Unit4wordsandexpressions概要

1. (L 2) enroll: v.put onto the official list; (cause to) enter or join (followed by in /
on)
* He is enrolled as a part-time student.
她决定上当地夜校的计算机班。

(=She decided to enroll in the computer course at the local evening school.)
2. (L 7) ground sb. in sth: teach sb. the main points or rules (of a subject) as a base for
further study (usually passive)
* Most seven-year-olds are grounded in the basics of reading and writing.
(= The volunteers have been grounded in the prevention of the disease.)
3. (L 11) energetic: adj.full of energy; very active
* We need to be more energetic in promoting ourselves abroad.
该俱乐部需要一个充满活力和热情的管理委员会的支持。

(= The club has the support of an energetic and enthusiastic management committee.)
4. (L 12) specimen: n.a single typical thing or example
* He has a collection of rare insect specimens.
* Museums will pay large amounts of money for good dinosaur fossil specimens.
* 宇航员带回一些月球岩石的样本。

(= Astronauts brought back specimens of moon rock.)
5. (L 13) by and by:before long; soon
* You will find happiness by and by.
不久，他接手该杂志的编辑工作。

(= By and by he took over the editing of the magazine.)
6. (L 15) explicit: adj.clearly stated; definite
我给了她如何来这里的非常明确的指示。

(=I gave her very explicit directions how to get here.)
* Susan was very explicit about her reasons for wanting a divorce.
7. (L 16) entrust: vt. make someone responsible for doing something important, or for
taking care of someone
entrust sth./sb. to sb.
* He didn't look like the sort of man you should entrust your luggage to.
(=She entrusted her son's education to a private tutor.)
be entrusted with sth./sb.
* She was entrusted with the task of collecting all the data concerning the project.
我们受委托保管公益金。

(= We are entrusted with public welfare funds.)
8. (L 27) infectious: adj.
1) able to be spread and caught, especially through the air (used of disease)
如今,所有人都知道SARS的传染性很强。

(=Nowadays all of us know that SARS is highly infectious.)
* I've had this cold for at least a week, so I don't think I can be infectious any more.
2) likely to influence others
* His infectious smile and sense of fun was highly reminiscent of Gedge anyway.
CF: infectious & contagious
这两个词都是形容词，都有“有感染力的”之意，但在作“传染的”词义时，二词
有以下的不同。

infectious 通常指细菌、原虫等进入人体内生长、繁殖而引起的感染。

这种感染主要是通过空气、食物、水、衣服等媒介传染的。

例如：
* Measles is an infectious disease. 麻疹是一种传染病。

* There is no disease more infectious than the plague. 瘟疫最易传染。

contagious主要指接触性传染，是通过接触病人、病人接触过的东西、病人的分泌物等而感染的。

例如：
* Chicken pox is a highly contagious disease. 水痘是一种高度传染的疾病。

*Scarlet fever is contagious. 猩红热时一种传染病。

9. (L 28)sacred: adj. holy; solemn
* Mount Fuji is regarded as a sacred mountain by the Japanese.
印度教徒把牛尊为神物。

(= Cows are sacred to Hindus.)
10. (L 30)commend: vt:
1) praise or approve of someone or something publicly
* The judge commended her for/on her bravery.
* The paper was highly commended in the UK Press Awards.
2) recommend (followed by for/on)
* Colleagues, I commend this report to you.
Collocation:
commend itself to sb. 被…接受；受到…欢迎
*John Lennon's music commended itself to many people.
have much to commend it 很好
* Ian McKellen's performance had much to commend it.
11. (L 31)ardent: adj. showing strong feeling or desire; eager
* She is a woman of strong beliefs and has always given ardent support to the
civil-rights movement.
* He's an ardent supporter of the national football team.
12. (L 33) haunt: vt: pervade; visit frequently
* A strong smell of rotten eggs haunted the room.
据说，一个无头鬼经常在城堡出没。

(= It was said that a headless man haunted the castle.)
13. (L 40)steadfast: adj.
1) firm and unchanging
* The group remained steadfast in its support for the new system, even when it was criticized in the newspapers.
(= Linda has been steadfast in her refusal to sell the car.)
2) faithful and loyal
那位年老的黑人对主人忠心耿耿。

(=The old black man remained steadfast to his master.)
CF: steadfast, faithful & staunch
这三个词都是形容词，都有“忠实的”之意。

steadfast表示忠心坚定不移、不动摇，或指不变的本质、个性。

不仅指人，还指保持稳定过程的事物。

例如：
* her boyfriend's steadfast love for her男朋友对她坚贞不移的爱
* the blue, the steadfast, the blazing sky 那片蓝色、纹丝不动、耀眼的天空
faithful表示坚定、不动摇地拥护某人、某事，往往与之有些连带关系，如婚姻、友谊、政治上的忠诚、感激或尊敬；还可以表示某人在得到某一职位、权力时做出的誓约、承诺。

