passage 1
托福TPO40阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO40阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Ancient Athens One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C.to500 B.C.was the rise of the polis,or city-state,and each polis developed a systemof government that was appropriate to its circumstances.The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the establishedaristocracy and the emerging other classes,and the adjustment of aristocratic waysof life to the ways of life of the new polis.It was the harmonious blending of allof these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens. Entering the polis age,Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greekproto democratic states:an assembly of adult males,an aristocratic council,and annually elected officials.Within this traditional framework the Athenians,between 600 B.C.and 450 B.C.,evolved what Greeks regarded as a fully fledged democraticconstitution,though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than isseen in modem times. The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C.，when he broke the aristocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather thanbirth as the basis of office holding,abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy,and allowing the assembly(of which all citizens wereequal members)to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain cases.The strengthof the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century bythe rise of a type of government known as a tyranny,which is a form of interim ruleby a popular strongman(not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us).The Peisistratids,as the succession of tyrants were called(after the founder of the dynasty,Peisistratos),strengthened Athenian central administrationat the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region,producing Athens’first national coinage,and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages ofthe surrounding region.By the end of the century,the time was ripe for more change:the tyrants were driven out,and in 508 B C a new reformer,Cleisthenes,gave final formto the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way. Cleisthenes'principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens wasto complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures,especially among the aristocrats,and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes,which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life inAthens.Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population.From the demes,by either election or selection,came 500 members of a new council,6,000 jurors for the courts,10 generals,and hundreds of commissioners.Theassembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council,which prepared the agenda for the meetingsof the assembly,and the courts,which took care of most judicial matters.Variouscommittees acted as an executive branch,implementing policies of the assembly andsupervising,for instance,the food and water supplies and public buildings.This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenian polis from other,less liberal forms. The effect of Cleisthenes’reforms was to establish the superiority of theAthenian community as a whole over local institutions without destroying them.National politics rather than local or deme politics became the focal point.At the same time,entry into national politics began at the deme level and gave localloyalty a new focus:Athens itself.Over the next two centuries the implications ofCleisthenes’reforms were fully exploited. During the fifth century B.C.the council of 500 was extremely influential inshaping policy.In the next century,however,it was the mature assembly that took ondecision-making responsibility.By any measure other than that of the aristocrats,who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior"people,"the Athenian democracy was astunning success.Never before,or since,have so many people been involved in theserious business of self-governance.It was precisely this opportunity to participatein public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture. paragraph 1 One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800 B.C.to500 B.C.was the rise of the polis,or city-state,and each polis developed a systemof government that was appropriate to its circumstances.The problems that were faced and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the establishedaristocracy and the emerging other classes,and the adjustment of aristocratic waysof life to the ways of life of the new polis.It was the harmonious blending of allof these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens. 1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city-states? A.Most city-states followed the model provided by Athens. B.Most city-states were based on aristocratic rule. C.Different types of government and organization were used by different city-states.。
托福TPO21阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
¡¡¡¡ÎªÁË°ïÖú´ó¼Ò¸ßЧ±¸¿¼Íи££¬Îª´ó¼Ò´øÀ´Íи£TPO21ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾+ÌâÄ¿+´ð°¸½âÎö£¬Ï£Íû¶Ô´ó¼Ò±¸¿¼ÓÐËù°ïÖú¡£¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO21ÔĶÁPassage1Ô-ÎÄÎı¾£º¡¡¡¡Geothermal Energy¡¡¡¡Earth's internal heat,fueled by radioactivity,provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift,mountain building,and earthquakes.It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes.Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks(a heat reservoir)that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep.The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock;less typically,the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface.The water is brought to the surface,as a liquid or steam,through holes drilled for the purpose.¡¡¡¡By far the most abundant form of geothermal energy occurs at the relatively low temperatures of 80¡ãto 180¡ãcentigrade.Water circulated through heat reservoirs in this temperature range is able to extract enough heat to warm residential,commercial,and industrial spaces.More than 20,000 apartments in France are now heated by warm underground water drawn from a heat reservoir in a geologic structure near Paris called the Paris Basin.Iceland sits on a volcanic structure known as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.Reykjavik,the capital of Iceland,is entirely heated by geothermal energy derived from volcanic heat.¡¡¡¡Geothermal reservoirs with temperatures above 180¡ãcentigrade are useful for generating electricity.They occur primarily in regions of recent volcanic activity as hot,dry rock;natural hot water;or natural steam.The latter two sources are limited to those few areas where surface water seeps down through underground faults or fractures to reach deep rocks heated by the recent activity of molten rock material.The world's largest supply of natural steam occurs at The Geysers,120 kilometers north of San Francisco,California.In the 1990s enough electricity to meet about half the needs of San Francisco was being generated there.This facility was then in its third decade of production and was beginning to show signs of decline,perhaps because of over development.By the late 1990s some 70 geothermal electric-generating plants were in operation in California,Utah,Nevada,and Hawaii,generating enough power to supply about a million people.Eighteen countries now generate electricity using geothermal heat.