passage 8翻译
Passage_8-答案
Passage 8 Illusions of the pastoral peacePart One Words & Expressions1.illusionn. 幻觉，错觉【译】他活在这样的错觉下：乡村生活好于城市生活。
He lives under the illusion that country life is superior to town life.【译】I have no illusion about my ability. 我有自知之明。
【同】delusion n. 幻觉【考研真题】[2014-T2英语二] “I don’t think the findings that we have are any evidence of personal delusion,” says Epley.Epley说：我不认为我们所获得的这些证据是个人错觉的象征。
[2006-T4] In the author’s opinion, advertising creates an illusion of happiness rather than happiness itself.在作者看来，广告创造了幸福的幻觉而不是幸福本身。
2.superioradj. 比…好，比…优越 A be superior to Bn. 上司，上级【译】章泽天曾是《山楂树之恋》静秋一角的绝佳候选人。
Amy Chua was a superior candidate for the role of Jingqiu in Under the Hawthorn Tree.【译】我觉得如果章泽天出演《山楂树之恋》中的静秋一角，她应该会比周冬雨演得更好。
(be superior to)Personally speaking, Amy Chua would have been superior to Zhou Dongyu if she had played Jingqiu in Under the Hawthorn Tree.be superior to 比…好be inferior to 比…差be senior to 比…年长，资历深be junior to 比…年轻，资历浅【考研真题】[2008-翻译] He adds humbly that perhaps he was “superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easily escape attention, and in observing them carefully.”他谦虚地补充说到：在察觉和仔细观察那些不太容易引起注意力事情上，也许他比大多数的人都逊色。
Unit_8_Conflicts_in_the_World课文翻译大学体验英语三
Unit8Conflicts in the WorldPassage AReturn from the CageIt was the open space in Austin that initially overwhelmed me. I couldn't adjust to it. The ease with which I could get in a car and drive to any place left me bewildered and confused. Where were the military checkpoints? Where were the armed soldiers asking for my identification papers? Where were the barricades that would force me to turn back?I had just returned to the United States after an absence of 11 years, during which I lived in a refugee camp in Bethlehem, the town where Christ was born. I was not used to freedom of movement, nor to going more than a few miles without encountering military checkpoints.Getting comfortable with my sudden freedom in Austin was going to take time. I had to adjust to no longer feeling like an animal inside a cage. Most days, I felt utterly dazed. I would spend hours sitting on a stone bench at the University of Texas, staring at the squirrels and the birds. The green lawns brought tears to my eyes.My mind would drift to the refugee camp in Bethlehem, and to 3-year-old Marianna, my delightful ex-neighbor. Marianna has never seen a green lawn in her life and has never seen a squirrel. She lives confined to Bethlehem, forced to remain a prisoner behind the checkpoints and the military barricades. The distance between Marianna's house and Jerusalem is no further than the distance from my South Austin home to downtown. Yet Marianna has never been to Jerusalem and is unlikely to go there anytime in the near future, because no Palestinian can venture into the Holy City without a special Israeli-issued permit, and those permits are almost impossible to come by.But adjusting to my sudden freedom paled in comparison to overcoming my fears and my nightmares. When I left Bethlehem, the second Palestinian uprising against Israel's military occupation was already two months under way. The sound of bomb explosions, gunfire and Apache helicopters overhead lingered in my mind. Hard as I tried, I couldn't shake the sounds away. They were always there, ringing inside my head.Now, in Austin, there were nightmares. I would dream either of friends being shot dead, or see pools of blood spilling from human bodies, or that I myself was the target of gunfire. I would wake up in a sweat, terrified of going back to sleep. During the day, the sound of police or ambulance sirens made me jumpy. Helicoptersflying overhead made me uneasy. I had to constantly remind myself that these were most often civilian and not military helicopters. I had to remind myself that the ambulances were not rushing to the wounded demonstrators.I looked around me, and I wondered if anyone realized, or even knew, that the Apache helicopters being used by the Israeli military to shell innocent Palestinian civilians are actually made in this country! As a writer in Palestine, I had regularly visited bombed-out houses in search of stories. The home of a young nurse sticks out in my mind. A few miles away from the stable in Bethlehem where Christ is said to have been born, her house came under attack by Israeli tanks and was