语的特点广告英语翻译策略1、广告英语的特点1.1广告英语的词汇特点张培基(1988)指出广告英语(English for advertising / advertisement English)是一种具有很高商业价值的实用文体。
英语的advertise一词源于拉丁语advertere, 意为to turn one’s attention to; “广告”,就是将公众注意力引向某种事物的一种宣传活动。
广告英语须简洁、形象、富于感染力。
因此恰当、准确的选词对广告的效力有着不可忽视的作用。
1.1.1简明易懂,通俗易记对于广告文字,刘宓庆(1998)认为,必须具备通俗易懂的特性,多用大众化的口语词汇,少用或不用晦涩、深奥的词语,使消费者看得明白,说得清楚。
如,Nike, just do it. ( 耐克,想做就做)。
再如,Scots Whisky Uncommonly smooth. ( 苏格兰威士忌口感滋润非同凡响)。
1.1.2创新拼写,增强吸引力在广告英语中,创作人员会故意把人们所熟知的词拼错,或加上前缀、后缀。
虽然新造词与原词形态不同,但意义仍存,这既可以达到生动、有趣和引人注意的目的,又可以有效地传播商品信息。
同时,人们往往认为用词富于创新的广告,其宣传的产品常具独特之处。
如,Give a Timex to all, to all a good Time.(拥有一块天美时表,拥有一段美好时光)。
这是“天美时”表的广告标题。
Timex = Time + Excellent,由此对表的计时准确等特点给予了充分强调。
又如,For twogether the ultimate all inclusive one price sunkissed holiday.(两人共度一个阳光灿烂的假日,一切费用均包括在单人价格之内。
世纪商务英语翻译教程(第三版)Unit 3Trademarks商标
Sec 3 Sec 4 Sec 6 Sec 7
Poison牌香水是由克里司汀·迪奥公司于1985年推出的。其独具 匠心的命名和香调,加之瓶装设计的紫罗兰颜色,赋予了本款香水一种 神秘感,成为吸引人们关注的一大特点,也使该香水成为经典品牌。中 文译作“百爱神”,这种译法很有创意,也饱含寓意,并且体现出了这 款香水的魅力。有人认为将其翻译成毒药,会使人怀着一种逆反的心理 购买从而增加销量,但是中西方文化毕竟存在。
a. Harbin Beer
b. Hapi
_b_. _采__用__音_译__结__合__法__,_该__商__标__与__H_ap_p_y_音__相__近__,_能__够__给__人__带_来__美__好__的__感_觉__。_
(3) 贝芬洗手液
a. Bei Fen
b. Befit
b_._采__用__音__意__结__合_法__,__让__人__感_到__使__用__该__产_品__牌__洗__手__液_能__使__人__更__健_康__。______ (4) 金纺洗衣液
可乐”在中国文化中给人带来美好的联想, “可口”一词给人一种味 道好的感觉, “可乐”则表示“可以带来快乐”。此外, 译名与原商 标词在发音上很相近, 节奏也相符, 并且形式上都具有同样的美感。
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SECTION 7 Practice
Ⅵ.试分析下面几个商标的翻译为什么堪称是妙译、绝译?我们从中能得到
(2) Sailing Travel Clock(席而灵牌小闹钟)
Yes. Sailing 音译“席而灵”,意译“航行”,因此作为旅行小闹钟的商 标十分贴切。 (3) Fang Fang(芳芳牌口红)
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广告活动是多样的方法中的任意一种,这些方法被一个公司用来提高其产品或服务的销售额或者推销一个品牌名字。
广告活动也被组织或个体用来传播一个想法或想象,招募员工,公布事件或者查找一件小物品或商品。
经济学家把产品广告视为要么是有利的(由于它提供了有关产品的信息,所以使市场臻于完美的竞争状态),要么就是完美竞争状态的障碍物,由于它试图在几乎相似的产品之间做了一个虚构的区别(例如更大的性别诉求)。
虽然一些方面可能在公司内部被处理(内部的)但是专业广告公司通常操纵着一个公司的产品、服务或企业商标的广告。
广告有两种基本类型,分别是信息式广告和劝说式广告。
广告的有效性是很难去衡量的。
市场部门通常对一个公司的广告预算负责,他可以尝试通过市场调查衡量他们公司的广告是否成功。
广告主使用各种各样的传播媒介,例如报纸和杂志,电视和广播,还有海报。
在报纸和杂志中,分类广告是小广告,只有一些线条,不带插图的印刷。
它们通常被个体或群体使用。
