英语国家概况

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英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料

英语国家概况__谢福之_复习资料

Chapter 1全名: the United Kingdom of Great Britain (大不列颠联合王国)(大不列颠联合王国) and Northern Ireland (北爱尔兰)(北爱尔兰) 由成千上万的小岛组成(the British Isles ). 两大岛屿:Great Britain (大不列颠)(大不列颠) and Ireland (爱尔兰)(爱尔兰)The River Thames (second longest and most important), originates (起源于) in southwestern England -----North Sea. Scotland ( Edinburgh 爱丁堡爱丁堡 ) important river:Clyde River kilts (苏克兰小短裙)(苏克兰小短裙) Wales ( Cardiff 加迪夫,著名港口 ). The Severn River is the longest river of Britain------flow through western England. Northern Ireland (Belfast 贝尔法斯特,首府) Lough Lough Neagh----the Neagh----the Neagh----the largest largest largest lake lake lake in in in the the British Isles. Climate : temperate, with warm summers, cool winters and plentiful precipitation(降雨量),冬暖夏凉,降雨充沛暖夏凉,降雨充沛Three major features : winter fog, rainy day, instability : winter fog, rainy day, instability 冬天多雾,常年多雨,天气不定冬天多雾,常年多雨,天气不定London ---Buckingham Palace (白金汉宫), Guildhall (市政厅), St. Paul ’s Cathedral (圣保(圣保罗大教堂), The Tower Bridge of London (伦敦塔桥)(伦敦塔桥)The majority of the population is descendants of the Anglo-Saxons, a Germanic people from Europe.大部分的人口是盎格鲁-撒克逊人的后裔,从欧洲来的日耳曼人 Most people in Wales and Scotland are descendants of the Celtic people, including the Irish people 威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔,包括爱尔兰人威尔士和苏格兰的大多数人都是凯尔特人的后裔,包括爱尔兰人English belongs to the Indo-European family of languages. English is in the Germanic group.英语属于日耳曼语语系英语属于日耳曼语语系 Germanic group: East Germanic, North Germanic, West Germanic. English evolved from the West Germanic group.日耳曼语系:东日耳曼语,北日耳曼语,西日耳曼语。

英语国家概况

英语国家概况
The Celts arrived after the Iberians and until the Romans.
2. Roman Occupation
1stto 5thcentury;
Julius Caesarcame for the first time;
The Emperor Claudius invaded Britain successfully.
2)New Hampshire
3)Vermont
4)Massachusetts
5)Rhode Island
6)Connecticut
The birthplace of America;
The chief center of the American War of Independence;
Many famous universities located here, such asYale, Harvard, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology;
New Englanders were originally called Yankees(美国佬).
2. The Middle Atlantic States
1)New York
2)Pennsylvania
3)New Jersey
4)Delaware
5)Maryland
Washington D.C.is located here.
5)Wisconsin
6)Missouri
7)Iowa
8)Minnesota
9)Kansas
10)Nebraska
11)North Dakota
12)South Dakota

《英语国家概况》课件

《英语国家概况》课件
Detailed description
01
Overview of the United States
Summary: The United States has a rich and diverse geographical and historical background, which has had a profound impact on national development.
01
Overview of other English speaking countries
Summary
A country with abundant natural environment and resources, and a fusion of diverse cultures
Detailed description
THE FIRST LESSON OF THE SCHOOL YEAR
《英语国家概况》PPT课件

CONTENTS
introductionOverview of the UKOverview of the United StatesOverview of CanadaOverview of other English speaking countries
要点一
要点二
Detailed description
Canada is located in the northern part of North America, with vast land and abundant natural resources. Its history can be traced back to the indigenous period and later became a colony of France and Britain. After Canada gained independence, it gradually developed into a multicultural developed country.

英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)

英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)

英语国家概况知识点(绝对全)第一部分英国第一章英国地理1. The official name of the United Kingdom is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.2. There are three political divisions on the islands of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.3. About a hund red years ago, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the world’s people and one fourth of the world’s land area.4. The Britain Empire was replaced by the Britain commonwealth in 1931,which is a free association of independent counties that were once colonies of Britain.5. Britain is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east.6. Britain has, for centuries, been tilting with the northwest slowly rising, and the southeast slowly sinking. The north and west of Britain are mainly highlands. The southeast and east are mainly lowlands.7. The pennies, a range of hills running from north midlands to Scottish border, are the principal mountain chain.8. Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain in Britain, and the Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in Britain.9. There are three natural zones in Scotland: the highlands in the north, the central lowlands, and the southern uplands. The lowlands in the center comprise mostly the forth and Clyde valleys.10. Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast are the capitals of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.11. Scotland has about 800 islands, including the Orkney, Shetlands and Hebrides.苏格兰有800座岛屿,包括奥克内群岛,谢特兰群岛和赫不里德群岛。

