英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)

英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)
第一部分语法框架
词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词
语句子成分：主、谓、宾，定、状、补，同位、表
法主语+谓语
句简主语+谓语+宾语
法单主语+谓语+宾语（间宾）+宾语（直宾）
按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补
结主语+系动词+表语
构并列句：简单句+并列连词+简单句
分定语从句
复合句：主句+从句状语从句
句名主语从句
子词宾语从句
结性
构从同位语从句
句表语从句
陈述句：肯定句/否定句
按疑一般疑问句：将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成
语问特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句
气句选择疑问句：一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句（通常省去与前句相同的内容）
分反义疑问句：前肯后否；前否后肯
祈使句：用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等，以动词原形开头
What +名词+主语+谓语!
感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!
叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!
句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!
How +主语+谓语!
第二部分词类
第三部分句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大基本句型：
主语+ 谓语
名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词
主语+ 谓语+ 宾语
名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式
主语+ 谓语+ 宾语（间宾）+ 宾语（直宾）
名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 名词
主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补
名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语
名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语
实例依次如下：She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)
她按时到了。

We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾
我们将接受他们的邀请。

The company offered him a well-paid job. 主谓+直宾+间宾
那家公司给他提供了一份待遇丰厚的工作。

All of them consider him considerate. 主谓宾+宾补
他们大家都认为他很体贴。

This is an exciting result. 主系表
这是一个令人激动的结果。

二、句子八大成分：主语、谓语、宾语，定语、状语、补语，同位语、表语（主谓宾，定状补，同位表）
1、主语
（1）定义：主语是构成句子的八大成分之一，是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。

（2）主语的表示：主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语等充当。

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名词）
We often speak English in class. （代词）
One-third of the students in this class are girls. （数词）
To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （不定式短语）
Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）
The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）
When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主语从句）
2、谓语
（1）定义：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

动词或动词短语在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后，并体现人称、数和时态。

（2）谓语的表示：
简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

如：He practices running every morning. (动词)
She turned off the light just now. (动词短语) 复合谓语：1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。

如：You may keep the book for two weeks.
2）由助动词have/has/had加动词过去分词构成。

如：He has caught a bad cold.
3）由系动词加表语构成。

如：We are students.
3、宾语：
（1）定义：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

例如：
（2）宾语的表示：宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语等充当。

They saw an exhibition（展览）yesterday.（名词）
The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.（代词）
How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
The boy who is reading is Tom. （定语从句）
（3）定语的位置：
观察以上例句，不难发现：单个词作定语时，通常位于被修饰词之前，作前置定语；短语和从句作定语时，则位于被修饰词之后，作后置定语。

2)present 在场的，出席的 e.g. All present were surprised.
There were 200 people present at the meeting.
现有的，目前的 e.g. We are trying to solve the present difficulties.
concerned 担心的，忧虑的 e.g. Concerned parents held a meeting.
有关的 e.g. the authorities concerned 有关部门
5、状语
（1）定义：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。

示：
（2）状语的表示：状语可由副词及副词性词组、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、名词、状语从句等充当。

Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
Wait a minute.（名词）
Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
状语种类如下：
How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）
Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（时间、原因状语）
I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件状语）
Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.（地点状语）
She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）
She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）
In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的状语）
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果状语）
She works very hard though she is old.（让步状语）
I am taller than he is.（比较状语）
6、宾语补足语
（1）定义：补充说明宾语的身份、特征或与宾语相同概念的成分。

英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如：make/name/call 等+宾语+宾补）。

（2）宾补的表示：宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

例如：
His father named him Dong Ming.（名词）
They painted their boat white.（形容词）
Let the fresh air in.（副词）
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
We saw her entering the room.（现在分词）
We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
7、同位语
（1）定义：某一名词或代词后的等同解释部分。

（2）同位语的表示：同位语可由名词、名词词组、从句等充当。

We love our country, China. （名词）
I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing. （名词词组）
注：作同位语的名词或名词词组与被解释部分指同一人或同一物。

I happened to hear the news that we would have a three-day off.（从句）
注：作同位语的从句内容即为被解释部分所要表达的内容。

8、表语
（1）定义：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。

（2）表语的表示：表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。

例如：
Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
Is it yours?（代词）
The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
The speech is exciting.（分词）
Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
His job is to teach English.（不定式）
His hobby（爱好）is playing football.（动名词）
The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
句子成分巧记歌诀
主谓宾表定状补，七种成分记清楚。

句子主干主谓宾（表），枝叶成分定状补。

定语修饰主宾表，宾语之后常有补。

主谓人称数一致，状语位置最灵活。

Exercises:
I. 指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。

1. We all study hard at English.
A. 主语
B. 谓语
C. 宾语
D.表语
2. Betty likes her new bike very much.
A. 主语
B.谓语
C.宾语
D.表语
3. My brother is a policeman.
A. 主语
B.谓语
C.宾语
D.表语
4. Were you at home last night?
A.定语
B.状语
C.宾补
D.表语
5. Winter is the coldest season of the year.
A 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语
6. He often walks in the park.
A.定语
B.状语
C.宾语
D.表语
7. Mary asked me to help her yesterday.
A.定语
B.状语
C.宾补
D.表语
8. He bought me a nice present last week.
A.宾语
B.直接宾语
C.间接宾语
D.宾补
9. His parents are doctors.
A.宾语
B.表语
C.谓语
D.定语
10. I’ll get you some tea now.
A.宾语
B.直接宾语
C.间接宾语
D.宾补
11. My mother told us an interesting story last night.
A.表语
B.直接宾语
C.间接宾语
D.宾补
12. He has read the book twice.
A.主语
B.谓语
C.表语
D.宾语
13. They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.
A.表语
B.谓语
C.宾语
D.定语
14. Do you have something to eat ?
A.状语
B.定语
C.宾语
D.宾补
15. We made him our monitor.
A.宾语
B.定语
C. 状语
D.宾补
II. 划出下列句子的成分。

1. I can swim. 我会游泳。

2. Everything changes. 万物都在变。

3. The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经抵达。

4. I like English. 我喜欢英语。

5. They are reading books . 他们在看书。

6. He bought a computer last week. 他上周买了台电脑。

7. My mother is a scientist. 我母亲是个科学家。

8. She looks young. 她看上去很年轻。

9. The food tastes very delicious. 这食物尝起来很香。

10. My mother bought me a dictionary yesterday. 我母亲昨天给我买了本字典。

11. Can you give me the math book? 你能给我那本数学书吗？
12. Will you tell us something about your school life? 你给我讲讲你们的学习生活，好吗？
13. We must keep our classroom clean and tidy. 我们必须保持教室干净、整洁。

14. My mother asks me to speak English as much as possible. 我母亲要求我尽可能多地讲英语。

15. I heard her singing happily in the room just now. 刚才我听到她在房间里高兴地唱着歌。

简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀
英语句子万万千，五大句型把线牵。

句型种类看动词，后接成分是关键。

系词之后接表语，不及物后无需连。

及物又可分三类，单宾双宾最常见。

还有宾语补足语，各种搭配记心间。

三、“主语+be+表语”句式的常见用法
1. 主语+be+形容词/介词短语/副词(表状态) “某物/某人是什么样的”
The river is wide and deep. 这条河又宽又深。

Jelly was embarrassed when he was caught cheating in the exam. 作弊被发现时，Jelly感到很尴尬。

The scenery in the north is attractive. 北方的风景让人陶醉。

The two missing boys were in danger. 那两个走失的男孩面临危险。

His father was out of work last year. 去年，他父亲失业了。

He is always at a loss while facing difficulties. 面对困难时，他总是不知所措。

Time is up. 时间到了。

2. 主语+be+名词/从句“某物/某人是……”
They are volunteers. 他们是志愿者。

The people over there were workers. 那边的那些人曾是工人。

I am a Senior3 student. 我是一名高三学生。

One hundred dollar is what he needs. 他需要一百美元。

3. 主语+be+介词短语/副词(表地点/方位) “某物/某人在……”
We are in the office. 我们在办公室。

Everyone is here. 所有人都在此。

Heilongjiang is in the northeast of China. 黑龙江在中国东北。

My home is behind the supermarket. 我家在那个超市后面。

4. (1)“某人多少岁” (以5岁为例，类似地替换年龄数)
He is 5.
He is 5 years old.
He is at the age of 5.
He is aged 5.
(2) 主语+is/was+ “in one’s ＋基数词复数形式”“某人几十多岁”
He is in his seventies. 她七十多岁。

（从70岁到79岁之间）
She is in her fifties. 她五十多岁。

（从50岁到59岁之间）
※还可以借助early, middle, late来表达得更明确一些，例如：
The girl is in her early twenties. 那女孩今年二十二、三岁。

He is in his middle teens. 他今年十四、五岁。

She is in her late twenties. 她今年二十八、九岁。

四、并列连词
1. 定义：用于连接词与词，短语与短语，句子与句子的词。

(1) Work hard and you will pass the exam. 努力学习吧，你会通过考试的。

(2) My father and mother are teachers. 我爸爸和妈妈都是老师。

(3) He failed many times, but he didn’t despair. 他失败多次但并没有气馁。

(4) Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. 他不仅爱看故事，还会写故事呢。

(5) He like not only playing basketball but also playing football. 他不仅喜欢打篮球，还喜欢踢足球。

(6) Neither you nor he is right. 你与他都不正确。

(7) Tom was rich while his brother was very poor. Tom非常富有，然而他的哥哥非常穷。

(8) He didn’t visit us but met his pen-pal. 他没来看我们而是去见笔友了。

(9) We had better stay at home, for it is raining. 我们最好待在家里，因为正在下雨。

(10) Hurry up, or you will miss the flight. 搞快点，否则你要错过航班。