英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)

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01. 名词-新高一英语初高中衔接必备知识抢先学(通用版)

01. 名词-新高一英语初高中衔接必备知识抢先学(通用版)

名词养成良好的答题习惯,是决定成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前,要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项,并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时,切忌跟着感觉走,最好按照题目序号来做,不会的或存在疑问的,要做好标记,要善于发现,找到题目的题眼所在,规范答题,书写工整;答题完毕时,要认真检查,查漏补缺,纠正错误。

一、可数名词的复数(1)规则变化【知识拓展】①以-o结尾的下列名词要加-es,它们是"黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿",即Negroes,heroes,echoes,potatoes,tomatoes。

但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es,也可以加-s,它们是:zeros(zeroes)零,mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子,volcanos(volcanoes)火山。

①以-f或-fe结尾的下列名词需要把f或fe去掉,加-ves,它们是"为了自己活命,小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上,把狼劈成两半",即selves,lives,thieves,wives,knives,leaves,shelves,wolves,halves。

但下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves,也可以直接加-s,如:handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕。

①名词前有man或woman修饰,变复数时,作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。

如:woman doctor→women doctors(2)不规则变化①自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子→children man男人→men tooth牙→teethfoot脚,英尺→feet mouse老鼠→mice phenomenon现象→phenomenamedium传播媒介→media①常见单复数同形的名词:Chinese 中国人;sheep 绵羊;deer鹿;series 系列;means 方式;works 工厂;fish 鱼;fruit 水果等。

(完整版)英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)

(完整版)英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)

英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一部分语法框架词类:名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语句子成分:主、谓、宾,定、状、补,同位、表法主语+谓语句简主语+谓语+宾语法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾)按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结主语+系动词+表语构并列句:简单句+并列连词+简单句分定语从句复合句:主句+从句状语从句句名主语从句子词宾语从句结性构从同位语从句句表语从句陈述句:肯定句/否定句按疑一般疑问句:将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成语问特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句气句选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容)分反义疑问句:前肯后否;前否后肯祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等,以动词原形开头What +名词+主语+谓语!感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!How +主语+谓语!第二部分词类第三部分句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大基本句型:主语+ 谓语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式主语+ 谓语+ 宾语(间宾)+ 宾语(直宾)名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 名词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下:She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)她按时到了。

We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾我们将接受他们的邀请。

初高衔接-高中英语语法基础(名词性从句)

初高衔接-高中英语语法基础(名词性从句)

初高衔接-高中英语语法基础(名词性从句)一、名词性从句的定义和分类●英语中的从句共分为三类:名词性从句、形容词性从句(定语从句)、副词性从句(状语从句)。

●名词性从句就是该从句在整个句子中充当名词作用。

●名词性从句分为四种:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句。

二、名词性从句的区分(1). That the earth is round is known to us. (that 引导的主语从句)(2). Whether he will come hasn’t been decided. (whether 引导的主语从句)(3). I wonder if I might give you a necklace. (if 引导的宾语从句)(4). The teacher is satisfied with what I said. (what引导的宾语从句)(5). It seemed as if it was going to snow. (as if引导的表语从句)(6). I have no idea that you were here. (that 引导的同位语从句)三、名词性从句常见的引导词名词性从句的引导词可分为三类:●从属连接:that, whether, if (不充当从句的任何成分)●连接代词:what, who, which, whose , whatever, whoever (充当从句的成分)●连接副词:when, where, how, why (充当从句的成分)四、题目练习:在划线出填写相应的引导词,并判定主语从句的类型1. The most pleasant thing of the rainy season is one can be entirelyfree from dust.2. I am wondering you can pick him up at the airport.3. I truly believe beauty comes from within.4. I made a promise to myself this year, my first year in high school, would be different.5. Pick yourself up. Courage is doing you are afraid to do.6. I wonder Mary has kept her figure after all these years.7. You have to know you’re going if you are to plan the best way of getting there.8. I didn’t understand this would happen.9. breaks the window will have to pay for it.五、综合检测:单句语法填空10. Life is ten percent what happens to you and ninety percent ________ you respondit.11. The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other studentswondered ________ the boy would do.12. In my opinion, ________ matters is whether we can win together as a team insteadof individuals.13. Half of the world’s population is under the age of 25 and when they are not involvedin the decision -making process, they are not aware of ________ is taking place.14. ________ the flight to New York will be delayed is what I’m especially worriedabout.15. There are as many as five students’ clubs in our school. You can join ________interests you most.16. With time going by, ________ once seemed vital in our life is no longer as importantnow.17. She has received an offer from Berkeley, but I don’t know ________ she will acceptit.参考答案1. that —表语从句;2. whether/if—宾语从句;3. that —宾语从句;4. that — 同位语从句;5. what —表语从句;6. how—宾语从句7. where —宾语从句;8. why —宾语从句; 9. whoever—主语从句10. how 11. what 12. what 13. what 14. Whether 15. whichever 16. what 17. whether/if。

我的初高中衔接-----英语语法词类词性句型

我的初高中衔接-----英语语法词类词性句型

初高中衔接——英语语法一、十大词类1.名词:表示人或事物的名称。

2.动词:表示动作或状态。

3.形容词:表示人或事物的性质或状态。

4.数词:表示数目或顺序。

5.代词:代替名词或数词等。

6.副词:表示动作特征或性状特征。

7.冠词:表示名词的泛指或特指。

8.介词:表示名词或代词与其他词的关系。

9.连词:表示连接并列成分的词。

10.感叹词:表示说话时的感情或口气。

二、八大句子成分要弄清楚英语句子的结构,我们先要弄清楚组成一个句子的各个组成部分,即句子的成分:句子的主干成分:主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语 句子的次要成分:定语、状语、插入语、同位语1、主语:(1)是一个句子所要说明的人和事物,(2)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事,(3)是一句的主体;(4)一般位于句首,但在there be 、疑问句(主语不是疑问词)、倒装句中,主语在谓语动词、助动词、情态动词之后。

主语可以用以下这些表示: 1. 名词;2. 代词; 3. 数词;4. 动名词;5. 不定式; 6. 词组或复合结构;7. 从句;8. 名词化的其他词类。

eg:1) A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle of life. 2) Who is speaking, please? This is Jack speaking. 3) Two will be enough.4) Smoking is very dangerous. 5) To see is to believe.6) Whether we’ll go depends on the weather. 7) “A” is an article.2、谓语:①它是说明主语的动作或状态的,说明主语做什么、怎么做;②作谓语的常有:及物动词或及物动词短语; 简单谓语:由一个动词(短语)构成 ③ A.情动/助动+动原 复合谓语:B.系动词+表语1) The soup tastes good 2) The boy is interested in playing PC games. 3) The boss made the workers work long hours.4) He practises playing the piano every day. 5) They had finished the job when the boss came 6) Record every word you hear. 7) He didn’t turn to me for help.*在英语简单句中,只能有而且(一般情况下)必须有一个谓语部分!3、宾语:(1)它是表示及物动词或及物动词短语所作用的对象的(动宾),如 I studyEnglish 中的English 和He makes full use of his spare time to study 中的his动词的分类情态动词 助动词 系动词实义动词及物动词不及物动词spare time.(2)介词后的名词或代词,叫做介词的宾语(介宾),如He went away with no words中的no words. (3)一般位于及物动词或介词之后。