展示性广告是大一些的广告,通常刊登一个图像和文字的混合体,一般是在版面内的。
大一些的群体通常雇佣广告公司设计一场广告战役。
广告公司一般会着手市场调查为用于战役中的广告的设计做准备。
然后他会在电视、报纸等媒体为广告预订版面和时段。
广告不是都针对所有人的。
为确保其广告针对最精确的目标受众进行诉求,广告主确保当他们设计其广告战役时,他们心里有一个目标受众。
人们已经大体上被划分为许多目标受众的不同部分,范围从大量的专业人员到学生、退休人员和失业者。
这意味着一个广告主可以根据他们的目标受众的社会经济背景来制定诉求。
Unit 2广告的历史分为四个时期,分别是古代时期、印刷时期、成熟时期和现代广告。
古代时期。
说明式传播在早期就已经产生。
来自古巴比伦、古埃及和古埃及的碑、墙、纸草上的铭刻刊登了列有可利用的产物及即将来临的事件的信息。
因为印刷时期前普遍的文盲,大部分信息实际上是被叫卖者传播的,这些叫卖者就是站在街角喊着货物赞助人的那些人。
商店和其出售的产品,通过广告牌被区分识别。
早期商业广告的目标是信息而不是说服。
印刷时期。
大约1440年约翰内斯古登堡活字印刷的发明把社会推向了一个传播的新水平——大众传播。
不再被一个抄写员手写信所需要的时间所限制,一个单一的信息广告可以被大量生产。
印刷媒体对于更大数量的人来说的有用性提高了读写能力的水平,转而,这种现象鼓励了更多的商人去做广告。
从媒体方面看,早期的印刷广告包括海报、手册和报纸中的分类广告。
从18世纪到19世纪,信息保持简洁并且有教益的。
成熟时期。
19世纪中期标志着广告产业在美国发展的开端。
这个时期出现的广告的重要性和成长是由与工业革命相关的大量的社会和技术发展导致的。
近19世纪后期,广告职业更加充分地发展。
广告公司承担说服制造商为他们的产品做广告的角色。
广告承担一个更完整的信息的,且有教育意义的角色。
文案撰写在这个时期成为一个优雅而高尚的技艺。
现代广告。
近20世纪初,广告产业已经成为市场主力,并已经实现了一个受到尊重的显著水平。
相较硬性广告方法,软性广告通过对明确的信息的一个慢慢的积累创造形象。
随着一战的爆发,广告产业为国防委员会提供了服务。
因此产生了公益广告,这种广告依赖于志愿职业,并且捐献时段和版面。
在1929年,经济大萧条开始之后,广告大量地减少。
之后,主要媒体——广播和电视的发展改变了广告。
在20世纪60年代,一次广告革命带来一场关于艺术、灵感和直觉的复兴。
随着我们接近21世纪的时候,广告在一个不断的巨大的变化中,并且正在寻找同时提高创造力和利润的新方向。
在如今的营销世界,如果不通过以消费者的角度看待产品,那么交易通常会失败。
成功的营销始于一个产品,即在合适的消费者愿意支付的某个价格水平上可以销售出去。
然后营销者必须把产品投放到消费者能够购买到该产品的市场中去。
营销者必须促销该产品——即为该产品做广告,是消费者信服从而去购买该产品。
在广告的任意一部分被考虑到之前,一个完整的营销计划、发展和执行需要大量的工作。
例如,营销者必须找到在营销组合中考虑到的许多问题的答案:产品:该产品是否是消费者需要的?它是否满足消费者的需求?它是否优于竞争性产品?它是否提供了一个有竞争力的消费者利益?该利益是实的还是虚的?价格:产品的定价是否具有竞争力,是消费者愿意为其付款?通路:产品是否能在便于被消费者看到的地方被找到并且购买?促销:产品的竞争利益是否是说服式地传达给适合的消费者的?如你所见,在广告的形成中,促销是营销计划的唯一一部分。
注意以下一点很重要:除非产品在一个消费者愿意支付的价格上提供一个竞争利益,同时除非产品在销售中,否则曾经被设计出的最好的广告计划也一定会失败并且完全地失败。
事实上,产品如果不满足营销组合的要求,那么再好的广告也起不到应有的效果,只会加速其灭亡。
有效的广告策略只能来自有效的营销策略。
制定营销是好广告的基础。
图表(从上到下,从左到右):企业目标营销战略营销组合产品组合:品牌名称包装产品功能质量保证定价组合:打折捆绑销售价格浮动价格通路组合:分销渠道销售库存管理促销组合:广告个人销售宣传促销消费者成本便利沟通Unit 4传播元素包括在卖者与买者之间所有与营销相关的传播。
各种营销传播工具由传播组合组成。
人际传播包括与消费者私人的联系,可能是书信、备忘录、个人采访、电话交流和电子邮件。
非人际传播用一些媒介作为中间人来进行传播。
它包括了广告、直接营销、特定的公共关系活动、辅助材料和促销。
广告有时被称为群体或非个人的销售。
通常其目的是告知、劝说或提醒消费者有关特定产品和服务(的信息)像化妆品这样差异大的产品,广告起的作用很大,但是像盐、糖、其他原材料及商品这样差异不大的产品,广告起的作用不大。
一下是广告成功的五个要点:·高度重要的需求趋势·提供给显著产品差异的机会·对消费者极为重要的隐形品质·使用强烈感性诉求的机会·用来支持广告的充足资金直接营销涉及销售过程,即像把商场带给消费者,例如邮购商行。