completely burned. I held the remains of some of the tank shells in my two bare hands and read the inscription: "Made in Mesa, Arizona."I wanted to stand on a chair and scream this information to everyone walking through the mall. The tear gas civilians inhale in the Palestinian Territories is made in Pennsylvania, and the helicopters and the F-16 fighter planes are also made in the USA. Yet here in this society, no one appears to care that their tax money funds armies that bring death and destruction to civilians, civilians who are no different from civilians in this country.And I worry about the indifference in this country. I worry because someday, young American men will find themselves fighting another Vietnam War - this time possibly in the Middle East - without a notion of what it is they are doing there. And we will have a repetition of history: Mothers will lose sons and wives will lose husbands in an unnecessary war. I have been repeating this warning in all the talks I have been giving in the past nine months. No one took me seriously. I couldn't understand why young Americans, with their whole futures ahead of them, should go to die in a war they will not understand.逃出牢笼刚回到奥斯丁的时候，使我感到无所适从的是这里的广阔自由天地。
passage翻译
Unit1 College LifePassage A学无止境终考的最后一天，东部一所的大学里，一群大四的工科生聚集在一幢教学楼的台阶上，谈论着即刻就要开始的考试。
他们脸上都充满自信。
在参加即将到来的毕业典礼和从事未来的工作前，这是他们最后一门考试。
他们有的谈起了已经找到的工作，有的则谈论着要找的工作。
4年的大学学习给了他们全部的自信，使他们觉得自己足以征服世界。
眼前这场考试，不过是小事一桩。
这门课的教授已经说过，除考场上不能交头接耳外，允许他们带任何书或笔记到考场。
考生们依次进入考场，心情轻松而愉快。
当教授把考卷发给在座的考生后，学生们脸上的笑容更加灿烂，因为考卷上只有五道论述题。
3个小时过去了，教授开始收回考卷。
考生们的脸上充满惊慌的表情，自信已经荡然无存。
当教授收完考卷，看着全班学生时，所有的人都沉默不语。
她扫视着一张张焦虑的脸问道：“5道题答完的有多少？”没人举手。
“答完4道的有多少？”还是没有人举手。
“完成3道题的？2道题的？”考生们有些坐不住了，不安地动了动。
“那么，有没有写完一道题的？我想总有人做完一道题吧！”考场里还是一片寂静。
教授放下手中的考卷，说：“果真不出我所料。
”“我只是想让你们牢牢记住，即使你们已经学完了4年工科课程，在这个领域里，你们还有很多东西不懂。
在你们今后的日常工作中，类似于今天考卷上你们无法回答的问题很常见。
”接着，她微笑着补充说：“你们都会通过考试，但是请记住，即使你们现在已经毕业了，你们的学习才刚刚开始。
”多年后，这位老师的姓名已经被淡忘，但她的教诲却深深地刻在记忆中。
Passage B时光如能倒流四年的学习生涯结束，毕业的那一刻终于到来。
不到两个星期我就要毕业了。
回首往昔，竟不敢相信时间就这样匆匆逝去。
我依然记得第一天去上课时的情景，我一边望着课表背面的地图，一边询问教学楼在哪儿。
现在我已是即将毕业的老生，用羡慕的眼光看待大一新生。
我每天都祈愿时间会凝滞，让接下来的两周过得更慢一些。
翻译+阅读+匹配阅读(1)
Translation1.在这所大学里，我们承诺将使你们学有所成。
Here at the university, we pledge to make your educational experience as rewarding as possible.2.有这么多课程可供选择，你可能会不知所措。
You may feel overwhelmed by the wealth of courses available to you.3.对于大多数本科生来说，永不间断的互联网是大学生活的动力。
For most undergraduates, non-stop Internet connectivity is the fuel of college life.4.网络工具不只是玩具，而且是储存和管理几乎各种信息的强大工具。
More than just toys, these instruments are powerful tools for the storage and management of virtually every kind of information.5.随着计算机技术的广泛应用，我们将培养出善于解决问题和善于思考的一代人。
With the widespread application of computer technologies, we are going to produce a generation of problem-solvers and intelligent thinkers.6.这一举动提高了他的声望，使他受到了所有澳大利亚人的爱戴。
That act increased his fame and endeared him to all of Australia.7.有坚定的决心和充分的准备，我们就能获得殊荣，也能成为别人的光辉榜样。
With determination and preparation, we can achieve distinction and be a brilliant example to others.8.太极拳既可防身，又能强身健体，因而深受中国人的喜爱。
(完整word版)剑桥雅思8阅读理解解析含翻译
剑桥雅思8-第三套试题-阅读部分-PASSAGE 1-阅读真题原文部分:READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.Striking Back at Lightning With LasersSeldom is the weather more dramatic than when thunderstorms strike. Their electrical fury inflicts death or serious injury on around 500 people each year in the United States alone. As the clouds roll in, a leisurely round of golf can become a terrifying dice with death - out in the open, a lone golfer may be a lightning bolt's most inviting target. And there is damage to property too. Lightning damage costs American power companies more than $100 million a year.But researchers in the United States and Japan are planning to hit back. Already in laboratory trials they have tested strategies for neutralising the power of thunderstorms, and this winter they will brave real storms, equipped with an armoury of lasers that they will be pointing towards the heavens to discharge thunderclouds before lightning can strike.The idea of forcing storm clouds to discharge their lightning on command is not new. In the early 1960s, researchers tried firing rockets trailing wires into thunderclouds to set up an easy discharge path for the huge electric charges that these clouds generate. The technique survives to this day at a test site in Florida run by the University of Florida, with support from the Electrical Power Research Institute (EPRI), based in California. EPRI, which is funded by power companies, is looking at ways to protect the United States' power grid from lightning strikes. 