初升高英语衔接教案语法汇总

初升高英语衔接教案语法汇总

初升高英语衔接语法汇总衔接内容一、名词1.名词的分类2.名词的数3.名词所有格二、代词1. 人称代词主格、宾格形式及其主要用法;2. 名词性物主代词与形容词性物主代词的形式、区别及其主要用法;3 反身代词的形式、意义及其主要用法;4 常见不定代词的一般用法;5. 指示代词的一般用法6. 疑问代词的基本用法。

三、冠词1.不定冠词的用法2 .定冠词的用法3.不用冠词的情况四、数词1. 基数词2. 序数词3. 其他关于数的表示法五、形容词和副词1. 形容词2. 副词3. 形容词和副词的比较级、最高级六、动词时态1.一般现在时的构成和用法2. 一般过去时的构成和用法3. 一般将来时的构成和用法4. 过去将来时的构成和用法5. 现在完成时的构成和用法6. 过去完成时的构成和用法7. 将来完成时的构成和用法8. 现在进行时的构成和用法9. 过去进行时的构成和用法10. 现在完成进行时的构成和用法七、动词语态1. 被动语态的构成和用法2. 被动语态使用中应注意的问题八、非谓语动词1. 不定式的用法2. 动名词3. 分词(现在分词和过去分词)九、主谓一致1. 语法一致原则2. 意义一致原则3. 就近一致原则十、情态动词1.can, could, be able to2.may, might3.must, have to4.should, ought to5.need, dare6.shall, will, would7.其他情态动词的用法十一、名词性从句1.主语从句2.表语从句3.宾语从句4.同位语从句十二、定语从句1.关系代词引导的定语从句2.关系副词引导的定语从句3.非限制性定语从句十三、状语从句1.时间状语从句2.条件状语从句3.地点状语从句4.原因状语从句5.目的和结果状语从句6.让步状语从句7.比较状语从句8.方式状语从句第1讲名词名词是表示人、事物和抽象概念等的词。

名词的可数与否、名词单复数形式的变化与谓语动词的一致、名词的修饰语、名词的辨析、固定搭配、名词作定语等是名词学习及测试的重点。

初高中英语衔接初高中英语衔接 课件 (共31张PPT)

初高中英语衔接初高中英语衔接 课件 (共31张PPT)

deer
可数不可数均可的词: 不同词义
fruit --- fruits food --- foods fish --- fishes sand --- sands time --- times paper --- a paper room --- a room drink --- a drink tea --- a tea coffee --- a coffee snow --- a snow rain --- a heavy rain success --- a success failure --- a failure surprise --- a surprise shock --- a shock cloth --- a cloth/ clothes glass --- a glass/ glasses
通过拼读记忆单词
• abolish
[əˈbɒlɪʃ]
v. 废除
• deserted [dɪˈzɜ:tɪd] adj. 荒芜的
• construction [kənˈstrʌkʃn] n. 建筑,建筑物
• occupation [ˌɒkjuˈpeɪʃn] n. 职业
• achievement [əˈtʃi:vmənt] n. 完成; 成就
微型汽车 战后 超市 预习 学前 回忆,回想 不喜欢 开锁 合作者 过分活跃
注意词性:动词、形容词、名词……
四、情景记忆法
将词汇放入情景中------编成一句或一段话 如:awake; in order to; on purpose; moon
I stayed awake on purpose until midnight in order to watch the moon carefully. 练一练: 1. thanks to; smoking; air; exercise 2. overcoat; outdoors; lightning; wobble

初升高英语衔接之必备基础语法知识

初升高英语衔接之必备基础语法知识

一、词法1、名词(1)名词的可数与不可数可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量,它有单数与复数两种形式。

不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。

物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目来统计,都称为不可数名词。

不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量,没有复数形式。

要表示“一个……”这一概念,就须加a piece of这一类短语。

要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词,在英语里却不可数。

如:chalk,paper,bread,rice,grass,news等。

(2)名词复数的规则变化A.一般情况下加-s。

B.以s,x,ch,sh,结尾的加-es。

C.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es。

D.以f,fe结尾的,去掉f或fe,变成v再加-es。

(3)名词的所有格A.单数名词词尾加’s,复数名词词尾若没有s,也要加’s。

如:the worker’s bike,the Children’s ballB.表示几个人共有一样东西,只需在最后一个人的名字后加’s若表示各自所有,则需在各个名字后加’s。

如:This is Lucy and Lily’s room.These are Kate’s and jack’s rooms.C.如果是通过在词尾加-s构成的复数形式的名词,只加’。

如:the students’books,the girls’blouses(另外:如果名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。

如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。

)2、代词人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,不定代词(1)人称代词第一人称单数I me my mine myself复数we us our ours ourselves第二人称单数you you your yours yourself复数you you your yours yourselves第三人称单数he him his his himselfshe her her hers herselfit it its its itself复数they them their theirs themselves(2)物主代词物主代词的用法:形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟一个名词;名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。

(精校版)初高中英语语法知识点整理总结

(精校版)初高中英语语法知识点整理总结
情况构成方法读音例词清辅音后读s浊bookbooks一般情况加s辅音读zkeykeys以o结尾的表示有生tomatotomatoes加es读z命的名词potatopotatoesbusbuses以sshchx等结加es读izwatchwatches尾的名词boxboxes以cesezedgecasecases加s读iz等结尾的名词orangeoranges以辅音字母y结尾变y为ifamilyfamilies读z的名词再加espartyparties变f或fe为knifeknives以f或fe结尾的名词读zv再加esleafleaves2不规则复数变化形式
情况
构成方 法
一般情况
加 —s
以 o 结尾的表示 有生命的名词
加es
读音
清辅音后读 /s/,浊辅音读 /z/
读/z/
以 s,sh,ch,x 等结尾的名词
加es
读/iz/
以 ce,se,ze,(d) ge 等结尾的名词 以“辅音字母+y” 结尾的名词
以 f 或 fe 结尾的 名词
加s 变 y为 i,再加es 变 f或 fe 为 v, 再加-es
表示人或事物的性质或特征 形容词(adj.。)
good, right, orange
white,
数词(num.) 表示数目或事物的顺序
one,two,first,second,third
动词(v。)
表示动作或状态
am, is,are,have,see
副词(adv.)
修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时 now, very, here, often,
十二、
(直打版)初高中英语语法知识点整理总结(word 版可编辑修改)
十三、 词类、句子成分和构词法:

初高中英语语法基础知识大全

初高中英语语法基础知识大全

初高中英语语法基础知识大全《初高中英语语法基础知识大全》一、语法分类1. 词法:(1)单词类:名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、动词、介词、连词等。

