商务英语BEC考试必考词汇及短语大全必备学习

商务英语BEC考试必考词汇及短语大全必备学习
商务英语BEC考试必考词汇及短语大全必备学习

商务英语BEC考试必考词汇及短语大全必备学习

美式论文、报告写作技巧

编者按:美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文(含毕业论文)等。研究生presentation 及seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩,是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。

美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式的教育环境下,写报告、论文对她们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,可是表示能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力的优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。

一般论文由篇首(Preliminaries),本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成;而这三大部分各自内容如下:

(一) 篇首:

封面(Title)

序言(Preface)

谢词(Acknowledge)

提要(Summary)

目录(Tables and Appendixes)

(二) 本文:

引言(Introduction)

主体,含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释(Footnotes)

(三)参考资料:

参考书目(References or Bibliography)

附录资料(Appendix)。

进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表示的主题,主题确定后,将其具体表示,即为题目。题目能够提供研究者:

一.研究的方向

二.研究的范围

三.资料搜集的范围

四.预期研究成果

一般在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 的先前步骤,大纲是论文、报告的骨干,Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实的资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要的来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志,及会议性质的资料。另外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如Seminar 式的报告。

就算是小报告,也至少应含

(一)TITLE PAGES :包含主题名称、作者、日期

(二)Summary:即主要的结论

(三)Introduction:包括理论背景及内容

(四)Technical Sections:是论文的主体,为最重要的部份应再

细分为几个片断。

(五)Conclusions:即扼要的结论

(六)Appendixes:复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在此项

美式报告的撰写一般要打字,两行式,行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告一般需要用到电脑,如有计算数字统计图表的需求,也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS,统计分析软体如SAS,也是不可或缺的,电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具,文书处理更是最基本的要求,因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。另外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改,如能请老美帮忙会比较好。

论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation),用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战,一般课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟,若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助,正式讲演前多预习几次,时间宜控制适中,上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念,需留意听众的反应,切中主题,避免太多数字的导引。

1、商务英语词汇

英语词汇多达几十万,而且词语表义较为灵活,对上下文的依赖也较大。如,"board"一词,本义为"木板",但在

不同上下文中,能够表示"车"、"船"、"伙食"、"会议桌"、"委员会"等。而在商务英语中,"board"往往用来表示"董事会",如,"chairman or president of the board"(董事会主席或董事长);或者,它经常见在FOB (Free on Board,离岸价,船上交货价)价格术语中,意思是"船"。

在商务英语中,有着许多经过引申、转换、添加等手段而获得的有别于普通英语词义的具有"新义"的"旧词"。

例如:

literature 在普通英语中,它表示"文学";而在商务英语中,它则表示"printed matters, including leaflets, instruction, product catalogue, price list, etc. (文字宣传资料,诸如产品说明书、产品目录、价目表等)"。

例如:

In order to market our new product,we have printed fine literature.(为了推销新产品,我们印了精美的宣传资料。) claim 在普通英语中,它的意思是"要求,认领";而在商务英语中,它则表示"demand or request for a thing considered one's due (索赔)"。

例如:

We claimed on that shipping company for the loss involved.(我们向轮船公司就有关损失提出索赔。) reference 在普通英语中,它表示"参考,查阅,提及";而在商务英语中,它的意思是"persons or firms named by a

customer asking a supplier for credit, from whom the supplier can get information about the business reputation of the customer (担保人,证明人)"。

例如:

My reference will prove to you that I am efficient and dependable. (我的担保人将向你证明我的工作是高效的,而且我是可信赖的。)除了属于英语共核部分(English common core)的词汇以外,商务英语还有着其特别的专门词汇。

例如:

backlog: orders to supply, needing to be dealt with quickly (积欠未交货的订单)

e.g. We have a large backlog. (我们积压的订货甚多。)

in-tray: tray for incoming documents (放在办公桌上用来装收到的文件的容器,收文篮;用于盛放将要发出去的文件的容器叫out-tray, 发文篮)

e.g. When l am away,please help to check my in-tray. (我不在的时候,请帮我查看我的收文篮。)

overheads:routine administrative and maintenance eXPenses of a business (公司的日常开支,如电费、文具费、汽车油费等)

e.g. We have some money indeed,but we are very sorry that we cannot return the money now,as we have to consider

our overheads. (我们确实有些钱,可是,非常抱歉,我们当前不能还这笔钱,因为我们得考虑我们的日常开销。)

