大学英语专业语言学.ppt
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《英语语言学》ppt课件
区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的 语音）
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
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Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
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Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
Chapter 2.The sound of language 英语专业语言学PPT
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Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
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Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
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English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
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Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
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Some Natural Classes
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
2020/7/3
Some Natural Classes
英语专业语言学课件
sentence ✓ or a particular part of a sentence.
Construction and constituent
IC analysis
S NP
VP NP
Det N
V
Det
A
boy found the
N evidence
Syntactic constructionsCPS源自CNPDet
N Infl
the
train will
V arrive
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
CP
S
C
NP
Infl Det Will the
N Infl train e
V arrive
Do insertion
Do insertion---- Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl
Chomsky and transformationalgenerative grammar
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
Transformational rules
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP (Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the
Construction and constituent
IC analysis
S NP
VP NP
Det N
V
Det
A
boy found the
N evidence
Syntactic constructionsCPS源自CNPDet
N Infl
the
train will
V arrive
Auxiliary movement (inversion)
CP
S
C
NP
Infl Det Will the
N Infl train e
V arrive
Do insertion
Do insertion---- Insert interrogative do into an empty Infl
Chomsky and transformationalgenerative grammar
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
Transformational rules
Chomsky's innateness hypothesis
Phrase structure rules
The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP (Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件_期末考试必备语言学Chapter_2_sound(1)
Position of the vocal folds: voiceless
Position of the vocal folds: voicing (initial & the widest aparting)
Voiced Sounds
Voiceless Sounds
Position of the vocal folds: glottal stop
Its main principles of IPA:
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
Chapter Two
Speech Sounds
Phonetics
Study of Speech Sound Phonology
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
Articulatory Phonetics is the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds. Perceptual or Auditory Phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.
英语专业语言学Psyling2011-1ppt课件
• （applied psycholinguistics） • D．如何建立心理语言学的计算机模型---计算心
理语言学（computational psycholinguistics）
• 心理语言学研究对象： • 语言习得及语言使用的心理过程 • 理论语言学：研究语言结构 • 社会语言学: 研究语言功能 • 收音机（结构：原件、材料和线路图） • ---话语（语音、词汇和语法系统） • 功能：接收声波（长中段波）---表达、交
流思想（陈述、感情、疑问等）
心理学根源
• 1879， Wundt, Leipzig university, psycholab
• 认为：像感觉、情感、意象那样的心理现 象都可以用自然科学的研究方法进行观察 和研究。
• 心理学家可以像物理学家把复杂的化合物 分解为一样，研究经验的元素，把复杂的 感觉和感情分解为人类经验的“原子”。
• 相关性研究（correlational study） • 也是自然观察。 • 2个或多个属性的相互关系。 • 如抽烟与肺癌的关系。 • 1-2 实验方法 • 是有控制的观察。 • 任何一种行为都是多种因素起作用的结果。 • 控制其他因素，专门操纵某一因素，使它做系统
的改变，从而观察其作用。
• 如学习时间、方法、材料、年龄、老师等与英语 考试成绩的关系。
• A．人们是怎样理解和产生语言的---实验心理语 言学（experimental psycholinguistics）
• B．儿童是怎样习得母语的---发展心理学 （developmental psycholinguistics）
• C. 心理语言学的研究成果是怎样应用到其他领域 的---应用心理语言学
手段，主要研究个体心理差异。 • 主要内容：测量阈限和等价刺激等的心理物理法；感觉量
理语言学（computational psycholinguistics）
• 心理语言学研究对象： • 语言习得及语言使用的心理过程 • 理论语言学：研究语言结构 • 社会语言学: 研究语言功能 • 收音机（结构：原件、材料和线路图） • ---话语（语音、词汇和语法系统） • 功能：接收声波（长中段波）---表达、交
流思想（陈述、感情、疑问等）
心理学根源
• 1879， Wundt, Leipzig university, psycholab
• 认为：像感觉、情感、意象那样的心理现 象都可以用自然科学的研究方法进行观察 和研究。
• 心理学家可以像物理学家把复杂的化合物 分解为一样，研究经验的元素，把复杂的 感觉和感情分解为人类经验的“原子”。
• 相关性研究（correlational study） • 也是自然观察。 • 2个或多个属性的相互关系。 • 如抽烟与肺癌的关系。 • 1-2 实验方法 • 是有控制的观察。 • 任何一种行为都是多种因素起作用的结果。 • 控制其他因素，专门操纵某一因素，使它做系统
的改变，从而观察其作用。
• 如学习时间、方法、材料、年龄、老师等与英语 考试成绩的关系。
• A．人们是怎样理解和产生语言的---实验心理语 言学（experimental psycholinguistics）
• B．儿童是怎样习得母语的---发展心理学 （developmental psycholinguistics）
• C. 心理语言学的研究成果是怎样应用到其他领域 的---应用心理语言学
手段，主要研究个体心理差异。 • 主要内容：测量阈限和等价刺激等的心理物理法；感觉量
chapter 4 Syntax英语专业语言学PPT
Sentence types
Binary division in terms of structure:
Simple Non-simple
– Complex – Compound
Extension of sentence
Conjoining (Coordination) 并列句 Embedding (Subordination)嵌入句 Recursiveness (Layers of
Most constructions are exocentric.
Prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
IC analysis 直接成分分析法1
Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分 分析法—a descriptive approach
IC Analysis 4
The word groups in a sentence are called its constituents 成分.
Constituents as parts of a bigger word group are called its immediate constituents (ICs).直接成分
Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic Relations 2
The syntagmatic relation is the relation between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present.
The father of American structuralism — Leonard Bloomfield.
语言学--2.Speech sounds(课堂PPT)
■We can analyze speech sounds from various perspectives and the two major areas of study are phonetics and phonology.
■Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
2020/4/4
李金妹制作
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The diagram of speech organs
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolar)齿龈 4. Hard palate 硬腭 5. Soft palate (velum) 软腭 6. Uvula 小舌 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 声带 11. Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 12. Nasal cavity 鼻腔
• Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of
view, “how sounds are perceived” 听觉语音学
• Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or
means by which sounds are transmitted from one
idea about phonetics and phonology
Teaching Focus: description of consonants and vowels;
basic knowledge about phonology
■Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
2020/4/4
李金妹制作
10
The diagram of speech organs
1. Lips 2. Teeth 3. Teeth ridge (alveolar)齿龈 4. Hard palate 硬腭 5. Soft palate (velum) 软腭 6. Uvula 小舌 7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面 9. Back of tongue 10. Vocal cords 声带 11. Pharyngeal cavity 咽腔 12. Nasal cavity 鼻腔
• Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of
view, “how sounds are perceived” 听觉语音学
• Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or
means by which sounds are transmitted from one
idea about phonetics and phonology
Teaching Focus: description of consonants and vowels;
basic knowledge about phonology
chapter 5 Semantics英语专业语言学PPT
• Problem: What is the link?
Triangle of Reference by Ogden & Richards
Contextualism
3. Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context.
• morning star 启明星 , evening star冥王星
Major sense relations— homonymy 121
• Homonymy 同音/形异义,including: ➢Homophones同音词: rain/reign,
night/night, ➢Homographs同形词:bow v./ n., tear v./
• Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
• Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.
5.Reflective/reflected meaning反映义
(association with another sense of the same expression) e.g. intercourse, nucleur
6. Collocative meaning 搭配义 p.116:
• The associations of a word gets because of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its linguistic context.
Triangle of Reference by Ogden & Richards
Contextualism
3. Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context.
• morning star 启明星 , evening star冥王星
Major sense relations— homonymy 121
• Homonymy 同音/形异义,including: ➢Homophones同音词: rain/reign,
night/night, ➢Homographs同形词:bow v./ n., tear v./
• Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
• Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.
5.Reflective/reflected meaning反映义
(association with another sense of the same expression) e.g. intercourse, nucleur
6. Collocative meaning 搭配义 p.116:
• The associations of a word gets because of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its linguistic context.
英语专业介绍 PPT课件
Ⅲ．个人特长：特殊的证书：其他语言类的证书、比 赛证书等等；丰富的经验，尤其是国际版权贸易经验； 特殊技能 ，熟悉Office等办公软件，熟悉商业信函的 写作，具备计算机应用的基础能力；各方面综合能 力 ，有时翻译员不止是翻译的工作，甚至还要做好 翻译员、参事员、协调员、管理员和安全员；掌握与 自己工作有关的最新消息 ，了解和熟悉行业知识、 专业常识、政策方针、存在问题以及相应的外文术语； 幽默感，在英国人看来,幽默感是必须具备的,他们认 为每人都得要有a sense of humor。 ‘He has no sense of humor’是人们可以常常听到的一句话.。
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外企英语翻译员必须具备的素质
Ⅰ．基本技能 ：一个英文翻译员最基本的还是能牢固的把
握和运用自己的专业知识。包括听力理解能力，只有能够听懂
外国人在说些什么才有可能跟他们沟通和交流；表达自己观点
的技能，一个有思想的人必须具备正确表达自己的能力；写作
能力 ；阅读并理解文章的技能；
Ⅱ．提升技能：各种证书尤其是翻译证书，专业八级等证
言学习理论和教育学、心理学。 4.课程研究 善于发现和掌握教育教学规律，善于反思性总
结，增加创新能力。 5.具备英语教学技术能力 重新设计课程，制作课件，开发教学技能，使16
用网络资源和远程教育手段等
外企翻译员
发展方向：
第一方面是考英语专业 或者跨专业考研
另一方面，考国外大学 的研究生，预备在国外 读研究生初步定为国外 留学的目标是欧洲或者 澳大利亚
2. 转行到公关公司记者做几年后，已经练就一手好文采， 这时候，很多记者喜欢自己创业做公关公司，或者跳槽去 公关公司及企业的公关部工作，薪水不菲。
3.常规路线：记者——主任记者——编辑——编辑部主 任——主编——副总编——总编辑记者——广告——广告 部主任——市场总监——副总编辑（经营职位）
英语专业语言学课件unit 4
Theory; (1995) The Minimalist Program; (1998) The Minimalist Inquiry……
Criteria on good grammar
Observational adequacy Descriptive adequacy Explanatory adequacy The ultimate goal for any theory is to
explain. TG differs from traditional grammar in that
it not only aims at language description, but also its explanation.