'We can cause the lightning to strike where we want it to using rockets, ' says Ralph Bernstein, manager of lightning projects at EPRI. The rocket site is providing precise measurements of lightning voltages and allowing engineers to check how electrical equipment bears up.Bad behaviourBut while rockets are fine for research, they cannot provide the protection from lightning strikes that everyone is looking for. The rockets cost around $1, 200 each, can only be fired at a limited frequency and their failure rate is about 40 per cent. And even when they do trigger lightning, things still do not always go according to plan. 'Lightning is not perfectly well behaved, 'says Bernstein. 'Occasionally, it will take a branch and go someplace it wasn't supposed to go. ' And anyway, who would want to fire streams of rockets in a populated area? 'What goes up must come down, ' points out Jean-Claude Diels of the University of New Mexico. Diels is leading a project, which is backed by EPRI, to try to use lasers to discharge lightning safely - and safety is a basic requirement since no one wants to put themselves or their expensive equipment at risk. With around $500, 000 invested so far, a promising system is just emerging from the laboratory.The idea began some 20 years ago, when high-powered lasers were revealing their ability to extract electrons out of atoms and create ions. If a laser could generate a line of ionisation in the air all the way up to a storm cloud, this conducting path could be used to guide lightning to Earth, before the electric field becomes strong enough to break down the air in an uncontrollable surge. To stop the laser itself being struck, it would not be pointed straight at the clouds. Instead it would be directed at a mirror, and from there into the sky. The mirror would be protected by placing lightning conductors close by. Ideally, the cloud-zapper (gun)would be cheap enough to be installed around all key power installations, and portable enough to be taken to international sporting events to beam up at brewing storm clouds.A stumbling blockHowever, there is still a big stumbling block. The laser is no nifty portable: it's a monster that takes up a whole room. Diels is trying to cut down the size and says that a laser around the size of a small table is in the offing. He plans to test this more manageable system on live thunderclouds next summer.Bernstein says that Diels's system is attracting lots of interest from the power companies. But they have not yet come up with the $5 million that EPRI says will be needed to develop a commercial system, by making the lasers yet smaller and cheaper. 'I cannot say I have money yet, but I'm working on it, ' says Bernstein. He reckons that the forthcoming field tests will be the turning point - and he's hoping for good news. Bernstein predicts 'an avalanche of interest and support' if all goes well. He expects to see cloud-zappers eventually costing 100, 000 each.Other scientists could also benefit. With a lightning 'switch' at their fingertips, materials scientists could find out what happens when mighty currents meet matter. Diels also hopes to see the birth of 'interactive meteorology' - not just forecasting the weather but controlling it. 'If we could discharge clouds, we might affect the weather, ' he says.And perhaps, says Diels, we'll be able to confront some other meteorological menaces. 'We think we could prevent hail by inducing lightning, ' he says. Thunder, the shock wave that comes from a lightning flash, is thought to be the trigger for the torrential rain that is typical of storms. A laser thunder factory could shake the moisture out of clouds, perhaps preventing the formation of the giant hailstones that threaten crops. With luck, as the storm clouds gather this winter, laser-toting researchers could, for the first time, strike back.Questions 1-3Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.1 The main topic discussed in the text isA the damage caused to US golf courses and golf players by lightning strikes.B the effect of lightning on power