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家是指以英语为官方语言或为第一语言的国家。

这些国家有着丰富的历史和文化,并且在全球范围内都有着重要的地位。

以下是对一些典型英语国家的笔记整理。

英格兰英格兰是指大不列颠岛上最大的一个国家,首都是伦敦。

英格兰是全球最重要的文化和商业中心之一,是世界上最重要的旅游胜地之一。

它以其壮丽的城市风光、古老的大学、世界顶级艺术品和丰富的文化遗产而著名。

英格兰还是口音最标准、最古老的英语发源地之一。

苏格兰苏格兰是英国的一个国家,位于英国北部,与英格兰隔着哈德里安长城相隔。

苏格兰地处北极圈附近,因此气候较为寒冷,但是其美丽的山川湖泊和独特的文化使得它成为了一个重要的旅游胜地。

苏格兰的联合王国象征是印有一只独角兽的盾牌。

苏格兰有着悠久的历史,并且拥有着独特的文化,比如苏格兰传统的音乐、服装和食品等。

威尔士威尔士是英国的一个国家,位于英格兰西部。

它以其壮观的山地风景和世界最佳的海岸线而著名。

威尔士人喜欢庆祝传统文化,并且其歌曲、舞蹈和风俗仍然在今天得到了广泛传承。

威尔士听起来有着特别的口音。

英国国旗上的红色龙即是威尔士的象征。

爱尔兰爱尔兰是一个欧洲国家,位于大不列颠岛西侧。

它分为爱尔兰共和国和北爱尔兰,后者是英国的一部分。

爱尔兰是一个美丽的国家,拥有许多独特的风景和文化遗产。

爱尔兰以其友好的人民、美妙的音乐和优美的文学而著名。

美国美国是世界上最强大的国家之一,是一个多元化的国家,拥有许多文化和民族。

美国以其灿烂多彩的文化、科技创新和政治制度而闻名于世。

美国是一个旅游胜地,拥有世界上最知名的城市之一,如纽约、洛杉矶和旧金山等。

在美国,许多地方需要汽车来进行通行,而且美国人也对汽车有着独特的热爱。

加拿大加拿大是北美洲最多元化和最友善的国家之一。

加拿大有着尽可能保持自然美和野生动物保护的承诺,拥有美丽的大自然风光,如落基山脉和尼亚加拉瀑布。

加拿大人民非常注重公民权利和社会公正,是全世界人权保护能见度最高的国家之一。

英语国家概况中文版

英语国家概况中文版

英语国家概况中文版简介英语是世界上最广泛使用的第二语言,也是联合国的一种官方语言。

英语国家是指以英语为母语或官方语言的国家,主要分布在北美、欧洲、澳大利亚和新西兰等地。

本文将介绍英语国家的概况和一些有趣的事实。

北美地区北美地区是英语国家的主要集中地。

美国是世界上最大的英语国家,英语是其最主要的官方语言。

美国的文化、商业和科技对全球产生了深远影响。

加拿大是除美国外人口最多的英语国家,英语是其官方语言之一。

加拿大是一个多元文化的国家,拥有丰富的自然资源和高质量的教育体系。

欧洲欧洲也是英语国家的重要区域。

英国是英语的发源地,英语是其官方语言。

英国对世界文学、艺术、政治和经济都有重要影响。

爱尔兰也是英语国家,英语是其官方语言之一。

爱尔兰以其独特的文化和友好的人民而闻名。

其他欧洲国家如澳大利亚和新西兰也是英语国家。

澳大利亚是南半球最大的英语国家,英语是其官方语言。

澳大利亚以其美丽的自然风景和多元文化而著名。

新西兰是一个位于南太平洋上的岛国,英语是其官方语言之一。

新西兰以其壮丽的自然风光和平静的生活方式而吸引着众多游客。

亚洲在亚洲地区,菲律宾是英语国家之一,英语是其官方语言之一。

菲律宾的人口中有很多人能以流利的英语进行交流。

印度也是一个使用英语广泛的国家,尽管其官方语言是印地语,但英语在印度的政府、商业和教育领域是普遍使用的。

非洲尽管非洲大多数国家的官方语言是其本土语言,但在一些前英国殖民地,如南非和尼日利亚,英语依然是重要的官方语言之一。

这些国家的人民通常会说至少两种或更多种语言。

结论英语国家的分布遍布全球,英语作为一种国际语言在全球范围内发挥着重要的作用。

这些国家的文化、历史和社会风貌各异,但他们之间通过英语语言建立了联系。

无论是在学习、旅游,还是商业交流中,英语都是一门重要的语言。

掌握英语不仅可以帮助我们更好地了解这些国家,还能够与世界各地的人民进行交流和沟通。

以上是对英语国家概况的简要介绍,希望对读者有所帮助。

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家是指以英语为官方语言的国家,主要分布在英联邦国家和美洲国家。

这些国家在文化、经济等方面有着广泛的联系和合作,具有丰富的历史及文化背景,是世界上最具影响力的国家之一。

下面将对英语国家的概况进行整理。

英联邦国家是指以英国为领袖的国际组织,由英国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非、印度、巴基斯坦等53个国家和地区组成。

这些国家中以英国、澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰为代表的国家,在经济、政治、文化、教育等方面有着密切的联系和合作,军事上也有协调和互助的关系。

英国是英语国家的中心,由四个国家:英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成。

英国拥有悠久的历史和文化背景,是文化艺术、科技创新、高等教育等方面的领袖国家。

英国的文化产业发达,英语是世界第一大语言,英国的音乐、电影、电视剧等文艺作品也备受全球瞩目。

澳大利亚位于太平洋和印度洋之间,是由六个州和两个地区组成的联邦制国家。

澳大利亚是一个多元化的国家,拥有丰富的自然资源和景观。

澳大利亚在旅游、采矿、农业等方面具有突出的优势,是世界经济中不可忽视的力量。

加拿大是北美洲最大的国家,拥有广阔的土地和丰富的自然资源。

加拿大是世界上最发达的国家之一,其经济主要以服务业和加工制造业为主。

加拿大在金融、信息技术等领域具有较强的实力。

新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国,由北岛和南岛以及其他一些小岛组成。

新西兰优美的自然环境使其成为了世界上著名的旅游胜地,同时其在农业、林业、渔业等领域也有着不俗的表现。

美洲国家是指以英语为官方语言的南、北美洲国家,包括美国、加拿大和13个加勒比国家。

这些国家在经济、政治、文化等方面也有着紧密的联系和合作。

美国是世界经济最大的国家之一,是世界级的大国和超级大国。

美国拥有强大的军事实力和文化影响力,同时也在国际事务中发挥着重要作用。

美国是全球科技、金融和文化中心之一,其在电影、音乐、时尚、饮食等方面也有着巨大的影响力。

加勒比国家是指坐落在加勒比海与墨西哥湾之间的一批岛国,其中比较著名的包括牙买加、海地、巴哈马等。

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理English-speaking countries refer to countries where English is the native language or widely spoken as a second language. These countries have a significant influence on global politics, business, culture, and education. In this article, we will provide an overview of some prominent English-speaking countries, including their population, geography, economy, and culture.1. United States:- Population: The United States is the third most populous country in the world, with a population of over 331 million people.- Geography: The country is located in North America and is known for its diversity in landscapes, including vast plains, mountains, deserts, and coastal regions.- Economy: The U.S. has the largest economy in the world, characterized by a highly developed and diverse range of industries, including technology, finance, entertainment, and manufacturing. - Culture: The American culture is a melting pot of various ethnicities and is known for its influence on film, music, literature, and fashion.2. United Kingdom:- Population: The United Kingdom, composed of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, has a population of over 66 million people.- Geography: The country is located in Western Europe and is known for its diverse landscapes, including rolling hills, coastal cliffs, and lush countryside.- Economy: The U.K. has a highly developed economy with a strong focus on industries such as finance, manufacturing,pharmaceuticals, and creative sectors.- Culture: The U.K. is rich in cultural heritage and has made significant contributions to literature, music, and arts. The country is also known for its royal family and historical landmarks.3. Canada:- Population: Canada is the second-largest country in the world by land area and has a population of over 38 million people.- Geography: The country is located in North America and is known for its stunning natural landscapes, including vast forests, lakes, and the Rocky Mountains.- Economy: Canada has a mixed-market economy with a strong focus on natural resources, such as oil, gas, timber, and minerals. It also has thriving sectors in technology, finance, and manufacturing. - Culture: Canadian culture is diverse, influenced by indigenous peoples, British and French colonial history, and immigration from various countries. Canada is known for its multiculturalism, hockey, and maple syrup.4. Australia:- Population: Australia is the sixth-largest country in the world by land area but has a relatively small population of around 25 million people.- Geography: The country is located in Oceania and is known for its diverse landscapes, including the Great Barrier Reef, deserts, rainforests, and stunning beaches.- Economy: Australia has a prosperous and open-market economy, highly dependent on natural resources such as minerals, natural gas, and agricultural products. It also has strong sectors in finance, tourism, and education.- Culture: Australian culture is influenced by indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures, as well as British and multicultural influences. The country is known for its laid-back, outdoor lifestyle, sports, and unique wildlife.These are just a few examples of prominent English-speaking countries. Each country has its own unique history, culture, and contributions to the global stage. Understanding the characteristics of these countries is important for international relations, business, and cultural exchange.。

英语国家概况复习整理

英语国家概况复习整理

英语国家概况复习整理英语国家概况一、国家概况英语是世界上使用最广泛的第二语言,几乎所有英语国家都以英语为官方语言。

以下是几个代表性的英语国家概况:1. 英国(United Kingdom)英国位于欧洲大陆的西北部,由四个国家组成:英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰。