Chomsky is much more interested in the similarities (language universals) between
Phrase categories and their structures
Phrase categories----the syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase categories, such as NP(N), VP(V), AP(A), PP(P).
Coordination rule
Coordination structures-----the structures that are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, or, etc.
Criteria on good grammar
Observational adequacy Descriptive adequacy Explanatory adequacy The ultimate goal for any theory is to
explain. TG differs from traditional grammar in that
it not only aims at language description, but also its explanation.
Chomsky is much more interested in the similarities (language universals) between
Phrase categories and their structures
Phrase categories----the syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrase categories, such as NP(N), VP(V), AP(A), PP(P).
Coordination rule
Coordination structures-----the structures that are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and, or, etc.
语言学第四章ppt课件.ppt
The arrow can be read as “consist of ” or
“branches into”. The parentheses mean that the
element in them can be omitted and the three
dots in each rule indicate that other complement
Syntactic category can be divided into two groups:
Lexical category and phrase category
Lexical category is most central to the study of syntax.
Lexical categories are divided into two kinds: major lexical categories and minor lexical categories.
rule. The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP,
and PP can be written as follows:
NP →
(Det) N
(PP) …
VP → (Qual) V
(NP) …
AP →
(Deg) A
(PP) …
PP →
(Deg) P
(NP) …
options are available.
Phrase structure rule
Examples: a phrase consisting of a specifier, a head, and a complement
精心整理全套英语专业语言学课程课件,期末考试必备Chapter I
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2.2 Definition of language
Common aspects of language agreed upon by the linguists:
a system a system of verbal symbols Communication is one of the major functions of language though language can also be said to perform other functions. Human language Language is arbitrary in the sense that the relation between speech sounds (form) and the ideas the sounds convey (meaning) is arbitrary.
Preview the part of Chapter I of course book: design features of language, Functions of language. Read the further reading material: (available in the course public e-mail box)
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“From now on I will consider language to be a set (finite or infinite) of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.” --Noam Chomsky (1928- ): Syntactic Structures (1957)
英语专业语言学课件
Gradable antonyms---there are often intermediate forms between the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, …
Complementary antonyms
Note
Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations; on the other hand, there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. the morning star and the evening star, rising sun in the morning and the sunset at dusk.
Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, contex—elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized: Situational context: spatiotemporal situation Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s cooccurrence or collocation.
Chapter 5 Semantics
What is semantics
Complementary antonyms
Note
Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations; on the other hand, there are also occasions, when linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense, e.g. the morning star and the evening star, rising sun in the morning and the sunset at dusk.
Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, contex—elements closely linked with language behavior. Two types of contexts are recognized: Situational context: spatiotemporal situation Linguistic context: the probability of a word’s cooccurrence or collocation.
Chapter 5 Semantics
What is semantics
introduction to syntax 大学英语语言学课件
The boy has an apple.
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The boy has an apple.
S
NP
Det
N
VP
NP
V
Det N
The
boy
has an apple
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Poor John lost his watch.
S
NP
VP
Adj
N
V
NP
Det
N
Poor
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• VP: (Qual) V (NP)…
e.g. often have noodles for lunch
• AP: (Deg) A (PP)…
e.g. very hot in summer
• PP: (Deg) P (NP)… e.g. without hesitation
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XP rule（X短语规则）
• closed class (function words) pronouns, conjunctions, auxiliary verbs, and prepositions
e.g.▪ with the content words (function words deleted):
__ broom __ sweeping __ floor belongs ___ closet.
e.g. a story about a beautiful girl in India in the 1960s
2020/6/17
Complements 补足成分
• This rule also captures the simple but important fact that complements, however many there are, occur to the right of the head in English.
chapter 8 sociolinguistics 英语专业语言学PPT
Language change from region to region, from social group to another, from individual to individual.