例如：
* He was a good and faithful friend.他是一位忠实的好朋友。

* She is faithful to her beliefs.她忠实于她的信仰。

staunch表示信念不可动摇，忠心不移，且具有天生的抵御外来不利影响的能力。

例如：* He has been a staunch supporter of the Liberal Party for over thirty years.三十多年来，他一直是工党坚定的支持者。

* The US has been a staunch ally of ours for many years. 许多年来，美国一直是我们坚定的同盟者。

14. (L 42) look sb./sth. in the face: meet with a steady look; face bravely or without
shame
* I could hardly look her in the face after calling her by the wrong name.
他要是知道了，我怎么好意思再见他？
(=If he knows, how can I look him in the face again?)
15. (L 61) rehearsal: n. reciting, recounting; a practice performance of a play, concert,
etc.
* The band was scheduled to begin rehearsals for a concert tour.
在彩排时是否要请媒体来拍照？
(=Is the press going to be invited in to take photographs at the dress rehearsal?) Collocation:
call a full rehearsal 召集全体演员进行排练
conduct/hold a rehearsal 举行排练
be in rehearsal 在排练中
a dress/final rehearsal 彩排
a juiced rehearsal 电视节目预演
a public rehearsal 公开预演
16. (L 62) fringe:
1. vt. be around the edge of something
* The house is fringed with flowers.
沿池塘种着一排树。

(= A line of trees fringed the pool.)
2. n.
1) (decorative) edge
* The jacket has leather fringes
(= It was easier to move about on the fringe of the crowd.)
2) a short border of hair hanging over a person’s forehead
* We saw a tall girl with straight brown hair and a fringe yesterday afternoon.
17. (L 62) arch: v.provide with an arch; have the curved shape of an arch
* Two rows of trees arched over the driveway.
* The cat arched its back when it saw the dog.
18. (L 68) conspicuous: adj. very easy to notice
* Among the guests, Yao Ming, a giant of a man, was conspicuous.
他由于行为举止不好而引起人们的注意。

(= He was conspicuous for his bad manners.)
CF: conspicuous, noticeable & arresting
这三个词都是形容词，都有“突出的”、“值得注意的”之意。

conspicuous 指事物或某特征太明显台突出而刺激感官或头脑，并立即为感官或头脑所感觉到。

例如：
*The actress’ red dress was very conspic uous on the stage. 这位女演员穿的红裙子在舞台上非常显眼。

* There are several conspicuous printing errors in your paper. 你的论文中有几个明显的印刷错误。

noticeable指事物或某特征太明显而不可避免地引起人们的注意，可作定语或表语。

例如：* His long, feminine eyelashes were very noticeable. 他那长长的，女人似的睫毛很引人注
意。

* After two days there was a noticeable improvement in his health. 两天后，他的身体有了明显得好转。

arresting 指事物或某特征因非同寻常而显得醒目，引人注意或给人以深刻印象。

例如：
* I will never forget that arresting moment. 我永远忘不了那给人留下深刻印象的一刻。

* Last night we went to the gymnasium to watch an arresting figure skating. 昨晚我们去体育馆观看了一场引人入胜的花样溜冰。

19. (L 71) wretched: adj.
1) unpleasant and annoying
* That wretched car broke down on the half way home again today.
(= The wretched landlord refused to have the air-conditioner repaired.)
2) very poor and unhappy
* The wretched man hadn’t eaten in three days.
他们在悲惨的生活条件下度日。

(= They live under wretched condition.)
20. (L 85) perplexity: n. the feeling of being confused or worried by something you cannot
understand
* In our perplexity Bohr is at hand to help us.
* Although my professor gave me a detailed explanation, I was still puzzled by one or two perplexities.
Collocation:
clear up perplexities 澄清令人困惑的事物
face perplexities面对令人困惑的事物
great perplexity 大难题
in perplexity 困惑不解地
a matter of perplexity令人困惑的问题
perplex: vt. make (sb.) feel confused and worried
(= We were perplexed by his strange behavior.)
* The question of how the murderer had gained entry to the house perplexed the
police for several weeks.
21. (L 86) cordial: adj.warmly friendly
*Relations between the two leaders are said to be cordial.
* Britain and Portugal have had cordial relations for more than four centuries.
NB:
cordial常被用来修饰一些名词，例如：
a cordial smile友善的微笑； a cordial greeting热情的问候；
a cordial welcome热情的欢迎；a cordial reception 热情的款待；
a cordial invitation 热诚的邀请；a cordial atmosphere 热烈的气氛。