英国是一个君主立宪制国家,伦敦是其首都和最大城市。

英国是工业革命的发源地之一,对现代科学、文化和法律产生了重要影响。

2. 美国(United States)美国是一个位于北美洲的联邦共和制国家,由50个州组成。

华盛顿特区是其首都,纽约市是最大城市。

美国是世界上最大的经济体和军事力量之一,对全球政治、经济和文化具有巨大影响。

3. 加拿大(Canada)加拿大是北美洲最北端的国家,是一个君主立宪制国家。

渥太华是其首都,多伦多是最大城市。

加拿大是世界上最大的国家之一,拥有丰富的自然资源和文化多样性。

4. 澳大利亚(Australia)澳大利亚是世界上面积第六大的国家,位于南太平洋地区。

堪培拉是其首都,悉尼是最大城市。

澳大利亚以其独特的自然景观、丰富的动植物种类和多元文化而闻名。

5. 新西兰(New Zealand)新西兰位于南太平洋地区,由北岛和南岛组成。

惠灵顿是其首都,奥克兰是最大城市。

新西兰以其美丽的自然景观和友好的人民而闻名,是旅游和冒险活动的热门目的地。

二、国家特点1. 文化和历史英语国家的文化和历史各具特色。

英国的文化底蕴深厚,有着悠久的王室传统和文学艺术遗产。

美国是一个移民国家,融合了来自世界各地的文化,拥有独特的美国梦和好莱坞电影文化。

加拿大和澳大利亚等英联邦国家也保留了英国文化的一些传统,并发展了自己的多元文化。

2. 经济和科技英语国家在经济和科技领域具有强大实力。

英国在金融、教育、文化创意产业等领域发达,是世界上最重要的金融中心之一。

美国是全球最大的市场之一,科技创新领域具有很高的竞争力。

加拿大和澳大利亚等国也在自然资源开发和高科技产业方面表现出色。

英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版

英语国家概况复习整理精选全文完整版

可编辑修改精选全文完整版英语国家概况复习整理一、单选题知识点:1.英国部分英国的主要岛屿:Great Britain and IrelandEdinburgh(爱丁堡)是苏格兰的首都英国有超过60 million的人口Northern Ireland是4个英国组成部分中最小的一个1/4 人口住在southeastern England英语属于Indo-European 语系中的Germanic(日耳曼语)基督教额引入为英国添加了第一笔 Latin and Greek色彩中世界英语被Norman influence强化塞缪尔.约翰逊的词典的意义是建立了Spelling的标准目前,将近a quarter的世界人口讲英文The Gremanic对罗马的进攻结束了罗马人占领英国在7世纪晚期,Roman Christianity(天主教会)处于英格兰的主导地位Westminster Abbey(威斯敏斯特教堂)建立在Edward the confessor(忏悔者爱德华)时期The Norman conquest 标志着Feudalism(封建制度)在英国的建立玫瑰花战争带来the House of Tudor的统治宗教改革(Religious Reformation)的直接原因是亨利三世国王divorce his wife英国革命在1642年爆发于Royalists and Parliamentarians(保皇党人和国会议员)之间Bill of Right(人权法案)在Glorious Revolution (光荣革命)后被通过19世纪中期英国的Industrial Revolution完成英国在20世纪初期面临着强烈的全球帝国统治挑战英国政府的三权分立:judiciary(司法),legislature(立法)及executive(行政),而不包括momarchy(君主) 英国君主的重要性体现在他在public attitude方面的影响British Cabinet(内阁)在Collective responsibility(集体负责制)的原则下工作英国Priry Council(枢密院)的主要责任是Give advice英国议会大选每5年举行一次Scotland拥有建立在罗马法律基础上的独特的法律系统英国议会的经营是two-party(两党的)模式保守党的政策是典型的Pragmatism(实用主义)和 a belief in individualism(个人主义的信仰)工会党(The Labor Prty)的影响是建立了全国健康服务体制(National Health Service)英国经济到1800s实现了全球统治在1946年,英国议会通过了两个重要法案,建立了福利规定1970s早期的The oil crisis(石油危机)恶化了本来已经不景气的英国经济布莱尔政府没有在reducing inequality方面获得成功英国开垦了74%的土地用于发展农业英国的渔业地区不包括The sea area between Britain and Ireland在英国,煤矿产业提供了1/4的能源英国汽车产业几乎全部是Foreign-owned(外企)英国文艺复兴时期最光辉的成就是drama(戏剧)"Preface to Lyrical Ballads"是浪漫诗的开篇之作Thomas Hardy 是19世纪批判现实主义的代表Waiting for Godot是Samuel Bekett 写的2.美国部分美国大陆上有48个statesAlaska是最大的州美国在 central North America ,加拿大在它的北面,墨西哥在南面,大西洋在它的东面,太平洋在它的西面美国最大的河流是Mississippi River哈佛、耶鲁和MIT等著名大学位于New EnglandNiagara Falls(尼亚加拉瀑布)位于美国-加拿大边境上阿拉斯加人口中没有the Blacks美国最大的少数民族是the Blacks1924年的移民法案限制美国的进一步移民,尤其是来自欧洲的美国文化主流的特点是:English-speaking,Western European,Protestant and Middle-class第一个北美殖民地建立在Jamestorn,VirginiaPilrim Fathers 是一群Paritans(清教徒),他们为了逃避在英国的迫害而来到美国7年战争发生在French and British之间"No taxation without represtation"是The people of 13 colonies的口号美国独立战争的第一枪在Lexingto (列克星顿)打响1775年5月,The second continenta congrsee 在Philadelphia举行林肯签发了Declaration of Independence承诺给予所以奴隶自由第二次世界大战开始时,美国是neutrality(中立的)政策Roosevelt(罗斯福)新政处理了大萧条的问题越南战争继续受Eisenhower,kennedy and johnson的影响美国的ore(矿石)只占世界很小部分现代美国经济经历了faming economy,handcraft economy,最终形成industrial economy第一家国家银行是在Alexander Hamilton时期建立的美国1/3粮食用于出口目前,美国出口占世界10%美国常规教育包括elementary,secondary and higher education美国高等教育开始于Harvard University 的建立MIT没有出过总统美国国庆节在July 4thWashington Irving 是美国文学之父Tony Morrison是第一个获得诺贝尔奖文学奖的非裔美国人二、名词解释:1. American Civil War(美国内战)American Civil War is a war that was fought in the US between 1861 and 1865 when 11 southern states rebelled against the federal government. The southern states were beaten, and as a result of the war, slaves became free.2.Melting pot and salad(大熔炉)The melting pot is an analogy for the way in which homogeneous societies develop, in which the ingredients in the pot (people of different cultures, races and religions) are combined so as to develop a multi-ethnic society. The term, which originates from the United States, is often used to describe societies experiencing large scale immigration from many different countries.3.American Constitution(美国宪法)American Constitution,which was drawn up in 1787 and came into effect in 1789,is the basic law of the land.For over two centuries,it has guided the development of government institution and has the basis for the nation,s political stability,economic growth and social progress.4.Cold War(冷战)In the spring of 1947 ,for the purpose of establishing the U.S.hegenmiony(霸权) in postwar world,President Truman declared the "Tueman Doctrine",aiming at expanding American sphere of influence.This marked the beginning of the Cold War period.the Cold War exerted great influence in Europe,and two Germanys were founded.Then,in April 1949,the U.S.allied with other Western countries,forming the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.While seeking to prevent Communist ideology from gaining further adherents(追随者) in Europe, the U.S.also responded to the challenges elsewhere.5.Thanksgiving(感恩节)Thanksgiving is a associated with the time when Europeans first came to the New World.In1620,the Mayflower arrived and brought about 150 Pilgrims.Life at the beginning was very hard and there was not enough food,so many of them died.During the following summer the Native Americans helped them and then they had a bountiful harvest.So they held a big celebration to thank God and the Native Americans.6.British Labor Party(英国工会党)British Labor Party known as a party of high taxation,was created by the growing trade union movement at the end of the 19th century.It quickly replaced the Liberal Party as one of the two largest political parties.The Labor government that come to power in 1945 had a major effort on British society. It set up the National Health Service.The party activities are largely funded by the trade unions.7.British Conservative Party(英国保守党)By and large, the Conservative Party is supported by those who have something to "conserve".Economically,the Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprise.It is against too much government intervention,especially nationalization.The Conservative Partyfavors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare.Its policies are charactized by pragmatism and a belied in individualism.monwealth of Nations(联邦国家)The Commonwealth of Nations is a voluntary association of independent sovereign statse,all of which acknowledge the British monarch as the head.The Commonwealth is not a political union of any sort,and its member states have full autonomy to manage their internal and external affairs.It is primarily an organization in which countries with diverse economic backgrounds have an opportunity for close and equal interaction after gaining independence.The major activities of the Commonwealth are designed to advocate democracy,human rights,and to promote economic cooperation and growth within its members.9.Critical Realism(批判现实主义)The Critical Realism of the 19th centry flourished in the 1840s and the early 1850s.The Critical Realism described the chief traits of the society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic viewpoint.The greatest English realist was Charles Dickens.10.Standard English (标准英语)Standard English is based on the speech of the upper class of southeastern England.It is widely used in media and taught at school .It is preferred by the educated,middle-class people .It has developed and has been promoted as a model for correct British English .It is also the norm carried overseas.Today Standard English is codified to the extent that the grammar and vocabulary are much the same everywhere in the world where English is thought and used.三、简答题:1.what is the full name of the UK?The full name is the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.why do tourists from all over the world like to go to Scotland?They like to enjoy the beautiful Scottish scenery ,to drink Scotch whisky and to see Scotsmen wearing kilts and playing bagpipes.3.How many periods can the development of the English language be divided into and what are they ?The development of the English language can be divided into three periods : Old English ,Middle English and Modern English.4.Why did English become more important after the Black Death?The laboring and merchant classes grew in economic and social importance after the Black Death,so English also grew in importance compare to French.。

英语国家概况(中英)(57页)

英语国家概况(中英)(57页)

英语国家概况(An Overview ofEnglishSpeaking Countries)一、英国(United Kingdom)1. 地理位置:英国位于欧洲大陆的西北边缘,由大不列颠岛、北爱尔兰和若干小岛组成。