Language varieties are related to region, social ass, educational background, and the degree of formality of a situation in which language is used, including standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, etc.
Horizontal bilingualism (横向性双语现 象） & diagonal bilingualism （倾斜性 双语现象）
Multilingualism
A situation where 3 or more languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers.
Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics
Language is a city to the building of which every human being brought a stone. ——Ralph Waldo Emerson
Once you open your mouth, you are placed. —— Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw
The origin of the name
➢ -- Hebrew pidjom meaning “trade or exchange” -- Chinese characters pei and ts'in meaning “paying money”
Language varieties are related to region, social ass, educational background, and the degree of formality of a situation in which language is used, including standard language, dialects, registers, pidgins, creoles, etc.
Horizontal bilingualism (横向性双语现 象） & diagonal bilingualism （倾斜性 双语现象）
Multilingualism
A situation where 3 or more languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers.
Chapter 8 Sociolinguistics
Language is a city to the building of which every human being brought a stone. ——Ralph Waldo Emerson
Once you open your mouth, you are placed. —— Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw
The origin of the name
➢ -- Hebrew pidjom meaning “trade or exchange” -- Chinese characters pei and ts'in meaning “paying money”
英语语言学PPT
Chapter 3: Morphology
The study of words
精选可编辑ppt
1
3.1 Introductions:
• U.S. fast food giant McDonald's Corp said on Tuesday it would give its Chinese employees their first across-the-board pay rise.
dictionary dictation prediction dictograph
dictum
audible audience audiometer auditor auditorium
visual visible visit vision
精选可编辑ppt
14
Diagram B to classify morphemes
精选可编辑ppt
18
3.4 Morphs and allomorphs
Morphs are the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.
morpheme (langue) morph (parole)
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10
3.3 What is morpheme??
• Morpheme is the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning and that cannot be further analyzed.
The study of words
精选可编辑ppt
1
3.1 Introductions:
• U.S. fast food giant McDonald's Corp said on Tuesday it would give its Chinese employees their first across-the-board pay rise.
dictionary dictation prediction dictograph
dictum
audible audience audiometer auditor auditorium
visual visible visit vision
精选可编辑ppt
14
Diagram B to classify morphemes
精选可编辑ppt
18
3.4 Morphs and allomorphs
Morphs are the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole.
morpheme (langue) morph (parole)
精选可编辑ppt
10
3.3 What is morpheme??
• Morpheme is the minimal linguistic sign, a grammatical unit in which there is an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning and that cannot be further analyzed.
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Speech organs
A. The initiator of the airstream B. The vocal cords C. The resonating cavities
The initiator of the airstream
The vocal cords
Cords closed
The places of articulation
• bilabial: [p], [b], [m], [w] in “ pie, buy, my”. • labiodental: [f], [v] in “fie, vie”. • dental: [θ], [δ] in “ thigh, thy”. • alveolar: [t], [d], [l], [n], [s], [z] in “tie, die….”
Cords open
Larynx
Three resonating cavities
• Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat • The oral cavity ---- the mouth • Nasal cavity ---- the nose
Three cavities
Classification of consonants
---- English consonants can be classified according to two dimensions:
• The places of articulation • The manners of articulation
Classification of English speech sounds
---- English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories:
• Vowels • Consonants
Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.
10.Vocal cords
11.Pharyngeal cavity
12.Nasal cavity
More exactly
Terms: places of articulation
1. Bilabial; 2. Labiodental; 3. Dental or
interdental; 4. Alveolar; 5. Palatoalveolar; 6. Palatal; 7. Velar; 8. Uvular; 9. Glottal.
Some major articulatory variables
---- dimensions on which speech sounds may vary:
• Voicing---- voiced & voiceless
• Nasality ---- nasal & non-nasal
• Aspiration ----- aspirated & unaspirated
The diagram of speech
1. Lips
organs
2. Teeth
3. Teeth ridge (alveolar)
4. Hard palate
5. Soft palate (velar)
6. Uvula
7. Tip of tongue
8. Blade of tongue
9. Back of tongue
• Acoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one toБайду номын сангаасanother.
Articulatory phonetics
• word |'w∂:d| |'w∂:rd| • pass |pa:s| |pæ s| • box | bכks | |baks| • interesting |'intristiŋ| |'int∂ristiŋ| • system |'sistim| |'sist∂m|
Scope of phonetics
• Articulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”.
• Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”.
Lecture 2 Phonetics
• Language is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds----sounds that convey meaning in human communication.
What is phonetics ?
----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop.