米什金货币金融学(英文)PPT (14)
Mishkin 米什金 货币银行学 课件
G ro w th R a te
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$ 9 .5 trillio n $ 9 trillio n $ 9 trillio n
113 111 111
1 0 0 5 .6 %
In f la tio n R a te
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Chapter 1
Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets?
Why Study Money,Banking and Financial Markets
Why Study Financial Markets?
1. Channel funds from savers to investors, thereby promoting economic efficiency 2. Affect personal wealth and behavior of business firms
3. Financial Innovation
Why Study Money and Monetary Policy?
1. Influence on business cycles, inflation, and interest rates
5பைடு நூலகம்
Bond Market
6
Stock Market
7
Foreign Exchange Market
Why Study Banking and Financial Institutions?
1. Financial Intermediation
Helps get funds from savers to investors
《货币金融学》米什金 第14专题 货币政策操作、货币政策工具与货币政策
如果盯住准备金，市场冲击导致准备金需求曲线移动，导致联邦基金利率波动；
如果盯住利率，在准备金需求曲线变动时，准备金供给曲线必须随之变动，即导致了准备金的波动。
可见无法同时选定数量型和价格型中介指标。
【补充】泰勒规则
准备金的供需曲线如图所示，央行不限制准备金存款存放又无限供给准备金时，套利机制导致，基准利率（联邦基金利率）被控制在贴现贷款利率（
准备金（ier）之间，即所谓“利率走廊”
三大法宝
1，公开市场操作——直接影响基础货币中非借入准备金（
2，再贴现——直接影响借入准备金部分（BR）
基金利率，特殊情况下有效，此时iff=id
3，调整法定准备金率——动货币乘数（r）——货币供给过程表明，法准率变动不会对准备金的量产生影响，而是通过影响货币乘数
【热点】利率走廊
，传统的（一般性）货币政策工具
）公开市场操作。
《货币金融学(第十三版)》英文版教学课件mishkin_econ13e_ppt_10
The Spread of Government Deposit Insurance Throughout the World: Is This a Good Thing?
• Has government deposit insurance helped improve the performance of the financial system and prevent banking crises? The answer seems to be “no.” Research at the World Bank seems to answer “no,” since on average, the adoption of explicit government deposit insurance is associated with less banking sector stability and a higher incidence of banking crises. Furthermore, on average, deposit insurance seems to retard financial development.
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Types of Financial Regulation: Restrictions on Asset Holdings
• Attempts to restrict financial institutions from too much risk taking: – Bank regulations ▪ Promote diversification ▪ Prohibit holdings of common stock – Capital requirements ▪ Minimum leverage ratio (for banks) ▪ Basel Accord: risk-based capital requirements ▪ Regulatory arbitrage
《货币金融学(第十三版)》英文版教学课件mishkin_econ13e_ppt_09
$90M
$80M $10M
Bank Capital
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$10M
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– Suppose a bank’s required reserves are 10%.
– If a bank has ample excess reserves, a deposit outflow does not necessitate changes in other parts of its balance sities
Required reserves
Loans
+$10 +$90
Checkable deposits
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+$100
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• Asset transformation: selling liabilities with one set of characteristics and using the proceeds to buy assets with a different set of characteristics
• The bank borrows short and lends long
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General Principles of Bank Management
• Liquidity Management • Asset Management • Liability Management • Capital Adequacy Management • Credit Risk • Interest-rate Risk
《货币金融学(第十三版)》英文版教学课件mishkin_econ13e_ppt_07
Application: The Coronavirus Stock Market Crash of 2020
• The spread of the coronavirus in February 2020 triggered a stock market crash in which the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell from a peak of 29,551 on February 12 to 18,561 on March 20, a decline of 37%.
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Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Application: Monetary Policy and Stock Prices (2 of 2)
• Furthermore, a lowering of interest rates is likely to stimulate the economy, so the growth rate in dividends, g, is likely to be somewhat higher. This rise in g also causes the denominator in Equation 5 to decrease, which also leads to a rise in stock prices.