其建立和保留了其顾客的数据资源,用各种媒介与顾客交流。
电话营销是一种通过人与人电话联系完成销售的直接营销技术。
直接营销有四个明显的特征:非公共性、即时性、顾客性和互动性,很适合高目标的营销任务。
公共关系,例如宣传活动(新闻发布、媒介广告、软文)和特别活动(开放场所、工厂参观和开业典礼)用于告知各种受众关于群体及其产品(的信息)并建立企业信誉度和形象。
辅助材料包括小册子、目录、产品宣传册、电影资料、销售工具包和年度报告。
促销通过刺激渠道内成员或潜在消费者做一些快速明显的行为完善了短期内营销组合的基本机制,例如,产品派送、免费样品、展览、竞赛、购物抽奖和打折优惠券。
整合营销传播方法在营销者中正变得如此受欢迎。
但是为什么它被大部分营销者所欢迎呢?有很多原因。
最基本的原因是营销者正意识到,从战略上来说,整合不同的传播功能要比它们独自运作更有价值。
通过协调他们的营销传播力量,群体可以避免重复,利用多种传播工具的协同和发展高效且有效的营销传播项目。
公司对其产品和服务的销售方式的变化正推动着朝向整合营销传播的进程。
有一种现行的改革正在改变营销的规则和传统媒介广告的作用。
这个改革的重要方面包括:营销资金从媒介广告到其他促销形式的一个转变;远离依赖广告中心、用来解决传播问题的方法(这些方法依赖大众传播,例如报纸、杂志)的一个行为;市场力量从制造商到零售商的一个转换;数据库营销的快速成长;对于来自广告公司更大的责任制及其被补偿的方式的需求;还有网络的迅速成长。
整合营销传播的成长很可能会继续,因为上述讨论的改革所导致的公司对其产品和服务销售方式的变化推动了整合营销的发展。
此外,许多营销者和广告公司认识到使用整合营销传播方法的重要性,并且他们正在成为整合营销的提倡者。
整合营销传播的趋势反映了营销者对环境变化的适应,尤其看重顾客、技术和媒介。
主要的变化正在顾客中发生,主要看重媒介使用和购买购物模式。
持续的媒介市场分裂、交互式媒体的迅速成长和网上服务也创造了得到顾客的新方法。
尽管整合营销传播会继续受到批评,并且可能经历改变,但是我们是不可能回归到大众媒体占统治地位,其他促销形式各自发挥运作功能的传统体制下的。
Unit 6调查是广告和营销的脊梁。
它为制定明智的营销和广告计划提供了实际根据。
制定广告策略的人及其创造的广告——概念、广告标题和广告口号、广告标语、版面设计和标识——用多种调查技术为他们自身的任务做准备。
他们也用调查来测试策略和一个概念或方法的不同版本。
在广告战役开始之后,调查被用于评估战役的成功性。
调查是一根把所做的全部决定连在一起的线,这些决定贯彻了营销计划、广告计划、广告战役和独立广告的发展。
调查是一个获得信息和获得一个明智观点的更加系统的方法。
虽然调查对于缺少满25年经验的人尤其有用,但是它同样可以提供出人意料的信息给有经验的广告主。
许多企业执行者已经发现,没有一个系统的调查被着手来回答问题或调查问题前,他们的行动是盲目的。
战略性调查通常涉及到四个领域:市场、消费者、合作和产品调查。
营销调查中的一种类型叫做市场调查,是更加明确的并被用来收集有关一个特定市场的信息。
消费者调查是营销调查中另一种重要的类型。
它集中于顾客是如何想、如何感受、如何决定和如何行动的。
顾客信息是起源于两种不同类型的调查的。
定性研究尝试理解当人们那么做的时候,他们是如何及为何想和行动的。
一般结果是用文字来传达的。
在另一方面,定量研究积累了大量用数字来表达的数据,例如公开的广告、购买和其他与营销相关的事件。
结果是用数字来表达的。
然而,大多数广告计划人同时利用定性研究和定量研究,因为他们认为理解和描述消费者行为是重要的。
Unit 7消费者行为被定义为:那些直接涉及获得和使用经济的产品及服务的个人行为,包括在这些行为之前进行的并决定这些行为的决策过程。
关于消费者行为的研究提供了重要的观点,这些观点对于广告主指定目标群体和了解市场中的消费者行为都是有用的。
关于消费者行为的各个方面所做的决定是以影响消费者行为的外部环境和内部状况为根据的。
消费者外部环境的许多方面影响着消费者在市场中做决定的方法。
这些影响可以被划分为文化的和社会的。
文化的影响包括主流文化带来的影响或由非主流文化发出的影响。
文化被定义为由有形的项目(艺术、文学、建筑、家具、服饰和音乐)加上定义一群人或一个生活方式的无形概念(知识、法律、道德和风俗)组成的一个混合体。
组成一种文化的概念、价值和行为被学习和代代相传。
文化为行为建立的界限称为准则。
准则是我们直觉知道的,用来说明或禁止某些行为的简单规则。
虽然某些基本的价值观据说渗透了美国文化——干净、朝气、实力主义和民族主义——但是,价值观不是固定的;这些价值观会随着文化的变化而变化。