2. 首都:伦敦(London),是英国的政治、经济、文化和交通中心。

3. 官方语言:英语4. 人口:约6600万,其中英格兰占最大比例。

5. 国旗:英国国旗被称为“米字旗”,由蓝、白、红三种颜色组成。

6. 经济:英国是世界上发达国家之一,拥有强大的金融、工业和科技实力。

7. 教育体系:英国教育体系享誉世界,牛津、剑桥等世界知名学府坐落于此。

8. 文化特色:英国有着丰富的历史文化底蕴,如莎士比亚、牛顿、披头士乐队等均诞生于此。

同时,英国也是现代足球的发源地。

二、美国(United States of America)1. 地理位置:美国位于北美洲,东临大西洋,西濒太平洋,南接墨西哥湾和加勒比海,北邻加拿大。

2. 首都:华盛顿特区(Washington, D.C.),是美国政治中心。

3. 官方语言:英语4. 人口:约3.3亿,是世界上第三人口大国。

5. 国旗:美国国旗被称为“星条旗”,由红、白、蓝三种颜色组成。

6. 经济:美国是全球最大的经济体,拥有强大的科技创新能力和金融市场。

7. 教育体系:美国教育资源丰富,世界顶尖大学如哈佛、斯坦福等均位于此。

8. 文化特色:美国文化多元化,涵盖了欧洲、亚洲、非洲等多种文化元素。

好莱坞电影、NBA篮球、美式足球等在全球具有广泛影响力。

三、加拿大(Canada)1. 地理位置:加拿大位于北美洲北部,东临大西洋,西濒太平洋,北接北冰洋,南邻美国。

2. 首都:渥太华(Ottawa),是加拿大的政治中心。

3. 官方语言:英语和法语4. 人口:约3800万,是世界上面积第二大国家。

5. 国旗:加拿大国旗被称为“枫叶旗”,由红、白两色组成。

6. 经济:加拿大经济发达,资源丰富,特别是石油、天然气和矿产资源。

英语国家概况(汉英对照)

英语国家概况(汉英对照)

英语国家概况(汉英对照)Isles consist of two large islands and several hundred small islands。

The two large XXX larger and is the home of England。

Scotland。

XXX is also part of the United Kingdom and is locatedin the northern part of XXX。

the official name of the country isthe United Kingdom of Great XXX。

due to its length。

people often refer to it as Britain。

the United Kingdom。

or simply the UK。

The UK is a country located on the island of Great Britain。

with its capital in London。

Another country。

the Republic of Ireland or simply Ireland。

is also located on the island of Ireland。

It occupies the rest of the island。

in the south。

It gained independence in 1949 and its capital is Dublin.Ⅱ.英国的地理和气候2.Geography and Climate of the UK英国位于欧洲西北部,是一个由四个国家组成的岛国。