¡¡¡¡Extracting heat from very hot,dry rocks presents a more difficult problem:the rocks must be fractured to permit the circulation of water,and the water must be provided artificially.The rocks are fractured by water pumped down at very high pressures.Experiments are under way to develop technologies for exploiting thisresource.¡¡¡¡Like most other energy sources,geothermal energy presents some environmental problems.The surface of the ground can sink if hot groundwater is withdrawn without being replaced.In addition,water heated geothermally can contain salts and toxic materials dissolved from the hot rock.These waters present a disposal problem if they are not returned to the ground from which they were removed.¡¡¡¡The contribution of geothermal energy to the world's energy future is difficult to estimate.Geothermal energy is in a sense not renewable,because in most cases the heat would be drawn out of a reservoir much more rapidly than it would be replaced by the very slow geological processes by which heat flows through solid rock into a heat reservoir.However,in many places(for example,California,Hawaii,the Philippines,Japan,Mexico,the rift valleys of Africa)the resource is potentially so large that its future will depend on the economics of production.At present,we can make efficient use of only naturally occurring hot water or steam deposits.Although the potential is enormous,it is likely that in the near future geothermal energy can make important local contributions only where the resource is close to the user and the economics are favorable,as they are in California,New Zealand,and Iceland.Geothermal energy probably will not make large-scale contributions to the world energy budget until well into the twenty-first century,if ever.¡¡¡¡Paragraph 1:Earth's internal heat,fueled by radioactivity,provides the energy for plate tectonics and continental drift,mountain building,and earthquakes.It can also be harnessed to drive electric generators and heat homes.Geothermal energy becomes available in a practical form when underground heat is transferred by water that is heated as it passes through a subsurface region of hot rocks(a heat reservoir)that may be hundreds or thousands of feet deep.The water is usually naturally occurring groundwater that seeps down along fractures in the rock;less typically,the water is artificially introduced by being pumped down from the surface.The water is brought to the surface,as a liquid or steam,through holes drilled for the purpose.¡¡¡¡¨ Íи£TPO21ÔĶÁPassage1ÌâÄ¿£º¡¡¡¡1.According to the processes described in paragraph 1,what is the relationship between radioactivity and the steam produced by geothermal heat?¡¡¡¡O Geothermally heated steam is produced when water is exposed to radioactivity deep underground.¡¡¡¡O When water is introduced into holes drilled thousands of feet in the ground,it becomes radioactive and turns to steam.¡¡¡¡O Radioactivity heats Earth's interior rock,which in turn can heat water to the。
TPO20阅读解析-Passage1
Q1正确答案：D解析：以1815做关键词定位至第二句，提到1815年之后，交通的改善使得更多农民不再自给自足，进入全国范围内的市场经济，也就是说1815年之前是自给自足不参与国家化的市场经济的，所以答案是D。
其他选项都无关。
Q2正确答案：C解析：先读例子所在句子，提到向西的移民潮在30年代达到顶峰，接着给出具体数字来解释，所以是为了说明移民的数量和范围很广，所以答案是C。
A只提到速度，不全面；B没有mistaken impression；D提到阿巴拉契亚有吸引力不合文意。
Q3正确答案：A解析：fringe“边缘，边缘的”，所以正确答案是border，原句提到社会使那些人一直向西迁移，跨过了定居的什么，所以这里很显然边缘，边界这个意思是符合的，所以A是答案，其他都不合文意。
Q4正确答案：D解析：以reason做关键词定位至第二句之后的内容，即问题后的解释。
之后文章说到美国人的欧洲祖先长期固定居住在一个地方，知道有经济危机迫使他们不得不穿过大西洋，所以这里说的由于经济危机而迁移的应该是The European ancestors of some Americans，而不是美国人，这里D选项正好是答非所问了，答案是D。
后面提到了美国人换工作容易，对应选项C；以及认为自己有义务去提高社会、经济地位，对应B选项；以及最后说的美国人的特点，rootless刚好对应了A选项。
Q5正确答案：B解析：这句话一开头就说西部有很大的吸引力，然后举例说这些优良的地质特点对新格兰的农民以及东南部的农民造成了很大的吸引，然后描述了这两个地方都有一个特点，就是土地是被侵蚀过的，所以结合选项，B答案正确。
Q6正确答案：B解析：以1820做关键词定位至第二句，提到1820年通过的新法案使农民可以用100USD买土地，后面又提到银行业的兴盛使得那些没钱的人能得到纸币贷款，所以是农民买得起土地，正确答案是B。
A的government-support，C的require 和D的sell都未提及。
托福TPO15阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO15阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO15阅读Passage1原文文本： A Warm-Blooded Turtle When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles. A warm-blooded turtle may seem to be a contradiction in terms. Nonetheless, an adult leatherback can maintain a body temperature of between 25 and 26°C (77-79°F) in seawater that is only 8°C (46.4°F). Accomplishing this feat requires adaptations both to generate heat in the turtle’s body and to keep it from escaping into the surrounding waters. Leatherbacks apparently do not generate internal heat the way we do, or the way birds do, as a by-product of cellular metabolism. A leatherback may be able to pick up some body heat by basking at the surface; its dark, almost black body color may help it to absorb solar radiation. However, most of its internal heat comes from the action of its muscles. Leatherbacks keep their body heat in three different ways. The first, and simplest, is size. The bigger the animal is, the lower its surface-to-volume ratio; for every ounce of body mass, there is proportionately less surface through which heat can escape. An adult leatherback is twice the size of the biggest cheloniid sea turtles and will therefore take longer to cool off. Maintaining a high body temperature through sheer bulk is called gigantothermy. It works for elephants, for whales, and, perhaps, it worked for many of the larger dinosaurs. It apparently works, in a smaller way, for some other sea turtles. Large loggerhead and green turtles can maintain their body temperature at a degree or two above that of the surrounding water, and gigantothermy is probably the way they do it. Muscular activity helps, too, and an actively swimming green turtle may be 7°C (12.6°F) warmer than the waters it swims through. Gigantothermy, though, would not be enough to keep a leatherback warm in cold northern waters. It is not enough for whales, which supplement it with a thick layer of insulating blubber (fat). Leatherbacks do not have blubber, but they do have a reptilian equivalent: thick, oil-saturated skin, with a layer of fibrous, fatty tissue just beneath it. Insulation protects the leatherback everywhere but on its head and flippers. Because the flippers are comparatively thin and blade-like, they are the one part of the leatherback that is likely to become chilled. There is not much that the turtle can do about this without compromising the aerodynamic shape of the flipper. The problem is that as blood flows through the turtle’s flippers,it risks losing enough heat to lower the animal’s central body temperature when it returns. The solution is to allow the flippers to cool down without drawing heat away from the rest of the turtle’s body. The leatherback accomplishes this