(2)句子类:定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句、主谓宾、并列句等。

2. 名词(1)可数名词:表示可以分开计数的人或事物,如:book(书)、pen(钢笔)、desk(桌子)等。

(2)不可数名词:表示无法分开计数的人或事物,如:water (水)、tea(茶)、music(音乐)等。

3. 形容词(1)比较等级:表示两种或两种以上的比较程度,如:taller (更高的)、stronger(更强壮的)、better(更好的)等。

(2)最高级:表示三种或三种以上的比较程度,如:tallest (最高的)、strongest(最强壮的)、best(最好的)等。

4. 动词(1)一般现在时:表示经常性或习惯性的动作,如:do、go、study、read等。

(2)一般过去时:表示过去曾经发生过的动作,如:did、went、studied、read等。

(3)现在分词:表示与主语同时发生的动作,如:running(跑)、studying(学习)、working(工作)等。

(4)过去分词:表示过去曾经发生过的动作,如:run(跑)、studied(学习)、worked(工作)等。

5. 介词(1)位置介词:表示在某一位置的方位,如:in(在……里)、on(在……上)、at(在……旁)等。

(2)时间介词:表示与时间有关的词,如:in(在……时候)、from(从……开始)、before(在……之前)等。

二、语法使用1. 冠词(1)定冠词:用在名词前,表示特指某一个人或物,如:the book (这本书)、the pen(这支钢笔)等。

(2)不定冠词:用在名词前,表示一般概念,如:a book(一本书)、an apple(一个苹果)等。

2. 助动词(1)be动词:表示状态、特征、身份等,如:am(我是)、is (是)、are(们是)等。

初高中衔接语法

初高中衔接语法

①名词单数形式,用-’s,表示,如: the girl’s books ②复数形式,用s’表示,如Teachers’ books 加-’s/-s’ 注:所有格后所接名词表示地点时候,地点 名词可省略。如:the doctor’s ③复合名词在最后的名词后加’s,如 brother-in-law’s books ④表示时间、距离、重量、国家、城市,地 点无生命的名词也可用’s形式来表示其所 有关系,如:three days’ walk
疑问代词
who, whom, whose, what, which
相互代词
each, other, one, another, each other’s, one another’s
形容词 adj
规 则 单音节形容词在词 尾加-er;-est 以字母e结尾的形容 词在词尾加-r;-st 以重读闭音节结尾 的形容词,末尾只 有一个元音字母加 一个辅音字母结尾 ,应先双写该辅音 字母,然后加-er;est
• 7. 并非所有的形容词都有比较级。如: superior, senior, junior, similar, different, necessary, impossible等形容词没有比较级、最 高级的用法。
形容词→副词
规则变化 范围 变化规则 例词 careless ---carelessly quiet ---quietly different---differently possible----possibly terrible----terribly comfortable-comfortably easy----easily angry----angrily noisy----noisily happy----happily

高中英语学习:英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)-词类与句子成分coolmind

高中英语学习:英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)-词类与句子成分coolmind

英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一部分语法框架词法:名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语句子成分:主、谓、宾,定、状、补,同位、表法主语+谓语句简主语+谓语+宾语法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾)按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结主语+系动词+表语构并列句:简单句+并列连词+简单句分定语从句复合句:主句+从句状语从句句名主语从句子词宾语从句结性构从同位语从句句表语从句陈述句:肯定句/否定句按疑一般疑问句:将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成语问特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句气句选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容)分反义疑问句:前肯后否;前否后肯祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等,以动词原形开头What +名词+主语+谓语!感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!How +主语+谓语!第三部分句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大基本句型:主语+ 谓语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式主语+ 谓语+ 宾语(间宾)+ 宾语(直宾)名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词/名词+ 名词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词/名词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下:She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)她按时到了。

We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾我们将接受他们的邀请。

初升高英语衔接语法部分---句子成份,简单句,并列句,复合句

初升高英语衔接语法部分---句子成份,简单句,并列句,复合句

初高中英语衔接之语法基础第一节句子成分句子由句子成分组成。

句子成分主要分为主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。

一.主语Subject主语是一个句子所要说明的人和物,是句子的主体。

它一般位于句首,可由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式、动名词以及主语从句等来充当。

请划出句子主语,并判断是什么成分做主语。

Knowledge is power.She is a small eater.Three will be enough for us.The injured _____ (send) to hospital at once when the accident happened .To see ___ to believe._____ (read) books is my hobby._______ (我们所需要的东西) is your help.改错1. Visit a museum excites teenagers.2. Disabled should be respected.3. Our school has taken place great changes.二、谓语Predicate谓语是用来说明主语的动作、状态或特征,一般放在主语之后。

谓语有以下几种基本情况1.由一个动词或动词词组构成,无论这个动词是何种时态、语态和语气。

Everything ____ (go) smoothly last month.Thousands of trees _______(plant) every year.They ______(finish) the work so far.They _________(swim) in the river now.2.情态动词+动词We must study English hard.Water can be dangerous.You can’t park here- it's a no parking area.That can’t be Tom-he is studying abroad.May I come in?I may go with you, but I'm not sureShe cried her eyes out. Something terrible must _____(happen).The experiment can _________ (complete) on time.3.连系动词+表语,说明主语的特征、类属、状态、身份系动词的数量是有限的,常见的只有十来个,我们把它们分成四组,这样有助于我们记忆系动词。

英语初高中语法要点归纳与总结

英语初高中语法要点归纳与总结

英语初高中语法要点归纳与总结英语语法是学习英语的重要一环,它是英语学习的基础,也是我们能够准确表达自己意思的关键。

在初高中阶段,我们需要掌握一些基本的语法要点,下面将对这些要点进行归纳与总结。

一、名词名词是指人、事物、地方、抽象概念等的名称。

在英语中,名词有单数和复数之分,复数形式一般在名词后面加-s或-es。

此外,还有一些特殊的复数形式,如child变为children,man变为men等。

二、动词动词是表示动作或状态的词语。

在英语中,动词的时态有现在时、过去时和将来时等。

时态的变化主要通过动词的词形变化来实现,如在一般现在时中,第三人称单数形式的动词要加-s或-es。

此外,还有一些特殊的动词形式,如go的过去式是went,have的过去式是had等。

三、形容词和副词形容词用来描述名词的性质或状态,副词用来描述动词、形容词或其他副词的性质或程度。

形容词和副词的比较级和最高级形式一般在词尾加-er和-est,或者在前面加more和most。

例如,big的比较级是bigger,最高级是biggest;quickly的比较级是more quickly,最高级是most quickly。

四、冠词和代词冠词是用来限定名词的词语,包括不定冠词a/an和定冠词the。

代词则用来代替名词,分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、疑问代词和不定代词等。

在使用冠词和代词时,需要注意其单复数和格的变化。

五、介词和连词介词用来表示名词或代词与其他词之间的关系,如in、on、at等。

连词用来连接句子或词语,如and、but、or等。

在使用介词和连词时,需要注意其用法和搭配。

六、句子结构英语句子的基本结构是主语+谓语+宾语,但也可以根据需要进行变化。

例如,可以使用被动语态、倒装句、条件句等来丰富句子结构。

此外,还需要注意句子的时态和语态的一致性。

七、从句和状语从句是句子中的一个部分,具有主谓结构,可以充当名词、形容词或副词。

常见的从句有名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句等。

初升高中英语语法衔接专题:词法、句子成分和结构及训练(含答案)

初升高中英语语法衔接专题:词法、句子成分和结构及训练(含答案)

初高语法衔接专题一十大词类一、名词(n.)1.定义:表示人或事物名称的词叫名词。

e.g. Tom, scientist, doctor, feeling, Internet, Shanghai, animal2.名词的句法功能1) The book is well worth reading.2) He knew 6 languages.3) They elected him monitor.4) Is it a color TV?5) I watch a football match last night.二、代词(pron.)1.定义:代词是代替名词的词。

