美国史期末考试复习资料
《美国史》期末考试复习资料
1.独立战争美国独立战争是世界史上第一次大规模的殖民地争取民族独立的战争，它的胜利，给大英帝国的殖民体系打开了一个缺口，为殖民地民族解放战争树立了范例。
也称“美国独立战争”。
指1775年波士顿人民在美国来克星顿与英军交战拉开独立战序幕到1783年英军在法国签订《巴黎和约》投降的战争。
美国独立战争既是一次民族独立战争，又是一次资产阶级革命。
（也叫“北美独立战争”。
英属北美十三个殖民地人民推翻英国殖民统治、争取独立的革命战争。
1775年4月，列克星顿枪声揭开了独立战争的序幕。
5月，第二届大陆会议召开。
6月组建由华盛顿任总司令的“大陆军”。
1776年7月发表《独立宣言》，向全世界宣告美利坚合众国的成立。
1777年萨拉托加战役后，大陆军掌握了战局的主动权。
1781年9月，英军主力在约克镇被围投降，战争结束。
1783年，英、美签订和约，英国承认十三个殖民地正式独立，美洲出现了第一个资产阶级共和国。
）在1756-1763年的“七年战争”（Seven Year's War)中，为争夺对北美殖民地的控制，英国与法国进行了长期的战争。
英国虽然打败了法国，控制了北美大部分地区，但因长期的战争而导致财政困难。
于是，英国政府不断地向北美各殖民增加税收，并实行高压政策，对殖民地进行蛮横的压榨和残酷的剥削，五项不可容忍的法令波士顿倾茶事件发生后，英国决定采取高压政策，迫使殖民地屈服，接连颁布四项“强制法令”。
《波士顿港口法》规定封锁波士顿港，直到东印度公司被毁茶叶得到赔偿。
《马萨诸塞政府法》取消马萨诸塞的自治权，以任命的参事会取代选举产生的参事会，以加强皇家总督的权力。
《司法法》又称为《谋杀者法》，规定英国官兵在殖民地犯罪必须送往英国或其他殖民地审判，马萨诸塞司法当局无权过问。
《驻营法》授权英军在波士顿市内驻扎。
这些法令严重侵犯了殖民地人民的权利和自由。
接着，英国又通过《魁北克法》，其中规定把密西西比河以西和俄亥俄河以北的土地并入加拿大，否定了其他殖民地对这一地区的土地要求。
美国历史文化期末复习资料
美国历史文化期末复习资料美国历史文化期末复习资料美国历史文化是一门涵盖广泛的学科，涉及到从殖民地时期到现代的各个方面。
在期末复习中，我们可以通过对不同时期的重要事件、人物和文化特点的了解，来全面理解美国历史的发展脉络。
本文将从美国历史的几个重要时期入手，为大家提供一些复习资料。
1. 殖民地时期（1607-1776）殖民地时期是美国历史的起点，也是美国文化的源头。
在这个时期，英国殖民者在北美建立了13个殖民地，逐渐形成了独立的社会和政治体系。
重要事件包括詹姆斯敦殖民地的建立、五月花号的抵达、马萨诸塞湾殖民地的建立等。
值得注意的是，殖民地时期的美国文化受到了英国文化的深刻影响，包括宗教、法律和政治制度等方面。
2. 独立战争与建国时期（1775-1789）独立战争是美国历史上的重要转折点，也是美国独立的标志。
这场战争是美国殖民地与英国的解放战争，于1776年宣告独立。
重要事件包括波士顿茶叶事件、独立宣言的起草和签署、约克敦议会的召开等。
在建国时期，美国制定了宪法，并建立了联邦制政府。
这个时期的美国文化受到启蒙思想的影响，强调个人自由和民主原则。
3. 西进运动与印第安人的命运（1800-1850）西进运动是美国历史中的重要时期，也是美国国土扩张的时期。
在这个时期，美国通过购买路易斯安那领土、佛罗里达和得克萨斯的并入，以及与墨西哥的战争等方式，逐渐扩大了国土。
同时，这个时期也是印第安人命运的转折点，他们被迫迁徙到西部的保留地。
重要事件包括印第安人移民法案的通过、小大角战役的发生、俄勒冈储备地的建立等。
西进运动对美国文化产生了深远的影响，形成了西部开拓精神和牛仔文化。
4. 南北战争与重建时期（1861-1877）南北战争是美国历史上最为重要的战争之一，也是美国社会和文化的分水岭。
这场战争是南方农奴制度与北方工业资本主义制度之间的冲突，最终导致南方的失败和废除奴隶制。
重要事件包括福特史岱儿堡战役的发生、解放宣言的颁布、阿巴拉契亚山脉战役的胜利等。
美国历史复习题集及答案
美国历史复习题集及答案1. 美国独立战争是在哪一年爆发的？请简要叙述独立战争的背景和原因。
答案：美国独立战争于1775年爆发。
独立战争的背景是英国在殖民地实施了一系列不公平的政策，包括征税和限制殖民地发展的法规。
殖民地的居民感到愤怒，并且认为自己应该享有与英国本土居民相同的权利。
而独立战争的原因主要是对权利和自由的追求，以及对英国殖民统治不满的积累。
2. 请列举三位美国独立战争期间的重要人物及其贡献。
答案：- 乔治·华盛顿（George Washington）：作为美国大陆军的指挥官，他领导了殖民地抵抗英国军队，并在独立战争中扮演了关键角色。
他的领导能力和军事策略在战争的胜利中起到了重要作用。
- 托马斯·杰斐逊（Thomas Jefferson）：作为《独立宣言》的起草人之一，他以其清晰的文笔和追求自由平等的理念，为美国独立的思想基础做出了重要贡献。
他后来也成为美国第三任总统。
- 约翰·亚当斯（John Adams）：作为独立战争期间的外交家和政治家，他在争取国际支持、谈判和签署《巴黎和约》上发挥了重要作用。
他后来也成为美国第二任总统。
3. 请简述美国宪法的基本原则及其对美国政府和社会的影响。
答案：美国宪法的基本原则包括三权分立、联邦制和人权保护。
三权分立意味着行政、立法和司法权力被分散到不同的机构，并相互制衡，以避免滥权和集权。
联邦制是指中央政府和州政府之间的权力分配和协作体系。
人权保护则确保了公民的基本权利和自由不受侵犯。
这些原则对美国政府和社会产生了深远影响。
首先，三权分立保证了政府的稳定和权力平衡，避免了独裁和专制的出现。
其次，联邦制使政府更加贴近民众，能更好地满足各州和地区的不同需求。
最后，人权保护确保了美国公民的言论自由、宗教自由、选举权以及其他基本权利的保护。
这些原则共同塑造了美国的政治体系和社会价值观。
4. 请简要描述美国内战的原因和影响。
答案：美国内战发生于1861年至1865年。
美国考试历史题目和答案
美国考试历史题目和答案美国历史考试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 美国独立战争的导火索是什么？A. 波士顿倾茶事件B. 波士顿大屠杀C. 莱克星顿的枪声D. 萨拉托加大捷答案：A2. 美国宪法的起草和批准是在哪个时期？A. 独立战争期间B. 独立战争结束后C. 内战期间D. 内战结束后答案：B3. 美国历史上第一位总统是谁？A. 托马斯·杰斐逊B. 乔治·华盛顿C. 约翰·亚当斯D. 本杰明·富兰克林答案：B4. 美国内战的主要原因是什么？A. 奴隶制问题B. 经济差异C. 领土扩张D. 宗教冲突答案：A5. 美国历史上的“新政”是由哪位总统实施的？A. 赫伯特·胡佛B. 富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福C. 伍德罗·威尔逊D. 西奥多·罗斯福答案：B6. 美国在第二次世界大战中的主要盟友是？A. 英国、法国、苏联B. 英国、法国、日本C. 英国、德国、苏联D. 英国、日本、苏联答案：A7. 美国民权运动的标志性事件是什么？A. 蒙哥马利公交车抵制B. 布朗诉托皮卡教育局案C. 塞尔玛到蒙哥马利的游行D. 马丁·路德·金的“我有一个梦想”演讲答案：D8. 美国在冷战期间的主要对手是？A. 英国B. 法国C. 苏联D. 中国答案：C9. 美国历史上的“水门事件”涉及哪位总统？A. 理查德·尼克松B. 约翰·F·肯尼迪C. 林登·约翰逊D. 吉米·卡特答案：A10. 美国在21世纪初的主要外交政策焦点是什么？A. 反恐战争B. 贸易战C. 核武器扩散D. 气候变化答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. 美国独立战争的最终结果是英国承认美国的独立，这一事件被称为________。
答案：巴黎和约12. 美国宪法规定了三权分立的原则，即立法、行政和________。
期末复习题美国文学简史
I. Blanks: ( 10points, 1 point for each blank)Directions: In this part of the test, there are 9 items and 10 blanks. Fill in the best answer on the Answer Sheet according to the knowledge you have learned.1. The first American literature was neither ____ nor really ____.2. Of the immigrants who came to America in the first three quarters of the seventeenth century, the overwhelming majority was _____.3. The English immigrants who settled on America’s northern seacoast were called _____, so named after those who wished to “purify ” the Church of England.4. Washington Irving, the Father of American literature, developed the _____ as a genre in American literature.5. Franklin ’s best writing is found in his masterpiece _____.6. The most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century was _____.7. In the early 19th century, “Rip Van Winkle ” had established _____’s reputation at home and abroad, and designated the beginning of American Romanticism.8. _____ has sometimes been considered the father of the modern short story.9.In 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne brought out his masterpiece _____, the story of a triangular love affair in colonial America.II.Multiple choice:(20 points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty items. Choose the best answer and write the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1. The Colonial Period of American literature stretched roughly from the settlement of Americain the early 17th century through the end of ________ century.A. the 18thB. the 19thC. the 20thD. 21th2. New-England’s Plantation was published in 1630 by ________A. Francis HigginsonB. William BradfordC. John SmithD. Michael Wigglesworth3. Of all the books written by Michael Wigglesworth the beat known is ________A. The Flesh and the SpiritB. The True TravelsC. The Day of DoomD. Christopher Columbus4. Benjamin Franklin was the epitome of the ______.A. American EnlightenmentB. Sugar ActC. Chartist movementD. Romanticist5. In the first section of Autobiography the writer addressed to ________A. his sonB. his friendsC. his wifeD. himself6. During 1807-1808, Washington Irving wrote for his brother’s newspaper called ________A. New York TimesB. Washington PostC. SalmagundiD. Daily News7. History of New York was published in 1807 under the name of ________A. Washington IrvingB. Diedrich KnickerbokerC. James Fenimore CooperD. John Whittier8. Rip Van Winkle was written by ________A. James Fenimore CooperB. Benjamin FranklinC. Washington IrvingD. Walt Whitman9. The Spy was written by James Fenimore Cooper in 1821. It is a novel about ________A. American Civil WarB. American RevolutionC. American West ExpansionD. The First World War10. Natty Bumppo is the hero in Cooper’s ________A. The PrecautionB. The SpyC. The Gleanings in EuropeD. Leatherstocking Tales11. ________ was regarded as a poet of the American RevolutionA. Philip FreneauB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Cal Sandburg12. The Raven was written in 1844 by ________A. Philip FreneauB. Edgar Allan PoeC. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowD. Emily Dickinson13. The Minister’s Black Veil was written by ________A. Edgar Allan PoeB. Nathaniel HawthorneC. Henry David ThoreauD. Ralph Waldo Emerson14. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the ______ who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse15. The ship ______ carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic16. A new _____ had appeared in England in the last years of the 18th century. It spread to continental Europe and then came to America early in the 19th century.A. RealismB. Critical realismC. RomanticismD. Naturalism17. Washington Irving got his idea for his most famous story, Rip Van Winkle, from a________A. Greek legendB. German legendC. French legendD. English legend18. Rip Van Winkle is found in Irving’s longer work, ________A. The Sketch BookB. History of New YorkC. Tales of a TravelerD. The Precaution19. ________ was often regarded as America’s first man of letters, devoting much of hiscareer to literature.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Philip FreneauC. Washington IrvingD. James Fenimore Cooper20. All the following novels are in Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales except ________A. The PioneersB. The PrairieC. The DeerslayerD. The SpyIII.Identification (20 points, 1 point for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are twenty titles. Judge the authors of these works and fill them on the Answer Sheet.1.Gleanings in Europe2.Oliver Goldsmith3.The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America4.“The Day of Doom”5.A History of New York6.The Last of the Mohicans7.The House of the Night8.A Forest Hymn9.“The Raven”10.“The Cask of Amontillado”11.M osses from an Old Manse12.“Israfel”13.“The Flesh and the Spirit”14.L ife of George Washington15.T he Pathfinder16.“the Wild Honey Suckle”17.T he Flood of Years18.“The Poetic Principle”19.T he Blithedale Romance20.“The Indian Burying Ground”IV. Terms (20 points, 4 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are five terms. Please give the definition for these terms. Scores will be given for the related contents. Four individual contents will be enough for four points.1. Knickerbocker2. Poor Richard’s Almanac3. Leatherstocking Tales4. Puritanism5. Benjamin FranklinV.Appreciation (10 points, 5 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, there are two excerpts. Each of the excerpts is followed by three questions. Read the excerpts and answer the questions on the Answer Sheet.Part AFrom morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came:If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.1. Who is the poet of the poem and what is the title of the poem? (2 points)2. Tell the metrical structure and rhyme scheme of the poem. (1 point)3. What does the “little being” refer to? What meaning is suggested by the phrase “but an hour”? (2 points)Part BThe opinions of this junto were completely controlled by Nicholas Vedder, a patriarch of the village, and landlord of the inn, at the door of which he took his seat from morning till night, just moving sufficiently to avoid the sun and keep in the shade of a large tree; so that the neighbors could tell the hour by his movements as accurately as by a sundial. It is true he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly. His adherents, however (for every great man has his adherents), perfectly understood him, and knew how to gather his opinions. When anything that was read or related displeased him, he was observed to smoke his pipe vehemently, and to send forth short, frequent and angry puffs; but when pleased, he would inhale the smoke slowly and tranquilly, and emit it in light and placid clouds; and sometimes, taking the pipe from his mouth, and letting the fragrant vapor curl about his nose, would gravely nod his head in token of perfect approbation.From even this stronghold the unlucky Rip was at length routed by his termagant wife, who would suddenly break in upon the tranquility of the assemblage and call the members all to naught; nor was that august personage, Nicholas Vedder himself, sacred from the daring tongue of this terrible virago, who charged him outright with encouraging her husband in habits of idleness.1. Who was the writer of this story? What is the title of this story? (2 points)2. Who was Nicholas Vedder? (1 point)3. How did he express his opinions on public matters? (2 points)ment. (20 points, 10 points for each)Directions: In this part of the test, you are given five topics. Choose TWO of them and give a comment on the Answer Sheet. Scores will be given according to the content, grammar and the completeness of the related knowledge.1.What are the features of literature in Colonial America?ment on Benjamin Franklin’s Autobiography.ment on Nathaniel Hawthorne’s writing techniques.4.What philosophical meaning is implied in Philip Freneau’s “The Wild Honey Suckle”?5.What are the artistic achievements of Edgar Allan Poe?答案I.Blanks: (10%)(每题1分，共10分，答错不给分)1. American literature2. English3. Puritans4. short story5. Autobiography6. Philip Freneau7. Washington Irving8. Edgar Allan Poe9. The Scarlet LetterII.Multiple Choice: ( 20%)(每题1分，共20分，答错不给分)1. A2. B3. C4. A5. A6. C7. B8. C9. B 10. D11. A 12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C 16.C 17. B 18. A19. C 20. DIII.Identification (20%)（每题1分，共20分，答错不给分）1.James Fenimore Cooper2.Washington Irving3.Anne Bradstreet4.Michael Wigglesworth5.Washington Irving6.James Fenimore Cooper7.Philip Freneau8.William Cullen Bryant9.Edgar Allan Poe10.Edgar Allan Poe11.Nathaniel Hawthorne12.Edgar Allan Poe13.Anne Bradstreet14.Washington Irving15.James Fenimore Cooper16.Philip Freneau17.William Cullen Bryant18.Edgar Allan Poe19.Nathaniel Hawthorne20.Philip FreneauIV.Terms (20%)（每题4分，共20分。