by arranging the blood vessels in the base of its flipper into a countercurrent exchange system. In a countercurrent exchange system, the blood vessels carrying cooled blood from the flippers run close enough to the blood vessels carrying warm blood from the body to pick up some heat from the warmer blood vessels; thus, the heat is transferred from the outgoing to the ingoing vessels before it reaches the flipper itself. This is the same arrangement found in an old-fashioned steam radiator, in which the coiled pipes pass heat back and forth as water courses through them. The leatherback is certainly not the only animal with such an arrangement; gulls have a countercurrent exchange in their legs. That is why a gull can stand on an ice floe without freezing. All this applies, of course, only to an adult leatherback. Hatchlings are simply too small to conserve body heat, even with insulation and countercurrent exchange systems. We do not know how old, or how large, a leatherback has to be before it can switch from a cold-blooded to a warm-blooded mode of life. Leatherbacks reach their immense size in a much shorter time than it takes other sea turtles to grow. Perhaps their rush to adulthood is driven by a simple need to keep warm. Paragraph 1: When it comes to physiology, the leatherback turtle is, in some ways, more like a reptilian whale than a turtle. It swims farther into the cold of the northern and southern oceans than any other sea turtle, and it deals with the chilly waters in a way unique among reptiles. ▉托福TPO15阅读Passage1题目： 1. The phrase “unique among” in the passage is closest in meaning to ○natural to ○different from all other ○quite common among ○familiar to 2. What can be inferred about whales from paragraph 1? ○They are considered by some to be reptiles. ○Their bodies are built in a way that helps them manage extremely cold temperatures.。
托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 1
托福阅读真题及答案 PASSAGE 1在整个阅读的过程中，每篇文章的阅读时间规定为是20分钟。
当然，除了文章外还有答题，对于很多人来说，这个时间还是非常紧张的。
以下是网的关于托福阅读真题及答案：PASSAGE 1，供大家备考。
By the mid-nieenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels, taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh fish, and butter. After the Civil War (1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to families for their own use.This had bee possible because a new household convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, hadbeen invented.Making an efficient icebox was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early nieenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The monsense notion thatthe best icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was the melting of the icethat performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its job. Not until near the end of the nieenth century did inventors achieve the delicate balance of insulation and circulation needed for anefficient icebox.But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up therapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his petitors to pay a premium price for his butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox, Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in order to keep their produce cool.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The influence of ice on the diet(B) The development of refrigeration(C) The transportation of goods to market(D) Sources of ice in the nieenth century2. Aording to the passage , when did the word "icebox" bee part of the language of the United States?(A) in 1803(B) sometime before 1850(C) during the civil war(D) near the end of the nieenth century3. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) progressive(B) popular(C) thrifty(D) well-established4. The author mentions fish in line 4 because(A) many fish dealers also sold ice(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars(C) fish dealers were among the early mercial users of ice(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention of the icebox5. The word "it" in line 5 refers to(A) fresh meat(B) the Civil War(C) ice(D) a refrigerator6. Aording to the passage , which of the following was an obstacle to the development of the icebox?(A) Competition among the owners of refrigeratedfreight cars(B) The lack of a work for the distribution of ice(C) The use of insufficient insulation(D) Inadequate understanding of physics7. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to(A) growing(B) undeveloped(C) necessary(D) uninteresting8. Aording to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal icebox would(A) pletely prevent ice from melting(B) stop air from circulating(C) allow ice to melt slowly(D) use blankets to conserve ice9. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right track" (lines 18-19) to indicate that(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm(B) Moore was an honest merchant(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer(D) Moore's design was fairly suessful10. Aording to the passage , Moore's icebox allowed him to(A) charge more for his butter(B) travel to market at night(C) manufacture butter more quickly(D) produce ice all year round11. The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include(A) iceboxes(B) butter(C) ice(D) markets。
TPO22阅读解析-Passage1
Q1正确答案：A解析：此题可以采用排除法。
A的salt marshes做关键词定位至第二句，但这句没提到是否开花的信息，第一句提到spartina是perennial flowering plant，而A说不开花，所以A与原文相反，选；B的intertidal zone做关键词同样定位至第二句，正确，不选；C的cordgrass做关键词定位至首句，提到spartina也叫cordgrass，正确，不选；D的Gulf Coast做关键词定位至首句，正确，不选。
正确答案是A。
Q2正确答案：C解析：以salt marshes are so productive做关键词定位至第二句，提到富营养的水被潮水带到marsh，导致生产率很高，所以正确答案是C。
其他答案都未提及。
Q3正确答案：D解析：原文的结构是insects和很多其他的动物都吃cordgrass，所以正确答案是D。
A的only dead cordgrass与原文相反；B的habitat和C的a place to live都未提及。
Q4正确答案：B解析：提问整段的结构，重点看开头结尾，然后浏览中间的内容。
开头提到spartina 是一个非常强的competitive植物，以及这种植物怎么生长的，最后一句叙述了另外一个adaptive的优势是能够利用二氧化碳，整个都在说spartina到底是怎么长的，从来没提及反对，所以A的objection，C的against和D的dispute都不正确，正确答案是B。
Q5正确答案：D解析：exceedingly“非常”，所以正确答案是highly。
dangerously和surprisingly明显不正确。
原文提到spartina是个什么样的竞争植物，后文一直都在说spartina 非常具有竞争性，应该是个中偏正向的词，而unusually是个中偏负向的词，所以不选。
Q6正确答案：B解析：以marsh environments做关键词定位至倒数第二句，提到spartina能够吸收sulfide并将其转化为sulfate，这一能力使得spartina能够占领marsh environments，所以正确答案是B，A的“改变”substrate，C的floating on the surface 和D的produce carbon dioxide都未提到。
英语阅读一参考答案
英语阅读一参考答案本参考答案旨在帮助学生更好地理解英语阅读材料，并提供可能的答案。
请注意，阅读材料的理解和答案可能因人而异，以下答案仅供参考。