supplies in the US and in Japan.C a variety of methods used in trying to control lightning strikes.D a laser technique used in trying to control lightning strikes.2 According to the text, every year lightningA does considerable damage to buildings during thunderstorms.B kills or injures mainly golfers in the United States.C kills or injures around 500 people throughout the world.D damages more than 100 American power companies.3 Researchers at the University of Florida and at the University of New MexicoA receive funds from the same source.B are using the same techniques.C are employed by commercial companies.D are in opposition to each other.Questions 4-6Complete the sentences below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 4-6 on your answer sheet.4 EPRI receives financial support from………………………….5 The advantage of the technique being developed by Diels is that it can be used……………….6 The main difficulty associated with using the laser equipment is related to its……………….Questions 7-10Complete the summary using the list of words, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.In this method, a laser is used to create a line of ionisation by removing electrons from 7 …………………………. This laser is then directed at 8 …………………………in order to control electrical charges, a method which is less dangerous than using 9 …………………………. As a protection for the lasers, the beams are aimed firstly at 10………………………….A cloud-zappersB atomsC storm cloudsD mirrorsE techniqueF ionsG rockets H conductors I thunderQuestions 11-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 11-13 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this11 Power companies have given Diels enough money to develop his laser.12 Obtaining money to improve the lasers will depend on tests in real storms.13 Weather forecasters are intensely interested in Diels's system.READING PASSAGE 1篇章结构体裁说明文主题用激光回击闪电结构第1段：闪电带来的危害第2段：科研人员正在研究回击闪电的方法第3段：先前的闪电回击术介绍第4段：火箭回击术的缺陷第5段：更安全的激光回击术第6段：激光回击术的技术原理第7段：激光回击术的缺陷第8段：通过实地实验改进激光回击术第9段：激光回击术对其他学科也有益处第10段：激光回击术的其他用途解题地图难度系数：★★★解题顺序：按题目顺序解答即可友情提示：烤鸭们注意：本文中的SUMMARY题目顺序有改变，解题要小心；MULTIPLE CHOICE的第三题是个亮点，爱浮想联翩的烤鸭们可能会糊掉。
外研版八年级下英语课文翻译
外研版八年级下英语课文翻译英语翻译是一种必备的八年级英语知识,下面是店铺为大家整编的外研版八年级下英语课文翻译，感谢欣赏。
外研版八年级下英语课文翻译(一)Module5 Unit11Answer the questions.部分翻译1 What kind of cartoons do you like?你喜欢哪种类型的动画片?2 Do cartoons always end in a happy way?动画片总是以美好的方式结束吗?3 What cartoons do you think are funny?你认为什么动画片有趣?2Listen and find out Betty's and Tony's answers...部分翻译brave 勇敢的cartoon 动画片cute 可爱的funny有趣的handsome 英俊的smart 聪明的Now work in pairs and check. Do they like the same cartoons as you?现在结对练习并检查答案。
他们与你喜欢相同的动画片吗?3Listen and read.部分翻译Tony: Daming，we've finished our homework.It's time to watch a cartoon.托尼：大明，我们已经完成了家庭作业。
到看动画片的时间了。
Daming：Good idea，Torry.Let's watch Superman!大明：好主意，托尼。
让我们看《超人》吧!Tony：We watched Superman yesterday.Why don't we watchSpiderman? It's more modern.托尼：我们昨天看过《超人》了。
我们为什么不看《蜘蛛侠》呢?它更现代一点。
Daming：I think Superman is better. He's stronger than Spiderman.He can fiy through the sky and fight bad people.大明：我认为超人更好。
大学创新英语综合教程1Unit3课文翻译及翻译练习答案
大学创新英语综合教程 1 Unit 3课文翻译及翻译练习答案Passage 1阅读的乐趣我们会从图书世界里收获什么成果？书籍对于全人类，犹如记忆对于每个人。
书籍涵盖了我们人类的历史，记录了我们的发现，也积累了我们世世代代的知识和经验。
书籍为我们描绘了自然界的奇观和美景,书籍帮助我们摆脱了困境，在悲哀和困苦中给我们以安慰，在我们烦闷的时刻带来欢乐，给我们的脑海装进各种观念，使我们的脑海充满了美妙欢乐的思想，从而使我们能提升自我，超越自我。
东方有个这样的故事：从前有两个人，一个国王和一个乞丐。
国王每天夜里都会梦到自己成了一个乞丐；而乞丐每天夜里都会梦到自己成了一个王子，住进了王宫。
我不知道国王是否如愿以偿真正成了乞丐。
想象有时比现实更加生动逼真。
然而，不管怎么样，我们读书时，不仅可以成为国王（如果我们真这样想），住进王宫里。
而且更为奇妙的是，我们可以神驰群山，或畅游海滨。
我们也可遍访世上最美丽的地方，而无须经受任何劳顿，也没有什么不方便，更无须花费分文。
著名演员麦考利·卡尔金集财富、名望、地位和权势于一身，然而他在自传中告诉我们,他生活中最幸福的时刻还是在读书时。
在给一个小女孩的回信中，他写道，“感谢你那封有趣的来信，我很乐意让我的小女孩高兴快乐，而让我最开心的事莫过于看到她喜欢读书，因为当她到了我现在这个年纪，她会发现书籍比任何蛋糕、玩具、戏剧和风景都要好。
真要是有人拥戴我成为世上最显赫的国王，拥有宫殿花园、珍肴美餐、佳酿华辇、龙袍华衮，以及奴仆成群，但其拥立条件却是不让我读书，我则决不愿去做国王。
我宁愿做一个穷人，蜗居阁楼斗室，与众多书籍为伴，也不愿成为一个不爱读书的国王。
”事实上，书籍为我们构建了一个像是施了魔法的完整的思想宫殿。
简·保罗·理查曾说,从诗人的角度看景色，比坐在宝座上看视野更开阔。
从某种意义上说，书籍给我们的形象比真的现实的东西更生动，正如影像往往比真实的风景更美丽。
Unit-8-Computers-and-Security课文翻译大学体验英语二