英格兰、苏格兰和XXX占据了大不列颠岛的大部分面积,而北爱尔兰则位于爱尔兰岛的东北部。

英国地形多样,有山地、丘陵、平原、海岸等。

英国的气候温和而多雨,因为受到暖流的影响,所以冬季不会太冷,夏季也不会太热。

英语国家概况 英文

英语国家概况 英文

英语国家概况英文
英语是世界上最重要的语言之一,它在许多国家是官方语言或主要语言。

以下是一些以英
语为母语的国家的概况:
1. 英国:作为英语的诞生地,英国是最重要的英语国家之一。

英国不仅以其古老的历史和文化
而闻名,还是经济和科技的重要中心。

伦敦是英国的首都和最大城市。

2. 美国:作为全球最强大的经济体之一,美国是世界上最多样化和多元化的国家之一。

英语是
美国的官方语言,并在社交、经济和政治领域中广泛使用。

华盛顿特区是美国的首都。

3. 加拿大:加拿大是第二个最大的英语国家,英语是该国的一种官方语言,与法语并列。

加拿
大以其美丽的自然景观、多元的文化和友好的人民而闻名。

4. 澳大利亚:澳大利亚是一个位于南半球的国家,也是一个英语国家。

英语是该国的官方语言,并广泛使用于各个领域。

悉尼是澳大利亚的最大城市和经济中心。

5. 新西兰:新西兰是一个位于南太平洋的岛国,英语是该国的主要语言。

新西兰以其壮丽的自
然景观、丰富的文化遗产和友善的人民而闻名。

6. 南非:英语是南非的官方语言之一,这个国家拥有多种语言和文化。

南非以其多样化的野生
动植物、美丽的海岸线和悠久的历史而著名。

除了这些国家,还有许多其他国家也使用英语作为官方语言或作为第二语言,并且英语在全球
范围内被广泛学习和使用。

使用英语的国家有助于促进各国之间的交流、商务合作和文化交流。

英语国家概况的复习重点

英语国家概况的复习重点

英语国家概况的复习重点英语国家概况六国比较英语国家概况 - 地理、人口、气候篇一、地理位置,面积:英国:The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Britain is an island country. It is surounded by the sea. It lies in the north Atlantic Ocean off the north coast of Europe.It is separated from the rest of Europe by the English Channel in the south and the Borth sea in the east. The Britain covers an area of 244,100 square kms. It runs 1,000 kms from north to south and extends, at the widest part, about 500 kilometres.美国:the United States of America The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its north.Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to its South,the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west.The two newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continetal United States.(Joined in 1959) The U.S. has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres(the 4th largest country in the world).It streches 2,575 kilometres from north to south and 4,500 kilometres from east to west.爱尔兰:the Republic of Ireland(Eire) The Republic of Ireland covers an area of 70,282 sq.km.The cuntry's total boundary si 3,603 km long,of which its land border with Northern Ireland is 434 km. It is bounded on the northeast by Northern Ireland,on the east and southeast by the Irish Sea and St. Geogore's Channel and on the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean.加拿大:Canada Canada is the world's second largest country after Russia. It has a land area of about 10 million sq.km. It covers about two fifths of North American comtinent.North to South(3,200 kilometres),east to west(6,400 kilometres).Canada and United States share a 6,378 kilometre boundary that has not been fortified for over a hundred years. Canada lies to the north of the United States.The 45th parallel marks the boundary between Canada and norhtern Vermont and New York of the United States.澳大利亚:Australia Australia streches from 10 south to 44 south of latitude and 113 east to 154 east of longitude. Australia is the world's smallest continent with an area of 7.7 milion sq.km. But Australia is the sixth largest country in the world. It surrounded by the Tasman Sea and the Pacific Ocean to the east,by the Indian Ocean to the west,by the Coral Sea,the Atlantic Sea and Timor Sea to the north,and the Southern Indian Ocean and the Great Australian Bight to the south.新西兰:New Zealand New Zealand is in the Southern Pacific Ocean,halfway between the equator and South Pole. About 1,500 km to the northwest,across the Tasman Sea,is Australia. To the east,10,600 km of the Pacific Ocean separate New Zealand from South America.The icy continent of Antarctica lies 2,300 km to the south. The latitude of the capital city,Wellington,is 40S;the latitude of China's capital is 40N.It is just west of the International Date line,so it is the first country to get the new day. The size of the country is similar to Britain or Japan.二、气候,人口英国: Britain has a population of 57,411,000(1990). A maritime type of climate. Winters are mild,not too cold and summers are cool,not too hot,and it has a steady reliable rainfullthroughtout the whole year. It has a small range of temperature.美国: The United States of America,with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992,is the third most populous country in the wrold. By the year 2050,the population is expected to climb to 383 million,a 50% increase. The United States is located in the middle latitudes north of the equator. And there are different types of climate in different regions. 1)A humid continental climate is found in the north-eastern part of the country.(New England) 2)In the south-eastern United States you can find a humid subtropical climate. *these two zones stretch westward across the United States until they approach the 100th meridian.3)Beyond this point they gradually give way to the continental steppe climate of the Great Plains. 4)The Pacific northwest is favoured with a maritime climate. 5)The souther part of the Pacific coast in California has a Mediterranean climate.爱尔兰: The population of Ireland in 1990 was estimated at 3.5 million. It is expected to grow to 4 million by 2000. The weather of Ireland is described as "mild,moist and changeable".Extreme cold,long frosts,heavy snows in winter and scorching days in summer are uncommon.加拿大: Canada has a population of only a little over 29 million(1994).Toronto(3.4 million),Montreal(2.9 million)and Vancouver(1.3 million) are the most populous cities in Canada. Except for southwestern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta,Canada recieves adequate rainfall.However the climate throughout Canada is varied. 1)A maritime climate similar to that of Washington and Oregon states in the United States is found in the southwestern part of British Colombia. 2)North of these regions lie the evergreen forests of the subarctic taiga. 3)In the far north there is a polar climate with a treeless tundra zone Generally speaking the climate in Canada is unfavourable.Much of Cananda has long and cold winters with deep snow.澳大利亚: Today(1996) Australia's population is about 18 million or about two people to the square kilometre. Most Australia do not know their continent very well because they live on the cool,wet,forested south-east coastland. This is the most pleasant part of the country and the forests are unique but it is not Australia's most common environment. Two thirds of the coutry is hot and dry.新西兰: The population of New Zealand is 3.5 million. Approximately 10% are Maori,or part Maori. The climate in New Zealand is generally temperate,but becasue the country runs northsouth,the climate is varied. In the far north it is subtropical and in some mountainous areas of South island it is almost subarcitc.Seasonal variations are less extreme than in many other countries.英语国家概况 - 政治篇一、基本政治制度和国家元首英国: The United Kingdome is a constitutional monarchy:the head of States is a king or a queen. In practice,the Sovereign reigns,but does not rule:the United Kongdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign,by His or Her Majestty's Government--a body of Ministers who are the leading members of whichever political party the electorate has voted into office,and who are responsible to Parliament. The present Sovereign is Queen Elizabeth美国: The American Consitution set up a federal systerm of government which has two layers of rule.(central of federal government for the nation ,state and local governments.) The President of the Unites States is head of the executive branch. The White House is his official residence. He is also head of state elected by the whole nation.(4years,two times at the most)爱尔兰: Ireland is a parliamentary republic and a unitary state under the 1937 Consitution. The head of the state is the president.(7years)加拿大: Canada,a self-governing memeber of the Commonwealth of Nations,is a federation of 10 povinces and two territories. Canada, along with Australia, New Zealand and some other Commonwealth countries, recognizes Britain' monarch, Queen Elizabath II, as Head of State.澳大利亚:The Commonwealth of Australia is a federation.The Six colonies joined together as sovereign States.新西兰: New Zealand is a sovereign independent State,which a parliament government and a constitutional monarchy立法机构 ,执法机构二、立法机构英国:Parliament(maximum 5 years duration)Parliament consisted of the Sovereign,the House of Lords(made up of the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temporal) and House of Commons(651).美国:CongressArticle I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government toa Congress composed of two chambers,a Senate(two members from each state,six year term and every even year,one-third of the Senate stands for re-election ) and a House of Representatives(based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.435).爱尔兰:All the legislative power are vested in the national parliament.(Oireachats) Oireachats has two houses. They are the Senate(Seanad) and the House of Representives(Dail Eireann)加拿大:All the legislative power of the federal administration are vested in the Parliament of Canada,which consists of the Crown,the Senate(104) and the House of Commons(295).Therefore,laws must be passed by both Houses of Parliament and signed by the Governor-General in the Queen's name.澳大利亚:The Australian Federal Parliament is modelled on the Westminster system.It is the Legislature.It consists of the Queen and two Houses of Parliament:the House of Representatives and the Senate. 