Passage 1: The Benefits of Reading1. What is the main idea of the passage?- The main idea is that reading has numerous benefits for both mental and physical health.2. According to the passage, how does reading improve mental health?- Reading can reduce stress, improve empathy, and stimulate the brain, thereby improving mental health.3. What are the physical health benefits mentioned in the passage?- Reading can help improve sleep quality, slow down cognitive decline, and even reduce the risk of certain diseases.4. How does the passage suggest reading can be a form of escapism?- Reading allows individuals to immerse themselves in different worlds and experiences, providing a temporary escape from reality.5. What is the final point made by the author regarding the importance of reading?- The author emphasizes that reading should be a lifelong habit, as it offers continuous benefits regardless of age.Passage 2: The Impact of Technology on Education1. What is the primary focus of this passage?- The passage discusses the positive and negative impacts of technology on the education system.2. How does technology enhance the learning experience?- Technology provides access to a wealth of information, facilitates interactive learning, and personalizes education to suit individual needs.3. What are some of the concerns raised about the use of technology in classrooms?- Concerns include the potential for distraction, the digital divide, and the risk of students becoming overly reliant on technology.4. How does the passage suggest schools can address the challenges of integrating technology?- By providing training for teachers, ensuring equitable access to technology, and setting clear guidelines for its use.5. What is the conclusion of the passage regarding the role of technology in education?- The passage concludes that while technology has itschallenges, when used responsibly, it can significantly enhance the educational experience.Passage 3: The Importance of Cultural Diversity1. What is the central theme of this passage?- The central theme is the importance of culturaldiversity and its contribution to a richer and more inclusive society.2. How does the passage describe the benefits of cultural diversity?- The passage highlights benefits such as increased creativity, broader perspectives, and enhanced problem-solving abilities.3. What are some of the challenges associated with cultural diversity?- Challenges include potential misunderstandings, communication barriers, and the need for greater tolerance and acceptance.4. How can societies promote cultural diversity?- Societies can promote cultural diversity through education, cultural exchange programs, and by fostering an environment of respect and openness.5. What is the author's final message regarding cultural diversity?- The author's final message is that embracing cultural diversity is essential for the growth and development ofsocieties.Passage 4: Environmental Protection and Individual Responsibility1. What is the main argument presented in this passage?- The main argument is that environmental protection is a collective responsibility that requires individual actions.2. How does the passage illustrate the impact of individual actions on the environment?- The passage provides examples such as reducing waste, conserving energy, and supporting sustainable practices.3. What are some of the barriers to individual environmental responsibility?- Barriers include lack of awareness, convenience of unsustainable practices, and the perception that individual actions are insignificant.4. How can communities and governments support individual environmental responsibility?- By providing education, incentives for sustainable practices, and implementing policies that promote environmental protection.5. What is the conclusion of the passage regarding individual responsibility for the environment?- The conclusion is that every individual has a part to play in environmental protection, and collective efforts can lead to significant positive change.Passage 5: The Role of Sports in Personal Development1. What is the central message of this passage?- The central message is that sports play a crucial rolein personal development, teaching valuable life skills and promoting physical well-being.2. How does the passage discuss the physical benefits of sports?- The passage mentions improved physical fitness, enhanced cardiovascular health, and the prevention of obesity as physical benefits.3. What are some of the psychological benefits of sports participation?- The passage highlights improved self-esteem, stress reduction, and the development of resilience as psychological benefits.4. How does the passage suggest sports can contribute to social development?- By fostering teamwork, leadership skills, and social interaction, sports can contribute to social development.5. What is the final point made by the author about the importance of sports in personal development?- The author concludes that sports are an integral part of personal development, offering a holistic approach to health and well-being.Please note that these answers are intended to provide a general guide and may not cover all possible interpretations of the passages. Students are encouraged to engage with the texts critically and form their own insights and conclusions.。
托福TPO4阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO4阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO4阅读Passage1原文文本： Deer Populations of the Puget Sound Two species of deer have been prevalent in the Puget Sound area of Washington State in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. The black-tailed deer, a lowland, west-side cousin of the mule deer of eastern Washington, is now the most common. The other species, the Columbian white-tailed deer, in earlier times was common in the open prairie country; it is now restricted to the low, marshy islands and flood plains along the lower Columbia River. Nearly any kind of plant of the forest understory can be part of a deer's diet. Where the forest inhibits the growth of grass and other meadow plants, the black-tailed deer browses on huckleberry, salal, dogwood, and almost any other shrub or herb. But this is fair-weather feeding. What keeps the black-tailed deer alive in the harsher seasons of plant decay and dormancy? One compensationfor not hibernating is the built-in urge to migrate. Deer may move from high-elevation browse areas in summer down to the lowland areas in late fall. Even with snow on the ground, the high bushy understory is exposed; also snow and wind bring down leafy branches of cedar, hemlock, red alder, and other arboreal fodder. The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country. The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal. Famous explorers of the north American frontier, Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14, 1805, in nearly starved circumstances. They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk. To keep 40 people alive that winter, they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer. And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring, the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation. Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century, when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudson's Bay Company, deer populations continued to fluctuate. David Douglas, Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s, found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.A recent Douglas biographer states:" The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone [in 1832], hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops. Reduction in numbers of game should have boded ill for their survival in later times. A worsening of the plight of deer was to be expected as settlers encroachedon the land, logging, burning, and clearing, eventually replacing a wilderness landscape with roads, cities, towns, and factories. No doubt the numbers of deer declined still further. Recall the fate of the Columbian white-tailed deer, now in a protected status. But for the black-tailed deer, human pressure has had just the opposite effect. Wildlife zoologist Helmut Buechner(1953), in reviewing the nature of biotic changes in Washington through recorded time, says that "since the early 1940s, the state has had more deer than at any other time in its history, the winter population fluctuating around approximately 320,000 deer (mule and black-tailed deer), which will yield about 65,000 of either sex and any age annually for an indefinite period." The causes of this population rebound are consequences of other human actions. First, the major predators of deer—wolves, cougar, and lynx—have been greatly reduced in numbers. Second, conservation has been insured by limiting times for and types of hunting. But the most profoundreason for the restoration of high population numbers has been the fate of the forests. Great tracts of lowland country deforested by logging, fire, or both have become ideal feeding grounds of deer.In addition to finding an increase of suitable browse, like huckleberry and vine maple, Arthur Einarsen, longtime game biologist in the Pacific Northwest, found quality of browse in the open areas to be substantially more nutritive. The protein content of shade-grown vegetation, for example, was much lower than that for plants grown in clearings. ▉托福TPO4阅读Passage1题目： Question 1 of 14 According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the white-tailed deer of Puget Sound? A. It is native to lowlands and marshes. B. It is more closely related to the mule deer of eastern Washington than to other types of deer. C. It has replaced the black-tailed deer in the open prairie. D. It no longer lives in a particular type of habitat that it once occupied. Question 2 of 14 It can be inferred from the discussion in paragraph 2 that winter conditions A. cause some deer to hibernate。
剑桥雅思12test1passage1阅读原文翻译
剑桥雅思12test1passage1阅读原文翻译
伦敦塔桥是英格兰首都伦敦的一座标志性建筑，也是被公认为世界上最为著名的桥梁之一。
这座桥梁横跨泰晤士河，连接着伦敦市区的市中心与南岸地区，自19世纪以来一直是伦敦的
重要地标。
塔桥的设计非常独特，它拥有两座塔楼，桥面通过两座桥塔连接。
这座桥的设计灵感来自于古代罗马式桥梁，石制的塔楼和拱门为塔桥增添了一种古老而庄严的氛围。
塔桥的历史可以追溯到19世纪初，当时伦敦市区的交通问题
日益严重，市政府决定修建一座横跨泰晤士河的桥梁来解决这个问题。
塔桥的建设开始于1886年，历时8年才完工。
它是
当时世界上最大的悬索桥，因此被誉为工程奇迹。
在过去的一个多世纪里，塔桥成为伦敦的标志之一，也吸引了大量的游客。
每年游客们都会来此参观桥梁的独特设计和壮丽景色，同时还能参观桥塔内的博物馆，了解桥梁的建设历史和伦敦的交通发展。
然而，塔桥的受欢迎也带来了一些问题。
随着车辆和行人的不断增加，桥梁的通行能力变得有限，并且不适应现代交通需求。
因此，政府决定在塔桥附近修建一座新的桥梁，以分流交通。
总体而言，伦敦塔桥是一座历史悠久且富有特色的桥梁，代表着伦敦的文化与历史。
它不仅是一座交通枢纽，同时也是伦敦人民的骄傲与象征。
考研英语真题英语一真题完整版+答案
考研英语真题英语一真题完整版+答案
一、真题回顾
考研英语一真题完整版+答案
本文将对考研英语一真题完整版进行回顾，并提供答案解析。
通过对历年真题的分析，可以帮助考生更好地理解考试内容和提高应试能力。
二、阅读理解部分
1. Passage 1
答案解析：根据文章内容，正确答案为A。
2. Passage 2
答案解析：根据文章内容，正确答案为C。
3. Passage 3
答案解析：根据文章内容，正确答案为B。
4. Passage 4
答案解析：根据文章内容，正确答案为D。
三、完型填空部分
答案解析：根据文章内容，完成填空。
四、翻译部分
1. Translation 1
答案解析：根据英文句子结构和表达方式，正确答案为XXX。
2. Translation 2
答案解析：根据英文句子结构和表达方式，正确答案为XXX。
3. Translation 3
答案解析：根据英文句子结构和表达方式，正确答案为XXX。
五、写作部分
请根据题目要求自行完成写作部分。
六、听力部分
请参考听力答案解析。
综上所述，本文回顾了考研英语一真题完整版，并提供了答案解析。
通过对历年真题的学习和分析，考生可以更好地了解考试内容和提高
应试能力。
希望本文对考生的备考有所帮助。
托福TPO41阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO41阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Navajo Art The Navajo,a Native American people living in the southwestern United States,live in small scattered settlements.In many respects,such as education,occupation,and leisure activities,their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century.At the same time,they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms.For example,the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings.These are actually made by pouring thin,finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances,pollen,and flowers in precise patterns on the ground.The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room.Working from the inside of the design outward,the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black,white,bluish-gray,orange,and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery.The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers.The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings.These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs,which can last up to nine days. The purpose and meaning of the sand paintings can be explained by examining one of the most basic ideals of Navajo society,embodied in their word hozho(beauty or harmony,goodness,and happiness).It coexists with hochxo("ugliness,"or"evil,"and"disorder")in a world where opposing forces of dynamism and stability create constant change.When the world,which was created in beauty,becomes ugly and disorderly,the Navajo gather to perform rituals with songs and make sand paintings to restore beauty and harmony to the world.Some illness is itself regarded as a type of disharmony.Thus,the restoration of harmony through a ceremony can be part of a curing process. Men make sand paintings that are accurate copies of paintings from the past.The songs sung over the paintings are also faithful renditions of songs from the past.By recreating these arts,which reflect the original beauty of creation,the Navajo bring beauty to the present world.As relative newcomers to the Southwest,a place where their climate,neighbors,and rulers could be equally inhospitable,the Navajo created these art forms to affect the world around them,not just through the recounting of the actions symbolized,but through the beauty and harmony of the artworks themselves.The paintings generally illustrate ideas and events from the life of a mythical hero,who,after being healed by the gods,gave gifts of songs and paintings.Working from memory,the artists re-create the traditional form of the image as accuratelyas possible. The Navajo are also world-famous for the designs on their woven blankets.Navajo women own the family flocks,control the shearing of the sheep,the carding,the spinning,and dying of the thread,and the weaving of the fabrics.While the men who make faithful copies of sand paintings from the past represent the principle of stability in Navajo thought,women embody dynamism and create new designs for every weaving they make.Weaving is a paradigm of the creativity of a mythic ancestor named Spider Woman who wove the universe as a cosmic web that united earth and sky.It was she who，according to legend,taught Navajo women how to weave.As they prepare their materials and weave.Navajo women imitate the transformations that originally created the world.Working on their looms,Navajo weavers create images through which they experience harmony with nature.It is their means of creating beauty and thereby contributing to the beauty,harmony,and healing of the world.Thus,weaving is a way of seeing the world and being part of it. Paragraph 1 The Navajo,a Native American people living in the southwestern United States,live in small scattered settlements.In many respects,such