货币金融学(第十二版)英文版教学课件mishkin_econ12e_ppt_14
Copyright © 2019, 2016, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Open Market Sale
Nonbank Blank Public
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Assets Blank Liabilities Blank
Securities +$100m Blank
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Currency −$100m Blank
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Federal Blank Reserve System
Currency in circulation
Loans to Financial Institutions Reserves
• Liabilities – Currency in circulation: in the hands of the public – Reserves: bank deposits at the Fed and vault cash
• Reserves are unchanged
• Currency in circulation increases by the amount of the open market purchase
• Monetary base increases by the amount of the open market purchase
• The effect of an open market purchase on the monetary base always increases the monetary base by the amount of the purchase.
米什金《货币金融学-英文第12版》PPT-第一章 为什么研究货币、银行和金融市场
FinanceChapter1 IntroductionWhy Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets An Overview of the Financial SystemWhat Is Money?Lecture 1Why Study Money, Banking, and Financial Markets?•Course Overview•Why Study Financial Markets?•Why Study Financial Institutions and Banking?•Why Study Money and Monetary Policy?Learning Objectives：How to construct a preliminary financial knowledge system Types of financial marketsTypes of financial institutionsHow the central bank implement monetary policyWhat is monetary theoryPart 1Why Study Financial Markets?1.1 Financial MarketsFinancial Markets (P2)：Markets in which funds are transferred from people who have an excess of available funds to people who have a shortage.金融市场：资金从那些可用资金过剩的人转移到资金短缺的人的市场。
Why study financial markets?•Channel funds from savers to borrowers, thereby promoting economic efficiency•Affect personal wealth and behavior of business firms1.2 The Bond Market and Interest RatesBond (P3) is a debt security that promises to make periodic payments for a specified period of time.债券：是一种债务性证券，承诺在一个特定时间段内定期支付。
米什金《货币金融学-英文第12版》PPT-第二章-金融体系概览(上)
FinanceLecture 2An Overview of the Financial System I•Function of Financial Markets •Structure of Financial Markets •Financial Market Instruments •Internationalization of Financial MarketsLearning ObjectivesCompare direct and indirect finance.Identify the structure and components of financial markets. Describe different types of financial market instruments.Recognize the international dimensions of financial markets.Part 1Function of Financial Markets1.1 Financial MarketsFinancial Markets (P2)：Markets in which funds are transferred from people who have an excess of available funds to people who have a shortage.金融市场：资金从那些可用资金过剩的人转移到资金短缺的人的市场。
1.2 Direct FinanceIn direct finance (P23), borrowers borrow funds directly from lenders in financial markets by selling the lenders securities (also called financial instruments).在直接融资中，借款人通过在金融市场出售证券（也称为金融工具），直接从贷款人手中借入资金。
货币金融学米什金第笔记资料PPT课件
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债券供给曲线的平移
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利率的风险和期限结构
利率的风险结构： 违约风险：风险溢价 流动性：高流动性资产可以在需要时按照较低的成本迅速转换成现金。流动性
溢价。 所得税因素：所得税税率的高低。 利率的期限结构 1、不同到期期限的债券的利率随时间一起波动； 2、短期利率较低，那么收益率曲线往往向上倾斜，短期利率较高，那么收益率
• 美国很多小银行的破产 • 俄罗斯60年代的经济增长模式
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货币政策
• 物价稳定：越来越被视为货币政策最重要的目标。通货膨胀增加经济中的不确定 性，从而危害到经济的增长。
• 时间不一致性问题 • 个人的例子， • 政府的货币政策总是试图追求扩张性货币政策，因为短期内可以促进经济的产出，
• 3个影响因素： • 投资机会的预期盈利性：在经济周期扩张阶段，经济高速增长，具有较多的盈利
性机会，任何给定的债券价格下，债券供应量都会增加。供给曲线右移。 • 预期通货膨胀率：预期通货膨胀率上升导致债券供给量的增加。曲线右移。 • 政府预算：政府财政赤字越大，债券供给量也越大。
第21页/共50页
之差就是CPI。
第17页/共50页