大学美国史复习题
大学美国史复习题1. 早期殖民时期- 描述“五月花号”和《五月花公约》的重要性。
- 列举并解释“十三个殖民地”的地理和经济特点。
2. 独立战争- 解释“波士顿茶党”事件对美国独立战争的影响。
- 描述《独立宣言》的起草过程和其历史意义。
3. 建国时期- 分析《美国宪法》的起草和批准过程。
- 讨论联邦党人和反联邦党人的主要观点及其对美国政治体系的影响。
4. 西进运动- 描述路易斯与克拉克探险队的旅程及其对美国西部开发的影响。
- 讨论“马尼拉宣言”和“德克萨斯独立宣言”对美国领土扩张的影响。
5. 内战与重建- 分析美国内战的主要原因和结果。
- 讨论林肯的《解放宣言》及其对美国历史的影响。
6. 工业化与移民- 描述19世纪末美国工业化的进程及其对社会的影响。
- 讨论移民潮对美国社会、经济和文化的长远影响。
7. 进步时代与第一次世界大战- 解释进步时代改革运动的主要目标和成果。
- 讨论美国参与第一次世界大战的原因及其对国际关系的影响。
8. 大萧条与新政- 分析1929年股市崩盘的原因和后果。
- 讨论罗斯福的“新政”及其对美国经济和社会的长远影响。
9. 第二次世界大战与冷战- 描述美国在第二次世界大战中的角色和贡献。
- 讨论冷战时期美国与苏联的对抗及其对世界政治格局的影响。
10. 民权运动与社会变革- 分析20世纪60年代美国民权运动的主要事件和领导者。
- 讨论越南战争对美国社会和政治的影响。
11. 现代美国- 描述9/11恐怖袭击事件对美国外交政策和国内安全的影响。
- 讨论21世纪初的全球化对美国经济和社会的挑战与机遇。
结束语美国历史是一个不断演变和发展的领域，它反映了一个国家从殖民地到世界强国的转变。
通过学习这些历史事件，我们可以更好地理解今天的美国社会、政治和文化。
希望这些复习题能帮助你深入理解美国历史，并在考试中取得优异的成绩。
美国历史期末考试题及答案
美国历史期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 美国独立战争开始于哪年？A. 1754年B. 1775年C. 1783年D. 1791年答案：B2. 《独立宣言》是由谁起草的？A. 乔治·华盛顿B. 托马斯·杰斐逊C. 本杰明·富兰克林D. 约翰·亚当斯答案：B3. 美国宪法是在哪个会议上制定的？A. 康乃狄克会议B. 费城会议C. 波士顿茶党D. 纽约会议答案：B4. 美国内战中，哪一方代表奴隶制？A. 北方联邦B. 南方邦联C. 印第安人部落D. 法国支持者答案：B5. 罗斯福新政是在哪位总统任期内实施的？A. 伍德罗·威尔逊B. 富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福C. 西奥多·罗斯福D. 哈里·杜鲁门答案：B6. 第一次世界大战中，美国加入哪一方？A. 中立国B. 同盟国C. 轴心国D. 协约国答案：D7. 美国历史上第一位黑人总统是谁？A. 巴拉克·奥巴马B. 比尔·克林顿C. 乔治·W·布什D. 罗纳德·里根答案：A8. 著名的“阿波罗11号”任务是在哪位总统任期内成功登陆月球的？A. 约翰·F·肯尼迪B. 林登·B·约翰逊C. 理查德·尼克松D. 吉米·卡特答案：C9. 美国的“民权运动”主要发生在哪个年代？A. 1950年代B. 1960年代C. 1970年代D. 1980年代答案：B10. 9/11恐怖袭击事件发生在哪一年？A. 2000年B. 2001年C. 2002年D. 2003年答案：B二、填空题（每空2分，共20分）11. 美国的首都是_______。
答案：华盛顿特区12. 美国独立战争的导火索是_______。
答案：波士顿茶党13. 美国宪法的第一条修正案保障了_______。
美国文学史期末考试复习资料
美国⽂学史期末考试复习资料Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’= 10’)1.In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ______ was the dominant.2.The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving’s work named______.3.Which of the following is not the characteristic of American Romanticism?4.The short story “Rip Van Winkle” reveals the ____ attitude of its author.5.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by _____.6.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in _____ and Thoreau.7.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?8.____ is considered Mark Twain’s greatest achievement.9._____ is not among those greatest figures in “Lost Generation”.10.Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing b ecomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more ____.1-5，BBACD 6-10 BADCDI.Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’=10’)11.______ is the father of American Literature.life.13._____ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.14.Which of following is NOT a typical feature of Mark Twain’s language?15.From Thoreau’s jail experience, came his famous essay, _____ which states his belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A. WaldenB. NatureC. Civil DisobedienceD. Common Sense16.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?17.Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and the ____ as well.18.What did Fitzgerald call the 1920s?19.Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more ____.20.For Melville, as well as for the reader and ____, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery, an ultimate mystery of the universe.1-5 D A B C C 6-10 A C C D CII. Identify Works as Described Below (1’×15 =15’):1.The novel has a sole black protagonist who tells his own story but whose name in unknown to us.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on theMountains2.The main conflict of the play is the protagonist’s false value of fine appearance and popularity with people and the cruel reality of the society in which money is everything.a.A Street Car Named Desireb. The Hairy Apec.Long Day’s Journey into Nightd. Death of Salesman3.It is an autobiographical play and Edmund in the play is based on the playwright himself.a. Long Day’s Journey into Nightb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. The Hairy Aped. The Glass Menageries4.The novel tells of how a black man kills a white woman by accident and how the society is responsible for the murder.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on theMountains5._________ is one of the best works in American literature about the Second World War.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Catcher in the Ryec.The Red Badge of Couraged. The Naked and the Dead6. The novel by Hemingway is the best of its kind about World War I.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Sun Also Risesc.The Old Man and the Sead. The Naked and the Dead7.The novel is about how a family of farmers cannot survive in Oklahoma and travel to California to seek a living and how they suffer hunger in California.a.The Grapes of Wrathb. U.S. A.c.Babbittd. The Adventures of Augie March8.It is a trilogy including The 42nd Parallel, 1919, and The Big Money, with such techniques as biographies, newsreels and camera eye.a.Babbittb. Light in Augustc. U.S.A.d. The Grapes of Wrath9.It is a novel which uses the stream of consciousness technique and whose title is taken from Shakespeare’s Macbeth.a. Absolom, Absolom!b. The Sound and the Furyc.A Farewell to Armsd. The Great Gatsby10. It is a naturalistic work about how a country girl is seduced and how she becomes a famous actress and how her lover falls into a beggar and finally commits suicide.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec. McTeagued.Maggie, A Girl of the Streets11. The novel is set on the Mississippi with the protagonist telling us the story in the local dialect. It is a representative work of local colorism.a.Sister Carrieb.The Adventures of Tom Sawyerc. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finnd.The Portrait of a Lady12.The novel is a psychological study of a soldier (Henry Fleming)’s reactions in the Civil War.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec.The Red Badge of Couraged. McTeague13. The poem is written in free verse in 52 cantos with the theme of the universality and equality in value of all people and all things.a.Cantosb. The Ravenc. Song of Myselfd.Chicago14. The novel is about how a group of people on a whaling ship kill a great whale butthemselves are killed by the whale, with the conflict between man and his fate.a.The Octopusb. Moby-Dickc. The Rise of Silas Laphamd. Leaves of Grass15. It is a philosophical essay in 8 chapters plus an introduction mainly concerned with thefour uses of nature.a. Waldenb. Naturec. The Scarlet Letterd. The American Scholar1-5.cdaad 6-10.aacbb /doc/2ac563ad77a20029bd64783e0912a21614797f92.html cbbI.Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following (1’×15=15’):1.An English ship brought 102 people from Plymouth, England on September 16, 1620 andarrived in the present Provincetown harbor on November 21 in the same year. This ship was named ____________.a. The Pilgrimsb. Mayflowerc. Americad. Titanic2._________ is father of American drama and in his dramatic career he wrote 49 plays.a. Tennessee Williamsb. Eugene O’Neillc. Arthur Millerd. Elmer Rice3._________ was the first American writer to write entirely American literature.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Washington Irvingc. Mark Twaind. Ernest Hemingway4. _______ was the leader of American transcendentalism.a. Benjamin Franklinb. Washington Irvingc. Ralph Waldo Emersond. Henry David Thoreau5._______was the greatest woman poet in American literature and she wrote about 1,700 shortlyric poems in her life time.a. Pearl S. Buckb.Harriet Bicher Stowec. Emily Dickensond. Walter Whitman6._________ is father of the detective story and of psychoanalytic criticism.a. Washington Irvingb. Ralph Waldo Emersonc. Walt Whitmand. Edgar Allan Poe7.William Dean Howells is concerned with the middle class life; ______ writes about the upper class society, and Mark Twain deals with the lower class reality.a. Stephen Craneb. Frank Norrisc. Theodore Dreiserd. Henry James8. Which of the following is a naturalistic writer?a. William Dean Howellsb. Mark Twainc. Ernest Hemingwayd.Theodore Dreiser9. His writings are characterized by simple, colloquial language and deep thoughts. He is______.a. Ernest Hemingwayb. William Faulknerc. F. Scott Fitzgeraldd. Mark Twain10. He wrote 18 novels all set in Jefferson Town, Yoknapatwapha County in the deep south.He is ______.a. William Faulknerb. John Steinbeckc. Ernest Hemingwayd. Mark Twain11. ________is Jewish in origin and in many of his novels the American Jews are majora. Sinclair Lewisb. Saul Bellowc. Norman Mailerd. Jerome David Salinger12._________ is often regarded as the greatest American woman poet and she wrote over 1,700 short lyric poems in her life time.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Robert Frostc. H.D.d. Emily Dickinson13.________ is father of American drama and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1936.a. John Steinbeckb. William Faulknerc. Euge ne O’Neilld. Arthur Miller14. He was the first black American to write a book about black life with great impact on theconsciousness of the nation and his masterpiece is one of the three classics about black Americans. Who is he?a.Richard Wrightb. Harriet Beecher Stowec. Langston Hughesd. Ralph Ellison15. Hemingway wrote about American compatriots in Europe whereas ________ wrote aboutthe Jazz age, life in American society.a.William Carlos Williamsb. William Faulknerc. John Steinbeckd. F. Scott Fitzgerald 1-5 bbccc 6-10.dddaa 11-15.bdcadI.Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following (1×15 %):2.The American Civil War broke out in 1861 between the Northern states and the Southstates, which are known respectively as the ______and the______.a. N, Sb. Revolutionaries, Reactionariesc. Union, Confederacyd. Slavery, Anti-Slavery2._____________was praised by the British as the “Tenth Muse in America”.b. Edward Taylorc. Thomas Pained. Philip Freneau3.Mark Twain was a representative of ________ in American literature.a. transcendentalismb. naturalismc. local colorismd. imagism4. _______ was the leader of American transcendentalism.a. Benjamin Franklinb. Washington Irvingc. Ralph Waldo Emersond. Henry David Thoreau5.The greatest American poet and the first writer of free verse is ____________.a. Washington Irvingb.Ezra Poundc. Walt Whitmand. Emily Dickinson6._________ is father of the detective story and of psychoanalytic criticism.a. Washington Irvingb. Ralph Waldo Emersonc. Walt Whitmand. Edgar Allan Poe7.Henry James is concerned with the upper class life; ______ writes about the middle class society, and Mark Twain deals with the lower class reality.a. Stephen Craneb. Frank Norrisc. Theodore Dreiserd. William Dean Howells8. Which of the following is a naturalistic writer?a. William Dean Howellsb. Mark Twainc. Ernest Hemingwayd.Theodore Dreiser9. ________’s writings are characterized by simple, colloquial language and deep thoughts.b. William Faulknerc. F. Scott Fitzgeraldd. Mark Twain10. ______ wrote 18 novels all set in Jefferson Town, Yoknapatwapha County in the deepsouth. .a. William Faulknerb. John Steinbeckc. Ernest Hemingwayd. Mark Twain11. ________is Jewish in origin and in many of his novels the American Jews are majorcharacters.a. Sinclair Lewisb. Saul Bellowc. Norman Mailerd. Jerome David Salinger12._________ is often regarded as the greatest American woman poet and she wrote over 1,700 short lyric poems in her life time.