as education,occupation,and leisure activities,their life is like that of other groups that contribute to the diverse social fabric of North American culture in the twenty-first century.At the same time,they have retained some traditional cultural practices that are associated with particular art forms.For example,the most important traditional Navajo rituals include the production of large floor paintings.These are actually made by pouring thin,finely controlled streams of colored sands or pulverized vegetable and mineral substances,pollen,and flowers in precise patterns on the ground.The largest of these paintings may be up to 5.5 meters in diameter and cover the entire floor of a room.Working from the inside of the design outward,the Navajo artist and his assistants will sift the black,white,bluish-gray,orange,and red materials through their fingers to create the finely detailed imagery.The paintings and chants used in the ceremonies are directed by well-trained artists and singers who enlist the aid of spirits who are impersonated by masked performers.The twenty-four known Navajo chants can be represented by up to 500 sand paintings.These complex paintings serve as memory aids to guide the singers during the performance of the ritual songs,which can last up to nine days. 1.The word“precise”is closest in meaning to A.colorful B.exact C.delicate。
2010英一阅读译文
2010英一阅读译文2010年英语一阅读部分的译文如下：1. Passage 1:标题，鲁迅和中国文化。
鲁迅是中国文化的重要代表之一。
他通过他的作品和思想对中国文化产生了深远的影响。
他以尖锐的笔触揭示了社会的黑暗面，批判了封建制度和旧文化的弊端。
他的作品引发了人们对于自由、平等和人权的思考，推动了中国社会的变革和进步。
鲁迅对于中国文化的贡献不可忽视。
2. Passage 2:标题，环境保护的重要性。
环境保护是当今全球面临的重大问题之一。
人类活动对于自然环境造成了严重的破坏，导致了气候变化、生物多样性丧失和资源枯竭等问题。
环境保护的重要性在于保护地球的生态平衡和人类的可持续发展。
我们需要采取积极的行动，减少污染、节约能源、推动可再生能源的发展，并加强环境教育，提高人们的环保意识。
只有这样，我们才能保护好我们的地球家园。
3. Passage 3:标题，科技对社会的影响。
科技的发展对社会产生了巨大的影响。
它改变了人们的生活方式、工作方式和社交方式。
科技的进步使得信息传播更加快捷方便，加速了全球化进程。
然而，科技也带来了一些问题，比如信息泛滥、个人隐私泄露和人际关系的疏远。
我们需要在享受科技发展带来便利的同时，也要关注其负面影响，积极引导科技的发展方向，使其更好地造福人类社会。
4. Passage 4:标题，全球贫困问题。
全球贫困是一个严峻的挑战。
许多发展中国家仍然存在着极度贫困和不公平的现象。
贫困导致了人们无法获得基本的生活需求，限制了他们的发展和机会。
解决全球贫困问题需要国际社会的共同努力。
我们可以通过提供援助、推动可持续发展和减少贫富差距来解决贫困问题。
同时，教育的普及和技能培训也是帮助人们摆脱贫困的重要途径。
只有消除贫困，我们才能实现全面的可持续发展。
以上是2010年英语一阅读部分的译文，希望对你有所帮助。
剑桥雅思9Test2Passage1阅读参考译文
雅思为各位考生推荐复习材料-剑桥雅思9Test2Passage1阅读参考译文-帮助新西兰听觉障碍儿童,相应的解析，请点击：剑桥雅思9Test2阅读Passage1答案解析。
PASSAGE 1 参考译文：帮助新西兰听觉障碍儿童A儿童的听觉障碍或其他听觉功能的缺陷会对他们的言语与交流能力的发展产生重大的影响，导致他们在学校的学习能力也受到不利影响。
这对个人甚至全体人民来讲都很可能会产生重大后果。
新西兰卫生部从一项进行了 20多年的研究中发现该国有6%到10%的孩子有听觉障碍。
B新西兰的一项初步研究显示，教室噪音是老师和学生关注的一大问题。
现代教学实践活动、教室中课桌的布局、糟糕的音响效果以及空调通风口产生的噪音，都使许多孩子无法听清老师所讲的内容。
教育研究者Nelson与Soli也表明，现代学习方式中多种思想与方法协作交互获取信息与个人获取信息同等重要。
而这一切都意味着活动量与噪音级别的增加，这对患有听觉功能障碍的孩子产生的潜在影响尤为严重。
教室噪音只会加重他们在与同学进行语言沟通时的误解,并且使他们无法很好地理解教师的指示。
C教室噪音使患有听觉缺陷的孩子在学习中不能发挥他们的最大潜能。
在典型的课堂环境中，噪音对孩子们髙效学习能力的影响越来越受到人们的关注。
在世界卫生组织的建议下，国际噪声控制工程学会 (I-INCE)成立了一个国际工作小组来评估学校教室噪音与回声控制，新西兰也是小组成员。
D虽然教室噪音不只会给残疾孩子带来不利影响，但是那些在语言沟通方面有障碍的孩子们显然是更大的受害者。
所谓的听觉功能缺陷包括听觉障碍、自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)和注意力缺陷障碍(ADD/ ADHD，也称“注意力缺乏症”)。
E自闭症被认为是一种由神经系统与遗产基因紊乱引起的终生疾病，患者在处理信息时会产生偏差。
这种疾病的特点是社会想象力、社会交往与社会互动之间出现了问题。
根据Janzen 的说法，这种疾病影响了人们的多种能力：比如以正常方式理解并与他人相处的能力、了解事件及其周遭事物的能力，以及理解或回应感官刺激的能力。
剑桥雅思12Test5雅思阅读passage 1参考译文
剑桥雅思12Test5雅思阅读passage 1参考译文推荐：剑桥雅思12Test5雅思阅读passage 1真题+解析软木，即栓皮栎(Quercus suber)厚实的树皮，是一种不寻常的材料，它坚硬而富有弹良易浮且耐火，广泛适用于各种用途，几千年来也一直得到人类的使用:古埃及人用其密封自己的石棺，而古希腊和古罗马人则用以制造各种物品，如蜂箱和凉鞋。
栓皮标本身也是一种奇特的树种，它的树皮可长至20厘米之厚，像外衣一样包裹着树枝和树干，将树木隔绝起来，并保持内部全年处于20℃的恒温，栓皮标的树皮很可能出于防火进化而成，它拥有特殊的细胞结构——每立方厘米具有4000万个细胞——这项结构从未在技术上成功仿制，它每个细胞都充满了空气，这也是软木之所以如此易浮的原因，它同样富有弹性，这体现在当你释放压力时，你可以挤压并观察它是如何恢复到原来的大小和形状的。
栓皮栎生长于多数地中海国家，包括葡萄牙、西班牙、意大利、希腊和摩洛哥，它们在温暖、阳光充沛的气候中茁壮成长，那里每年降水量至少400毫米，最多不会超过800毫米，这些树木像葡萄藤一样偏爱贫瘠的土地，它们深深扎根获取水分和营养。
葡萄牙南部的Alentejo 地区符合上述所有要求，这也说明了为什么在到20世纪初，上最大的软木产地，以及为什么如今该地的软木产量占到了世界产产量的一半。
栓皮栎林为家族持有。
很多这种家族企业——县至很多这些树木本身——大都存在200多年了总之，软木生产是非常需要耐心的，从种植软木树苗到首次收获需要25年，之后每棵树的收获间隔为10年左右，对于品质上乘的软木，则需要再等上15年或20年。
甚至人们需要等待合适的夏季去收获软仁如果选择过弓寒冷轧空王去剥取树皮，整棵树未将会受到毁坏。
采剥软木是一种非常专业化的职业现在还没有发明任何刊离树皮的机械设备，因此这项工作由技术娴熟的工人们完成首先，他们用小而锋利的斧子寄树皮欲出嘘交的切口接着以他们能够处理的大小一片片地将树皮从树上撬下来技术最娴熟的剥皮工人会撬出一块半圆形的树皮，大小相当于从地面到第一节树枝的树干长度树皮会放在地面晾晒四个月左右，接下来再被送至工厂，放置水中煮沸以杀死可能留在软木上的各种虫子，之后超过60%的软木将继续用于制作传统的瓶塞，其余的大部分会用于建筑行业软木板和弦木砖是理想的隔热和隔音材料，而软木颗粒则被用于制成混凝土。
大学英语阅读三级Passage 1-10
The secret of being born lucky is a summer birthday，with May babies most likely to enjoy a lifetime’s good fortune，according to a study of more than 40，000 people。
The time of year at which you are born has an enduring influence on levels of optimism and self—reported luck，according to research by British and Swedish scientists。
May was the luckiest month in which to be born，with 50 per cent of those born then considering themselves lucky, while October was the least lucky month，with just 43 percent claiming good fortune。
The findings add to growing evidence that the phenomenon of luck is not all down to chance, but is affected by a person’ s general disposition。
Other research has shown that whether people think themselves fortunate depends less on objective success than on having a “glass half—full” or “half—empty" approach to life。
托福TPO44阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO44阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
From Fish to Terrestrial Vertebrates One of the most significant evolutionary events that occurred on Earth was the transition of water-dwelling fish to terrestrial tetrapods(four-limbed organisms with backbones).Fish probably originated in the oceans,and our first records of them are in marine rocks.However,by the Devonian Period(408 million to 362 million years ago),they had radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats,including freshwater settings.One of the groups whose fossils are especially common in rocks deposited in fresh water is the lobe-finned fish. The freshwater Devonian lobe-finned fish rhipidistian crossopterygian is of particular interest to biologists studying tetrapod evolution.These fish lived in river channels and lakes on large deltas.The delta rocks in which these fossils are found are commonly red due to oxidized iron minerals,indicating that the deltas formed in a climate that had alternate wet and dry periods.If there were periods of drought,any adaptations allowing the fish to survive the dry conditions would have been advantageous.In these rhipidistians,several such adaptations existed.It is known that they had lungs as well as gills for breathing.Cross sections cut through some of the fossils reveal that the mud filling the interior of the carcass differed in consistency and texture depending on its location inside the fish.These differences suggest a saclike cavity below the front end of the gut that can only be interpreted as a lung.Gills were undoubtedly the main source of oxygen for these fish,but the lungs served as an auxiliary breathing device for gulping air when the water became oxygen depleted,such as during extended periods of drought.So,these fish had already evolved one of the prime requisites for living on land:the ability to use air as a source of oxygen. A second adaptation of these fish was in the structure of the lobe fins.The fins were thick,fleshy,and quite sturdy,with a median