武汉大学2016年博士研究生入学考试
武汉大学历年考研试题
武汉大学历年考研试题2008年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目：分子生物学科目代码：879一、名词翻译与解释（共10小题，每小题4分，共40分）Missence mutationpolysomeNon-Watson-Crick base pairingTandem mass spectrometryShine-Dalgarno sequencetmRNAallostery activationBlue-white screeningAttenuator二、简答题（共5小题，每小题10分，共50分）1、请描述两个经典实验证明遗传物质是DNA而不是蛋白质。
2、翻译过程中需要哪四种组分？它们的功能是什么？3、在遗传物质复制、转录和翻译过程中如何确保其准确性？4、真核细胞转录和加工中哪些过程是相偶联的？它们是如何偶联的？5、酵母双杂交技术是利用其什么特点建立起来的？在科学研究中有什么作用？三、论述题（共4小题，每题15分，共60分）1、在真核生物转录中，有哪三种序列构成核心启动子？请说明Ⅱ型启动子中有哪些因子构成起始复合替，除了这些还有哪些是构成复合体所必须的？它们各有什么功能？2、人的基因组大概有2.5～3万个基因，但它们构成的生物体蛋白质种类却有20多万种。
人的基因组是怎样以有限的基因形成如此多的蛋白质的？3、有一研究生想使他所感兴趣的一大肠杆菌的基因严格受碳源控制，在葡萄糖供应时，该基因不表达，当供应乳糖时，该基因大量表达？你如何帮助他实现这种想法？依据是什么？4、miRNA在癌细胞中有的高水平表达，有的低水平表达。
请解释什么是miRNA？并推测上面两种类型的miRNA各有什么生物学功能？有一种miRNA-21在癌细胞中高水平表达，请设计实验得到该miRNA的生物学功能。
【武汉大学生命科学学院考研试卷】武汉大学2007年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目：分子生物学科目代码：475一、名词翻译与解释（共10小题，每小题4分，共40分）1、Transcriptome2、Translesion replication3、Riboswitch4、Synonymous mutation5、Tandem gene cluster6、Frameshift7、Nucleosome positioning8、Non-autonomous transposon9、Holliday junction10、Polymerase switching二、简答题（共5小题，每小题10分，共50分）1、试从DNA和RNA结构的不同解释为什么DNA被广泛作为遗传信息的承载者？RNA在细胞内行使哪些功能？2、什么是蛋白质组？什么是蛋白质组学？如何理解高等生物细胞中一个基因组可以产生多少个蛋白质组？3、什么是解旋酶(helicase) ？请设计实验并画设计图证明一个DNA解旋酶是具有3’→5’还是5’→3’解旋活性？4、论述原核生物基因表达调控的主要策略，并举例进行详细说明？5、核糖体是蛋白质合成的主要机器。
武汉大学关于做好2016年博士研究生综合考核录取工作的通知
武汉大学关于做好2016年博士研究生综合考核录取工作的通知各培养单位：根据《武汉大学博士研究生“申请－考核”制选拔实施办法》（武大研字[2015]43号）及《武汉大学2016年招收攻读博士学位研究生简章》，为做好我校2016年招收攻读博士学位研究生综合考核录取工作，现就有关事项通知如下：一、指导思想提高选拔质量，注重对学生学术道德、专业素养、研究能力和创新潜质的综合评价。
择优录取、保证质量、宁缺毋滥，确保招生工作科学、规范、公平和安全。
注重综合考核录取工作规范性和科学性，积极稳妥推进考试招生制度改革。
合理配置资源，提高培养绩效。
强化招生单位质量保障主体作用，充分发挥专家组审核作用，发挥和规范导师作用，形成特色鲜明、客观公正的考核办法，清晰透明、公平有效的选拔机制。
强化信息公开，提高招生服务水平，切实保障博士研究生招生机会公平、程序公开、结果公正。
二、组织管理（一）学校研究生招生工作领导小组全面负责博士研究生招生工作。
（二）培养单位研究生招生工作领导小组具体负责本单位博士研究生招生工作：制定本单位招生指标分配办法并合理分配招生指标，制定本单位博士研究生招生工作细则并组织实施，对涉考涉招工作人员进行政策、纪律、业务等方面的培训，确定候选人名单，组织综合考核录取工作，确定初录考生名单，负责本单位信息公开及公示工作，并对公示内容负责。
受理考生申诉并作出解释及处理。
三、指标分配综合考虑培养单位近3年招生情况、学科建设、科研经费、师资条件、生源状况、培养质量以及就业率等因素，运用指标分配模型确定各培养单位简章计划招生计划数。
2016年招生简章公布的招生计划数，即为各培养单位录取指标分配的基本依据。
各培养单位应统筹学位点布局、引进人才等因素，结合生源状况制定本单位招生指标分配办法，合理分配本单位招生指标。
招生指标分配应向培养绩效突出的学位点、导师团队和国家、学校重要人才计划倾斜；对论文抽检不合格、培养质量差的学位点和导师予以计划调减。
武汉大学经济与管理学院2016年博士研究生拟录取名单
金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学 金融学
彭红枫 83.2 江春 江春 江春 85 85.6
83.6
83.4
83.36 0
非定向 非定向 非定向 非定向 非定向 非定向 非定向 非定向 非定向 定向 非定向 定向 定向 定向 定向 定向 定向 非定向
财政学 世界经济 企业管理