• 实际利率越低，借款的动力越大，而贷款的动力越小。 • 实际利率有些年份为负值。
第18页/共50页
利率如何被决定：资产供需与价格
• 供需关系决定债券的价格，也就客观上决定了利率
米什金货币金融学课件PPT课件
金融机构应遵守相关监管要求，包括资本充足率、流动性比率等， 以确保其稳健运营。
米什金货币金融学对经济发展的影响
经济增长
投资与储蓄
通过货币政策和金融市场的有效运作， 促进经济增长和就业。
影响人们的投资和储蓄行为，进而影 响经济发展。
金融稳定
维护金融市场的稳定，降低金融危机 发生的可能性。
THANKS
货币政策与货币供给
总结词
解释货币政策的目标、工具及如何影响货币供给。
详细描述
货币政策通常以稳定物价、促进经济增长和维持金融稳定为目标，通过调整利率 、存款准备金率等工具来影响货币供给，从而调控经济。
货币需求与货币流通速度
总结词
分析影响货币需求的因素以及货币流 通速度的变化规律。
详细描述
货币需求受到收入水平、利率、通货 膨胀预期等因素的影响，而货币流通 速度则与经济周期、金融市场发展等 因素相关，两者共同影响经济运行。
金融体系构成
金融机构、金融市场和金融监管 机构等在金融体系中的作用和相 互关系。
金融市场的功能与结构
金融市场的功能
提供资金供求匹配、风险分散和价格 发现等机制，促进资源优化配置。
金融市场的结构
场内交易与场外交易、现货市场与衍 生品市场、一级市场与二级市场等不 同类型市场的特点。
金融创新与金融监管
通货膨胀与价格水平
总结词
阐述通货膨胀的定义、成因及对价格水平的影响。
详细描述
通货膨胀是指物价普遍上涨的现象，成因包括货币供应过多、需求拉动、成本推动等，通货膨胀对价格水平的影 响表现为价格水平的上涨。
03
金融市场与金融机构
金融市场的构成与功能
金融市场的构成
米什金《货币金融学-英文第12版》PPT课件-第四章-利率和利率的计算(包括利率分类及现值终值计算)
FinanceChapter2 Financial MarketsInterest Rates and Calculation of Interest RatesThe Behavior of Interest RatesThe Risk and Term Structure of Interest RatesThe Stock MarketTheory of Rational Expectations, and the Efficient Market HypothesisLecture 4Interest Rates and Calculation of Interest Rates •Interest Rate and Classification of Interest Rate •Simple and Compound Interest Rate •Present Value•Yield to Maturity and Its Calculation•The Distinction Between Interest Rates And ReturnsLearning ObjectivesCalculate the present value of future cash flows and the yield to maturity on the four types of credit market instruments.Recognize the distinctions among yield to maturity, current yield, rate of return, and rate of capital gain.Interpret the distinction between real and nominal interest rates.Part 1Interest Rate and Classification of Interest Rate1.1 Interest RateInterest rate (P3) is the cost of borrowing or the price paid for the rental of funds.利率是借款的成本或为借入资金支付的价格。
米什金《货币金融学-英文第12版》PPT课件-货币政策工具
FinanceChapter4 Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary PolicyCentral BanksThe Money Supply ProcessTools of Monetary PolicyLecture 10Tools of Monetary Policy•Goals of Monetary Policy and Conventional Monetary Policy Tools•The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate •How Tools of Monetary Policy Affect the Federal Funds Rate •Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Monetary Policy ToolsLearning ObjectivesSummarize how conventional monetary policy tools are implemented and the relative advantages and limitations of each toolIllustrate the market for reserves, and demonstrate how changes in monetary policy can affect the equilibrium federal funds rate.Part 1Goals of Monetary Policy and Conventional Monetary Policy Tools1.1 Goals of Monetary Policy•Price stability (*)•High Employment•Economic Growth•Stability of Financial Markets •Interest-Rate Stability•Stability in Foreign Exchange Markets1.2 Monetary Policy ToolsMonetary policy tools are the instruments used by the central bank to regulate the money supply and interest rates in order to achieve the goal of monetary policy.Conventional monetary policy tools :•Open market operations•Discount lending•Reserve requirementsNonconventional Monetary Policy Tools:Quantitative Easing, Credit Easing, Liquidity Provision, Large-Scale Asset Purchases, Forward Guidance and the Commitment to Future Policy ActionsPart 2The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate2.1 Goals of the Fed's Monetary PolicyThe goals of the Fed's monetary policy:According to the Federal Reserve Act, the goal of U.S. monetary policy is to control inflation and promote full employment.Intermediate goals of the Fed's monetary policy:The Fed uses the federal