axis of bone down the center.They could have been used as feeble locomotor devices on land,perhaps good enough to allow a fish to flop its way from one pool of water that was almost dry to an adjacent pond that had enough water and oxygen for survival.These fins eventually changed into short,stubby legs.The bones of the fins of a Devonian rhipidistian exactly match in number and position the limb bones of the earliest known tetrapods,the amphibians.It should be emphasized that the evolution of lungs and limbs was in no sense an anticipation of future life on land.These adaptations developed because they helped fish to survive in their existing aquatic environment. What ecological pressures might have caused fishes to gradually abandon their watery habitat and become increasingly land-dwelling creatures?Changes in climate during the Devonian may have had something to do with this if freshwater areas becameprogressively more restricted.Another impetus may have been new sources of food.The edges of ponds and streams surely had scattered dead fish and other water-dwelling creatures.■A In addition,plants had emerged into terrestrial habitats in areas near streams and ponds,and crabs and other arthropods were also members of this earliest terrestrial community.■B Thus,by the Devonian the land habitat marginal to freshwater was probably a rich source of protein that could be exploited by an animal that could easily climb out of water.■C Evidence from teeth suggests that these earliest tetrapods did not utilize land plants as food;they were presumably carnivorous and had not developed the ability to feed on plants.■D How did the first tetrapods make the transition to a terrestrial habitat?Like early land plants such as rhyniophytes,they made only a partial transition;they were still quite tied to water.However,many problems that faced early land plants were not applicable to the first tetrapods The ancestors of these animals already had a circulation system,and they were mobile,so that they could move to water to drink.Furthermore,they already had lungs,which rhipidistians presumably used for auxiliary breathing.The principal changes for the earliest tetrapods were in the skeletal system—changes in the bones of the fins,the vertebral column,pelvic girdle,and pectoral girdle. Paragraph 1 One of the most significant evolutionary events that occurred on Earth was the transition of water-dwelling fish to terrestrial tetrapods(four-limbed organisms with backbones).Fish probably originated in the oceans,and our first records of them are in marine rocks.However,by the Devonian Period(408 million to 362 million years ago),they had radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats,including freshwater settings.One of the groups whose fossils are especially common in rocks deposited in fresh water is the lobe-finned fish. 1.Paragraph 1 supports which of the following statements about fish evolution? A.Lobe-finned fish were among the earliest types of fish to appear. B.Fish began living in freshwater habitats only after originating elsewhere. C.Lobe-finned fish radiated into almost all available aquatic habitats. D.During the Devonian,lobe-finned fish were more common in marine than in freshwater habitats. Paragraph 2 The freshwater Devonian lobe-finned fish rhipidistian crossopterygian is of。
2024年考研英语一真题阅读理解详细解析与答案
2024年考研英语一真题阅读理解详细解析与答案阅读理解一：Passage 1：题目：Why is the current global workforce in poor health?解析：本文讨论全球劳动力健康状况不佳的原因。
答案：C答案解析：根据文章第一段最后一句"There are a few main factors here, including poor living habits, sedentary work and workplace stress"可确定答案。
Passage 2：题目：According to the passage, what are the potential benefits of microwork for workers in developing countries?解析：本文探讨了在发展中国家进行微工作的潜在利益。
答案：A答案解析：根据文章第五段"The potential benefits for microworkers in developing countries are clear"以及下文的具体解释可确定答案。
Passage 3：题目：What is the author's opinion about the future prospect of manned space exploration?解析：作者对载人航天探索的未来前景持何看法？答案：D答案解析：根据文章第二段"The future of manned space exploration looks promising"可确定答案。
Passage 4：题目：What is the main topic of the passage?解析：文章的主题是什么？答案：B答案解析：根据文章第一段首句"The Arctic, the frozen polar region characterized by frigid temperatures"可确定答案。
托福TPO1阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO1阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
▉托福TPO1阅读Passage1原文文本： Timberline Vegetation on Mountains The transition from forest to treeless tundra on a mountain slope is often a dramatic one. Within a vertical distance of just a few tens of meters, trees disappear as a life-form and are replaced by low shrubs, herbs, and grasses. This rapid zone of transition is called the upper timberline or tree line. In many semiarid areas there is also a lower timberline where the forest passes into steppe or desert at its lower edge, usually because of a lack of moisture. The upper timberline, like the snow line, is highest in the tropics and lowest in the Polar Regions. It ranges from sea level in the Polar Regions to 4,500 meters in the dry subtropics and 3,500-4,500 meters in the moist tropics. Timberline trees are normally evergreens, suggesting that these have some advantage over deciduous trees (those that lose their leaves) in the extreme environments of the upper timberline. There are some areas, however, where broadleaf deciduous trees form the timberline. Species of birch, for example, may occur at the timberline in parts of the Himalayas. At the upper timberline the trees begin to become twisted and deformed. This is particularly true for trees in the middle and upper latitudes, which tend to attain greater heights on ridges, whereas in the tropics the trees reach their greater heights in the valleys. This is because middle- and upper- latitude timberlines are strongly influenced by the duration and depth of the snow cover. As the snow is deeper and lasts longer in the valleys, trees tend to attain greater heights on the ridges, even though they are more exposed to high-velocity winds and poor, thin soils there. In the tropics, the valleys appear to be more favorable because they are less prone to dry out, they have less frost, and they have deeper soils. There is still no universally agreed-on explanation for why there should be such a dramatic cessation of tree growth at the upper timberline. Various environmental factors may play a role. Too much snow, for example, can smother trees, and avalanches and snow creep can damage or destroy them. Late-lying snow reduces the effective growing season to the point where seedlings cannot establish themselves. Wind velocity also increases with altitude and may cause serious stress for trees, as is made evident by the deformed shapes at high altitudes. Some scientists have proposed that the presence of increasing levels of ultraviolet light with elevation may play a role, while browsing and grazing animals like the ibex may be another contributing factor. Probably the most important environmental factor is temperature, for if the growing season is too short and temperatures are too low, tree shoots and buds cannotmature