英语的代词按照其不同的含义与作用可分为9类:人称代词,物主代词,反身代词,指示代词,相互代词,不定代词,疑问代词,连接代词,关系代词。

2.分类单数复数1)人称代词主格:I, you, he, she, it we, you, they宾格:me, you, him, her, it us, you, them2)物主代词形容词:my, your, his, her, its our, your, their名词:mine, your, his, hers, its ours, yours, theirs3)反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, yourselves, themselvesitself4)指示代词this, that these, those5)相互代词宾格: each other, one another所有格:each other’s, one another’s6)不定代词可数:each, one, many, (a) few, both, another, either, neither不可数:much, (a) little可数/不可数:all, some, none, such, any, other复合不定代词:anybody, anyone, anything, somebody, someone, something, nobody,nothing, everybody, everyone, everything7)疑问代词:who, whom, whose, which, what8)连接代词:who(ever), whom(ever), whose(ver), which(ever), what(ever)9)关系代词:who, whom, whose, which, that, as三、形容词(adj.)1.定义:形容词用于修饰名词或代词,表示人或事物的性质和特征,在句中可作:定语、表语、补语或状语。

初高中衔接(通用版)英语语法讲义汇总(最全版)

初高中衔接(通用版)英语语法讲义汇总(最全版)

初高中衔接(通用版)英语语法讲义汇总(最全版)专题一:名词考点集汇, 讲解和训练【名师点睛】一、名词的数1.单数和复数可数名词有单数和复数两种形式. 复数形式通常是在单数形式后加词尾“-s”构成, 其主要变法如下:(1)一般情况在词尾加-s, 例如:book→books, girl→girls, boy→boys,pen→pens,doctor→doctors, boy→boys.(2)以s, x, ch, sh, 结尾的词加-es, 例如:bus→buses, class→classesbox→boxes, watch→watches, brush→brushes.(3)以ce, se, ze,(d)ge结尾的名词加s, 例如:orange—oranges.(4)以辅音母加y结尾的词变“y”为“i”再加-es,例如:city→cities, factory→factories, country→countries, family→families. 但要注意的是以元音字母加y结尾的名词的复数形式只加s, 如:boy→boys, day→days.(5)以o结尾的词多数都加-es. 例如:hero→heroes, potato→potatoes, tomato→tomatoes,但词末为两个元音字母的词只加-s. 例如:zoo→zoos, radio→radios, 还有某些外来词也只加-s, 例如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.(6)以f或fe结尾的词, 多数变f为v再加-es, 例如:knife→knives, leaf→leaves, half→halves.复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法如下表所示.复数词尾s(或es)的读音方法情况读法例词在[p][t][k][f]等清辅音后[s] cups, hats, cakes在[s][z][t][d3][F]等音后[iz] glasses, pages, oranges, buses, watches,faces在[b][d][g][v]等浊辅音后[z] beds, dogs, cities, knives(7)少数名词有不规则的复数形式, 例如:man→men, wo man→women, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, child→children, mouse→mice.【注意】与man和woman构成的合成词, 其复数形式也是-men和-women. 例如:an Englishman, two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词, 故复数形式为Germans;man, woman 等作定语时, 它的单复数以其所修饰的名词的单复数而定, 如:men workers, women teachers.有个别名词单复数一样, 例如:Chinese, Japanese, sheep, deer, fish等. 但当fish表示不同种类的鱼时, 可以加复数词尾.(8)单数形式但其意为复数的名词有:people, police等.(9)数词+名词作定语时, 这个名词一般保留单数形式, 中间加连字符. 例如an 8-year-old girl, a ten-mile walk.(10)还有些名词仅有复数形式, 如:trousers, clothes, chopsticks, glasses, goods, ashes, scissors, compasses.(11)只用作单数的复数形式的名词有:科学名词:physics, mathematics/maths游戏名称:bowls专有名词:the United States, Niagara Falls其他名词:news, falls2.不可数名词“量”的表示方法在英语中, 不可数名词如果要表示“量的概念”, 可以用以下两种方法:(1)用much, a little, a lot of/lots of, some, any等表示多少, 例如:The rich man has a lot of money.There is some milk in the bottle.Is there any water in the glass?I don't like winter because there's too much snow and ice.(2)用a piece of 这类定语, 例如:a piece of paper a piece of wood a piece of breada bottle of orange a glass of water(milk) a cup of teaa cup of tea a bag of rice three bags of rice如果要表示“两杯茶”、“四张纸”这类概念时, 在容器后加复数, 例如:two cups of teafour pieces of paperthree glasses of water不可数名词也可用a lot of, lots of, some, any, much等来修饰.二、名词的所有格名词所有格, 用来表示人或物的所有, 以及领属关系.1. 表示有生命的名词的所有格其单数形式是加's,其复数形式是s', 例如:a student's room, students' rooms, father's shoes.2. 如其结尾不是s的复数形式仍加's, 如:Children's Day.3. 在表示时间、距离、长度、重量、价格、世界、国家等名词的所有格要用's, 例如:a twenty minutes' walk, ten miles' journey, a boat's length, two pounds' weight, ten dollars' worth.4. 无生命名词的所有格则必须用of结构, 例如:a map of China, the end of this term, the capital of our country, the color of the flowers.5. 双重所有格, 例如:a frie nd of my father's.【注意】如果两个名词并列, 并且分别有's, 则表示“分别有”, 例如:John's and Mary's rooms(约翰和玛丽各有一间, 共两间);Tom's and Mary's bikes(两人各自的自行车).两个名词并列, 只有一个's, 则表示“共有”, 例如:John and Mary's room(约翰和玛丽共有一间);Tom and Mary's mother(即Tom与Mary是兄妹).【演练】1.--- Where have you been, Tim?--- I’ve been to ______.A. the Henry houseB. the Henry familyC. The Henry’s homeD. Henry’s2.In England, if ____ is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. foodB. lunchC. breakfastD. dinner3.You looked for it twice, but you haven’t fo und it. Why not try ____ .A. three timesB. a third timeC. the third timeD. once4.--- They are thirsty. Will you please give them ______ ?--- Certainly.A. s ome bottles of watersB. some bottles of waterC. some bottle of waterD. some bottle of waters5.Mike hurt one of his ______ in the accident yesterday.A. toothB. f eetC. handD. ear6.There is some _______ on the plate.A. cakesB. meatC. potatoD. pears7.In England, the last name is the _______ .A. family nameB. middleC. given nameD. full name8.They are going to fly _______ to Beijing.A. GermenB.GermanyC. GermanysD. Germans9.The______ has two _______ .A. boys; watchesB. boy; watchC. boy; watchesD. boys; watch10.The little baby has two _______ already.A. toothB. toothsC. teethD. teeths11.What’s your _______ for being late again?A. ideaB. keyC. excuseD. news12.--- It’s dangerous here. We’d better go out quickly.--- But I think we should let _______ go out first.A. woman and childrenB. women and childC. woman and childD. women and children13.--- You can see Mr. Smith if there is a sign “_______ ”on the door of his shop.--- Thanks.A.ENTRANCEB.BUSINESS HOURSC.THIS SIDE UPD.NO SMOKING14.Are they going to have a picnic on _______ ?A. Children’s DayB. Childrens’s DayC. Childrens DayD. Children Day15.Where are the students? Are they in _______ ?A. the Room 406B. Room 406C. the 406 RoomD. 406 Room 【练习答案】1.D2.B3.B4.B5.B6.B7.A8.D9.C 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.A 15.B✧初中英语语法大全语法网络图✧专题一名词1、名词的种类:专有名词普通名词国名地名人名, 团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词✧II. 名词的数:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式, 一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es. 现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches,dish-dishes3 以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives,wife-wives, half-halves 加-s chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs4 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词, 变y为i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories,city-cities5 以元音字母加y结尾的名词, 或专有名词以y结尾的, 加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays,Henry-Henrys6 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-es Negro-Negroes, hero-heroes, potato-potatoes,tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-pho tos, auto-autos,kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-s radio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8 以-th结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months,path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的, 现归纳如下:规则例词1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-gees e,mouse-mice2 单复数相同sheep, deer, means, works, fish, yuan, jin,3 只有复数形式trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses,4 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)class, family, crowd, couple, group, government, population, team, public, party6 复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关), times(时代), spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸),looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜)7 表示“某国人”加-s Ameri cans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglish men, Frenchwomen8 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers,boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格. 所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s 构成, 二是由介词of加名词构成. 前者多表示有生命的东西, 后者多表示无生命的东西.1. ’s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加’s the boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,复数名词一般在末尾加’the teac hers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’s the children’s toys,wo men’s rights,以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’s Japan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father表示"某人家""店铺", 所有格后名词省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s2. ’s所有格的用法:1表示时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday2 表示自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches3 表示国家城市等地方的名词the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry4 表示工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory5 表示度量衡及价值 a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life’s time, the play’s plot7 某些固定词组 a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)用于无生命的东西:the legs of the cha ir, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西, 尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed专题二:形容词、副词考点集汇, 讲解和训练【名师点睛】1. 