新西兰:New Zealand follows the British Parliamentary system with some varitions.Since 1950 the New Zealand Parliament has had only one chamber,the House of Representatives. (every 3 years)三、执法机构英国:The Prime Minister is apointed by the Queen.He always sits in the House of Commons.And his residence is No.10 Downing Street in London.The party which wins sufficient seats at a General Election to command a majority of supporters in the House of Commons usually forms the Government.Ministers are appointed by the Queen on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The most senior ministers compose the Cabinet.美国:The head of the departments,chosen by the President and approved by the Senate,form a council of advisers generally known as the President. This inculdes the White House staff,the Office of Management and Budget,the Council of Economic Advisers,and the Office of Emergerency Preparedness. The department are as follows(不打上来了,是书上的P305)爱尔兰:The Article 13 of the Constitution provides that the president shall appoint the prime minister(toiseach) on the nomination of the House of Representatives(Dail) and that he shall appoint the other members of the government on the nomination of the prime minister with the previous approval of the Dail.The prime minister holds office either until he chooses to resign or until he loses the support of the majority in the Dail.加拿大:Queen is represented in Canada by the Governor-General,who is appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. In practice, the Governor-General acts only the advice of the Canada Prime Minister and the Cabinet, who also sit in the federal parliament.The Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet exercise executive power as the "Government".澳大利亚:In Australia the Queen is represented by the Govenor-General.(这里和加拿大是完全一样的) The executive is the government of the day.It is formed by the party or coalition of parties,which has a majority of seats in the House of Representatives.The Executive consists of the Prime Minister and the other members of the ministry.新西兰:The leader of the party with a majority of members in the House of Representatives becomes Prime Minister.He or she and about 20 other chosen members,form the Cabinet.四、党派英国:Since the 1945 eiher the Conservative Party or the Labour Party has held power.A new party--the Social and Liberal Democratic Party was formed in 1988.美国:In general,America has a two-party system.The Democrats(the major party now) and the Republicans.爱尔兰:Ireland has a bipolar political system with two major paries,Finna Fail and Fine Gael.The Irish Labour Party is the oldest of all the parties in Ireland. The Progressive Democrats is the largest of the minor partiesafter 1987 election.加拿大:Two party system and one party rule.There are two main federal parties in Canada.They are the Liberal Party and the Progressive Conservative Party.澳大利亚:We can say that Australia has a two-and-half party system of the ALP(Australia Labour Party) on one side and the Liberal Party and National parties on the other.新西兰:For the last 50 years the two main parties have been the National party and the Labour Party.五、司法机构英国: Criminal Courts in England and Wales including: Magistrates Courts,Youth Courts and the Crown CourtsScotland: 1.the High Courts of Justiciary 2.the sheriff court 3. the district court Northern Ireland: Magistrates' courts,Country courts and the Crown CourtCivil Courts in England and Wales: are the Country Court of which there are 270.The High Court deal with the more complicated cases.Scotland:the civil courts are the sheriff court and the Court of Session.Northern Ireland:Country courts are primarily civil law courts. The magistrates' court also deals with certain limited classes of civil cases.The High Court of Justice is the superior civil law court.Appeals from country courts are dealt with by the High Court or the Court of Appeal.美国:The judicial,consists of a system of courts headed by the Supreme Court and including subordinate courts throughtout the country.And it is the organ which has the power to interpret the Constitution.The judicial system has evovlved into the present structure:the Supreme Court,11 courts of appeals,91 district courts,and three courts of special jurisdiction.爱尔兰:Statutes passed by the British Parliament before 1921 have the force of law except those repealed by the Irish Oireachats.The high court has full origianal jurisdiction and power in all matters of law.It also can determine the validity of any law within the provisions of the Constitution.The Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.(a chief jusice and six other jusices)加拿大:Canada law has its source in acts and judicial decisions,and also in British common law. Quebec is an exception since its system is based on the French civil law.The provincial and federal governments have the power to establish courts. The federal Parliament created the Supreme Court of Canada,the Federal Court and various of special jurisdiction.澳大利亚:The High Court is the most superior.It consists of a chief jusice and six other jusices.The Federal Court of Australia was established in 1977.The Family Court was established in 1976.In each state there is a Superior Court. Below it are intermediate courts commonly calledDistrict or County Courts. Below them are Magistrates Courts,Local Courts or Courts of Petty Session.六、农业英国: The Britain were pioneers in modern agriculture and were among the first to bring science and machinery to farming.The new farming has been called "agribusiness".There are mainly six farming types in Britain.They are arable farning,dairy fariming,stock farming,mixed farming,hill farming and market gardening. Because of the cool climate,apples,pears and plums grwo very well in Britain. The North Sea has very good fishing grounds.美国: Yet the United States grows nearly one fourth of the world's grain and supplies a half of all the exports of grain in the world. It ranks first,second,or third in the production and export of corn, wheat, rice, soybeans, oranges, meat,milk, apples,oats,cotton,tobaoo, peanuts,and edible vegetable oil.(具体的在什么地方种什么东西可以参照书上P289-291)爱尔兰: Agriculture generates anestimated 11% of the Ireland GNP,employs 17% of the labour force and produces 25% of total exports. The most signigicant recent development in Irish agriculture has been membership in the European Community.加拿大: The land used for agriculture makes up only 7% in Canada. Canada farms specialize in producing wheat,food crops for animals dairy products,and fruit.Fishing and mining are quite important. The Canada Prairie is the centre of a rich wheat belt. Eastern Canada is noted for a variety of farm products. Dairying is in the lowlands of Quebec and Ontario. Fruits are grown in Western Nova Scotia.澳大利亚: Today,agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry.Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibres.Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool,the second largest exporter of meat,the third largest exporter of wheat and a major international supplier of sugar,dairy products,fruits,cotton and rice. Australia's agriculture importance has declined in recent years.新西兰: Vineyards produce international award-winning red and white wines.七、对外贸易英国: Britain is the fifth largest trading country in the world.Napoleon called it a "nation of shopkeepers" Britain's foreign trade is mainly with other developed countries. Which accounts for 79% of exports and 85% of imports. About half with EC. Traditionally,Britain has had a deficit on visible trade and a surplus on invisible trade.美国: Currenty U.S. exports are about 15% of the world's total.The Unites States imports about 13% of all world imports. Canada is the largest single source og goods imported by the U.S.,accounting for nearly 30% of the total. Outside of North America,Europe is the largest source of imports with about 30%,Asia provides about 18%,with smaller percentages from Latin America,Africa,and Australia.爱尔兰: Successive Irish governments have adopted a consistent and postive approoach toward attracting overseas investment. The new foreign firms now account for over 70% of manufactured exports. Ireland is new an industrial exporter. Manufactured goods account for about two-thirds of total wxports.加拿大: A total about four fifths of all foreign investments in Canada are American.澳大利亚: Australia is a middle-level trading nation. The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. Australia's trade relations with China have been developing rapidly in recent years. China accouts for about 3% of Australian total exports.新西兰: Trade is New Zealand's linelihood.Foreign investment is increasing and financial markets are active. Western Europe and particularly Britain have traditionally been New Zealand's major export market. The main imports are industrial raw materials,capital equipment and consumer goods. New Zealand is the world's largest exporter of lamb and mutton as well as dairy products.八、当今面临的问题英国: Britain is the oldest industrial country in the world.The term "Britain disease" is noew often used to characterise Britain's economic decline. The Evolution of the Britain Economy since the War:1.Steady development in the 50s and 60s.2.Economic recession in the 70s.3.Economic recovery in the 80s. 这里有一部分是撒切尔的宏,微观措施比较重要(P91-92)美国: The Untied States has a free-market economy with a dominant private sector So the economy system of the United States is principally privately owned.But today,many ofAmerican people still live under the poverty line. Unemployment,inflation,finacial deficit,and trade deficit are the troubles that always face the United States.