是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 是 否 否
硕博连读 硕博连读 硕博连读 硕博连读 硕博连读 硕博连读 公开招考（申请考核） 优秀人才（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核）
区域经济学 吴传清 产业经济学 辜胜阻 产业经济学 辜胜阻 政治经济学 曾国安 87 政治经济学 曾国安 86
86.8 87.2 84.5 85.5 88.2 81.7
85.2 85.2 85.5 86.7 86.4 86.8
85.44 85.76 85.62 86.38 86.36 85.38 0
肖卫国 86.3 潘敏 潘敏 马理 黄宪 毛振华 84 黄宪 87 86.5 85.4 85.8
82.2 89.2 93.5 84.4 84.8 83 86.2 84
1 缺 考 2 1 1 缺 考 4 2 1 3 缺 考 1 2 1 1 缺 考 1 3
是 否 是 是 是 否 否 否 是 否 否 是 是 是 是 否 是 是
公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核） 优秀人才（申请考核） 优秀人才（申请考核） 公开招考（申请考核）
武汉大学2011年博士初试成绩复查结果
考生编号 104861101020005 104861101020008 104861101020012 104861101020015 104861101030018 104861101030022 104861101030029 104861101030032 104861101030041 104861101030050 104861101030060 104861101030062 104861101030070 104861101030073 104861101030074 104861101030078 104861101030094 104861101030106 104861101030108 104861101030111 104861101030113 104861101030118 104861101030124 104861101030125 104861101030127 104861101030128 104861101030131 104861101030142 104861101030151 104861101030171 104861101030178 104861101030179 104861101030181 104861101030182 104861101030200 104861101030201 104861101030202 104861101030202 104861101030205 104861101030208 104861101030213 104861101030215 104861101030221 104861101030224 104861101030226 104861101030227 104861101030240 104861101030242 104861101030245 104861101030248 外国语名称 是否申请 外国语成绩 专业课1名称 是否申请 专业课1成绩 英语 1 55 高级法语 英语 1 61 高级法语 英语 1 56 高级法语 1 74 英语 1 57 高级法语 英语 1 68 新闻学基础 英语 1 48 新闻学基础 英语 1 47 新闻学基础 英语 1 62 新闻学基础 英语 1 60 新闻学基础 英语 1 57 新闻学基础 英语 1 60 新闻学基础 英语 1 63 新闻学基础 英语 1 34 新闻学基础 1 73 英语 1 59 新闻学基础 1 74 英语 1 55 新闻学基础 英语 新闻学基础 1 65 英语 1 -1 传播学基础 英语 1 53 传播学基础 1 73 俄语 1 69 传播学基础 1 70 英语 1 59 传播学基础 英语 1 63 传播学基础 英语 1 36 传播学基础 1 72 英语 1 54 传播学基础 1 62 英语 1 61 传播学基础 英语 1 55 传播学基础 1 77 英语 1 51 传播学基础 1 66 英语 1 43 传播学基础 英语 1 53 传播学基础 英语 1 59 传播学基础 1 70 英语 1 44 当代广告学 英语 当代广告学 1 68 英语 1 60 当代广告学 1 71 英语 1 56 当代广告学 英语 1 61 当代广告学 英语 1 42 当代广告学 1 70 英语 1 45 当代广告学 英语 1 43 当代广告学 1 71 英语 1 43 当代广告学 1 71 英语 1 44 当代广告学 英语 1 59 当代广告学 英语 1 57 当代广告学 英语 1 59 当代广告学 英语 1 49 当代广告学 1 70 英语 1 60 跨文化传播学基础 英语 1 67 跨文化传播学基础 1 66 英语 1 53 跨文化传播学基础 英语 1 43 跨文化传播学基础 英语 1 64 跨文化传播学基础 英语 1 54 媒介经济学 英语 1 60 媒介经济学 1 72
2016年全日制博士研究生拟录取名单pdf
考生姓名
拟录取学院
拟录取专业 中药学 中药学 中药学 中药学 中药学 中药学 中药学 中药学 中药学 中药学 中药学
初试成绩 复试成绩
总成绩
备注 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 硕博连读 硕博连读 硕博连读 硕博连读 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 硕博连读 硕博连读 申请-考核制 申请-考核制ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ申请-考核制