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Robert Frostc. H.D.d. Emily Dickinson13.________ is father of American drama and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1936.a. John Steinbeckb. William Faulknerc. Eugene O’Neilld. Arthur Miller14. _______ was the first black American to write a book about black life with great impact onthe consciousness of the nation and his masterpiece is one of the three classics about black Americans.b.Richard Wright b. Harriet Beecher Stowec. Langston Hughesd. Ralph Ellison15. ________ first used the “Jazz age” as the title of a collection of short storiesa. F. Scott Fitzgeraldb. William Faulknerc. John Steinbeck1-5.caccc 6-10.dddaa 11-15.bdcbaII. Identify Works as Described Below (1×15 %):6.The play is about a stoker whose identity as a human being is not recognized by his fellow human beings and who tries to find affinity with a monkey in the zoo and is finally killed by the animal.a. The Hairy Apeb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. Long Day’s Journey into Nightd. The Glass Menageries7.The protagonist in this play is a crippled girl named Amanda.a.A Street Car Named Desireb. The Hairy Apec.Long Day’s Journey into Nightd.The Glass Menageries8.The hero of this novel tells about his own story to us but his name is unknown.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on the Mountains4. It is an autobiographical play and Edmund in the play is based on the playwright himself.a. Long Day’s Journey into Nightb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. The Hairy Aped. The Glass Menageries5.The novel tells of how a black man kills a white woman by accident and how he is finally arrested and tried and sentenced to death.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on theMountains6._________ is one of the best works in American literature about the Second World War.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Catcher in the Ryec.The Red Badge of Couraged. The Naked and the Dead6. The novel by Hemingway is the best of its kind about World War I.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Sun Also Risesc.The Old Man and the Sead. The Naked and the Dead10.The novel is about how a family of farmers cannot survive in Oklahoma and travel toCalifornia to seek a living and how they suffer hunger in California.b.T he Grapes of Wrath b. U.S. A.c.Babbittd. The Adventures of Augie March11.It is a trilogy including The 42nd Parallel, 1919, and The Big Money, with suchtechniques as biographies, newsreels and camera eye.b.B abbitt b. Light in Augustc. U.S.A.d. The Grapes of Wrath12.It is a novel which uses the stream of consciousness technique and whose title is takenfrom Shakespeare’s Macbeth.a. Absolom, Absolom!b. The Sound and the Furyc.A Farewell to Armsd. The Great Gatsby10. It is a naturalistic work about how a country girl is seduced and elopes with Hurstwoodand how she becomes a famous actress and how her lover falls into beggary and finally commits suicide.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec. McTeagued.Maggie, A Girl of the Streets11. It is a novel with 135 chapters plus an epilog; in it a group of people on a whaling ship killa great whale but they themselves are killed by the whale in the end, except Ishmael thenarrator who survives by adhering to a coffin.b.Sister Carrie b.The Adventures of Tom Sawyerc. Moby Dickd. The Portrait of a Lady12.The novel is a psychological study of a soldier (Henry Fleming)’s reactions in the Civil War,in which wound is called the red badge which symbolizes courage.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec.The Red Badge of Couraged. McTeague13. The poem is written in free verse in 52 cantos with the theme of the universality andequality in value of all people and all things.a.Cantosb. The Ravenc. Song of Myselfd.Chicago14. The novel is about how a man falls economically and socially but who rises morallybecause he gives up the opportunity to sell his factory to an English Syndicate, which would otherwise mean a ruin to that syndicate.a.The Octopusb. The Rise of Silas Laphamc. Moby-Dickd. Leaves of Grass15. It is a speech delivered at Harvard University. It is often hailed as the “declaration ofintellectual independence” in America.a. The American Scholarb. Naturec. The Scarlet Letterd. Walden1-5.adcad 6-10.aacbb /doc/2ac563ad77a20029bd64783e0912a21614797f92.html cbaII. Match the following (1×20%)A. Match Works with Their Authors1.Hugh Selwyn Mauberly2.Walden3. Autobiography4. The Scarlet Letter5.Leaves of Grass6.The Raven7. The Rise of Silas Lapham8. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer9. Long Day’s Journey into Night10. The Old Man and the Seaa.Mark Twain b . Ernest Hemingwayc. Eugene O’Neilld. William Dean Howellse. Edgar Allan Poef. Walt Whitmang. Nathaniel Hawthorne h. Benjamin Franklini.Henry David Thoreau j. Ezra Poundk.Thomas Jefferson l. T.S. EliotB. Match the Characters with the works in which they appear.1.Hester Prynne2.Mrs. Touchett3.Frederick Henry4.Benjy Compson5.the Joads6.General Edward Cummings7.Holden Caulfield 7.Bigger Thomas8.Yank 9.Happya.The Portrait of a Ladyb. The Scarlet Letterc. The Hairy Aped. A Farewell to Armse.The Sound and the Furyf. The Grapes of Wrathg. The Naked and the Deadh. The Catcher in the Ryei. Native Sonj. Death of a Salesmank.Invisible Manl.Catch-22A. Match Works with Their Authors1-5.jihgf 6-10.edccbB. Match the Characters with the works in which they appear. 1-5.badef 6-10.ghicj III. Match the following (1’×20=20’)A. Match works with their authors1.Nature2.Rip Van Winkle3. Nature4. The Scarlet Letter5.Leaves of Grass6.The Raven7. The Rise of Silas Lapham8. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn9. Cantos10. The Old Man and the Seaa.Ezra Poundb. Ernest Hemingwayc. Mark Twaind. William Dean Howellse. Edgar Allan Poef. Walt Whitmang. Nathaniel Hawthorne h. Ralph Waldo Emersoni.Washington Irving j. Waldo Emersonk.T.S. Eliot l. Robert FrostB. Match characters with the works in which they appear.2.Captain Ahab and Starbuck 2.Isabel Archer3.Frederic Henry and Catherine4.Benjy Compson5.the Joads6.General Edward Cummings7.Holden Caulfield 8.Bigger Thomas9.The Tyrones 10.Willy Lomana.The Portrait of a Ladyb. Moby-Dickc. Death of a Salesmand. A Farewell to Armse.The Sound and the Furyf. The Grapes of Wrathg. The Naked and the Dead h. The Catcher in the Rye i. Native Son j. Long Day’s Journey into Nightk.Absalom, Absalom l. The Old Man and the SeaA. Match Works with Their Authors1-5.jihgf 6-10.edcabB. Match the Characters with the works in which they appear.1-5.badef 6-10.edcabV. Essay Questions (30%; c hoose only ONE of the following three topics and write a short essay of at least 200 words. Note: [1]Your essay should have at least 2 paragraphs; you are not simply to make a list of facts.[2] You may give a title to your essay, but you are required to indicate which of the 3 topics it belongs to. [3]You are not to write on a topic of your own.1.To the best of your knowledge, analyze and make comments on Emerson’s Nature/doc/2ac563ad77a20029bd64783e0912a21614797f92.html ment on any American poet you like.3.Analyze and/or comment on any one of the American novels or plays you have read.V. Essay Questions (30%; c hoose only ONE of the following three topics and write a shortessay of at least 200 words. Note: [1]Your essay should have at least 2 paragraphs; you arenot simply to make a list of facts.[2] You may give a title to your essay, but you are requiredto indicate which of the 3 topics it belongs to. [3]You are not to write on a topic of yourown.)4.Make comments on an American novel we have discussed in this course./doc/2ac563ad77a20029bd64783e0912a21614797f92.html ment on an American poet.6.Describe how your knowledge of American literature is improved after taking thiscourse..IV. Please answer the following questions briefly. (2 x 10’ = 20’)1.Why do people think Franklin is the embodiment of American dream?2.What is “Lost Generation”?V. Discussion. (1 x 20’ = 20’)State your own interpretations of Hemingway’s iceberg theory of writing?IV. Please answer the following questions briefly. (2 x 10’ = 20’)3.Wha t is Hawthorne’s style? Explain the style with examples.4.At the end of the 19th century, there were three fighters for Realism. Who are they?What are their differences?________True or False. (10 x 2’= 20’)1. American literature is the oldest of all national literature.2. Thomas Jefferson was the only American to sign the 4 documents that created the US.3. All his literary life, Hawthorne seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil.4. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about human psychology.5. Hurstwood is a character in Dreiser’s An American Tragedy.6. Faulkner’s region was the Deep North, with its bitter history of slavery, civil war and destruction.7. Placed in historical perspective, Howells is found lacking in qualities and depth. But anyhow he is a literaryfigure worthy of notice.8. Faulkner’s works have been termed the Yoknapatawpha Saga, “one connected story”.9. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.10. Emily Dickinson expr esses her deep love in the poem “Annabel Lee”.1-5 F F T F F 6-10 F F T F FII. Decide whether the statements are True or False. (10 x 2’= 20’)1. Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and began the main stream of what we recognizeas the American national history.2. American Romantic writers avoided writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements.3. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.4. “Young Goodman Brown” wants to prove everyone possesses kindness in heart.5. Henry James was a realist in the same way as one views the realism of Twain or Howells.6. The American realists sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtletiesof human personality.7. Frost’s concern with nature reflected his deep moral uncertainties.8. Faulkner’s works have been termed the Yoknapatawpha Saga, “one connected story”.9. Roger Chillingworth is a character in Dreiser’s An American Tragedy.10. After the Civil War, the Frontier was closing. Disillusionment and frustration were widely felt. What had been expected to be a “Golden Age” turned to be a “Gilded” one.1-5 T F T F T 6-10 F T T F TIII. Please explain the follo wing terms. (5 x 6’ = 30’)1. Puritanism2. Free verse3. International novel: 4．Romanticism 5. Naturalism 6. American Realism 7.American Naturalism Modernism Imagism1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.2.Free verse: It is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts toavoid any predetermined verse structure; instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech.3.International novel: IN brings together persons of various nationalities who representcertain characteristics of their own countries.4.Naturalism: It views human beings as animals in the natural world responding toenvironmental forces and internal stresses and drives, over none of which they havecontrol and none of which they fully understand. The literary naturalists have a majordifference from the realists. They look at a different spot to find real life.III. Please explain the following terms. (5 x 6’ = 30’)1. Puritanism2. international novel3. the lost generation4. free verse5.American transcendentalism Hemingway heroes1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.2.international novel: IN brings together persons of various nationalities who represent certain characteristics of their own countries.3.the lost generation: reveals the huge destruction of the wars to the young generation. It describes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates”. They were lost in disillusionment.4.free verse: It is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure; instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech.5.transcendentalism: It stressed the power of intuition, believing that people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition. It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s presence. It emphasized the significance of the individual and believed that the individual was the most important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish. Transcendentalists envisioned religion as an emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “Oversoul”.。