爱尔兰: The value of imports generally exceeds that of exports. That's why Ireland has a chronic negative balance of trade. Continuing dependence on imported oil is one of the reasons for the high import bill.加拿大: In the past few years however,Canada's unemployment rate has been high.But what is worth nothing is that the cost for manufacturing has increased while the productivity per worker has decreased as compared with the United States or with its ten trading partners. While Canada has one of the world's highest standards of living,not all regions of the country have enjoyed the same degree of prosperity. Some measures have been taken by the Federal government to help those slow grownth regions.澳大利亚: Problems of Australia economy:1.Over-reliance on commodity exports.2.Failure to share in the expansion of international trade.3.The decline of manufaturing industries and the effects of tariffs.九、教育英国: Education is compulsory for between the ages of 5(4 in Northern Ireland) and 16.The protortion of young people entering higher education in universities and colleges was one in four(one in three in Northern Ireland) in 1994.There are 90 universities,including the Open University. The government education departments formulate education policies and are also responsible for the supply and trainging of teachers. Most state school education is the responsibility of local education authorities (LEAs);the rest is provided by self-governing grant-maintained(GM) schools.The British universities are governed by royal charters or by Act of Parliament and enjoy academic freedom. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13th centries.美国: In the United States,education is regarded as both an individual benefit and a social necessity. Formal education in the United States consisteds of elementary,secondary and higher education. Diversity is considered to be an outstanding characteristic of American education.The America Constitution makes it clear that education is a funcation of the state,not the federal government. Higher education in the United States began with the founding of Harvard College in 1636. The system of higher education in the United States has three principle funcations:teaching,research,and public serivce. Another aspect ofAmerican higher education that has drawn the world's attention is the community college and the role it plays.爱尔兰: Schooling is complusory between ages 6 and 15. The chief lanugage of instruction is English. Ireland's oldest university is the University of Dubin. It was founded in 1591.加拿大: Virtually all Canadians devote at least ten years to formal cation is a provincial responsibility. Canadian education is divided into three seccessive levels:elementary,secondary,and post-secondary.The oldest university is Laval University in Quebec City,origianlly founded in1663. The largest is the University fo Torontao with full-time enrolment of over 31,000 students.节日、社会福利篇一、社会福利英国: Britain is a welfare state.(The welfare state is a system of government by which the state provides the economic and social security of its citizens through its organization of health services,pensions and other ficilities.)The system is funded out of national insurance and contributions and taxation.In Britain the term applies mainly to the National Health Service--NHS(1948,the largest single employer of labour in the U.K.),national insurance and social security. Personal Social Services assist elderly people,disabled people,people with learning disabilities or mental illness,children ,and families facing special problems. The Social Security is designed to secure a basic standard of living for people in financial need.(Contributory social security benefit: Retirement pension,Unemployment Benefit,Sickness and Invalidity Benefit,Maternity Allowance and Widows' Benefit.Non-contributory social security benefits: War Pensions,Industrial injuries Disablement Benefit,Child Benefit,Family Credit)加拿大: National health policies and programs have developed in Canada as a result of joint efforts by federal and provincial governments.A universal program for hospital care was introduced in 1958,followed ten years later by universal insurance to meet the cost of physicians'service.The Federal Government paid the provinces one-half the cost of the insurance programs.No Canada lacks access to hospital and medical care for finacial reasons. Federal,provincial and local governements provied a wide range of publicly funded and administered income security and social programs,which are complemented by the serivce of voluntary agencies.新西兰: Treatment at public hospital is free.A percentage of doctor's fees is paid by the state.The Accident Compensation Corporation provides immediate benefits of free medical trearment for everyone who suffers personal injury by accident. New Zealand was one of the first countries in the world to establish a free national dental service for young people. Infants and pre-school children receive free health care and free immunization against a range of diseases. The social support system helps people with personal,family and financial difficulties.二、节日(按照时间的排列,不是按照国家排列,主要是英美两国,其他国家没有涉及,因为其实和他们都是一样的)1.New Years Day/January 1st(所有国家) New Year's Day is part of Scotish "Hogmanay"(New Year's eve)festival,which is more important than Christmas to Scots. It is a legal holiday in U.S. and most people have a day off from work.One of the biggest and most exciting places in the United States on New Year's Eve is Time Square in New Year City.On the first day of the New Year,there are a lot of activities.(Mummers Parade in Philadelphia and the Rose Tournament in Pasadena,California.)2.Martin Luther King's Day/Third Monday of January (美国) Martin Luther King was a black minister,who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. He delivered his best-know speech "I have a dream" before the Lincoin Memorial and he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. By the vote of Congress in 1968,the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in his honour.3.Lincoln's Birthday/February 12 (美国) Lincoln led the country during the difficult time of Civil War and he issued the Emancipation Proclamation which officially freed all slaves in the United States.4.Valentine's Day/February 14 (美国) Valentine's Day is a day for lovers.5.Washington's Birthday/February 22 (美国) George Washington is remebered as a great general,as one of the founders of the Republic,as the first President of the United States of America,and also as "the Father of his Country."6.April Fool's Day/April 1st (英国) April Fool's Day is hardly a festival,but on that day you may find that someone has tied your shoe-lace together,ot given you a false message from your employer,or play some practice jokes on you to make you an "April Fool"7.Easter Sunday/A Sunday in March or April (英国,美国) East is the chief Christian festival,which celebrates the Resurrection of Christ,on the first Sunday after the first full moon that conincides with,or comes after,the sprign equinox. Easter Sunday,which comes from the ancient Norweigian festival of Spring sun,is the second of the two most important holidays for Christians. There are several symbols for Easter.(Egg and the hare) The Easter Parade is very popluar in the United States.The most famous one is along the Fifth Avenue in New Year City. University students susally have a week-long "Spring Break" to return home to spend the holiday with thier parents.8.Whit Sunday/falls on the seventh Sunday after Easter(英国) It is a major festival in the Christian church. It celebrates the coming of the Holy Spirit to Christ's apostles seven weeks after his death.9.Memorial Day/Last Monday in May (美国) This day,originally called "Decoration Day",was first celebrated after the Civil War. Now it is a day to honour the memory of those who have given their lives for their country and people enjoy a three-days weekend. It is celebrated in various ways. Parade,bands,concerts,speeches and dinners are held in every American city.10.Independent Day/July 4 (美国) Independent Day is a legal holiday throughour the United States.It is the birthday of the nation. On July 4,1776,the Continental Congress passed and adopted the Declaration of Independence,which cut the tie with Britain and established a new nation. The army marks the occation by firing a thirteen-gun salute every year. In Washington D.C the President traditionally holds open house at the White House and large national banquets.11.Halloween/October 31 (美国) Halloween is a night-time children's holiday.(Trick or treat)12.Guy Fawkes Day/Novemeber 5 (英国) The only other national festival,which the origin lies in the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.13.Veteran's Day/Novmber 11 (美国) Veteran's Daywhich was called the Ameristice Day before,origionally celebrated the signing of the 1918 Ameistice (the end of WWI).Now it honours the memory of all men who have ever fought in defense of the country. People spend the day quietly at home and keep two minutes of silence at 11:00 a.m. hoping that future wars will avoided forever and that people will live in a peaceful,friendly world.14.Thanksgiving Day/Fourth Thursday of November (美国) Thanksgiving Day is a typical American holiday.It is an annual day of thanks for the blessings people have enjoyed during the year. The first Thanksgiving Day was celebrated by the English settlers in Plymouth,Massachusetts on December 13,1621. Today the Americans usually hold a big family。