总成绩 81.10 79.73 72.07 77.77 67.50 71.47 72.48 81.17 80.48 64.48 70.30 85.00 81.33 78.40 72.83 70.33 72.90 74.73 73.70 78.55 74.62
备注
陈翠花 药学院 史旭芹 药学院 马瑜璐 药学院 张蔚 药学院 何凤军 药学院 欧春艳 药学院 孟晶 药学院 王秋琴 第二临床医学院 陈采益 第二临床医学院 郭慧慧 第二临床医学院 李倩
申请-考核制 硕博连读 硕博连读 申请-考核制 硕博连读 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 硕博连读 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 硕博连读 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 申请-考核制 硕博连读
徐慕鸽 基础医学院 刘飞祥 基础医学院 蒋日磊 基础医学院 李兰 王旺 季漪 王一 陈绪 王磊 基础医学院 基础医学院 第一临床医学院 第一临床医学院 第一临床医学院 第一临床医学院
2016年全日制博士研究生拟录取名单
考生编号 103156111010002 103156111010014 103156111010017 103156111010019 103156111030061 103156111030081 103156111050127 103156111040107 103156111040109 103156111050137 103156111050140 103156111010022 103156111010023 103156111010024 103156111010030 103156111020035 103156111020036 103156111020039 103156111020059 103156111020043 103156111020046 103156111020049 103156111020051 103156111010029 103156111020053 103156111030062 103156111030087 103156111030068 103156111030075 103156111030080 103156111030082 103156111030088 103156111030090 103156111040096 103156111040099 103156111040108 103156111030079 103156111040111 103156111040115 103156111040117 考生姓名 拟录取学院 拟录取专业 方剂学 方剂学 中西医结合基础 中西医结合基础 中西医结合基础 中西医结合基础 中西医结合基础 中西医结合基础 中药学 中药学 中西医结合基础 中西医结合基础 中医内科学 中医内科学 中医内科学 中医内科学 中医内科学 中医内科学 中医内科学 中医内科学 中医外科学 中医外科学 中医外科学 中医外科学 中医骨伤科学 中医骨伤科学 中医妇科学 中医妇科学 中医儿科学 中西医结合临床 中西医结合临床 中西医结合临床 中西医结合临床 中西医结合临床 中西医结合临床 中西医结合临床 中药学 中药学 中药学 中药学 中药学 初试成绩 复试成绩 195 219 218 164 177 163 210 178 221 203 193 137 186 215 209 207 241 218 200 206 212 188 210 225 218 237 216 214 198 179 214 214 240 177 225 210 219 164 203 223 240 92.0 80.0 94.4 80 79.6 88.2 80.0 95 73.0 80.0 68.9 86.5 92.3 92.0 87.3 91.1 88.4 92.3 92.3 86.8 95.0 93.8 83.8 95.6 87.9 88.4 93.0 76.8 64.4 90.8 78.8 91.4 92.0 90.3 94.6 83.4 91.8 69.0 75.3 86.3 86.0 总成绩 78.50 76.50 83.53 67.33 69.30 71.27 75.00 77.17 73.33 73.83 66.62 66.08 77.15 81.83 78.48 80.05 84.37 82.48 79.48 77.73 82.83 78.23 76.90 85.30 80.28 83.70 82.50 74.07 65.20 75.23 75.07 81.37 86.00 74.65 84.80 76.70 82.40 61.83 71.48 80.32 83.00 备注 蒋敏玥 基础医学院 杨雁 基础医学院
关于全国博士招生“申请一考核”制改革的思考与探索
武汉大学攻读博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题
Earth?
A) The moon once smashed into the Earth too. B) The moon was battered earlier than the Earth. C) The moon, as a ciose neighbor. is easier to observ-e. l)) The moon's surface is heaviiy cratereei as the Earth's.
Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 and follows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it
武大考博英语试题及答案
武汉大学2017年攻读博士学位研究生外语综合水平考试试题（满分值100分）科目名称：英语科目代码：1101注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions:In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrong with the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase.But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’ side is unconvincing because the official figures________.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first” understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,” said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name —Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean —maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,”Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so —really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said.“When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large f raction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock —enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existence of life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completely damaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed the Earth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASA is exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’ or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habi tats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate― they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,” fo rmer astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet.The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robust private sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,” Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission to ISS?A) It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B) It looks like a toy.D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,” mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor” and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way it has enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ― just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he ________.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness and considerationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previous years.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of ________.A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as________.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze these data in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientific methods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy as it is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isDirections:Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。
2016年武汉大学基础医学院博士专业目录
01 (全日制)脑疾病发病机制 及治疗研究 02 (全日制)脑功能的分子机制研 究
07 (全日制)神经生理 08 (全日制)新生儿脑发育研究
071007 遗传学
1
01 (全日制)发育与分子遗传 学 02 (全日制)疾病遗传机理与表观 遗传学
071010 生物化学与分子生 2
物学
01 (全日制)动脉粥样硬化的 分子机制与防治 02 (全日制)生物技术工程与医药 研究
03 (全日制)抗病毒研究 19 (全日制)病毒感染免疫
04 (全日制)病毒感染与天然 免疫 10 (全日制)艾滋病与结核病防治
23 (全日制)病毒感染免疫与 肿瘤发生
联
1692 刘万 红
同上
0340 郭德 银
①1101 英语
1235 朱帆 同上
1331 李晖
1581 侯炜
1693 霍文 哲
1801 孙桂 鸿
①1101 英语
文章来源：文彦考研旗下武汉大学考研网
已招收硕 博连读 1 人
已招收硕 博连读 1 人
已招收硕 博连读 人
已招收硕 博连读 2 人
已招收硕 博连读 1 人
03 (全日制)糖尿病分子机制 与防治
100101 人体解剖与组织胚 1
胎学
01 (全日制)发育生物学 02 (全日制)神经生物学
1101 陈云 ①1101 英语
1691 万芪 同上 1797 彭碧 文 1585 钟山
1332 喻红
1334 张百 芳
①1101 英语
1798 符辉
03 (全日制)生殖发育 04 (全日制)基因编辑
2188 罗孟 成
①1101 英语
100102 免疫学
武汉大学历史学院2016年博士研究生拟录取名单
104866190000383王谷中国史75.09是刘国胜非定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190004069汪雪中国史/是李天虹非定向硕博连读
104866190000102胡博林世界史88.4是胡德坤非定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190000446王丹桂世界史80.6是胡德坤非定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190000025王晓坤世界史83.4是徐友珍非定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190003818鲁佩世界史80.4否/非定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190002848洪玲艳世界史88.4是潘迎春非定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190004875张贤兵世界史84.4是潘迎春非定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190000140闫自兵世界史88.8是谢国荣定向公开招考（申请考核）少骨计划104866190002028阮晓逖世界史85是谢国荣非定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190002145宋培圭世界史81否/非定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190000365赵春光考古学80.2是余西云非定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190000798彭蛟考古学75.9否/定向公开招考（申请考核）104866190002987李冰考古学/是余西云非定向硕博连读
104866190001769邹秋实考古学83.7是张昌平非定向公开招考（申请考核）。
武汉大学环境法博士入学考试考博历年真题试题及答案
武汉大学环境法研究所博士研究生入学考试试题（1996-2003年）考试科目：环境资源法1996年一、论环境法体系（50分）二、论环境法的特征（50分）1997年一、论环境法是一个独立的法律部门的理由（50分）二、试分析环境责任原则的主要内容和意义（50分）1999年一、试述环境法的特点（30分）二、结合可持续发展，论述环境保护同经济、社会发展相协调的原则。
（30分）三、论述我国法律规定的有关污染防治的措施。
（40分）2000年一、试分析中国的现行环境管理体制及其改革。
（35分）二、试分析防治污染的民事责任的构成和特点。
（35分）三、试分析中国自然资源保护法的体系及其健全。
（30分）2001年一、试分析调整人与自然关系的环境法学理论的要点和意义。
（50分）二、试结合西部大开发，论述环境资源的开发、利用与保护、改善相结合的原则的内容与实施。