美国文学史期末考试复习资料
I.Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’=10’)1.In American literature, the 18th century was the age of Enlightenment. ______ was the2.The short story “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is taken from Irving’s work named______.3.Which of the following is not the characteristic of American Romanticism?4.The short story “Rip Van Winkle” reveals the ____ attitude of its author.5.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by _____.6.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in _____ and Thoreau.7.Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?8.____ is considered Mark Twain’s greatest achievement.9._____ is not among those greatest figures in “Lost Generation”.10.Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing b ecomes lessserious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more ____.1-5，BBACD 6-10 BADCDII.Multiple choice. Please choose the best answer among the four items. (10 x 1’= 10’)11.______ is the father of American Literature.12._____ is a fantasy tale about a man who somehow stepped outside the main stream oflife.13._____ was the most leading spirit of the Transcendental Club.14.Which of following is NOT a typical feature of Mark Twain’s language?15.From Thoreau’s jail experience, came his famous essay, _____ which states his belief thatno man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A. WaldenB. NatureC. Civil DisobedienceD. Common Sense16.17.Most of the poems in Whitman’s Leaves of Grass sing of the “en-mass” and the ____ as18.What did Fitzgerald call the 1920s?19.Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less20.For Melville, as well as for the reader and ____, the narrator, Moby Dick is still a mystery,an ultimate mystery of the universe.1-5 D A B C C 6-10 A C C D CII. Identify Works as Described Below (1’×15 =15’):1.The novel has a sole black protagonist who tells his own story but whose name inunknown to us.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on theMountains2.The main conflict of the play is the protagonist’s false value of fine appearance andpopularity with people and the cruel reality of the society in which money is everything.a.A Street Car Named Desireb. The Hairy Apec.Long Day’s Journey into Nightd. Death of Salesman3.It is an autobiographical play and Edmund in the play is based on the playwright himself.a. Long Day’s Journey into Nightb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. The Hairy Aped. The Glass Menageries4.The novel tells of how a black man kills a white woman by accident and how the society isresponsible for the murder.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on theMountains5._________ is one of the best works in American literature about the Second World War.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Catcher in the Ryec.The Red Badge of Couraged. The Naked and the Dead6. The novel by Hemingway is the best of its kind about World War I.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Sun Also Risesc.The Old Man and the Sead. The Naked and the Dead7.The novel is about how a family of farmers cannot survive in Oklahoma and travel toCalifornia to seek a living and how they suffer hunger in California.a.The Grapes of Wrathb. U.S. A.c.Babbittd. The Adventures of Augie March8.It is a trilogy including The 42nd Parallel, 1919, and The Big Money, with suchtechniques as biographies, newsreels and camera eye.a.Babbittb. Light in Augustc. U.S.A.d. The Grapes of Wrath9.It is a novel which uses the stream of consciousness technique and whose title is takenfrom Shakespeare’s Macbeth.a. Absolom, Absolom!b. The Sound and the Furyc.A Farewell to Armsd. The Great Gatsby10. It is a naturalistic work about how a country girl is seduced and how she becomes afamous actress and how her lover falls into a beggar and finally commits suicide.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec. McTeagued.Maggie, A Girl of the Streets11. The novel is set on the Mississippi with the protagonist telling us the story in the localdialect. It is a representative work of local colorism.a.Sister Carrieb.The Adventures of Tom Sawyerc. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finnd.The Portrait of a Lady12.The novel is a psychological study of a soldier (Henry Fleming)’s reactions in the CivilWar.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec.The Red Badge of Couraged. McTeague13. The poem is written in free verse in 52 cantos with the theme of the universality andequality in value of all people and all things.a.Cantosb. The Ravenc. Song of Myselfd.Chicago14. The novel is about how a group of people on a whaling ship kill a great whale butthemselves are killed by the whale, with the conflict between man and his fate.a.The Octopusb. Moby-Dickc. The Rise of Silas Laphamd. Leaves of Grass15. It is a philosophical essay in 8 chapters plus an introduction mainly concerned with thefour uses of nature.a. Waldenb. Naturec. The Scarlet Letterd. The American Scholar1-5.cdaad 6-10.aacbb cbbI.Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following (1’×15=15’):1.An English ship brought 102 people from Plymouth, England on September 16, 1620 andarrived in the present Provincetown harbor on November 21 in the same year. This ship was named ____________.a. The Pilgrimsb. Mayflowerc. Americad. Titanic2._________ is father of American drama and in his dramatic career he wrote 49 plays.a. Tennessee Williamsb. Eugene O’Neillc. Arthur Millerd. Elmer Rice3._________ was the first American writer to write entirely American literature.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Washington Irvingc. Mark Twaind. Ernest Hemingway4. _______ was the leader of American transcendentalism.a. Benjamin Franklinb. Washington Irvingc. Ralph Waldo Emersond. Henry David Thoreau5._______was the greatest woman poet in American literature and she wrote about 1,700 shortlyric poems in her life time.a. Pearl S. Buckb.Harriet Bicher Stowec. Emily Dickensond. Walter Whitman6._________ is father of the detective story and of psychoanalytic criticism.a. Washington Irvingb. Ralph Waldo Emersonc. Walt Whitmand. Edgar Allan Poe7.William Dean Howells is concerned with the middle class life; ______ writes about the upper class society, and Mark Twain deals with the lower class reality.a. Stephen Craneb. Frank Norrisc. Theodore Dreiserd. Henry James8. Which of the following is a naturalistic writer?a. William Dean Howellsb. Mark Twainc. Ernest Hemingwayd.Theodore Dreiser9. His writings are characterized by simple, colloquial language and deep thoughts. He is______.a. Ernest Hemingwayb. William Faulknerc. F. Scott Fitzgeraldd. Mark Twain10. He wrote 18 novels all set in Jefferson Town, Yoknapatwapha County in the deep south.He is ______.a. William Faulknerb. John Steinbeckc. Ernest Hemingwayd. Mark Twain11. ________is Jewish in origin and in many of his novels the American Jews are majorcharacters.a. Sinclair Lewisb. Saul Bellowc. Norman Mailerd. Jerome David Salinger12._________ is often regarded as the greatest American woman poet and she wrote over 1,700 short lyric poems in her life time.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Robert Frostc. H.D.d. Emily Dickinson13.________ is father of American drama and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1936.a. John Steinbeckb. William Faulknerc. Euge ne O’Neilld. Arthur Miller14. He was the first black American to write a book about black life with great impact on theconsciousness of the nation and his masterpiece is one of the three classics about black Americans. Who is he?a.Richard Wrightb. Harriet Beecher Stowec. Langston Hughesd. Ralph Ellison15. Hemingway wrote about American compatriots in Europe whereas ________ wrote aboutthe Jazz age, life in American society.a.William Carlos Williamsb. William Faulknerc. John Steinbeckd. F. Scott Fitzgerald 1-5 bbccc 6-10.dddaa 11-15.bdcadI.Choose the Best Answer for Each of the Following (1×15 %):2.The American Civil War broke out in 1861 between the Northern states and the Southstates, which are known respectively as the ______and the______.a. N, Sb. Revolutionaries, Reactionariesc. Union, Confederacyd. Slavery, Anti-Slavery2._____________was praised by the British as the “Tenth Muse in America”.a.Anne Bradstreetb. Edward Taylorc. Thomas Pained. Philip Freneau3.Mark Twain was a representative of ________ in American literature.a. transcendentalismb. naturalismc. local colorismd. imagism4. _______ was the leader of American transcendentalism.a. Benjamin Franklinb. Washington Irvingc. Ralph Waldo Emersond. Henry David Thoreau5.The greatest American poet and the first writer of free verse is ____________.a. Washington Irvingb.Ezra Poundc. Walt Whitmand. Emily Dickinson6._________ is father of the detective story and of psychoanalytic criticism.a. Washington Irvingb. Ralph Waldo Emersonc. Walt Whitmand. Edgar Allan Poe7.Henry James is concerned with the upper class life; ______ writes about the middle class society, and Mark Twain deals with the lower class reality.a. Stephen Craneb. Frank Norrisc. Theodore Dreiserd. William Dean Howells8. Which of the following is a naturalistic writer?a. William Dean Howellsb. Mark Twainc. Ernest Hemingwayd.Theodore Dreiser9. ________’s writings are characterized by simple, colloquial language and deep thoughts.a. Ernest Hemingwayb. William Faulknerc. F. Scott Fitzgeraldd. Mark Twain10. ______ wrote 18 novels all set in Jefferson Town, Yoknapatwapha County in the deepsouth. .a. William Faulknerb. John Steinbeckc. Ernest Hemingwayd. Mark Twain11. ________is Jewish in origin and in many of his novels the American Jews are majorcharacters.a. Sinclair Lewisb. Saul Bellowc. Norman Mailerd. Jerome David Salinger12._________ is often regarded as the greatest American woman poet and she wrote over 1,700 short lyric poems in her life time.a. Anne Bradstreetb. Robert Frostc. H.D.d. Emily Dickinson13.