funds rate as the main monetary policy monitoring indicator and manipulation target.2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate•Demand CurveRR dd= Required reserves + Excess reservesThe trend of demand curve:As the federal funds rate ii ffff decreases, other things being equal, the opportunity cost of holding excess reserves decreases and the demand for excess reserves increases——the demand curve is downward sloping——but the process is not over.2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate•Demand CurveThe trend of demand curve:Since 2008, the Fed has paid interest on reserves at a level that is typically set at a fixed amount below the federal funds rate target.Suppose the interest rate paid on reserves is ii oooo, when federal funds rate ii ffff begins to fall below ii oooo, banks do not lend in the overnight market at a lower interest rate. Instead, they just keep on adding to their holdings of excess reserves indefinitely——the demand curve becomes flat (infinitely elastic)2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate•Supply CurveRR ss= Nonborrowed reserves (NBR)+ borrowed reserves (BR) NBR: Amount of reserves that are supplied by the Fed’s open market operations. BR: Amount of reserves borrowed from the Fed, the interest rate charged by the Fed on these loans is the discount rate,ii dd, which is set at a fixed amount above the federal funds target rate.2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate•Supply CurveThe trend of supply curve:Borrowing federal funds from other banks is a substitute for borrowing (taking out discount loans) from the Fed.When ii ffff< ii dd,banks will not borrow from the Fed because borrowing in the federal funds market is cheaper, so BR=0, R s= NBR. And so the supply curve will be vertical. When ii ffff> ii dd, banks will want to keep borrowing more and more at ii dd and then lending out the proceeds in the federal funds market at the higher rate, ii ffff. The supply curve becomes flat (infinitely elastic) at ii dd.2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rate•Market EquilibriumMarket equilibrium occurs when the quantity of reserves demanded equals the quantity supplied, RR dd=RR ssEquilibrium therefore occurs at the intersection of the demand curve RR dd and the supply curve RR ss, with an equilibrium federal funds rate of ii ffff∗When ii ffff>ii ffff∗, more reserves are supplied than are demanded (excess supply). When ii ffff<ii ffff∗, more reserves are demanded than are supplied (excess demand).2.2 The Market for Reserves and the Federal Funds Rateii dd>ii ffff>ii ooooPart 3How Tools of Monetary Policy Affect the Federal Funds RateOpen market purchase leads to greater quantity of reserves supplied, which increases nonborrowed reserves.Open market sale leads to less quantity of reserves supplied, which decreases nonborrowed reservesThe effect of an open market operation depends on whether the supply curve initially intersects the demand curve in its downward-sloped section or in its flat section.If the intersection initially occurs on the downward-sloped section of the demand curve, an open market purchase causes the federal funds rate to fall, whereas an open market sale causes the federal funds rate to rise. (typical situation)If the supply curve initially intersects the demand curve on its flat section, open market operations have no effect on the federal funds rate, because the interest rate paid on reserves, ii oooo, sets a floor for the federal funds rateThe effect of a discount rate change depends on whether the demand curve intersects