2018年GRE考试试题及答案

2018年GRE考试试题及答案

The surface of Venus calcite, a mineral that absorbs the gas sulfur dioxide. Sulfur

dioxide is often produced by volcanic activity and is plentiful in Venus’atmosphere, so

there must be a source, perhaps volcanic, producing sulfurdioxide on Venus.

1. Whichof the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. In the recent past, the level of sulfur dioxide in Venus’atmosphere was notmuch

higher than it is now.

B. If there is volcanic activity on the surface of Venus, it is not adequate tomaintain the

observed amount of sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere.

C. The sulfur dioxide in Venus’atmosphere forms clouds that prevent direct observation of the surface.

D.Sulfur dioxide produced by volcanic activity on the Earth’s surface is also absorbed by minerals other than calcite.

E.The calcite on the surface of Venus is in sufficient supply to continue to absorb sulfur

for millions of years to come.

该题是一道假设题。文章说，金星大气中有很多二氧化硫(sulfur dioxide ), 二氧化硫经常由火山活动产生，由C(calcite )吸收。

文章由此得出结论：金星表面应该有来源，很可能是火山，正在产生二氧化硫。

文章推理依据什么假设呢?

解析

从文章内容可知，决定现在金星大气中是否有二氧化硫有两个关键因素：

1输入(例如火山喷发)，2 输出(被C吸收掉)。

文章关键推理是：

从现在大气中有二氧化硫，直接推出现在有输入(关键因素1起作用)。问题很可能出在哪里?对啦，忽略了输出的问题(关键因素2)。

A选项说，最近的过去，金星大气中二氧化硫的水平不比现在高很多。这就是针对了输出的问题(关键因素2)。如果是(过去比现在水平高很多)，就是输出(被C吸收掉)在起作用。也就是说，未必现在是有输入的(关键因素1)。作者的结论就被严重削弱了。

所以，A是正确选项。看懂了么?再琢磨一下。

E选项说，金星表面的C有充足的供给，未来几百万年能继续吸收硫。

该选项无关。文章讨论的是二氧化硫的问题，不是“硫”。

退一步说，等同“硫”和二氧化硫。说C丰富，是直接削弱文章推理思路，不是文章推理所需要的假设：把可能削弱文章推理的可能

性否定掉。

The damage that trucks do to highwaysescalates dramatically with the weight borne per axle. New regulations increasethe maximum permitted vehicle weight; these regulations will therefore allowonto the highway trucks capable of doing even more damage than those currentlypermitted.

1. The argument is open up to criticismon the grounds that it

A. fails to establish that the level ofdamage done by trucks is a serious problem

B. omits evidence about one of the tworelevant factors

C. ignores the possibility that carefuldriving can lessen damage to highways

D. presumes that trucks are the onlyvehicles capable of causing substantial damage to highways

E. presumes that something is bound tohappen just because it is allowed to happen

大家注意：该题让找文章推理最关键的漏洞。

文章结构很简单，说，货车对高速公路的破坏随轴(axle)载重量的增加而增加。

新规则提高了允许的货车最大载重量，所以新规则将允许能对高速公路造成更大伤害的货车上路。

选哪个呢?

解析

答案：

B

解析：

相信很多同学选的是E选项。很遗憾，选错啦!为什么E选项不对，B选项是正确答案呢?

注意，E选项说，因为某事允许(allow)发生所以注定(bound to)发生，而文章结论就到允许(allow)发生的层面，根本没有对于是否“注定(bound to)发生”的判断。千万注意，“货车一定会对高速公路造成更大破坏”只是我们的臆想，不是文章的结论呀!

B选项正确，文章推理确实犯了B选项所描述的错误：忽略了两个关键因素中的一个。

注意，文章说，货车是否能对高速公路造成破坏的关键因素是轴(axle)载重量，轴(axle)载重量决定于两个关键因素：1 总载重量，2 轴的数量。新规定只是关于总载重量，遗漏了“轴的数量”问题。Discussionsof impending water shortages are often couched in apocalyptic rhetoric, yet ifthe language is somewhat _____, the basic message is sound: water is indeedscarce and growing scarcer.

A. abstract

B. complacent

C.ambiguous

D.unfamiliar