________ is father of American drama and won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1936.a. John Steinbeckb. William Faulknerc. Eugene O’Neilld. Arthur Miller14. _______ was the first black American to write a book about black life with great impact onthe consciousness of the nation and his masterpiece is one of the three classics about black Americans.b.Richard Wright b. Harriet Beecher Stowec. Langston Hughesd. Ralph Ellison15. ________ first used the “Jazz age” as the title of a collection of short storiesa. F. Scott Fitzgeraldb. William Faulknerc. John Steinbeckd. Ernest Hemingway1-5.caccc 6-10.dddaa 11-15.bdcbaII. Identify Works as Described Below (1×15 %):6.The play is about a stoker whose identity as a human being is not recognized by his fellowhuman beings and who tries to find affinity with a monkey in the zoo and is finally killed by the animal.a. The Hairy Apeb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. Long Day’s Journey into Nightd. The Glass Menageries7.The protagonist in this play is a crippled girl named Amanda.a.A Street Car Named Desireb. The Hairy Apec.Long Day’s Journey into Nightd.The Glass Menageries8.The hero of this novel tells about his own story to us but his name is unknown.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on the Mountains4. It is an autobiographical play and Edmund in the play is based on the playwright himself.a. Long Day’s Journey into Nightb. Henderson the Rain Kingc. The Hairy Aped. The Glass Menageries5.The novel tells of how a black man kills a white woman by accident and how he is finallyarrested and tried and sentenced to death.a.Native Sonb.Uncle Tom’s Cabinc.Invisible Mand. Go Tell It on theMountains6._________ is one of the best works in American literature about the Second World War.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Catcher in the Ryec.The Red Badge of Couraged. The Naked and the Dead6. The novel by Hemingway is the best of its kind about World War I.a.A Farewell to Armsb.The Sun Also Risesc.The Old Man and the Sead. The Naked and the Dead10.The novel is about how a family of farmers cannot survive in Oklahoma and travel toCalifornia to seek a living and how they suffer hunger in California.b.T he Grapes of Wrath b. U.S. A.c.Babbittd. The Adventures of Augie March11.It is a trilogy including The 42nd Parallel, 1919, and The Big Money, with suchtechniques as biographies, newsreels and camera eye.b.B abbitt b. Light in Augustc. U.S.A.d. The Grapes of Wrath12.It is a novel which uses the stream of consciousness technique and whose title is takenfrom Shakespeare’s Macbeth.a. Absolom, Absolom!b. The Sound and the Furyc.A Farewell to Armsd. The Great Gatsby10. It is a naturalistic work about how a country girl is seduced and elopes with Hurstwoodand how she becomes a famous actress and how her lover falls into beggary and finally commits suicide.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec. McTeagued.Maggie, A Girl of the Streets11. It is a novel with 135 chapters plus an epilog; in it a group of people on a whaling ship killa great whale but they themselves are killed by the whale in the end, except Ishmael thenarrator who survives by adhering to a coffin.b.Sister Carrie b.The Adventures of Tom Sawyerc. Moby Dickd. The Portrait of a Lady12.The novel is a psychological study of a soldier (Henry Fleming)’s reactions in the Civil War,in which wound is called the red badge which symbolizes courage.a.An American Tragedyb. Sister Carriec.The Red Badge of Couraged. McTeague13. The poem is written in free verse in 52 cantos with the theme of the universality andequality in value of all people and all things.a.Cantosb. The Ravenc. Song of Myselfd.Chicago14. The novel is about how a man falls economically and socially but who rises morallybecause he gives up the opportunity to sell his factory to an English Syndicate, which would otherwise mean a ruin to that syndicate.a.The Octopusb. The Rise of Silas Laphamc. Moby-Dickd. Leaves of Grass15. It is a speech delivered at Harvard University. It is often hailed as the “declaration ofintellectual independence” in America.a. The American Scholarb. Naturec. The Scarlet Letterd. Walden1-5.adcad 6-10.aacbb cbaII. Match the following (1×20%)A. Match Works with Their Authors1.Hugh Selwyn Mauberly2.Walden3. Autobiography4. The Scarlet Letter5.Leaves of Grass6.The Raven7. The Rise of Silas Lapham8. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer9. Long Day’s Journey into Night10. The Old Man and the Seaa.Mark Twain b . Ernest Hemingwayc. Eugene O’Neilld. William Dean Howellse. Edgar Allan Poef. Walt Whitmang. Nathaniel Hawthorne h. Benjamin Franklini.Henry David Thoreau j. Ezra Poundk.Thomas Jefferson l. T.S. EliotB. Match the Characters with the works in which they appear.1.Hester Prynne2.Mrs. Touchett3.Frederick Henry4.Benjy Compson5.the Joads6.General Edward Cummings7.Holden Caulfield 7.Bigger Thomas8.Yank 9.Happya.The Portrait of a Ladyb. The Scarlet Letterc. The Hairy Aped. A Farewell to Armse.The Sound and the Furyf. The Grapes of Wrathg. The Naked and the Deadh. The Catcher in the Ryei. Native Sonj. Death of a Salesmank.Invisible Manl.Catch-22A. Match Works with Their Authors1-5.jihgf 6-10.edccbB. Match the Characters with the works in which they appear. 1-5.badef 6-10.ghicjIII. Match the following (1’×20=20’)A. Match works with their authors1.Nature2.Rip Van Winkle3. Nature4. The Scarlet Letter5.Leaves of Grass6.The Raven7. The Rise of Silas Lapham8. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn9. Cantos10. The Old Man and the Seaa.Ezra Poundb. Ernest Hemingwayc. Mark Twaind. William Dean Howellse. Edgar Allan Poef. Walt Whitmang. Nathaniel Hawthorne h. Ralph Waldo Emersoni.Washington Irving j. Waldo Emersonk.T.S. Eliot l. Robert FrostB. Match characters with the works in which they appear.2.Captain Ahab and Starbuck 2.Isabel Archer3.Frederic Henry and Catherine4.Benjy Compson5.the Joads6.General Edward Cummings7.Holden Caulfield 8.Bigger Thomas9.The Tyrones 10.Willy Lomana.The Portrait of a Ladyb. Moby-Dickc. Death of a Salesmand. A Farewell to Armse.The Sound and the Furyf. The Grapes of Wrathg. The Naked and the Dead h. The Catcher in the Ryei. Native Son j. Long Day’s Journey into Nightk.Absalom, Absalom l. The Old Man and the SeaA. Match Works with Their Authors1-5.jihgf 6-10.edcabB. Match the Characters with the works in which they appear.1-5.badef 6-10.edcabV. Essay Questions (30%; c hoose only ONE of the following three topics and write a short essay of at least 200 words. Note: [1]Your essay should have at least 2 paragraphs; you are not simply to make a list of facts.[2] You may give a title to your essay, but you are required to indicate which of the 3 topics it belongs to. [3]You are not to write on a topic of your own.1.To the best of your knowledge, analyze and make comments on Emerson’s Naturement on any American poet you like.3.Analyze and/or comment on any one of the American novels or plays you have read.V. Essay Questions (30%; c hoose only ONE of the following three topics and write a shortessay of at least 200 words. Note: [1]Your essay should have at least 2 paragraphs; you arenot simply to make a list of facts.[2] You may give a title to your essay, but you are requiredto indicate which of the 3 topics it belongs to. [3]You are not to write on a topic of yourown.)4.Make comments on an American novel we have discussed in this course.ment on an American poet.6.Describe how your knowledge of American literature is improved after taking thiscourse..IV. Please answer the following questions briefly. (2 x 10’ = 20’)1.Why do people think Franklin is the embodiment of American dream?2.What is “Lost Generation”?V. Discussion. (1 x 20’ = 20’)State your own interpretations of Hemingway’s iceberg theory of writing?IV. Please answer the following questions briefly. (2 x 10’ = 20’)3.Wha t is Hawthorne’s style? Explain the style with examples.4.At the end of the 19th century, there were three fighters for Realism. Who are they?What are their differences?________True or False. (10 x 2’= 20’)1. American literature is the oldest of all national literature.2. Thomas Jefferson was the only American to sign the 4 documents that created the US.3. All his literary life, Hawthorne seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil.4. Most of the poems in Leaves of Grass are about human psychology.5. Hurstwood is a character in Dreiser’s An American Tragedy.6. Faulkner’s region was the Deep North, with its bitter history of slavery, civil war and destruction.7. Placed in historical perspective, Howells is found lacking in qualities and depth. But anyhow he is a literaryfigure worthy of notice.8. Faulkner’s works have been termed the Yoknapatawpha Saga, “one connected story”.9. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.10. Emily Dickinson expr esses her deep love in the poem “Annabel Lee”.1-5 F F T F F 6-10 F F T F FII. Decide whether the statements are True or False. (10 x 2’= 20’)1. Early in the 17th century, the English settlements in Virginia and began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.2. American Romantic writers avoided writing about nature, medieval legends and with supernatural elements.3. As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematical.4. “Young Goodman Brown” wants to prove everyone possesses kindness in heart.5. Henry James was a realist in the same way as one views the realism of Twain or Howells.6. The American realists sought to describe the wide range of American experience and to present the subtleties of human personality.7. Frost’s concern with nature reflected his deep moral uncertainties.8. Faulkner’s works have been termed the Yoknapatawpha Saga, “one connected story”.9. Roger Chillingworth is a character in Dreiser’s An American Tragedy.10. After the Civil War, the Frontier was closing. Disillusionment and frustration were widely felt. What had been expected to be a “Golden Age” turned to be a “Gilded” one.1-5 T F T F T 6-10 F T T F TIII. Please explain the follo wing terms. (5 x 6’ = 30’)1. Puritanism2. Free verse3. International novel: 4．Romanticism 5. Naturalism 6. American Realism 7.American Naturalism Modernism Imagism1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.2.Free verse: It is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts toavoid any predetermined verse structure; instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech.3.International novel: IN brings together persons of various nationalities who representcertain characteristics of their own countries.4.Naturalism: It views human beings as animals in the natural world responding toenvironmental forces and internal stresses and drives, over none of which they havecontrol and none of which they fully understand. The literary naturalists have a majordifference from the realists. They look at a different spot to find real life.III. Please explain the following terms. (5 x 6’ = 30’)1. Puritanism2. international novel3. the lost generation4. free verse5.American transcendentalism Hemingway heroes1.Puritanism: Puritanism is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.2.international novel: IN brings together persons of various nationalities who representcertain characteristics of their own countries.3.the lost generation: reveals the huge destruction of the wars to the young generation. Itdescribes the Americans who remained in Paris as a colony of “expatriates”. They werelost in disillusionment.4.free verse: It is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts toavoid any predetermined verse structure; instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech.5.transcendentalism: It stressed the power of intuition, believing that people could learnthings both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner worldby intuition. It took nature as symbolic of spirit or God. All things in nature were symbolsof the spiritual, of God’s presence. It emphasized the significance of the individual andbelieved that the individual was the most important element in society and that the idealkind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish. Transcendentalists envisioned religion asan emotional communication between an individual soul and the universal “Oversoul”.。