the supply curve in its vertical section or its flat section.If the intersection occurs on the vertical section of the supply curve, there is no discount lending and borrowed reserves (BR=0). When the discount rate (ii dd) is lowered by the Fed, no change occurs in the equilibrium federal fundsrate. (typical situation)If the demand curve intersects the supply curve on its flat section, there is some discount lending (BR>0). When the discount rate (ii dd) is lowered by the Fed, the equilibrium federal funds rate falls, and BR increases.When the required reserve ratio increases, required reserves increase and hence the quantity of reserves demanded increases for any given interest rate.When the Fed raises reserve requirements, the federal funds rate rises.When the Fed decreases reserve requirements, the federal funds rate fallsMonetary PolicyTools How to Affect Money Supply and ii ffffOpen Market Operations•Affect Money Supply: Open Market Purchase → MB↑→M↑•Affect ii ffff : a) Open Market Purchase → ii ffff ↓ (Usually)b) Open Market Purchase → ii ffff remains unchangedDiscount Lending •Affect Money Supply: a) Discount rate change → M is unchanged (Usually)b) Discount rate ↓ → M↑•Affect ii ffff : a) Discount rate change →ii ffff remains unchanged (Usually)b) Discount rate ↓ → ii ffff ↓Reserve Requirements•Affect Money Supply: rr ↑→M↓•Affect ii ffff : rr ↑→ii ffff ↑3.4 Summary3. How Monetary Policy Tools Affect ii ffffPart 4Advantages and Disadvantages of Conventional Monetary Policy ToolsMonetaryPolicy ToolsAdvantages DisadvantagesOpen Market Operations •The initiative lies with the centralbank•Flexible and precise•Can be executed quicklyMust be based on well-developed financialmarkets, i.e. there must be a sufficient variety andnumber of securitiesDiscount Lending •Central bank can act as the lenderof last resort•Central banks can realize theirpolicy intentions by increasing ordecreasing the discount rate•Central banks can only affect discount rate,but cannot command banks to borrow•When ii dd remains unchanged, changes in ii ffffmay change discount loans and money supply.•Central bank's changes in the discount ratemay be misinterpreted by the market.MonetaryPolicy ToolsAdvantages DisadvantagesReserve Requirements •The initiative lies with the central bank•Can have a rapid, powerful and widespreadimpact on the money supply•Acts on all banks or depository financialinstitutions, and is objective and fair to allfinancial institutions.•Can reflect the policy intention of the centralbank.•The effect on the money supplyis too violent and lack ofelasticity;•The expected effect of thepolicy is largely limited by theamount of excess reserves in thebanking system.SummaryT H A N K S。
《货币金融学(第十三版)》英文版教学课件mishkin_econ13e_ppt_18
Federal Reserve System
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Assets
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Liabilities
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Foreign Assets (International Reserves)
$1B negative $1 B
Monetary Base (reserves)
0
Government Bonds
18.2 Interpret the relationships among the current account, the capital account, and official reserve transactions balance.
18.3 Identify the mechanisms for maintaining a fixed exchange rate and assess the challenges faced by fixed exchange rate regimes.
• Capital Account – Net receipts from capital transactions
• Sum of these two is the official reserve transactions balance
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• Second, a current account deficit means that foreigners’ claim on U.S. assets is growing.