22. (L 92) discourse:
1. vi. make a long formal speech (followed by on/upon)
* The professor discoursed at length on environmental protection.
她将就某些公司中存在的性别歧视发表演讲。

(= She will discourse on the gender discrimination in some companies.)
2. n.a serious speech or piece of writing about a particular subject
* The old professor embarked on a discourse about the town’s origins.
(= He was preparing a discourse on recent economic development in China.)
NB:
以上是该词作为可数名词的用法。

当该词作不可数名词时，意为“严肃的对话”或“讨论”(serious conversation or discussion between people)。

例如：
* Candidates should engage in serious political discourse. (考生要对严肃的政治问题进行讨论。

)
* That afternoon our dean held discourse with me. (那天下午院长找我谈了话。

)
23. (L 93) enthusiastically: adv.in an enthusiastic manner
* The students participated enthusiastically in the community activities.
(=The film star was welcomed enthusiastically by the cheering crowd.)
enthusiastic adj.having or showing enthusiasm (followed by about)
* You don't seem very enthusiastic about the party -- don't you want to go tonight?
那位歌手受到了热情的接待。

(=The singer got an enthusiastic reception. )
enthusiasm n. a strong feeling of interest, admiration and eagerness
* Greta was full of enthusiasm for the plan.
CF: enthusiasm, passion & zeal
这三个都是名词，都有“激情”、“热情”之意。

enthusiasm侧重指对某一目标、事业、活动等的一种强烈的好感，并常含有积极、急切地追求的含义。

这个名词可用作可数或不可数。

passion侧重指强烈的、无法自持的、具有压倒性的情绪和感情，如爱好、愤怒和情欲等，含有急切渴望的意味。

这个名词可用作可数或不可数。

zeal为正式用语，语义较强，侧重指对某一目标或事业等具有的极其强烈的热情，并积极投身于为达到这一目的或事业而进行的活动或不懈地努力中。

这个词只能用作不可数。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the words in CF.
1. He approached the job with missionary ______.
2. The poet felt his burning _____ for the woman.
3. The new teacher is full of ______ for her work.
4. In their _____ to catch drug dealers, police have ignored citizens' basic civil rights.
5. Hate and anger are ______.
6. We went along to the local diving club, full of _____.
(= 1. zeal 2. passion 3. enthusiasm 4. zeal 5. passions 6. enthusiasm)
24. (L 95) leave sb. to one's own devices:allow sb. to deal with problems unaided
* I just gave my daughter a brush and paints, and left her to her own devices.
孩子们被允许在下午有一个小时的自由支配时间。

(=The children were left to their own devices for an hour in the afternoon.)
25. (L 102)subsequent: adj. happening or coming after something else
* Last year we planned to move house, but subsequent events made this impossible. 继他访问之后传来了他生病的消息。

(=Subsequent to his visit came news of his illness.)
26. (L 104) part with: get rid of something that you are fond of
* I'm reluctant to part with any of the kittens, but we need the money.
那个小男孩不喜欢舍弃自己的旧玩具。

(=The boy hates parting with his old toys.)
27. (L 106) resemblance n. similarity; likeness (followed by between / to)
* There was a clear family resemblance between all the brothers.
* Her evidence bears no resemblance to what other witnesses have told us.
CF: resemblance, likeness & similarity
这三个词都是名词，都有“相象”、“相似”之意。

resemblance主要指外观或外在的性质。

likeness是普通用语，比resemblance意味更强。

similarity仅指相似，而且多指物，强调性质、特色、程度的相似或类似。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the words in CF.
1. The ________ between Susan and her sister was remarkable.
2. There are some striking _________ between the two plays.
3. The present crisis bears some ___________ to the oil crisis of the 1970s.
4. The painting is a good __________ of you.
5. Jane bears __________ to her mother.
(= 1. resemblance 2. similarities 3. similarity 4. likeness 5. resemblance)
28. (L 109) odor n. a smell, esp. an unpleasant one
* The taste is only slightly bitter, and there is very little odor.
我们立刻注意到在房间里浓重的鸦片气味。

(=We immediately noticed the heavy odor of opium in the room.)
Collocation:
emit/diffuse/exhale/exude/give off/send out an offensive odor 散发出难闻到气味
fall into bad/ill odor 名声变坏
produce an odor 产生某种气味
perceive an odor觉察某种气味
recognize an odor辨出某种气味
smell the odor of闻到…气味
body odor 体臭/狐臭
29. (L 110)fragrant: adj. having a sweet or pleasant smell, esp. of flowers
* The sauce itself was light, fragrant and slightly sweet.
花园里的空气又暖和又芬芳。