形容词的用法(1) 形容词在句中作定语, 表语, 宾语补足语. 例如:Our country is a beautiful country. (作定语)The fish went bad. (作表语)We keep our classroom clean and tidy. (作宾语补足语)(2) 形容词修饰something, anything, nothing, everything等不定代词时,形容词放在名词后面.I have something important to tell you.Is there anything interesting in the film.(3) 用and 或or 连接起来的两个形容词作定语时一般把它们放在被修饰的名词后面.起进一步解释的作用.Everybody, man and woman, old and young, should attend the meeting.You can take any box away, big or small.(4) the+形容词表示一类人或物The rich should help the poor.2. 副词的用法(1) 副词在句中可作状语,表语和定语.He studies very hard. (作状语)Life here is full of joy. (作定语)When will you be back? (作表语)副词按其用途和含义可分为下面五类:1)时间副词时间副词通常用来表示动作的时间. 常见的时间副词有:now today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, late, early, never, seldom, sometimes, often, usua lly, always等. 例如:He often comes to scho ol late.What are we going to do tomorrow?He is never been to Beijing.2)地点副词地点副词通常用来表示动作发生的地点. 常见的地点副词有:here, there, inside, outside, home, upstairs, downstairs, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, down, u p, off, on, in, out等. 例如:I met an old friend of mine on my way home.He went upstairs.Put down your name here.3)方式副词方式副词一般都是回答“怎样的?”这类问题的, 其中绝大部分都是由一个形容词加词尾-ly构成的, 有少数方式副词不带词尾-ly, 它们与形容词同形. 常见的方式副词有:anxiously, badly, bravely, calmly, carefully, proudly, rapidly, suddenly, successfully, angrily, happily, slowly, warmly, well, fast, slow, quick, hard, alone, high, straight, wide等.例如:The old man walked home slowly.Please listen to the teacher carefully.The birds are flying high.He runs very fast.4)程度副词程度副词多数用来修饰形容词和副词, 有少数用来修饰动词或介词短语. 常见的程度副词有:much, (a) little, a bit, very, so, too, enough, quite, rather, pretty, greatly, completely, nearly, almost, deeply, hardly, partly等. 例如:Her pronunciation is very good.She sings quite well.I can hardly agree with you.5)疑问副词是用来引导特殊疑问句的副词. 常见的疑问副词有:how, when, where, why等. 例如:How are you getting along with your studies?Where were you yesterday?Why did you do that?(2)副词在句中的位置1)多数副词作状语时放在动词之后. 如果动词带有宾语, 则放在宾语之后. 例如:Mr Smith works very hard.She speaks English well.2)频度副词作状语时, 通常放在行为动词之前, 情态动词, 助动词和be动词之后. 例如:He usually gets up early.I’ve never heard him singing.She is seldom ill.3)程度副词一般放在所修饰的形容词和副词的前面, 但enough作副词用时, 通常放在被修饰词的后面. 例如:It is a rather difficult job.He runs very fast.He didn’t work hard enough.4)副词作定语时, 一般放在被修饰的名词之后. 例如:On my way home, I met my uncle.The students there have a lot time to do their own research work.(3)部分常用副词的用法1) very, much这两个副词都可表示“很”, 但用法不同. Very用来修饰形容词和副词的原级, 而much用来修饰形容词和副词的比较级. 例如:She is a very nice girlI’m feeling much better now.Much可以修饰动词, 而very则不能. 例如:I don’t like the idea much.They did not talk much.2) too, either这两个副词都表示“也”, 但too用于肯定句, either用于否定句. 例如:She can dance, and I can dance, too.I haven’t read the book and my brother hasn’t either.3) already, yetalready一般用于语肯定句, yet一般用于否定句. 例如:He has already left.Have you heard from him yet?He hasn’t answered yet.4) so, neitherso和neither都可用于倒装句, 但so表示肯定, neither表示否定.例如:My brother likes football and so do I.My brother doesn’t like dancing and neither do I.3. 形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(1) 两个人或事物的比较时(不一定每一方只有一个人或一个事物), 用比较级.Our teacher is taller than we are.The boys in her class are taller than the boys in your class.(2) most 同形容词连用而不用the,表示"极,很,非常, 十分".It's most dangerous to be here.在这儿太危险.(3)“The+形容词比较级..., the+形容词比较级...”表示“越... 就越...”.The more you study, the more you know.(4) “形容词比较级+ and + 形容词比较级”, 表示“ 越来越...”.It's getting hotter and hotter.(5) 主语+谓语(系动词)+as+形容词原形+as+从句. 表示两者对比相同.This box is as big as mine.(6) the + 形容词, 表示某种人.He always helps the poor.(7) 形容词和副词最高级用于三个或三个以上的人和物进行比较.Shanghai is one of the biggest cities in China.【演练】1.There are many young trees on sides of the road.A. ever yB. eachC. bothD. all2.--- It’s so cold today.--- Yes, it’s than it was yesterday.A. more coldB. more colderC. much colderD. cold 3.Little Tom has friends, so he often plays alone.A. moreB. a littleC. manyD. few4.She isn’t so at maths as you are.A. wellB. goodC. betterD. best5.Peter writes of the three.A. betterB. bestC. goodD. well6.He is enough to carry the heavy box.A. strongerB. much strongerC. strongD. the strongest7.I bought exercise-books with money.A. a few; a fewB. a few; a littleC. a little; a fewD. a little; a little8.The box is heavy for the girl carry.A. too; toB. to; tooC. so; thatD. no; to9.The ice in the lake is about one meter . It’s strong enough to sk ate on.A. longB. highC. thickD. wide10.Wu Lin ran faster than the other boys in the sports meeting.A. soB. muchC. veryD. too11. Jone looks so _______ today because she has got an “A” in her maths test.A. happyB. happilyC. angryD. angrily12. The smile on my father’s face s howed that he was ______ with me.A. sadB. pleasedC. angryD. sorry13. ---Mum, could you buy me a dress like this?---Certainly, we can buy ______ one than this, but ______ this.A. a better; better thanB. a worse; as good asC. a cheaper; as good asD. a more im portant; good as14. ---This digital camera is really cheap!---The ______ the better. I’m short of money, you see.A. cheapB. cheaperC. expensiveD. more expensive15. If you want to learn English well, you must use it as _______ as possible.A. oftenB. longC. hardD. soon16. Paul has ______ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.A. manyB. someC. fewD. more17. English people _____ use Mr. Before a man’s first name.A. neverB. usuallyC. oftenD. sometimes18. ---One more satellite was sent up into space in China in May.---Ri ght. The government spoke ______ that.A. highly forB. high ofC. well ofD. highly of19. ---Remember this, children. ______ careful you are, ______ mistakes you will make. ---We know, Miss Gao.A. The more; the moreB. The fewer; the moreC. The more; the fewerD. The less; the less20. I have ________ to do today.A. anything importantB. something importantC. important nothingD. important something【练习答案】1.C2.C3.D4.B5.B6.C7.B8.A9.C 10.B 11.A 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.D 19.C 20.B专题三:动词考点集汇, 讲解和训练1.动词的时态英语时态用共有十六种时态, 其中常用的有8种, 它们是:一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、现在完成时、过去进行时、过去完成时和过去将来时.(1)一般现在时的基本用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作, 常与表示频度的时间状语连用.时间状语:every…, sometimes,at…, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2) 客观真理, 客观存在, 科学事实.The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3) 表示格言或警句中.Pride goes before a fall.【注意】此用法如果出现在宾语从句中, 即使主句是过去时, 从句谓语也要用一般现在时.例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性.I don't want so much.5) 某些动词如come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等, 在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作.The train comes at 3 o'clock.6) 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中, 一般现在时代替一般将来时.I'll help you as soon as you have problem.Tell Xiao Li about it if you meet him.(2)一般过去时的用法:表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内所发生的动作或情况, 通常一般过去式带有表示动作时间状语的词, 词组或从句,如yesterday, the day before last, last week, two days ago 等,上下文清楚时可以不带时间状语.I worked in that factory last year.【注意】1) 过去经常反复发生的动作, 也可用used to或would加动词原形来表达, 例如:I used to go fishing on Sundays.2) “used to”也可用于表示过去曾经存在过的状态. 例如:This river used to be clean.(3)一般将来时的用法1)表示将来的动作或状态. 例如:I shall attend the meeting tomorrow.2)表示将来反复发生的动作或存在的状态. 例如:He will go to see his mother every Saturdays.3)表示将来的意愿, 决心, 许诺, 命令等时常用will, 征求对方意见, 主语是第一人称时, 常用shall.I will do my best to catch up with them.Shall I open the door?4)be + going + 动词不定式. 也是一种将来时句型, 表示打算, 计划, 最近或将来要作的某事.I am going to Beijing next week.5)be + 动词不定式. 