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Mishkin 米什金 货币银行学 课件
Moral Hazard and Debt Markets
Moral hazard:
borrower wants to take on too much risk
Tools to Help Solve Moral Hazard 1. Net worth 2. Monitoring and enforcement of restrictive covenants 3. Financial intermediation Banks and other intermediaries have special advantages in monitoring Explainesort
an institution would be capable of making loans to prevent the failure of solvent banks, and could provide liquidity in sufficient quantities to prevent or end a financial panic
4
Transaction Costs and Financial Structure
Transaction costs hinder flow of funds to people with productive investment opportunities Financial intermediaries make profits by reducing transaction costs 1. Take advantage of economies of scale Example: Mutual Funds 2. Develop expertise to lower transaction costs Explains Puzzle 3
米什金《货币金融学-英文第12版》PPT课件-第十三章-央行和联邦储备系统
FinanceChapter4 Central Banking and the Conduct of Monetary PolicyCentral BanksThe Money Supply ProcessTools of Monetary PolicyThe Conduct of Monetary Policy: Strategy and TacticsLecture 9Central Banks•Central Banks•Business of Central Banks •Structure of Central Banks •Independence of Central BanksLearning ObjectivesRecognize the historical context of the development of central banks.Describe the key features and functions of central banks.Assess the degree of independence of other major central banks around the world.Recognize policy tools.Central Banks1.1 Central Banks (P306)A central bank is a financial institution given privileged control over the production and distribution of money and credit for a nation or a group of nations. In modern economies, the central bank is usually responsible for the formulation of monetary policy and the regulation of member banks.中央银行是一个金融机构，控制对一个国家或国家集团的货币和信贷的生产和分配的特权。
《货币金融学(第十三版)》英文版教学课件mishkin_econ13e_ppt_23
The Bottom Line: The Relationship Between Stabilizing Inflation and Stabilizing Economic Activity
Copyright © 2022, 2019, 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
23.1 Illustrate and explain the policy choices that monetary policy makers face under the conditions of aggregate demand shocks, temporary supply shocks, and permanent supply shocks. 23.2 Identify the lags in the policy process and summarize why they weaken the case for an activist policy approach. 23.3 Explain why monetary policy makers can target any inflation rate in the long run but cannot target aggregate output in the long run.
• Nonactivists believe government action is unnecessary to eliminate unemployment.
米什金《货币金融学-英文第12版》PPT课件-第六章-利率风险和期限结构
FinanceChapter2 Financial MarketsInterest Rates and Calculation of Interest RatesThe Behavior of Interest RatesThe Risk and Term Structure of Interest RatesThe Stock Market, theTheory of Rational Expectations, and the Efficient Market HypothesisLecture 6The Risk and Term Structure of Interest Rates•Risk Structure of Interest Rates•Term Structure of Interest RatesExpectations TheorySegmented Markets TheoryLiquidity Premium and Preferred Habitat TheoriesLearning ObjectivesIdentify and explain the three factors affecting the risk structure of interest rates.List and explain the three theories of why interest rates vary across different maturities.Part 1Risk Structure of Interest RatesOne attribute of a bond that influences its interestrate is its risk of default.Default occurs when the issuer of the bond is unable or unwilling to make interest payments as promised or pay off the face value when the bond matures.债券的违约(default)风险是指债券发行人无法或不愿履行其之前承诺的支付利息或债券到期时偿付面值的义务1.1 Default Risk1.1 Default Risk1.1 Default RiskU.S. Treasury bonds have usually been considered to have no default risk. Bonds like treasury bonds with no default risk are called default-free bonds.美国国债通常被认为不存在违约风险，像这种没有违约风险的债券被称为无违约风险债券(default-free bonds)。
货币金融学,米什金 PPT
• A bond is a debt securityቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱthat promises to make payments periodically for a specified period of time 债券是承诺在约定期限
内定期偿付的债务证券
• An interest rate is the cost of borrowing or the price paid for the rental of funds 利率是借款的成本或者是用于偿付资
Financial Crises
金融危机
• Financial crises are major disruptions in financial markets that are characterized by sharp declines in asset prices and the failures of many financial and nonfinancial firms.