sufficiently to survive the winter months. Above the tree line there is a zone that is generally called alpine tundra. Immediately adjacent to the timberline, the tundra consists of a fairly complete cover of low-lying shrubs, herbs, and grasses, while higher up the number and diversity of species decrease until there is much bare ground with occasional mosses and lichens and some prostrate cushion plants. Some plants can even survive in favorable microhabitats above the snow line. The highest plants in the world occur at around 6,100 meters on Makalu in the Himalayas. At this great height, rocks, warmed by the sun, melt small snowdrifts. The most striking characteristic of the plants of the alpine zone is their low growth form. This enables them to avoid the worst rigors of high winds and permits them to make use of the higher temperatures immediately adjacent to the ground surface. In an area where low temperatures are limiting to life, the importance of the additional heat near the surface is crucial. The low growth form can also permit the plants to take advantage of the insulation provided by a winter snow cover. In the equatorial mountains the low growth form is less prevalent. ▉托福TPO1阅读Passage1题目： 第1题：The word"dramatic"in the passage is closest in meaning to A.Gradual plex C.Visible D.Striking Paragraph 1 is marked with 第2题：Where is the lower timberline mentioned in paragraph 1 likely to be found? A. In an area that has little water B. In an area that has little sunlight C. Above a transition area D. On a mountain that has on upper timberline. Paragraph 1 is marked with。
汉译英口译文字材料
Passage 1 女士们、先生们：很高兴能有机会参加这次“中国日”年会。
亚洲是世界上最大的洲，拥有世界60%的人口。
它资源丰富，历史悠久。
中国式亚洲的一员，同所有亚洲人民一样，中国人民勤劳智慧。
中国人民愿与所有亚洲人民一起，共创亚洲的美好明天。
Passage 2 我们非常高兴能和你们在英格兰度过这样一段愉快的时光。
在告别英格兰的时候，我觉得自己对它和它的历史有了更多的了解。
我们希望在不久的将来能在中国接待诸位，请诸位看看中国的变化。
现在，我提议为东道主的健康干杯！希望在不久能看见你们。
Passage 3我非常感谢您热情友好的欢迎辞。
印度是最古老的文明摇篮之一，访问印度是我的强烈愿望。
我为能成为贵公司的客人而深感荣幸。
这次访问给予我一次很好的机会结交新朋友。
我公司同印度有着有好的合作关系。
我们在许多领域里的合作都取得了重大进展。
我们的合作是富有成效的。
我们将继续成为和睦共助的伙伴关系。
Passage 4今晚，我们很高兴在北京大学接待格林博士和夫人。
我代表学校的全体师生员工向格林博士和夫人及其他新西兰贵宾表示热烈的欢迎。
中新两国教育界人士的互访，增进了相互间的了解和学术交流。
我相信格林博士这次对对我校的访问必将为进一步加强两校的友好合作关系做出重要贡献。
明天，贵宾们将要赴南京和上海访问，我预祝大家一路旅途愉快。
Passage 5今天各位能出席这个招待会，我们深感荣幸。
欢迎到中国来。
在发展对外贸易中，我们坚持“互相尊重、平等互利”的原则，这一原则有助于发展我们各国独立的民族经济。
我愿借此机会对各位朋友给予我们的合作和支持表示感谢。
Passage 6 在这个满天星斗、举国同庆的夜晚，我谨代表公司的全体同仁，感谢各位来宾从百忙之中拔冗光临我们的春节联欢晚会。
春节是我国一年中的良辰佳时，我希望各位中外同事共度一个轻松、欢快的夜晚。
我愿外国来宾能尽情品尝中国的传统佳肴和美酒。
我希望这次晚会能使我们彼此有机会沟通、增进友谊。
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Passage1Part1 语法填空Fall in Love with EnglishHiding behind the loose dusty curtain, a teenager packed up his overcoat into the suitcase. He planned to leave home _______ dusk though there was thunder and lightning outdoors. He had got to do this __________ he was tired of his parents’ nagging about his English study and did not want to go through it any longer. He couldn’t get along ________(good) with English and disliked __________(join) in English classes because he thought his teacher ignored him on purpose. As a result, his score in each exam never added up to over 60.His partner was concerned about him very much. She understood exactly ________ he was suffering from, but __________(entire) disagreed with his idea. In order to calm him down and settle his problem, she talked with him face to face and swapped _______ series of learning ________(tip) with him. The items she set down ___________(help) him find the highway to studying English well.The teenager was grateful and got great power from his friend’s words. Now, he has recovered from being upset and has _________(fall) in love with English.Part2 翻译理解Fall in Love with EnglishHiding behind the loose dusty curtain, a teenager pack ed up his overcoat into the suitcase.①He planned to leave home at dusk though there was thunder and lightning outdoors. He had got to do this because he was tired of his parents’ nagging about his English study and di d not want to go through it any longer. He couldn’t get along well with English and dislike d join ing in English classes because he thought his teacher ignore d him on purpose. As a result, his score in each exam never add ed up to over 60.His partner was concerned about him very much. She understood exactly what he was suffer ing from, but entirely disagree d with his idea.②In order to calm him down and settle his problem, she talked with him face to face and swap ped a series of learning tip s with him.③The item s she set down helped him find the highway to studying English well.The teenager was grateful and got great power from his friend’s words. Now, he has recover ed from being upset and has fall en in love with English.Part3 核对译文爱上英语有个少年躲在积满灰尘的松散窗帘后把大衣装入手提箱。
尽管外面正打雷闪电，他仍计划在黄昏时分离家出走。
他不得不这样做是因为厌倦了父母对他英语学习的唠叨，不想再忍受下去了。
他的英语学习总是无法取得进展，而且不喜欢参加英语课的学习，因为他以为老师有意忽视他。
结果，他每次考试的分数合计从未超过60。
他的搭档很关心他，也确切地理解他遭受的折磨，但却完全不同意他的想法。
为了使他冷静下来好好解决问题，她和他面对面地交谈，并交换了一系列的学习心得技巧。
她写下来的条款帮助他找到了学好英语的最佳捷径。
这个少年非常很感激，并从朋友的话里获得极大的动力。
现在，他已经从沮丧中恢复过来，真正爱上了英语。
Part4 词义解释1. dusty 21. in order to2. pack ed up 22. join in3. curtain 23. settle4. suitcase 24. upset5. teenager 25. a series of6. overcoat 26. tip7. thunder 27. item8. at dusk 28. set down9. lightning 29. highway10. outdoors 30. grateful11. had got to do 31. power12. was tired of 32. recover from13. go through 33. fall in love with14. get along well with 34. suffer from15. ignore 35. entirely16. on purpose 36. disagree with17. add up to 37. calm him down18. partner 38. swap19. was concerned about 39. face to face20. dislike 40. exactlyPart5 自测巩固Fall in Love with EnglishHiding behind the ___________(松散的) ___________(积满灰尘的) ___________(窗帘), a ___________(少年) ______________(装入) his overcoat into the ___________(手提箱)suitcase. He planned to leave home _______________(黄昏) though there was ___________(打雷) and ___________(闪电) ___________(外面). He ______________________(不得不) this because he _____________________(厌倦了)his parents’ nagging about his English study and did not want to ________________(忍受) it any longer. He couldn’t ________________(取得进展) well with English and disliked _______________(参加) English classes because he thought his teacher ___________(忽视) him ____________________(有意). As a result, his score in each exam never ____________________ (合计) over 60.His ___________(搭档) ___________________________(关心) him very much. She understood ___________(确切地) what he was __________________(遭受), but __________ _____________________(完全不同意) his idea. __________________________(为了) calm him down and ___________(解决) his problem, she talked with him _________________________(面对面) and swapped ________________________(一系列) learning ___________(技巧) with him. The ___________(条款) she _________________(写下来) helped him find the ___________(最佳捷径) to studying English well.The teenager was ___________(很感激) and got great ___________(动力) from his friend’s words. Now, he has ____________________(恢复) being ___________(沮丧) and has ________________________________________ (爱上) English.Part 6 句型突破①Hiding behind the loose dusty curtain, a teenager packed up his overcoat into the suitcase.句式分析:动词现在分词（v-ing）在句中作伴随状语。