表示有职责, 义务, 可能, 约定, 意图等.There is to be a meeting this afternoon.We are to meet the guests at the station.6)be about + 动词不定式, 表示马上, 很快作某事.They are about to leave.(4)现在进行时的用法1)现在进行时的用法表示说话者说话时正在发生或者进行的动作, 它注重现在正在进行的动作, 而不管动作从什么时间开始, 到什么时间结束.What are you doing now?I am looking for my key.2)现在进行时表示目前一段时间内正在进行的动作(但说话时这个动作不一定在进行).The students are preparing for the examination.3)某些动词的现在进行时可以表示即将发生的动作, 这些动词有arrive, come, leave, start等.They are going to Hong Kong tomorrow.【注意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态①表示状态的动词, 尤其是静态动词, 如:be, have②表示认识、知觉和情感的动词, 如:know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer 等.(5)现在完成时的用法1) 现在完成时表示在说话之前已经完成或刚完成的动作.I have bought a ten-speed bicycle.They have cleaned the classroom.2) 现在完成时表示动作从过去开始持续到现在, 或者还有可能持续下去的动作或状态.现在完成时常与for 和since 引导的短语或从句连用.We have lived here since 1976.They have waited for more than two hours.【注意】一般过去时与现在完成时的区别过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情, 强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的, 强调过去的事情对现在的影响, 强调的是影响;一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用.试比较:I saw this film yesterday.(强调看的动作发生过了, 不涉及现在)I have seen this film. (强调对现在的影响, 电影的内容已经知道了. )(6)过去进行时的用法表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作. 例如:I was watching TV when she came to see me.【注意】过去进行时和一般过去时都是过去发生的事情, 但过去进行时侧重表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或所处的状态, 强调动作的连续进行, 而一般过去时则表示单纯的过去事实, 例如:They were building a house last month. (上个月正在建造, 建造好与否不知)They built a new house last month. (上个月建造好了, 动作已经完成)(7)过去完成时的用法过去完成时表示过去某一时刻或某一动作之前完成的动作或所处的状态, 过去完成时常和by , before 等词组成的短语和从句连用.We had already learned two thousand words by the end of last year.When we arrived at the station, they had waited for more than twenty minutes.(8)过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的动作或存在地状态, 过去将来时较多地被运用在宾语从句中. 例如:They were going to have a meeting.I told him that I would see him off at the station.2.动词的语态语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态.主语是动作的发出者为主动语态;主语是动作的接受者为被动语态.(1)被动语态1) 被动语态最基本的句型结构是:be +及物动词过去分词2) 被动语态中的谓语动词一定要是及物动词因为被动句中的主语是动作的承受者, 某些短语动词如look after, think of, take careof, work out, laugh at等, 也可用于被动语态.The children were taken good care of by her.【注意】短语动词中的介词或副词变成被动语态时不可遗漏.3) 主动语态变为被动语态要加“to”的情况若宾语补足语是不带to 的不定式, 变为被动语态时, 该不定式前要加“to”. 此类动词为感官动词, 如:feel, hear, help, listen to, look at, make, observe, see, notice,watch等. 例如:The teacher made me go out of the classroom.I was made to go out of the classroom (by the teacher).4) 主动形式表示被动意义如wash, clean, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等动词虽然用做主动形式却表示被动的意义. 例如:The food tastes good.3.非谓语动词对非谓语动词的考点是:感官动词后不定式作宾语补足语和动词ing形式作宾语补足语的用法;一些特殊动词的动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带to, 但变为被动语态时就要带to;有些动词既可接不定式也可接动词ing形式作宾语, 但表达的意思不同. 这些都是历年中考的重点.(1)非谓语动词的形式非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词, 形容词或副词作用的动词形式, 而不是作谓语的动词形式. 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词, 分词, 动词不定式.(2)不定式作宾语补足语Father will not allow us to play on the street.(3)不定式作目的状语He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.(4)用不定式和分词作补足语都可以的动词这样的动词有感官动词如:see, hear, look, notice, observe, feel等, 使役动词如:have, make, leave, keep, get等. 接不定式表示动作的完整性, 真实性;+doing 表示动作的连续性, 进行性.I saw him work in the garden yesterday.昨天我看见他在花园里干活了. (强调“我看见了”这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调“我见他正干活”这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活.(5)用不带to不定式的情况使役动词如:let, have, make等和感官动词如:see, watch, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补, 省略to. 在被动语态中则to不能省掉.(6)接动名词与不定式意义不同1) stop to do停止, 中断做某事后去做另一件事.stop doing停止做某事.2) forget to do忘记要去做某事. (未做)forget doing忘记做过某事. (已做)3) remember to do 记得去做某事. (未做)remember doing记得做过某事. (已做)4) try to do努力, 企图做某事.try doing试验, 试着做某事.5) go on to do做了一件事后, 接着做另一件事.go on doing继续做原来做的事.6) mean to do打算、想mean doing意味着4. 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析(1) say, speak, talk, tell的用法.1) say表示讲话, 作为及物动词使用, 后跟宾语或宾语从句.He said he would go there.It's time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.2)speak表示“讲话”, 一般作为不及物动词使用, 而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语.Do you speak English?May I speak to Mr Pope, please?3) talk表示“谈话”, 是不及物动词, 与to , about, with等连用, 才可宾语.What are you talking about?Mr Jackson is talking with my father in the office now.4) tell 表示“告诉, 讲述”是及物动词, 可以带双宾语或复合宾语.She told us an interesting story yesterday.My teacher told me that we would have an English exam the next month.(2) look, see, watch和watch的用法.1) look强调“看”这个动作, 是不及物动词, 常与at连用, 然后接宾语.Look! The girl is swimming in the lake.Look at the picture carefully. Can you find something unusual?2) see指“看见”某物, 强调的是结果.They can't see the words on the blackboard.Does Lily often go to see a film on Sunday?3) watch 指的是“观看”, “注视”之意.The twins are watching TV now.He will go to watch a volleyball match.4)read指“看书”、“看报”、“阅读”之意.Don't read in the sun.I like to read newspapers when I am free.(3) borrow, lend和keep的区别.1) borrow意思为“借入”, 常常与from连用, 是非延续性动词, 表示瞬间即能完成的动作.Meimei borrowed a book from the library just now.May I borrow your dictionary?2) lend 是“借出”之意, 常常与to连用, 同borrow一样, 是非延续性动词, 只表示瞬间即能完成的动作.Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.Could you lend us your radio, please?3) keep是“保存”的意思, 动作可以延续.How long can the recorder be kept?The farmer kept the pat for two weeks.(4) bring, take, carry 和get的用法.1) bring意思为“拿来”、“带来”. 指将某物或某人从别处“带来”.Bring me the book, please.May I bring Jim to see you next Saturday?2) take意思是“拿走”, “带走”, 把某物或某人从这里“带来”或“拿到”某处之意.It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.Mother took the little girl to the next room.3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思, 指随身携带, 有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义, 不表明来去的方向.Do you always carry a handbag?Th e box is heavy. Can you carry it?4) get是去某处将某物拿回来.Please go to my office to get some chalk.There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?(5) wear, put on和dress的区别1) wear是“穿着”“戴着”的意思, 可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等, 强调“穿着”的状态.Tom always wears black shoes.He wears a raincoat even when it is fine.She doesn't like to wear a red flowers in her hair.2) put on是“穿上”“戴上”的意思, 可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等. 着重于穿戴的动作.It's cold. You'd better put on your coat.He put on his hat and went out of the room.3) dress可以作及物动词和不及物动词, 有“穿着”“打扮”的意思. 作“穿着”解时, 只用于穿衣服, 不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套. 作为及物动词用时, 它的宾语是人, 不是衣服. dress sb. (给某人穿衣服), 而wear作“穿着”用时, 也是及物动词, 但它的宾语是物, 不是人, 即wear sth.(穿着衣物).She always dresses well.Get up and dress quickly.Mary is dressing her child.(6) take, spend 和use的用法.1) take指做某事用多少时间, 句型是:It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to dosth.It took me three days to finish the work.It will take you a while week to travel thought the forest.It takes only one hour to fly to Shanghai.2) spend指某人在某事(物)上花费时间或钱. 句型是:Someone spends + money/time + on something(in) doing sth.She spent more t han 500 yuan on that coat.He didn't spend much time on his lessons.He spent much time (in) correcting students' exercises.Mother spent her evenings (in) washing clothes.3) use表示使用工具、手段等.Do you know how to use the computer?Shall we use your car?(7)reach, get 和arrive的区别.1) reach是及物动词, 后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语.After the train had left, they reached the stationWe reached the top of the mountain at last.2) get是不及动词, 常与to连用, 再接名词, 后面接表示地点的副词时, 不用to, getto常用于口语中.When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.My sister was cooking when mother got home.3) arrive是不及物动词, 表示到达一个小地方时, 用arrive at, 到达一个大地方时用arrive in.The soldiers arrived at a small villageThe foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow.【演练】1. Listen! Some of the girls ________ about Harry Potter. Let’s join them.A. are talkingB. talkC. will talkD. talked2. Our teacher, Miss Chen, ________English on the radio the day before yesterday.A. teachesB. taughtC. will teachD. had taught3. I don’t think I _________ you in that dress before.A. have seenB. was seeingC. sawD. see4. Susan’s parents have bought a large house with a swimming pool. It _______ be very。