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理

英语国家概况笔记整理英语国家概况:英语是目前世界上使用最广泛的语言之一,被称为国际语言。

以下是关于英语国家的概况。

1. 英语国家概述英语国家是指以英语作为官方语言或重要语言的国家。

主要的英语国家包括英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、爱尔兰等。

此外,英语也是许多其他国家和地区的官方语言或教育语言,如印度、菲律宾、南非等。

2. 英国英国是英语的发源地和最重要的英语国家之一。

它由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰组成。

英国是一个世界上最多元化和文化历史最悠久的国家之一,拥有众多的名胜古迹,如大本钟、巨石阵、伦敦塔等。

3. 美国美国是世界上最大的英语国家之一,拥有丰富的资源和多元文化。

美国是一个移民国家,人口大部分由来自不同国家的移民组成。

美国的经济实力雄厚,是世界上最大的经济体之一。

美国的主要城市有纽约、洛杉矶、芝加哥等。

4. 加拿大加拿大是世界上第二大国家,拥有广袤的土地和丰富的自然资源。

英语和法语是加拿大的两种官方语言,但英语在加拿大的大部分地区得到广泛使用。

加拿大是一个文化多元化的国家,各个城市和地区拥有不同的文化特点。

5. 澳大利亚澳大利亚位于南半球,是世界上最大的岛屿国家。

澳大利亚是一个拥有多种语言和文化的国家,但英语是其主要语言。

悉尼和墨尔本是澳大利亚最大的城市,也是该国的文化和商业中心。

6. 新西兰新西兰位于太平洋地区,是一个自然环境优美的国家。

英语是该国的官方语言,也是教育、商务和政府机构使用的主要语言。

新西兰是一个小而友好的国家,拥有丰富的户外活动和独特的文化。

7. 爱尔兰爱尔兰位于欧洲西部,是一个英语国家,英语是该国的官方语言。

爱尔兰是一个美丽而古老的国家,有着浓厚的文化和历史。

爱尔兰以其独特的音乐、文学和舞蹈而闻名,如爱尔兰民谣和著名的作家詹姆斯·乔伊斯。

8. 其他英语国家除了以上国家,英语也是印度、菲律宾、南非等许多国家和地区的官方语言或教育语言。

这些国家拥有丰富的历史和文化遗产,每个国家都有自己独特的文化和风景。

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(2) 温暖湿润的西南风吹遍全国,一年四季如此,使气温温和。
(3) 北大西洋暖流流经大不列颠群岛西海岸并使其温和。
因为英国具有典型的海洋性气候,因此气候特点为气候凉爽,多云,多阵雨。气候每天都在变,很难预测。有时甚至同一个在同一天可以经历四季。早上是天气晴朗的春天,一两个小时后,乌云不知从哪里跑出来,大雨倾盆而下。到了中午,气温下降约8度,像寒冷的冬天。傍晚时分,天空晴朗,阳光普照,天黑前的一两个小时里又是夏天。据说天气的不确定对英国人的性格有很大影响,例如使他们谨慎行事。当你看到一个英国人在阳光灿烂的早上穿着雨衣拿着雨伞出门时,你可能会笑话他。但是更经常的是一会儿就下起了毛毛细雨,当然你未必需要雨伞。
大不列颠岛上有三个政治区:英格兰,苏格兰和威尔士。英格兰面积最大,人口最多,一般说来也是最富裕。因此人们常用英格兰指代英国,用英格兰人指代英国人。这有时令苏格兰人和威尔士人不快,他们不认为自己是“英格兰人”,他们有自己的文化,甚至有自己的语言。
英国一直是世界上最重要的国家之一。约一百年前,由于推行帝国主义扩张政策,英国成为一个帝国,这个帝国占有世界上四分之一的人口,四分之一的面积。它不仅在北美,而且在亚洲、非洲、和澳洲都有殖民地。但是两次世界大战大大削弱了英国,英国殖民地接二连三独立,大英帝国逐渐消失,1931年由英联邦所取代。
英国有许多湖泊,尤其是苏格兰北部、英格兰西北部的湖泊区及威尔士北部更是如此。但是,英国最大的湖是北爱尔兰的洛尼格湖,面积为396平方公里。湖泊区是英国最吸引人的旅游名胜之一,它以荒野而美丽的景色及15个湖而名扬天下。其中较大的湖有汶德密湖、鄂思水湖、德文水湖和柯尼斯顿水湖。湖区也是湖畔诗人的家。例如19世纪的威廉·华兹华斯,塞谬尔·泰勒·柯勒律治和罗伯特·骚塞。
大多数人口集中在英格兰,在约5700万人口中有4700万住在英格兰。1400万人住在伦敦和英格兰东南部。苏格兰有500万人口,大多数住在中部低地。威尔士则不到300万。北爱尔兰有150万,其中50万住在贝尔法斯特。
英国人口主要由以下民族组成:英格兰人(81.5%),苏格兰人(9.6%,威尔士人(1.9%),爱尔兰人(2.4%),北爱尔兰人(1.8%)和其他一些民族(2.8%).
这里是苏格兰最重要的地方,因为这里集中了大部分的工业和人口。
南部高地是起伏的沼泽地,被众多小面肥沃的河谷所分割。苏格兰有800座岛屿,包括奥克尼群岛,设德兰群岛及赫布里底群岛。此外还有几百个湖泊。爱丁堡是苏格兰的首府。
这是我翻译的,可能不如书上的好。
1. 英格兰人
Ⅲ 河流和湖泊
英国的河流冬天不结冰。河流在国民经济中起着重要的作用。伦敦、利物浦和格拉斯哥这些大港口全都通过河流与海洋连接在一起。此外,东海岸的Tweed河、Tyne河、蒂斯河、泰晤士河都面对着欧洲大陆上的北海各港口,距离富饶的渔区也很近。而西海岸的克莱德河、默西河和赛汶河把原材料运到繁忙的内陆工业城市。英国的河流并不很长,最长的赛汶河也只有338公里长。它发源于威尔士中部,河道呈半圆形流经英格兰中西部,注入布里斯托尔海峡。第二大河,也是英国最重要的河是泰晤士河,全长336公里。发源于英格兰西南部的科茨沃耳德山,流经英格兰中部到达伦敦,注入北海。泰晤士河流速相当慢,这对水路运输极为有利。海轮可以沿着此河远至伦敦,而小船则可再上溯138公里。牛津也在泰晤士河上。克莱德河是苏格兰最重要的河流。它发源于邓弗里斯山,全长171公里,流经格拉斯哥,注入克莱德河湾,是重要的商业水路航道。
现在英国人比以往更喜欢迁移。北方人迁到南方,南方人和东盎格鲁人迁到北方。许多苏格兰人、威尔士和爱尔兰人来到英格兰生活。他们相互接受彼此的生活方式,这使人们更难分英国不同地区的民族。但是不同地区之间还是存在性格的语言上的差异。事实上在一些地区,人们想方设法保护自己的语言和文化。
. 苏格兰
在冰川时代,英国覆盖着大冰块,导致英国壮观的山景,尤其是斯诺多尼亚、湖泊区及苏格兰山地,因此英国拥有平顶的山脉、瀑布流经的山谷、带状湖、平坦的谷底、陡峭的谷侧、冰砾土及沃土。
1. 英格兰
英格兰占了大不列颠南部的绝大部分面积。英格兰西面是威尔士,北面是苏格兰。面积为13万多平方公里,占整个岛的60%。除了赛汶河谷及柴郡---兰开郡平原(中心为利物浦)外,其西南部和西部主要是高原,也有起伏的平原、丘陵地及少数沼泽地,但主要是高原。从北中部延伸至苏格兰边境的奔宁山脉。但英格兰的最高峰斯加非尔峰978米,却位于西北部的湖泊区。英格兰东部主要是开阔的可耕种平原,此平原在海岸沼泽地和奔宁山脉之间变成一条狭窄的走廊,在诺桑伯兰郡则变成很窄的海岸带。
英联邦是一个自由联合体,由曾经是英国殖民地变为现已独立的国家构成。成员国之间实行经济合作,有一定的贸易协议。英联邦没有特别的权力,是否参加英联邦由各成员国自己决定。目前(1991年),英联邦有50个国家。
Ⅱ 英国的地方特征
英国是个岛国,四周是海。它位于欧洲北海岸附近的北大西洋中。 南面的英吉利海峡和东面的北海把英国与欧洲的其他部分隔开。英法之间的英吉利海峡很狭窄,最狭窄的地方叫多佛尔海峡,只有33公里宽。1985年,英法两国政府决定在多佛尔海峡修建一个隧道,把两个国家连接起来。经过八年的奋斗,这条名为“查诺尔”的海底隧道于1994年5月通车。英国的面积为24万4千100平方公里。南北长1千公里,东西最宽阔的地方约为500公里。因此英国的任何地方离海边都不远,海岸资源丰富。英国海岸线很长且拥有优良的深水港。海上通道延伸到内陆,提供了低廉的运输。
(2) 温暖湿润的西南风吹遍全国,一年四季如此,使气温温和。
(3) 北大西洋暖流流经大不列颠群岛西海岸并使其温和。
因为英国具有典型的海洋性气候,因此气候特点为气候凉爽,多云,多阵雨。气候每天都在变,很难预测。有时甚至同一个在同一天可以经历四季。早上是天气晴朗的春天,一两个小时后,乌云不知从哪里跑出来,大雨倾盆而下。到了中午,气温下降约8度,像寒冷的冬天。傍晚时分,天空晴朗,阳光普照,天黑前的一两个小时里又是夏天。据说天气的不确定对英国人的性格有很大影响,例如使他们谨慎行事。当你看到一个英国人在阳光灿烂的早上穿着雨衣拿着雨伞出门时,你可能会笑话他。但是更经常的是一会儿就下起了毛毛细雨,当然你未必需要雨伞。
Ⅳ 气候
1. 海洋性气候
当我们说到气候时,我们指的是某个地方数年时间里的平均天气状况,而非指某个地方的天气状况。尽管英国人似乎总在抱怨天气下雨、变化无常、不可预测,但实际上英国的气候相当宜人,是海洋性气候——冬季温和不冷、夏季凉爽不热,全年有稳定的降雨量。气温变化小,北方冬季平均气温是摄氏4-6度,南方夏季为12-17度。因此即使在冬天,在开阔的乡村、公园和房屋周围,也能看见大片的绿草。
Ⅳ 气候
1. 海洋性气候
当我们说到气候时,我们指的是某个地方数年时间里的平均天气状况,而非指某个地方的天气状况。尽管英国人似乎总在抱怨天气下雨、变化无常、不可预测,但实际上英国的气候相当宜人,是海洋性气候——冬季温和不冷、夏季凉爽不热,全年有稳定的降雨量。气温变化小,北方冬季平均气温是摄氏4-6度,南方夏季为12-17度。因此即使在冬天,在开阔的乡村、公园和房屋周围,也能看见大片的绿草。
苏格兰面积为78760平方公里。位于大不列颠岛北部,拥有众多的山脉、湖泊及岛屿。它有三大自然区:北部山地、中部低地及南部高地。北部山地是一片荒芜而多石的高原,有弯曲的海岸线,西面尤其如此。本奈维斯山海拔1343米,英国的最高峰,就在此地。山地西部及赫布里底群岛风景迷人。狭长的海湾与荒山交错,一些内海上的农场只有坐小船才能到达。中部低地主要由福斯和克莱德谷、煤矿和铁矿区和奶牛牧场组成。
几个世纪以来,英国一直在缓慢地倾斜。西北部缓慢上升,东南部缓慢下沉,英国的北部与西部主要是山地。这种上升在苏格兰西部形成了突起的海滩----山的平地。这种海滩提供了主要的农田、定居点、工业区及通道。东部及东南部主要是低地,是“欧洲大平原”的一部分,有着平坦的土地及肥沃的土壤。尤其是南部及英格兰东海岸有许多良田。
2. 苏格兰
苏格兰面积为78760平方公里。位于大不列颠岛北部,拥有众多的山脉、湖泊及岛屿。它有三大自然区:北部山地、中部低地及南部高地。北部山地是一片荒芜而多石的高原,有弯曲的海岸线,西面尤其如此。本奈维斯山海拔1343米,英国的最高峰,就在此地。山地西部及赫布里底群岛风景迷人。狭长的海湾与荒山交错,一些内海上的农场只有坐小船才能到达。中部低地主要由福斯和克莱德谷、煤矿和铁矿区和奶牛牧场组成。南部高地是起伏的沼泽地,被众多小面肥沃的河谷所分割。苏格兰有800座岛屿,包括奥克尼群岛,设德兰群岛及赫布里底群岛。此外还有几百个湖泊。爱丁堡是苏格兰的首府。
2. 影响英国气候的因素
英国是个位于北纬50-60度之间的岛国,甚至比中国的黑龙江的最北端还要靠北。与同一纬度的其他国家相比,英国的气候温和,主要受以下三个因素的影响。
(1) 四周的海水拿季节差异有所平衡、冬暖夏凉。因为海洋的加热和降温作用是相对缓慢的,因此在
冬季来暖气,夏季带来凉气。
英国有许多湖泊,尤其是苏格兰北部、英格兰西北部的湖泊区及威尔士北部更是如此。但是,英国最大的湖是北爱尔兰的洛尼格湖,面积为396平方公里。湖泊区是英国最吸引人的旅游名胜之一,它以荒野而美丽的景色及15个湖而名扬天下。其中较大的湖有汶德密湖、鄂思水湖、德文水湖和柯尼斯顿水湖。湖区也是湖畔诗人的家。例如19世纪的威廉·华兹华斯,塞谬尔·泰勒·柯勒律治和罗伯特·骚塞。
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3. 威尔士
威尔士位于大不列颠岛的南部,面积为20,761平方公里,占整个岛的近9%。威尔士大部分地区是山。山脉沿海陡峭耸起,而山顶却相当平坦。威尔士6%为森林覆盖,大部分乡村为草原牧场——养牛养羊,只有12%的可耕地。威尔士形成一个山区,但周边是狭窄的低地,最宽之处是沿英格兰边境和南海岸。山地高度在18米到600米之间,北面多岩石,南面有煤。西北部的斯诺多尼亚山,1085米,是威尔士的最高点。威尔士的首府是加的夫。
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