（50分）2002年一、试分析环境资源法的性质和特点，为什么说环境资源法是一个独立的法律部门？（50分）二、试述“预防为主、防治结合、综合治理”原则的内容与意义（50分）2003年一、分析可持续发展对环境资源法的作用和影响。
（30分）二、试分析中国环境资源法的法规体系（要求从立法级别、内容和功能分析）。
（30分）一、结合《环境影响评价法》（2002年），分析我国环境影响评价制度的主要内容。
（40分）2004年一、试结合我国《放射性污染防治法》和《防沙治沙法》，分析我国维护生态安全、保护生态环境的法律原则和法律制度。
（答案中应起码包括“预防为主、防治结合、安全第一”的原则，制度中应该包括许可证制度、监测监视制度、环境影响评价制度、应急制度。
）（50分）二、谈谈你对修改《中华人民共和国环境保护法》的认识与建议。
（50分）2005年一、试论环境法的调整方法。
二、结合2004年12月新修订的《固体废物污染环境防治法》论述环境责任原则的内容和意义。
（提示：不要求分析环境民事法律责任、环境刑事法律责任和环境行政法律责任）2006年中国环境法1．环境公益诉讼2．突发环境事件应急机制外国和比较环境法1．外国环境权理论和实践的发展2．比较中、日、美、俄四国的环境监督管理体制2007年中国环境法：1、环境法的发展趋势2、民主原则比较环境法：1、美俄环境影响评价比较2、环境法的经济手段比较环境资源法2002年一、比较并论述中美两国的环境立法在环境保护事业中的作用（50分）二、论美国关于控制空气污染的“泡泡”政策及其对我国的借鉴意义（50分）外国环境资源法2002年一、述评俄罗斯学者在生态法的调整方法问题上的几种主要观点（50分）三、试分析社会生态鉴定的特征、意义、社会生态鉴定结论的作用及社会生态鉴定与国家生态鉴定的基本区别（50分）环境资源民法2002年一、试述环境民事法律体系（30分）二、试述环境资源物权（30分）试述环境资源合同（40分）。
武汉大学2016招生简章
武汉大学是教育部直属的重点综合性大学，是国家“985工程”和“211工程”重点建设高校，涵盖哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、理学、工学、农学、医学、管理学、艺术学等12个学科门类。
学校现有43个一级学科具有博士学位授予权，42个博士后科研流动站，专任教师3700余人，其中正副教授2700余人。
一、培养目标培养德智体全面发展，掌握本学科坚实宽广的基础理论和系统深入的专门知识，具有独立从事科学研究工作的能力，在科学和专门技术上做出创造性成果的高级专门人才。
二、招生计划2016年我校计划招收博士研究生约1600人(含直博生、硕博连读生)，各培养单位招生计划可在招生专业目录（见附件）查询，录取时我校将根据国家下达的招生计划和生源情况适当调整。
上述招生计划数包括了“国家少数民族高层次骨干人才培养计划”、“高校思政教师”及“辅导员在职攻读博士学位计划”等专项计划，具体招生办法另行公布。
三、学习年限学制为3年（历史学院、哲学学院、中国传统文化中心学制4年），最长学习年限原则上不超过6年。
四、报考条件(一)拥护中国共产党的领导，具有正确的政治方向，热爱祖国，愿意为社会主义现代化建设服务，遵纪守法，品行端正。
(二)身体健康状况符合教育部等部门制定的《普通高等学校招生体检工作指导意见》及我校的补充规定。
(三)考生学位或学历必须符合下列条件之一：1.已获得硕士学位或者博士学位，单证硕士学位（无学历证书）的考生应于2015年12月31日前获得学位。
2.应届硕士毕业生须在2016年8月31日前取得硕士学位证书和硕士研究生毕业证书。
3.具有与硕士毕业生同等学力的人员。
注：在境外教育科研机构获得学位、学历的考生，一般应于2016年1月20日前出具教育部留学服务中心的认证书。
(四)以硕士毕业生同等学力身份报考的人员，还须具备下列条件：1、大学本科毕业并获得学士学位后在与所报考专业相近岗位工作满6年(时间截止2016年8月31日)；2、获得国家英语六级水平考试证书(2005年6月以后参加六级考试成绩达到422分以上)或全国外语水平考试（WSK）成绩60分以上或雅思（IELTS）成绩6.5分以上或托福（TOFEL）成绩80分以上；3、已取得报考学科专业硕士阶段课程结业证(由校级研究生管理部门出具)；4、近三年在国内外核心期刊上以第一作者身份发表2篇以上(含2篇)属于所报考学科专业范围的学术论文，或获得过省部级以上科研成果奖励(排名在前五名)。
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外语综合水平考试免试申请表
网报号
姓名
性别
身份证号
最后学历
学位
报考院系
报考专业
报考博导
本科毕
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硕士毕业单位
硕士毕业专业
符合何免试条件（请打勾）
□以第一作者或以通讯作者身份发表文章，被SCI、SSCI、A&HCI收录。
□ESI高水平论文，且以第一作者或以通讯作者身份发表；□文章被人文社科中文期刊收录（《中国社会科学》、国内其他权威期刊、《新华文摘》全文转载、中国社会科学文摘》全文转载）。
□毕业于ＱＳ或Ｕ.Ｓ. News and World Report排名前400名的境外高校硕士生。
如未审核通过，愿以何种语种参加外语水平考试（请打勾）
□英语 □俄语 □德语 □法语 □日语
（提示：须与博士招生专业目录内报考导师所要求的外语科目一致，否则视为报名无效。）
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1、提交的材料须准确无误的证明符合免试外语综合水平考试条件。2、此表一并提交报考院系并置于提交材料的首页。