初高中衔接基础英语语法顺口溜

初高中衔接基础英语语法顺口溜

初高中衔接基础英语语法顺口溜be动词用法口诀我用am,你用are,is连着他,她,它;单数名词用is,复数名词全用are.变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃变否定,更容易,be后not莫忘记疑问否定任你变,句首大写莫迟疑时间名词前所用介词的速记歌年月周前要用in,日子前面却不行遇到几号要用on,上午下午又是in.要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行午夜黄昏须用at,黎明用它也不错at也用在明分前,说差可要用上to,说过只可使用past,多说多练牢牢记,莫让岁月空蹉跎可数名词变化规则名词复数有规律,一般词尾加s;辅音字母+y型,变y为i,es;ch,sh真有趣,s,x,es;f,fe真小气,字母v来把它替,es在后别忘记;字母o来真神奇,有生命来es,没有生命+s.中日好友来聚会,绵羊、鹿、鱼把家回。

男士、女士a变e;牙(齿)、脚双o变双e;孩子们想去天安门,原形后面r、e 、n;老鼠本来爱大米,mice,ice和rice.注:中Chinese,日Japanese,好友people.绵羊sheep,鹿deer,鱼fish (这些单词单复数一样) man--men woman--womentooth--teeth foot--feetchild--children mouse--mice一般现在时I、we、you、they作主语,动词原形后面跟;否定句,更容易,动词前面加don't;疑问句,别着急,句首Do,来帮你,后面问号别忘记;肯定回答用Yes,I、we、you、they加上do;否定回答要用No,I、we、you、they加don't.主语三单他、她、它,动三形式后面压,词尾一般s加;辅音字母+y型,变y为i,es;ch,sh真有趣,s,x,es;三个特殊那里去?has、goes和does;否定句,记住它,动词前面doesn't;疑问句,别着急,句首Does,来帮你;肯定回答用Yes,he、she、it加does;否定回答要用No,he、she、it、doesn't;Does、doesn't来帮你,后面动词定注意,恢复原形要切记。