(=The air in the garden was warm and fragrant.)
fragrance n. a pleasant smell
* The fragrance of the roses filled the room.
CF: fragrance, odor & smell
这三个词都名词，都有“气味”、“香味”之意。

fragrance意为“芳香”、“香味”，指好闻的、清香的、新鲜怡人的气味。

常指生长之物的气味，如草木花香。

也可指香粉、化妆品或其散发的香味。

例如：
* The streets are full of fragrance of lilac after a rain. 雨后街道上充满着紫丁香的气味。

odor是个相当正式的词，常指臭味，多用于科技领域。

例如：
* There was an odor of formalin in the ward. 病房里有福尔马林的气味。

smell是个中性词，可以表示香味，也可以表示臭味。

若无形容词修饰，一般指难闻的气味。

*I couldn’t bear the smell of cigarette. 我无法忍受香烟的味道。

* I prefer the faint sweet smell of flowers in his garden. 我特别喜欢他花园里那种淡淡
的花香。

30. (L 112) be engaged (up)on/in: be busy doing; occupied with
* She's part of a team of scientists who are engaged on/upon cancer research.
他们现在正在和供应商打官司。

(=They are now engaged in a legal battle with their suppliers.)
31. (L 120) turn to: start doing or becoming involved with (Here to functions as
preposition.)
* Having been abused by his father, the boy was turning to crime.
他处于困境时总是求助于他姐姐。

(=When he’s in trouble, he always turns to his sister.)
32. (L 120) investigation: n. a careful search or examination; systematic inquiry
The police made an immediate investigation into the explosion, which killed over twenty people.
该公司正在对此事件进行彻底调查。

(=The company is carrying out a thorough investigation of the affair.)
CF: investigation, examination & inquiry
这三个词都是名词，都有“寻求信息或真相”之意。

investigation 强调为求得事实而进行的仔细和系统的调查，尤指由官方进行的调查。

examination 强调通过检查而寻求事实。

inquiry 尤指以询问方式进行调查以寻求事实。

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the words in CF.
1. We're getting a lot of ______ about our new teaching method.
2. All patients had a complete physical __________.
3. On further ______, it emerged that Malcolm had not been involved in the incident.
4. The authorities are planning to launch a full-scale _______into the crash.
5. A private detective was hired to conduct the _______.
6. My suitcases were _____ at the Customs when I entered the country.
(= 1. inquiries 2. examination 3. inquiry 4. investigation 5. investigation
6. examined)
Collocation:
await investigation 有待调查
bear investigation 经得其调查，不怕追查（常用于否定句）
carry out/conduct/do/make an investigation 进行调查
launch an investigation into 就…开展调查
a criminal investigation 刑事侦察
firsthand investigation 第一手调查
an on-the-spot investigation 现场调查
under investigation 在调查中
on investigation 经过调查
* On closer investigation we discovered the cause of the fire. 经过更周密的调查，我们发
现了火灾的原因。

## 1. Useful Expressions
1. 批判性思考critical thinking
2. 博物学natural history
3. 给某人以基础训练ground sb. in sth.
4. 过一会儿，不久以后by and by
5. 详细说明with explicit instructions
6. 不是…的合适人选be not fit to be
7. 感觉到be conscious of
8. 一丝失望 a passing feeling of disappointment
9. 被某人所喜爱commend itself / oneself to sb.
10. 寻找in search of
11. 直视；勇敢/问心无愧地面对look sb./sth. in the face
12. 凝视steadfast gaze
13. 绝望be in despair
14. 如释重负with infinite relief
15. 想出了一个绝妙的主意 A happy thought strikes sb..
16. 鼓励话encouraging words
17. 带着失望的神情with an air of disappointment
18. 沮丧不已to one’s misery
19. 憋了一股劲干…set oneself to one’s task with a will
20. 心烦意乱in a distracted state
21. 热情的问候cordial greeting
22. 听任某人自行处理leave sb. to one's own devices
23. 无法估量的价值inestimable value
24. 放弃part with
25. 引起我美好的回忆bring fragrant memories
26. 忙于；从事be engaged (up)on/in
27. 满足于be content with
28. 依依不舍地离开leave with reluctance
29. 着手做，致力于turn to
## 2.Sentence Translation
1. 大多数七岁的孩子都会接受阅读和写作基本知识的训练。

(ground sb. in sth.)
(=Most seven-year-olds are grounded in the basics of reading and writing.)
2. 该计划没有被盟军接受。

(=commend itself / oneself to sb.)
(=The plan did not commend itself to the Allies.)
3. 你敢正视这些人并开口说话吗？(=look sb. / sth. in the face)
(=Do you dare to open your mouth and look these men in the faces?)
4. 在吉姆拒绝接受我的建议后，我决定不再管他，听之任之。

(=I decided to leave Jim to his own devices after he had refused to accept any of my suggestions.)
5. 许多投资者把注意力转向了国外商机。

(=Many investors have turned their attention to business opportunities abroad.)。