美国历史文化复习题
美国历史文化复习题一、填空题：1、1776年7月4日，大陆会议通过了杰弗逊执笔的《独立宣言》。
2、1862年5月，林肯政府颁布了《宅地法》。
3、1941年3月，国会通过《租借法》。
4、1865年3月，美国国会通过法令，建立美国第一个联邦福利机构--自由民局。
5、1896年，联邦最高法院在“普莱塞诉佛格森案”的判决书中认为这符合“隔离但平等”的原则。
6、1966年，佛里丹创建了全国妇女组织（NOW），标志着女权运动的复兴。
7、美国东部夏令时间22时56分，指令长阿姆斯特朗成为人类历史上第一个登上月球的人。
8、1973年5月14日，美国成功了第一个实际投入长期使用的空间站--“天空实验室”空间站。
9、1891年，美国国会通过了《森林保留法》。
10、1962年，海洋生物学家蕾切尔.卡逊出版了《寂寞的春天》。
11、1997年12月在日本京都签署了《京都议定书》。
12、威廉.福克纳与厄内斯特.海明威一起被称为20世纪美国两位“天才小说家”，是“迷惘的一代”的代表。
二、选择题：1、马丁.路德.金为了通过斗争改善黑人的命运，提倡非暴力不合作。
2、布克.华盛顿发起“塔斯克基运动”，是一场温和的黑人自救运动。
3、杜波依斯于1895年获哈佛大学博士学位，是该校的第一位黑人博士，出版了《黑人的灵魂》。
4、20世纪上半叶，有两位美国总统（富兰克林.罗斯福、杜鲁门）在黑人问题上做了不少工作。
5、美国妇女追求男女平等为核心目标的思想体系--选举权。
6、现实主义文学的代表人物是德莱赛，其代表作：《嘉莉妹妹》、《珍妮姑娘》、《欲望三部曲》，为左翼文学开辟了道路。
7、威廉.福克纳的代表作--《喧哗与骚动》8、厄内斯特.海明威的代表作--《老人与海》、《太阳照样升起》。
9、喜剧演员查理.卓别林的作品--《城市之光》、《摩登时代》、《大独裁者》。
10、美国传统（主流）的价值观：民主政体、自由原则、个人主义。
11、文化创新者：指的是那些追求一种“跨现代”的价值观的人，他们对环保、新女权主义、民权、全球问题等。
美国文学史期末考试复习资料
一、作者-作品1.Eugene O’Neill 尤金·奥尼尔Desire under the Elms榆树下的欲望2.Washington Irving华盛顿.欧文The Sketch Book见闻札记The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说3.Nathaniel Hawthorne霍桑The Scarlet Letter红字4.Herman Melville麦尔维尔Moby Dick白鲸5.Edgar Allan Poe艾伦.坡The Raven乌鸦6.Walt Whitman惠特曼Leaves of Grass草叶集7. Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特.比彻.斯托Uncle Tom’s Cabin汤姆叔叔的小屋8. Henry James 亨利.詹姆斯in the Portrait of a Lady一位女士的肖像9.Mark Twain 马克.吐温TheAdventures ofHuckleberry Finn哈克贝里.费恩历险The Gilded Age镀金时代10. O. Henry 欧.亨利The Gift of the Magi麦琪的礼物11. Stephen Crane：史蒂芬.克莱恩The Red Badge of Courage红色英勇勋章12.Theodore Dreiser 西奥多.德莱塞Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹13.Jack London 杰克.伦敦The Call of the Wild野性的呼唤14. John Steinbeck 约翰.斯坦贝克The Grapes of Wrath愤怒的葡萄15.F. Scott Fitzgerald弗斯.菲茨杰拉德The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨比16.Ernest Hemingway 海明威The Sun Also Rises太阳照样升起17.Katherine Anne Porter 凯瑟琳.安.波特Flowing Judas and other Stories犹大之花18. Ezra Pound 埃兹拉.庞德 Imagism 意象派The Cantos 诗章19.William Carlos Williams: 威廉.威廉姆斯The Red Wheelbarrow红色手推车20. Joseph Heller约瑟夫海勒：Catch-22 第22条军规21.Thomas Stearns Eliot爱略特The Waste Land荒原22.Zora Neal Hurston 佐拉.赫斯顿Their eyes were watching God 他们眼望上苍二、名词解释1.Transcendentalism超验主义:(1)As a philosophical and literary movement, American Transcendentalis m (also known as “ American Renaissance”) flourshed in New England fr om the 1830s to the Civil War. It is the high tide of American romanticism and its doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in Emerson and Thoreau. Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and agai nst the materialism of American society.(2)The major features of Transcendentalism:① The Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. 思想超灵宇宙② The Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To t hem, the individual is the most important element of Society. 个体+社会③ The Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of nature as symbol ic of the Spirit or God. Nature was not purely matter. It was alive, filled w ith God’s overwhelming presence. 自然+上帝代表人物：Emerson, Thoreau2.The Gilded Age镀金时代：an age of excess and extremes, of decline and progress, of poverty and dazzling wealth, of gloom and buoyant hope. Although Americans continued to read the works of Irving, Cooper, Hawthorne, and Poe, the great age of American romanticism had ended. By the 1870s the New England Renaissance had waned. 无节制、走极端，倒退和进步、贫困和富有并存，既令人沮丧又让人有希望的时代。
美国历史文化期末复习资料
美国历史文化期末复习资料美国历史文化期末复习资料美国历史文化是一个广阔而丰富的话题，涵盖了从殖民时期到现代的各个方面。
在这篇文章中，我们将回顾一些重要的事件、人物和文化现象，以帮助您复习美国历史文化的知识。
一、殖民时期和独立战争殖民时期是美国历史的起点，也是美国文化的根基。
17世纪初，英国开始在北美建立殖民地。
这些殖民地逐渐发展成为独立的社会和政治实体。
然而，殖民地居民对英国的统治感到不满，最终导致了独立战争的爆发。
独立战争是美国历史上的重要事件之一。
1775年至1783年，美国殖民地与英国进行了一场艰苦的战斗，最终赢得了独立。
这场战争不仅是美国独立的标志，也是美国民族意识的觉醒。
值得一提的是，美国独立宣言被视为现代民主的重要里程碑，它宣布了人民的自由和平等的原则。
二、西部拓荒和印第安人在独立后的几十年里，美国人民向西部拓展。
这一过程被称为西部拓荒运动。
西部拓荒者面临着艰苦的环境和印第安人的抵抗。
他们通过建立新的定居点、开辟新的农田和建设铁路，逐渐开发了西部地区。
然而，西部拓荒也带来了对印第安人的残酷对待。
印第安人被剥夺了土地和资源，并遭受了种种不公正待遇。
这导致了一系列的印第安战争和印第安人的流离失所。
这段历史提醒我们要反思和尊重不同文化之间的差异，以及对土地和资源的合理利用。
三、奴隶制度和南北战争奴隶制度是美国历史上最黑暗的一章。
自17世纪起，南方殖民地开始使用奴隶劳动力来种植棉花和烟草。
这种制度导致了南北之间的经济和文化分歧。
19世纪中叶，这种分歧最终引发了南北战争。
南北战争是美国历史上最血腥的战争之一，持续了四年。
北方联邦军和南方邦联军进行了激烈的战斗，最终导致了奴隶制度的废除。
这场战争对美国社会产生了深远的影响，包括加强了中央政府的权力和加速了工业化进程。
四、移民和多元文化美国是一个移民国家，吸引了来自世界各地的移民。
从17世纪的英国移民到19世纪的爱尔兰和德国移民，再到20世纪的亚洲和拉丁美洲移民，不同的移民群体为美国社会带来了多样性和文化的融合。
美国文学史复习
美国文学史复习（一）Colonialism（殖民主义）一、Puritan thoughts:1. to make their religious beliefs and practices pure,2. to restore simplicity,3. to live a hard and disciplined life4. to oppose pleasure and arts.二、Puritan values:hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety (they dominated much of the earliest American writing.)（二）Romanticism一、文学特征：1. Environment:①shaped by their New World environment 美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe 欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2.美国文学的特点：①pluralistic多元化②manifestations varied 表现形式多样③individualistic个人主义④conflicting 矛盾3. Romanticism的特点：①moral enthusiasm注重道德②faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受③the presumption that the natural world was a source of corruption.认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
4. Transcendentalism：（超验主义）①As a moral philosophy, it was neither logical nor systematized.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
简明美国史期末考试试题
简明美国史期末考试试题# 美国史期末考试试题## 第一部分：选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 美国独立战争开始于哪一年？A. 1765年B. 1773年C. 1775年D. 1783年2. 以下哪位不是美国开国元勋？A. 乔治·华盛顿B. 本杰明·富兰克林C. 托马斯·杰斐逊D. 亚伯拉罕·林肯3. 路易斯安那购地是由哪位美国总统完成的？A. 乔治·华盛顿B. 托马斯·杰斐逊C. 安德鲁·杰克逊D. 詹姆斯·门罗4. 美国内战的主要矛盾是什么？A. 奴隶制问题B. 土地问题C. 宗教信仰问题D. 经济政策问题5. 以下哪项不是美国20世纪的重大事件？A. 第一次世界大战B. 大萧条C. 越南战争D. 独立宣言的发表## 第二部分：简答题（每题10分，共30分）6. 简述美国宪法的制定过程及其重要性。
7. 描述美国历史上的“西进运动”及其对美国发展的影响。
8. 阐述罗斯福新政的主要内容及其对美国经济和社会的长远影响。
## 第三部分：论述题（每题25分，共50分）9. 论述美国独立战争对美国历史发展的意义。
10. 分析美国南北战争的起因、过程及其对美国统一和现代化进程的影响。
## 第四部分：案例分析题（共30分）11. 阅读以下材料，分析美国内战期间林肯政府的战争策略及其对战争结果的影响。
材料：（此处省略具体材料内容）## 第五部分：开放性问题（共20分）12. 考虑到美国历史上的种族问题，你认为美国在实现种族平等和融合方面取得了哪些进步？还有哪些挑战？请注意，以上试题仅为示例，实际考试内容可能会有所不同。
考试时应仔细审题，合理分配时间，确保答题的完整性和准确性。
祝你考试顺利！。
美国文学史及选读期末复习题
1.Captain John Smith became the first American writer.5.The puritans looked upon themselves as a chosen people.6.The first major intellectual spokesman of the Massachusetts Bay colony was John Cotton,sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England.”7.Anne Bradstreet published The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America, and she wasnicknamed the tenth Muse.8.Poor Richard’s Almanac is an annual collection of proverbs written by Benjamin Franklin.9.Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet Common Sense boldly advocated a “Declaration forIndependence”.10.Thomas Jefferson drafted the Declaration of Independence with John Adams, BenjaminFranklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston.11.Philip Freneau developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction, best illustrated in suchnature lyrics as “The Wild Honey Suckle” and “The Indian Burying Ground”.12.Philip Freneau has been called the “Father of American Poetry”.13.In Washington Irving’s Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first greatAmerican juvenile literature.14.Cooper’s enduring fame rests on his frontier stories, especially the five novels that comprisethe Leatherstocking tales.15.“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of William Cullen Bryant’s wok.16.“Thanatopsis”, William Cullen Bryant’s best-known poem, consists of four stanzas in iambictetrameter abab. The title means “view of death”.17.Edgar Allan Poe is considered “father of American detective stories and American gothicstories”.18.Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance.19.In Walden, Thoreau thought it better for a man to work one day a week and rest six, and therest of the time could be devoted to thought.20.Hawthorne’s stories touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature.21.Moby Dick is a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seeminglysupernatural white whale.22.After his death, Longfellow became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’sCorner of Westminster Abbey.23.Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, had become an American institutionand the most famous literary woman in the world.24.William Dean Howells found his subject matter in the experiences of the American middleclass.25.William Dean Howells called for the treatment of the “smiling aspects of life” as being themore “American.”26.The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will,that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment.27.The poetic style Walt Whitman devised is now called free verse.28.O·Henry’s stories are usually short and interesting; Famous for theirsurprising end.29.Henry James is famous for his international theme of the traditionless American confrontingthe complexity of European life.30.Jack London believed in the inevitable triumph of the strongest individuals.31.Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel, An American Tragedy, is about a young manwho acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth—through marriage if necessary.32.Writers of the first postwar era self-consciously acknowledged that they were a “LostGeneration,” devoid of faith and alienated from a civilization.33.Wallace Stevens’ work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order”.34.With the publication of The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway became the spokesman for whatGertrude Stein had called “a lost generation.”Terms1.TranscendentalismTranscendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Oversoul, and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant. New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.2.NaturalismNaturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Zola, who claimed at “scientific” status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects. Natural fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored corners of modern society. The most significant work of naturalism in English being Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.3.American DreamThe American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity. These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.4.The Lost GenerationThe term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American Literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression. Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T. S. Eliot, and Gertrude Stein herself. Hemingway likely popularized the term, quoting Stein (“You are all a lost generation”) as epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises. More generally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europe and America during World War I. They were “lost”because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to more into a settled life5. ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression; it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it. Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair. Itelevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious.6. RomanticismRomanticism as a literary movement came into being in England in the later half of the 18th century. It first made its appearance in England as a renewed interest in medieval literature. William Blake and Robert Burns represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism. With the publication of W illiam Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads in collaboration with S. T. Coleridge, romanticism began to bloom and found a firm place in history of English literature. In fact, the first half the 19th century recorded the triumph of Romanticism.7. PuritanismThe principles and practices of puritans were popularly known as Puritanism. Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God; the supreme authority of the Bible; the irresistibility of God’s will for man in every act of life from cradl e to grave. These doctrines led the Puritans to examine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine God’s will.8.Hemingway Heroes / Code Hero“Hemingway Heroes” refer to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works. Such a hero usually is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent. And usually he is a man of action and of a few words. He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness. The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation. In a world which is essentially chaotic and meaningless, a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand. The awareness that it must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives, engenders a sense of despair. But Hemingway heroes possess a kind of “despairing courage” as Bertrand Russell terms. It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity. Surely Hemingway heroes differ, one from another, in their view of the world. The difference which comes gradually in view is an index to the subtle change which Hemingway’s outlook had undergone.Identify the fragments.1. These are the times that try men’s souls: The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. What we obtain too cheap, we esteem too lightly—This dearness only that gives everything its value. Heaven knows how to put a proper price upon its goods.(1)Which book is this passage take from?(2)Who is the author of this book?(3)Whom is the author praising? Whom is the author criticizing?(4)What do you think of the language?Answer:(1) The American Crisis.(2) Thomas Paine(3) Paine is praising those who stand “it”, it referring to “the service of their country”. In themeantime, Paine is criticizing those who shrink from the service of their country in this crisis. (4) The language is plain, impressive and forceful. Paine himself once said that his purpose as a writer was to use plain language to make those who can scarcely read understand and to fit the powers of thinking and the turn of language to the subject, so as to bring out a clear conclusion that shall hit the point in question and nothing else.2. From morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came;If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.(1) Who is the writer of these verses?(2) What is the title of this poem?(3) Give a brief comment on this poems.Answer:(1) Philip Freneau(2) The Wild Honeysuckle(3) Here Freneau offers a version of an abundant America with potential for providing a good life for all. The poem is also an indication of his dedication to American subject matter as he examined peculiarly American characteristics of the countryside.3.From the listless repose of the place, and the peculiar character of its inhabitants, who are descendants from the original Dutch settlers, this sequestered glen has long been known by the name of SLEEPY HOLLOW, and its rustic lads are called the Sleepy Hollow Boys throughout all the neighboring country. Drowsy and dreamy influence seems to hang over the land, and to pervade the very atmosphere. Some say that the place was bewitched by a high German doctor, during the early days of the settlement; others, that an old Indian chief, the prophet or wizard of his tribe, held his powwows there before the country was discovered by Master Hendrick Hudson. Question:(1) Who is the writer of this short story from which the passage is taken?(2) What is the title of this short story?(3) Give a definition of “short story”?Answer:(1) Washington Irving(2) The Legend of Sleepy Hollow(3) A short story is a brief prose fiction, usually one that can be read in a single sitting. It generally contains the six major elements of fiction—characterization, setting, theme, plot, point of view and style.4. It was not very long after speaking the Goney that another homeward-bound whaleman, the Town-Ho, was encountered. She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians. In the short gam that ensued she gave us strong news of Moby Dick. To some the general interest in the White Whale was now widly heightened by circumstance of the Town-Ho’s story, which seemed obscurely to involve with the whale a certain wondrous, inverted visitation of one of those so called judgments of God which at times are said to overtake some men. This latter circumstance, with its ownparticular accompaniments, forming what may be called the secret part of the tragedy about to be narrated, never reached the ears of Captain Ahab or his mates…Nevertheless, so potent and influence did this thing have on those seamen in the Pequod who came to the full knowledge of it, and by such a strange delicacy, to call it so, were they governed in this matter, that they kept the secret among themselves so that it never transpired abaft the Pequod’s main-mast. Interweaving in its proper place this darker thread with the story as publicly narrated on the ship, the whole of this strange affair I now proceed to put on lasting record.Question:(1)From which novel is this paragraph taken?(2) What is the name of the novelist?(3) Who is Ahab?(4) What is Pequod?(5) What is the theme of the novel?Answer:(1) Moby Dick(2) Herman Melville(3) The captain of the whaling ship(4) The name of the whaling ship(5) The rebellious struggle of Captain Ahab against the overwhelming, mysterious vastness of the universe and its awesome sometimes merciless forces.5. To go into solitude, a man needs to retire as much from his chamber as from society. I am not solitary whilst I read and write, though nobody is with me. But if a man would be alone, let him look at the stars. The rays that come from those heavenly worlds, will separate between him and vulgar things. One might think the atmosphere was made transparent with this design, to give man, in the heavenly bodies, the perpetual presence of the sublime. Seen in the streets of cities, how great they are! If the stars should appear one night in a thousand years, how would men believe and adore; and preserve for many generation the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown! But every night come out these preachers of beauty, and light the universe with their admonishing smile.Question:(1)This paragraph is taken from a famous essay. What is the of the essay?(2)Who is the author?(3)What does the author say would happen if the stars appeared one night in a thousand years?(4)Give a peculiar term to cover the author’s belief.Answer:(1) Nature(2) Ralph Waldo Emerson(3)Then, the men cannot believe and adore the God, cannot preserve the remembrance of the city of God which had been shown.(4)Transcendentalism6. Isabel always felt an impulse to pull out the pins; not that she imagined they inflicted any damage on the tough old parchment, but because it seemed to her her aunt might make better use of her sharpness. She was very critical herself-it was incidental to her sex, and her nationality butshe was very sentimental as well, and there was something in Mrs. Touchett’s dryness that set her own moral fountains flowing.Questions:(1) This passage is taken from a well-known novel. What is the name of the novel?(2) Who is the author of this novel?(3) Make a brief comment on the heroine of this novel?(4) What is theme of the author? Tell something about it.Answer:(1) The Portrait of a Lady(2) Henry James(3) She is one of the Jamesian American girls. She arrives in Europe, full of hope, and with a will to live a free and noble life, but in fact, she only falls prey to the sinister designs of two vulgar and unscrupulous expatriates, Madam Merle and Gilbert Osmond.(4) Jamesian theme refers to Henry James’s handling of his major fictional theme, “the international theme”: the meeting of America and Europe, American innocence in contact and contrast with European decadence and the moral and Psychological complications arising there from.7.When a girl leaves her home at eighteen, she does one of two things. Either she falls into saving hands and becomes better, or she rapidly assumes the cosmopolitan standard of virtue and becomes worse. Of an intermediate balance, under the circumstances, there is no possibility. The city has its cunning wiles, no less than the infinitely smaller and more human temper. There are large forces which allure with all the soulfulness of expression possible in the most cultured human. The gleam of a thousand lights is often as effective as the persuasive light in a wooing and fascinating eye. Half the undoing of the unsophisticated and natural mind is accomplished by forces wholly superhuman. A blare of sound, a roar of life, a vast array of human hives, appeal to the astonished senses in equivocal terms. Without a counselor at hand to whisper cautious interpretations, what falsehoods may not these things breathe into the unguarded ear! Unrecognized for what they are, their beauty, like music, too often relaxes, then weakens then perverts the simpler human perceptions.Questions:(1) From which novel is this paragraph taken?(2) Who is the author of this novel?(3) How do you understand “the cosmopolitan standard of virtue”?(4) Is there any naturalist tendency in this passage?Answer:(1)Sister Carrie(2) Theodore Dreiser(3) “The cosmopolitan standard of virtue” is something that makes a person become low in virtue and become worse.(4) Yes.Give brief answers to the following questions.1.What are the characteristics of the Colonial Literature?In a real sense, there were no literal works in the early colonial period. They were just personalliterature in the form of diaries, travel books, letters, journals, sermons, histories and prose.(1) In content, they wrote about the voyage to the new land, about adopting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops, about dealing with Indian, and especially about religion.(2) In form, English traditions were imitated.ment briefly on Emily Dickinson’s themes?(1)By far the largest portion of Dickinson’s poetry concerns death and immortality, theme which lie at the centre of Dickinson’s world.(2)Dickinson’s nature poems are also great in number and rich in matter. Natural phenomena, changes of seasons, heavenly bodies, animals, birds and insects, flowers of various kinds, and many other subjects related to nature find her way into her poetry.