2、商务英语短语

在商务英语背景下,经过搭配而形成了许多专用于商务英语的具有商务特征的短语。

例如:

outstanding accounts:accounts that are overdue for payment (到期未付的帐)

e.g. We hope the outstanding account can be settled within this month. Otherwise, our accounting department will consider changing the conditions of payment for future orders. (我们希望你方本月能将欠帐结清,否则,我方财务部将考虑改变定单支付条件。)

debit note: a note in a form similar to an invoice but used where an invoice would not be right for the purpose. The debit note relates to charges, such as freight, extra to amounts already invoiced for goods, and is also used to correct mistakes such as an amount under-charged in an invoice. (借项通知单,指卖方通知买方更正错误的文件,即:通知买方,因其错误而要借记(增加)买方应收账款账户,向对方补收钱;与之相正确是credit note(贷项通知单)。)

e.g. We shall of course refund to you the premium upon receipt of your debit note or, if you like, you may draw on us

at sight for the amount required. (一收到你们的索款通知单,我们当立即把保险费付还给你们。如果你们愿意的话,也能够开即期汇票向我们收取所需金额。)

unsocial hours:time for overwork (与社交活动冲突的时间、加班的时间)

e.g. We should emphasize the large extra bonus for working in unsocial hours.(我们应当重视对额外加班发高额奖金。)flexitime system:system of flexible working hours (弹性工作制度:一种根据工作特点灵活确定上下班时间的工作制度。例如,某人每天工作的八个小时内,只有从上午十点钟到下午三点钟是一天中最忙的时间,那么,经商定她能够不在正常的上午八点钟上班,在晚些时候到公司上班;下午也不一定在规定的五点钟下班,能够提前下班。她集中精力的工作时间(如10:00~15:00)叫做core time,灵活的工作时间叫做flexiband)

e.g. The first item on the agenda is a discussion of the management's proposals on flexitime system.(会议安排表的第一项是讨论资方提出的弹性工作制。)

living out of a suitcase: often go on business trips (经常出差在外)

e.g. My husband is a sales-manager. He is a man living out of a suitcase.(我丈夫是销售经理,老是出差在外。) make five clerks redundant:dismiss five clerks (裁员五

名)

e.g. Our branch is badly overstaffed. We have now decided to make eight clerks redundant.(我们分公司严重超员,我们已经决定裁员八名。)

英语作文常见谚语、俗语

1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。

2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解,自欺欺人。

3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。

4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。

5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。

6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。

7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。

9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难,失朋友易。

11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。

12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。

13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。

14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。

15、A mother's love never changes. 母爱永恒。

16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果,不用请医生。

17、A single flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春,百花齐放春满园。

18、A year's plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。

19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

20、Better late than never. 不怕慢,单怕站。

21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实,

22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。

23、Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。

24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。

25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯,事事皆不难。

26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上,不如落实在行动上。

27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。

28、Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事,今日毕。

29、Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。

30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。

31、Easier said than done. 说得容易,做得难。

32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆,去也匆匆。

33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着,但活着不是为了吃饭。

34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤,人无完人。

35、Every man is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。

36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。

37、Each coin has two sides.

38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。

40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。

41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。

42、Honesty is the best policy. 做人诚信为本。

43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望,做最坏的打算。

44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。

45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量

46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。

47、No pain,no gain.(不劳无获。)

48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试,不知晓。。

49、An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。

51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡

早起,

使人

健康、

富裕

和聪

颖。

52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。

53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to

it.

54、Where there's a will, there's a way. 有志者事竟成。

55、Practice makes perfect .(熟能生巧。)

56、Pride goes before a fall.(骄傲必败。)

Superstar and I

It’s common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors. However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart. He is a man of few

words and he even looks like the greatest pianist—Chopin. When listening to his music , I can get rid of everything nois y around. What’s more, I can feel his strong love for music. Rome wasn’t built in one day. He achieved the great success through huge effort. I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.

Superstar and I

Her name first appeared as a joke then like a wonder. She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart. Although she’s not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me. The song ’I dreamed a dream’ that she sang touched everyone’s heart who had a dream and w anted to realize it. She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up. She is like a sunshine that gives me hope. Where there is a will, there is a way.

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