初高中英语语法归纳总结

初高中英语语法归纳总结

初高中英语语法归纳总结一、名词(Noun)名词是指表示人、事、物、地方、抽象概念等的词。

英语名词分可数名词和不可数名词。

可数名词:1. 单数形式:表示一个人或物。

2. 复数形式:表示多个人或物。

不可数名词:1. 无复数形式:表示无法分为个体的概念或物质;2. 有复数形式,但不与数字连用,表示一类事物。

二、代词(Pronoun)代词是用来替代名词的词。

按照不同的功能用途,代词可以分为人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词、反身代词和相互代词。

人称代词:用来代替表示人称的名词,包括主格和宾格两种形式。

主格:I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they宾格:me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them物主代词:用来表示所有关系的代词,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。

形容词性物主代词:my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their名词性物主代词:mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs指示代词:用来指示特定人或物的代词。

this, that, these, those疑问代词:用来提问的代词。

what, which, who, whom, whose不定代词:用来表示数量不确定的人或物的代词。

some, any, no, every, each, all, both, few, little, many, much三、形容词(Adjective)形容词是用来描述名词的特征或性质的词。

1. 修饰名词:形容词通常放在名词前,用来修饰名词。

例如:beautiful girl(美丽的女孩)2. 修饰代词:形容词可以修饰代词,放在代词前。

例如:happy me(快乐的我)3. 修饰动词:形容词可以放在系动词后,修饰主语。

例如:She is kind.(她很友善)4. 最高级形式:形容词有最高级形式,用来表示三者以上中的最高程度。

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英语语法基础知识(适用于初高中衔接)第一部分语法框架词类:名词、动词、形容词、副词、冠词、数词、介词、代词、连词语句子成分:主、谓、宾,定、状、补,同位、表法主语+谓语句简主语+谓语+宾语法单主语+谓语+宾语(间宾)+宾语(直宾)按句主语+谓语+宾语+宾补结主语+系动词+表语构并列句:简单句+并列连词+简单句分定语从句复合句:主句+从句状语从句句名主语从句子词宾语从句结性构从同位语从句句表语从句陈述句:肯定句/否定句按疑一般疑问句:将be/情态动词/助动词do/does/did/have/has/had移到主语前构成语问特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词(what/when/where/why/which/how…)+一般疑问句气句选择疑问句:一般疑问句+or+一般疑问句(通常省去与前句相同的内容)分反义疑问句:前肯后否;前否后肯祈使句:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等,以动词原形开头What +名词+主语+谓语!感What+形容词+名词+主语+谓语!叹How+形容词或副词+主语+谓语!句How +形容词+ a +单数可数名词+主语+谓语!How +主语+谓语!第二部分词类第三部分句子成分及简单句一、简单句的五大基本句型:主语+ 谓语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 不及物动词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 名词/代词/动名词/不定式主语+ 谓语+ 宾语(间宾)+ 宾语(直宾)名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 名词主语+ 谓语+ 宾语+ 宾补名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 及物动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语主语+ 系动词+ 表语名词/代词/动名词/不定式+ 系动词+ 代词+ 代词/名词/数词/非谓语动词/副词/形容词/介词短语实例依次如下:She arrived (on time). 主谓(状)她按时到了。

We will accept (their) invitation. 主谓(定)宾我们将接受他们的邀请。

The company offered him a well-paid job. 主谓+直宾+间宾那家公司给他提供了一份待遇丰厚的工作。

All of them consider him considerate. 主谓宾+宾补他们大家都认为他很体贴。

This is an exciting result. 主系表这是一个令人激动的结果。

二、句子八大成分:主语、谓语、宾语,定语、状语、补语,同位语、表语(主谓宾,定状补,同位表)1、主语(1)定义:主语是构成句子的八大成分之一,是一个句子所叙述的主体,一般位于句首。

(2)主语的表示:主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语等充当。

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. (名词)We often speak English in class. (代词)One-third of the students in this class are girls. (数词)To swim in the river is a great pleasure. (不定式短语)Smoking does harm to the health. (动名词)The rich should help the poor. (名词化的形容词)When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. (主语从句)2、谓语(1)定义:谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

动词或动词短语在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后,并体现人称、数和时态。

(2)谓语的表示:简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。

如:He practices running every morning. (动词)She turned off the light just now. (动词短语) 复合谓语:1)由情态动词加动词原形构成。

如:You may keep the book for two weeks.2)由助动词have/has/had加动词过去分词构成。

如:He has caught a bad cold.3)由系动词加表语构成。

如:We are students.3、宾语:(1)定义:宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者,一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

例如:(2)宾语的表示:宾语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式短语、动名词短语等充当。

They saw an exhibition(展览)yesterday.(名词)The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.(代词)How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.(数词)They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名词化形容词)The boy who is reading is Tom. (定语从句)(3)定语的位置:观察以上例句,不难发现:单个词作定语时,通常位于被修饰词之前,作前置定语;短语和从句作定语时,则位于被修饰词之后,作后置定语。

2)present 在场的,出席的 e.g. All present were surprised.There were 200 people present at the meeting.现有的,目前的 e.g. We are trying to solve the present difficulties.concerned 担心的,忧虑的 e.g. Concerned parents held a meeting.有关的 e.g. the authorities concerned 有关部门5、状语(1)定义:修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,叫做状语。

示:(2)状语的表示:状语可由副词及副词性词组、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、名词、状语从句等充当。

Light travels most quickly.(副词及副词性词组)He has lived in the city for ten years.(介词短语)He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短语)He is in the room making a model plane.(分词短语)Wait a minute.(名词)Once you begin, you must continue.(状语从句)状语种类如下:How about meeting again at six?(时间状语)Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.(时间、原因状语)I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.(条件状语)Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.(地点状语)She put the eggs into the basket with great care.(方式状语)She came in with a dictionary in her hand.(伴随状语)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.(目的状语)He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.(结果状语)She works very hard though she is old.(让步状语)I am taller than he is.(比较状语)6、宾语补足语(1)定义:补充说明宾语的身份、特征或与宾语相同概念的成分。

英语中有些及物动词,除有一个直接宾语以外,还要有一个宾语补语,才能使句子的意义完整。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为:某些及物动词(如:make/name/call 等+宾语+宾补)。

(2)宾补的表示:宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。

例如:His father named him Dong Ming.(名词)They painted their boat white.(形容词)Let the fresh air in.(副词)You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.(不定式短语)We saw her entering the room.(现在分词)We found everything in the lab in good order.(介词短语)We will soon make our city what your city is now.(从句)7、同位语(1)定义:某一名词或代词后的等同解释部分。

(2)同位语的表示:同位语可由名词、名词词组、从句等充当。

We love our country, China. (名词)I live in Shijiazhuang, a city not far from Beijing. (名词词组)注:作同位语的名词或名词词组与被解释部分指同一人或同一物。

I happened to hear the news that we would have a three-day off.(从句)注:作同位语的从句内容即为被解释部分所要表达的内容。

8、表语(1)定义:表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等)之后。

(2)表语的表示:表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。

例如:Our teacher of English is an American.(名词)Is it yours?(代词)The weather has turned cold.(形容词)The speech is exciting.(分词)Three times seven is twenty one?(数词)His job is to teach English.(不定式)His hobby(爱好)is playing football.(动名词)The machine must be out of order.(介词短语)Time is up. The class is over.(副词)The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表语从句)句子成分巧记歌诀主谓宾表定状补,七种成分记清楚。

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