(3)Dickinson also wrote some poems about love. Like her death and nature poems, her love poems were original.(4)Besides deaths and immortality, nature and love, Dickinson’s poems are concerned about ethics, with respect to which, she emphasizes free will and human responsibility.3. Comment briefly on Theodore Dreiser’s themes and writing style?Theme: Dreiser’s works are mainly concerned with the tragic nature of the human condition by depicting the coarse, vulgar, cruel, and terrible aspects of life like sex and crime.Style: In terms of style, Dreiser has sometimes been censured for his clumsy syntax, deficient characterization, and inept and dull prose. Yet his accumulated detail, carefully selected and faithfully recorded, is a technique of power. Like the other naturalists, he refused to judge—to consider people as good or evil. He clothes his concepts symbolically in the details of reality. It is his journalistic method that has made him one of America’s foremost novelists.4 Henry James is a great realistic writer. Name two of his major works. Do you know anything about his narrative “point of view”? What is it for? How does James employ it in his works? Briefly discuss this question.(1) Henry James’s major works include Daisy Miller and The Portrait of A Lady, etc.(2) One of Henry James literary techniques is his narrative “point of view.” As the author, James avoids the authorial omniscience as much as possible and makes his characters reveal themselves with his minimal intervention. So it is often the case that in his novels we usually learn the main story by reading through one or several minds and share their perspectives. This narrative method proves to be successful in bringing out his themes.5. What are the three main principles that Ezra Pound endorsed?(1)Directly treat poetic subjects.(2)Eliminate merely ornamental or superfluous words.(3)Rhythmical composition in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in the sequence of metronome.6.Tell the differences between Emily Dickinson and Walt Whitman(1)Emily Dickinson expresses the inner life of individuals, while Walt Whitman keeps his eyes on the society at large.(2)Emily Dickinson is “regional”, while Walt Whitman is “national” in his outlook.(3)Formally, Emily Dickinson uses concise, simple dictions and syntax, while Walt Whitman uses endless, all-inclusive catalogs.7. Briefly discuss Hemingway’s Iceberg PrincipleIceberg principle is that the full meaning of the text is not limited to moving the plot forward:there is always a web of association and inference, a submerged reason behind the inclusion (or even the omission) of every detail.In Death in the Afternoon, Hemingway outlined his “theory of omission” or “iceberg principle.”He states: “is a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of the iceberg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. The writer who omits things because he does not know only makes hollow places in his writing.”8. Briefly discuss the Jazz Age“The Jazz Age” describes the period the period of the 1920s and 1930s, the years between World War I and World War II, particularly in North America; with the rise of the Great Depression, the values of this age saw much decline. Perhaps the most representative literary work of the age is American writer F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, highlighting what some describe as the decadence and hedonism, as well as the growth of individualism. Fitzgerald is largely credited with coining the term “The Jazz Age”. It can also be known as “The Roaring Twenties” and “The Dollar Decade.”9. Jack Landon’s themes(1) London was logically inconsistent in his viewpoint.On the one hand, he took faith in Darwin’s surviv al of the fittest, evolutionary concept of progress, and on the other hand, he embraced the socialists’ doctrines of Marx.(2) London wrote on many subjects and themes which centered around primitive violence, Anglo-Saxon supremacy(至上), biological evolution, class warfare, and mechanistic determinism. His heroes are physically robust and rugged but often psychologically harried(苦恼). His heroines are athletic, daring, yet intensely feminine. They are man’s intellectual equal and his emotional superior.10. Briefly discuss ImagismImagism was one of the modern literary movements which expressed the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentation（破裂）and dislocation（错位，混乱）. It came as a reaction to the traditional English poetics. The first Imagist theorist is the English writer T.E. Hume. He suggests that modern art deal with expression and communication of momentary（瞬间的）phases in the poet’s mind.Poetic techniques should become subtle enough to record exactly the momentary impressions. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through one dominant image. Each word must be an image seen. Each sentence should be a lump(团,块), a piece of clay, a vision seen. Hulme advises the poet to seek the hard, personal word for expression. The Imagist movement lasted from 1908 to 1917.。
美国史专题复习 (3)
有人在美国民众中做了一个民意测验，要大家选出 心目中最尊敬的总统。有三位总统名列前茅： 名次 姓名
对美国的贡献 （一句话）
第一 林肯
第二 罗斯福
带领美国走出经 济危机并战胜了 法西斯
第三 华盛顿
领导美国 独立
维护美国 统一
1、请任选一名总统进行评价。 2、请完成上面的表格。
评价华盛顿 人物 评价
﹢ ﹦ 过 （ ﹢
史实 功 （ 史实
） ＋ 总结 影响）
影响
美国独立战争领导人。他担任大陆军总司令，领导独 立战争，最终赢得了国家独立。独立后当选为美国第 一任总统，开创了民主政治的先河。华盛顿是美国的 开国元勋和伟大的政治家。
林肯
1、1861年3月，林肯就任美国总统。 1861年4月，开始领导南北战争。 1862年，林肯政府颁布《解放黑人奴隶宣言》。 1865年，取得南北战争的胜利。 2、领导美国人民维护了国家统一，废除了奴隶制， 为资本主义的发展扫除了障碍，促进了美国历史 的发展，100多年来，受到美国人民的尊敬。
（2011· 四川省德阳市） 奥巴马在竞选美国总统获胜演说词中说道：安· 尼 克松· 库已经106岁高龄了。她出生的年代，正是 黑人奴隶制度解除之后，……当整个美国大陆都 笼罩在经济大萧条的绝望之中时，她见证了一个 国家战胜自身恐惧，重新崛起，…当日本的炸弹 投向我们的港口，暴政威胁着这个世界时，她见 证了一个崛起的民族，民主重获新生。演说词中 涉及的历史事件包括（ B） A美国独立战争 经济危机 工业革命 罗斯福新政 B美国南北战争 经济危机 罗斯福新政 珍珠港事件 C美国独立战争 经济危机 工业革命 珍珠港事件 D美国南北战争 工业革命 罗斯福新政 珍珠港事件
A2 作为资产阶级政治家，华盛顿和林 肯对历史发展进程所起到的相同影 响是 D A．赢得了民族独立 B．维护了国家统一 C．推翻了封建统治 D．促进了资本主义发展
美国文学史及选读期末复习资料
美国文学史复习1（colonialism)第一部分殖民主义时期的文学一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记 b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步 5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
美国史考试题目及答案
美国史考试题目及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 美国独立战争开始的标志是什么？A. 波士顿倾茶事件B. 列克星敦的枪声C. 独立宣言的签署D. 法国的介入答案：B2. 美国宪法中规定的三权分立指的是哪三个机构？A. 国会、总统、最高法院B. 国会、参议院、众议院C. 总统、内阁、最高法院D. 总统、国会、州政府答案：A3. 以下哪位总统领导了美国南北战争？A. 乔治·华盛顿B. 托马斯·杰斐逊C. 亚伯拉罕·林肯D. 西奥多·罗斯福答案：C4. 美国历史上的“新政”是由哪位总统实施的？A. 伍德罗·威尔逊B. 富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福C. 哈里·杜鲁门D. 约翰·肯尼迪答案：B5. 美国在20世纪60年代的民权运动中，以下哪位领袖发挥了重要作用？A. 马丁·路德·金B. 马尔科姆·XC. 罗伯特·肯尼迪D. 约翰·F·肯尼迪答案：A6. 美国在第二次世界大战中加入盟军的时间是？A. 1939年B. 1941年C. 1942年D. 1945年答案：B7. 美国的“冷战”政策开始于？A. 1945年B. 1947年C. 1950年D. 1953年答案：B8. 美国历史上的“水门事件”导致了哪位总统的辞职？A. 林登·约翰逊B. 理查德·尼克松C. 杰拉尔德·福特D. 吉米·卡特答案：B9. 美国的“9·11”恐怖袭击事件发生在哪一年份？A. 2000年B. 2001年C. 2002年D. 2003年答案：B10. 美国历史上第一位非裔美国人总统是谁？A. 巴拉克·奥巴马B. 比尔·克林顿C. 乔治·W·布什D. 唐纳德·特朗普答案：A二、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 简述美国独立战争的意义。
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美国史复习重点题型：不定项选择题——20分，10个名词解释——20分，5个材料分析题——20分，2个简答题——20分，2个论述题——20分，1个1、北美印第安人对美国近代文明兴起的贡献笔记本上（1）北美印第安人是北美的先驱，是北美近代农业的奠基人。
（2）北美印第安人是欧洲探险者和移民始祖的指路人。
（3）北美印第安人为美利坚民族文明增添了光彩。
2、进入西班牙发现地的英国人有哪些？P7(1)第一个进入西班牙发现地的英国人是约翰.卡波特（1497年抵达拉布拉多）。
(2)1576年，马丁.弗罗比歇到达北美的哈德逊湾北部。
(3)1578年，吉尔伯特获得特许在北美占有无人居住的土地，西班牙人袭击而失败。
(4)1579年，弗朗西斯.德雷克抵达俄勒冈(5)1584年，沃尔。
雷利爵士将占领的佛罗里达北部地区命名为“弗吉尼亚”。
3、《五月花公约》名解P141620年11月11日，经过在海上六十六天的漂泊之后，一艘名为“五月花”的大帆船向美洲陆地靠近。
船上有一百零二名乘客。
他们的目的地本是哈德逊河口地区，但由于海上风浪险恶，他们错过了目标，于是就在现在的科德角外普罗温斯顿港抛锚。
为了建立一个大家都能受到约束的自治基础，他们在上岸之前签订了一份公约，这份公约被称为《“五月花号”公约》，签署人立誓创立一个自治团体，这个团体是基于被管理者的同意而成立的，而且将依法而治。
这是美国历史上第一份重要的政治文献。
内容：“以上帝的名义，阿门。
我们，下面的签名人，作为伟大的詹姆斯一世的忠顺臣民，为了给上帝增光，发扬基督教的信仰和我们祖国和君主的荣誉，特着手在弗吉尼亚北部这片新开拓的海岸建立第一个殖民地。
我们在上帝的面前，彼此以庄严的面貌出现，现约定将我们全体组成公民政体，以使我们能更好地生存下来并在我们之间创造良好的秩序。
为了殖民地的公众利益，我们将根据这项契约颁布我们应当忠实遵守的公正平等的法律、法令和命令，并视需要而任命我们应当服从的行政官员。
”在整个人类文明史上，它的意义几乎可以与英国的《大宪章》、美国的《独立宣言》、法国的《人权宣言》等文献相媲美。
美国几百年的根基就建立在这短短的几百字之上，信仰，自愿，自治，法律，法规……这些关键词几乎涵盖了美国立国的基本原则，今天美国总统宣誓就职时依然是手按《圣经》，向全体公民保证遵从和信守宪法与法律。
4、最早发展起来的五个工业部门P28木材业，造船业，纺织业，冶铁业，捕鱼业。
5、两个公司土地变化特点P22（1）弗吉尼亚公司1624年该殖民地已经实现了私有化，并引入了代役租及长子继承制等封建制残余。
（2）普利茅斯公司土地虽然私有化了，但是没有引入代役租也没有引入长子继承制，长子只得双份。
“无偿分配”是其特点。
两个公司于1614—1629年完成了公司土地私有化过程，是美国历史上的一个重要标志，因为它决定了“美国经济发展的过程”，是“转向新经济的第一步”。
6、培根起义的原因、导火线（1676年8月—1676年10月18日）P32（1）原因：由于航海条例的打击，烟草价格暴跌，再加上粮食连年歉收，以及不合理的捐税制度等，使北美殖民地广大农民群众及小种植园主面临破产。
弗吉尼亚总督W.伯克利独断专横，选举权的规定也异常苛刻。
（2）导火线：起义的直接导火线是印第安人为夺回自己失去的土地对边疆村庄进行的袭击（对印第安人的战争1676年8月）。
7、“大陆会议”不愿宣布独立的原因P47（1）殖民地对英国君主立宪制政体的本质还认识不清楚，因而存在一个要不要起来反抗的问题。
（2）人们对殖民地与英帝国的关系还认不清，因而存在一个该不该效忠英王的问题。
（3）人们对殖民地本身的地位和力量估计不足，因而存在一些敢不敢独立的问题。
8、《常识》名解P471776年1月，托马斯.潘恩发表了《常识》。
内容：（1）英国的君主立宪制政体是“纯粹是君主政体”。
（2）英国可以称为是北美殖民地的“母国”吗？A．是欧洲而不是英国才是北美人的母国。
B．一个大陆不能忍受一个小岛的统治。
C．大不列颠很难对殖民地实行有效的治理。
（3）关于殖民地是否能取胜，《常识》认为力量在于团结，不在于人数多寡。
《常识》流传之广，今天的读者难以想象。
；《常识》一书还为《独立宣言》铺平了道路。
为美国从英国殖民中独立出来辩论，批评英国国王残暴无能，认为独立后的美国应该建立共和国。
9、《独立宣言》名解P 5110、美国《独立宣言》是北美洲十三个英属殖民地宣告脱离大不列颠王国，并宣告独立的纲领性文件。
1776年7月4日，此宣言由第二次大陆会议在费城批准。
7月4日从此以后成为美国独立纪念日。
杰斐逊在起草宣言过程中发挥了重要作用。
重要的宣示是“人人生而平等”。
（1）宣言》第一次以政治纲领形式确立了资产阶级的革命原则人权原则。
宣言在一定程度上反映了北美殖民地人民争取自由独立的政治愿望。
（2）宣言没有宣布废除奴隶制，天赋人权也不包括黑人和印第安人，暴露了美国资产阶级革命的不彻底性和人权的局限性。
（3）《独立宣言》的发表对发动群众进行独立战争，起了重大作用。
11、北美反英独立战争时间、经过、结果P51（1）时间：1775年4月19日来星顿的枪声开始，到1781年9月英军约克镇投降结束，历时6年半（2）经过：A. 1775年4月19日，波士顿人民在来克星顿上空打响了独立战争的第一枪B.1775年6月17日，在邦克山发生的第一次战役中英军失败，撤出殖民地。
C.1776年7月6日，美利坚人宣布独立。
D. 1777年获得萨拉托加战役的胜利（萨拉托加大捷：独立战争的转折点）。
E. 1778年，法国承认美国独立，签订法美同盟条约。
F. 1779年，法国和西班牙组成人型联合舰队准备进攻英国本土，英国主力集中防守本土：法英多次海战；法美联合攻击萨凡纳失败。
G. 1781年9月英军约克镇投降。
（3）结果：美国独立战争是世界史上第一次大规模的殖民地争取民族独立的战争，它的胜利，给大英帝国的殖民体系打开了一个缺口，为殖民地民族解放战争树立了范例。
12、各州在批准宪法过程中的斗争（哪些州、哪些激烈、怎样斗争）P 65（1）弗吉尼亚，马赛诸塞，纽约州。
（2）批准宪法的斗争之中，一方是支持强大中央政府和批准宪法的联邦主义者，另一方是反联邦主义者，反对宪法的起草和批准。
（纽约州州长：乔治.克林顿，是反联邦派的领导人）。
激烈斗争：10月4日，乔治.梅森在费城出版的《邮报》上发表文章，将其不同意见公之于众。
10月10日埃蒙德.伦道夫在弗吉尼亚众议院陈述拒签的原因，并且要求召开第二次制宪会议。
10月18日，埃尔布里奇.格里在马赛诸塞陈述其缘由。
是反联邦派的指导思想是：管得最少的政府是最好的政府。
他们在各州进行是反联邦活动和言论。
1788年，在弗吉尼亚不仅有退出制宪会议的反联邦党人，反对派还得到里查德.亨利.李等人的支持。
反联邦派甚至在其首府发表“阿尔巴尼亚宣言”。
（3）斗争：为了反击反联邦派，汉密尔顿在1787年10月21日以“联邦党人”的名义发表第一篇论文，之后与其他人发表了一系列论文。
这些论文，都系统地阐述了将要建立的联邦制是联邦制共和国，美利坚合众国是复合共和国，对人们的民主提供了双重保障的思想，有力推动了宪法的批准过程。
联邦党人的文章还没有出完，在1788年6月弗吉尼亚和纽约就通过了新宪法。
加上联邦党人的威胁：如果纽约州不能批准新宪法，纽约州就将作为单独的州与之独立。
最后真正通过了新宪法。
13、第一届联邦国会、相应领导P671789年第一届联邦国会安排了合众国总统的选举，1789年华盛顿当选为合众国第一任总统，就职仪式在纽约联邦厅举行，纽约市委共和国临时首都。
并且组成了第一届联邦政府。
领导：总统：华盛顿副总统：约翰.亚当斯众议院议长:弗雷德里克.A.米伦伯格。
国务卿：杰斐逊财务部长：汉密尔顿陆军部长：亨利.诺克斯总检察长：埃德蒙.伦道夫14、美国国家体制的特点P69（1）它赋予总统以很大的权力A.总统既是国家元首又是行政首脑。
B.以总统为首的内阁得以独立于立法机关之外。
C.内阁只是总统的一个集体顾问班子。
（2）它加强了中央政府的权力，又给各州保留了很大的自主权。
（3）实行行政，司法，立法互相分立又互相制衡的原则。
美国议会民主制的的最大特点，不在于“三权分立”而在于地方分权，通过相互制衡把权力集中在最高权力机关的大多数人手中。
15、美国立国过程结束、建国时代开始的标志P731787年联邦宪法的制订和1789年联邦政府的建立，标志美国立国过程结束，也是建国时代开始的标志。
16、杰汉之争名解P73（1）背景：独立战争的胜利，主要是政治上的胜利，经济死很脆弱，美国在很长一个时期还处于对英国和欧洲的依附地位。
（2）争论：A.汉密尔顿：他成为以工商业立国的积极倡导者，主张迅速改变美国的农业国地位，以便与欧洲列强抗衡。
工业立国思想，所关心的是国家的强盛，主要从经常上立论的。
B.杰斐逊：他是以农立国的主要倡导者，主张建立一个以小农为主体的民主共和国。
杰斐逊的以农立国，主要是从政治上立论的。
17、西进运动（时间、过程、特点、影响）P108（1）时间：始于18世纪末，终于19世纪末20世纪初。
（2）过程：独立战争后特别是1812—1814年的第二次英美战争之后，大约半个世纪的时间，西进运动兴起和展开，十九世纪中叶进入高潮，据统计，从1783年至1860年美国领土扩大了两倍半，由原来的83万平方公里增加到300万平方公里。
十九世纪末和二十世纪初基本结束，几乎贯穿美国近代化的全部进程。
（3）特点：A.西进运动具很强的扩张性。
B.推动美国向西扩张和拓殖的动力，来自土地投机家，普通的农场主和奴隶主这三大社会势力。
C.西进运动集群众性移民，领土扩张和大规模开发于一身。
D.联邦政府极力支持西进运动。
（4）影响：A. 激发了美国人的创造力和经济活力。
B. 提高了美国的综合国力和国际地位，对美国整个国民经济的起飞具有重要的意义。
C. 促进了西部开发。
18、南北战争爆发之前的冲突和妥协事件P141~145（1）1820年的“密苏里妥协案”1804年，联邦政府规定以北纬39度43分为分界线，北部为自由州而南部为蓄奴州。
无论是北方废奴派还是南方蓄奴派，都希望在密苏里加入联邦问题上利于自己的方式解决，双方争执不下。
最终肯塔州参议员亨利.克莱提出：密苏里作为蓄奴州加入联邦；从马萨诸塞州划出缅因作为自由州加入联邦;把分界线改为36度30分。
双方冲突得到解决。
（2）1850年妥协与“威尔莫但书”随着40年代美墨战争的爆发和结束，关于加利福尼亚和新墨西哥，德克萨斯等地是以自由州还是蓄奴州加入联邦的问题又被提出来，引起了争议。
国会拿出了所谓的：“威尔莫但书”：新墨西哥和犹他加入联邦时奴隶制问题尤其自行决定，并允许南部奴隶主到北部自由州搜捕逃奴。