资金的人那里转移到资金短缺者手中的场所
The Bond Market and Interest Rates 债券市场和利率
• A security (financial instrument) is a claim on the issuer’s future income or assets 证券（金融工具）是对于发行者的未来收益或者
其持有人对于公司具有一定份额的所有权
• A share of stock is a claim on the earnings and assets of the corporation
一股股票代表了对于公司的资产和收益所具有的求偿权
FIGURE 2 Stock Prices as Measured by the Dow Jones Industrial Average, 1950–2008 图2 1950～2008年以道琼斯工业平均指
米什金货币金融学(英文)ppt课件
4. Bank Supervision: Chartering and Examination A. Reduces adverse selection problem of risk takers or crooks owning banks B. Reduces moral hazard by preventing risky activities C. New trend: Assessment of risk management
5. Disclosure Requirements A. Better information reduces asymmetric information problem
© 2005 PeMajor Banking Legislation in Canada
2. Restrictions on Asset Holdings A. Reduces moral hazard of too much risk taking
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11-2
How Asymmetric Information Explains Banking Regulation
3. Bank Capital Requirements A. Reduces moral hazard: banks have more to lose when have higher capital B. Higher capital means more collateral for FDIC
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Establishment of Selected Central Banks
Country Sweden United Kingdom France Belgium Germany Japan Italy Switzerland United States Canada
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Bank of Canada Independence
Factors making Bank of Canada independent 1. Bank has ‘operational’ (or ‘instrument’) independence 2. Bank has moved towards greater ‘transparency’ in its operations. The Bank’s Governing Council publishes the Monetary Policy Report (every May and November), since 1999 the Update to the Monetary Policy Report (every January and July), the Bank of Canada Review, and the Bank of Canada Banking and Financial Statistics. 3. Bank increased the number of press conferences, press releases, and speeches, and also reorganized its regional offices, with the objective of improving communication and its assessment of economic conditions across Canada.
Since the inception of the Bank of Canada there have been seven governors:
1935-1954, Graham Towers 1955-1961, James Coyne 1961-1973, Louis Rasminski 1973-1987, Gerald Bouey 1987-1994, John Crow 1994-2000, Gordon Thiessen 2001-, David Dodge
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Year central bank was established 1656 1694 1800 1850 1875 1882 1893 1905 1913 1935
14-3
The Political Environment and the Bank of Canada
Chapter 14
Structure of Central Banks and the Bank of Canada
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The Bank of Canada (The Bank)
• • The Bank was created by the Bank of Canada Act in 1934 and started operations on March 11, 1935 Initially the Bank was a private institution but was nationalized in 1938, so is now a national institution with headquarters in Ottawa The Bank also has regional offices in Toronto, Vancouver, Calgary, Montreal, and Halifax Unlike a private bank that operates in pursuit of profit, the Bank of Canada is responsible for the country’s monetary policy and for the regulation of Canada’s deposit-based financial institutions.
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The Functions of the Bank
The functions of the Bank of Canada are • • • • bank note issue government debt and asset management services central banking services, and monetary policy management.
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Formal Structure of the Bank of Canada
Responsibility for the operation of the Bank rests with a Board of Directors, which consists of fifteen members • the governor (currently David Dodge, who is the chief executive officer and chairman of the Board of Directors) • the senior deputy governor, • the deputy minister of finance, and • twelve outside directors The Board appoints the governor and senior deputy governor with the government’s approval, for a renewable term of 7 years. The outside directors are appointed by the minister of finance, with cabinet approval, for a 3-year term.
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As Canada’s central bank, the Bank of Canada • serves as the lender of last resort if a bank faces a liquidity crisis, thereby preventing bank runs and panics. This lending is closely coordinated with the two federal regulatory agencies that are set up specifically to regulate financial institutions --- OSFI and CDIC • has explicit responsibility for the regulatory oversight of the national payments system, operated by the CPA • acts as the holder of deposit accounts of the federal government, the directly clearing members of the CPA, international organizations such as the IMF, and other central banks.
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Bank Note Issue
Before the creation of the Bank, the federal government and the early banks issued notes designed to circulate as currency. By 1945, however, the bank had a monopoly over note issue in the country. The Bank also conducts ongoing research, working closely with private sector partnerships and note-issuing authorities in other countries, in order to improve costeffectiveness, increase the durability of bank notes, and reduce counterfeiting.
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Government Debt and Asset Management Services
As the federal government’s fiscal agent, the Bank • provides debt-management services for the federal government such as advising on borrowings, managing new debt offerings, and servicing outstanding debt • manages the government’s foreign exchange reserves held by the Exchange Fund Account of the Department of Finance • engages in international financial transactions, on behalf of the government, in order to influence exchange rates