Unit 8 Computers and SecurityPassage A You Are the Weakest Link, Goodbye.Do you remember the good old days? Innocent times spent sharing documents and executable files without a care in the world. Okay, every month or so you might encounter a boot sector virus - but they were easy to deal with even if the anti-virus software didn't pick them up.But those long lazy summers disappeared too fast. Macro viruses made Information Technology (IT) administrators grow up fast as they realized there was a type of virus which could spread very quickly throughout an organization. It wasn't unusual to find hundreds of computers within personal company infected by viruses transmitted via email attachments. The IT staff were amongst the fittest departments in your company, running from Personal Computer (PC) to the next cleaning them up.There had to be a better way. Companies now realize that viruses aren't "urban myths", and can have a serious impact on their operations. They invest in anti-virus software on the desktops, servers and email gateways and even put in place procedures to ensure their anti-virus is up-to-date with the very latest detection routines.It sounds like companies have put in place adequate defenses to protect against viruses. But have they?Anti-virus software detects most of the viruses your users are likely to encounter - often without the user even knowing. However, the software must be updated regularly, preferably daily in any large company. Even then, a very new virus can infect your users. With the rapid transmission of files through networks and the Internet, a virus can spread a considerable distance before it can be identified and protected against. Fortunately, only a few viruses ever do this but the likes of Melissa and the Love Bug can inflict serious damage before their progress is stopped. Whilst employees become suddenly aware during the ensuing media excitement, they soon forget about the virus threat as the stories disappear from the news headlines.This is the danger. Complacency can set in when there is no perceived "action" on the virus front with no global crisis, and the importance of being vigilant about viruses recedes in your users' minds. They forget what the big deal was in the first place - after all, the anti-virus software deals with the viruses, doesn't it? And isn't it the IT department's job to look after this sort of thing?Before you know it your users are opening unsolicited attachments once more, downloading unauthorized software, and putting your company's data and credibility at risk. All because the users think that they are working in a safe environment. Employeessee anti-virus software, firewalls and IT departments as guarantees that their computers will work and will be safe. Of course, there aren't any guarantees. Anti-virus software plays one, albeit important, part in the defense of your company from malicious attack but the security of your computer system is only as strong as the weakest link. And that, more often than not, is the human factor.No employer wants to come across as a killjoy or an ogre. Most will willingly accept that the happiest employees are those who feel that they are respected and trusted by their employer. Many companies accept that employees will send and receive a certain amount of personal email and make the odd personal telephone call.However, the worry comes when employees start risking company security in pursuit of personal amusement. Funny screensavers and games downloaded from the Internet can seem harmless enough but they could easily be harboring a dangerous virus.Software downloaded from the net is often unlicensed and unsupported, and may cause conflicts with existing software in use at your company. Unlicensed, pirated software is an ideal vector for a computer virus. Virus writers and hackers often use such software as the ideal "kick-start" for their virus distribution.It is vitally important that employees be educated about the virus threat but this cannot be a one-off event. The potential threat should always be in the back of an employee's mind and precautionary measures should be taken as a matter of course. There is no harm in reminding people about what could happen if they let their guard down. In the end, education is the key to a virus-free environment and this is a continual process. It may not be the most exciting thing on the agenda but it works.The lesson is simple. You can have the best software in the world protecting your company's defenses; you can even be the biggest IT company in the world; but without your users practicing safe computing they will always be the weakest link.PA 你是最薄弱的环节，再见还记得美好的往日时光吗？在那样的纯真年代，我们共享文档和可执行文件，根本没有半点顾虑。
新视野大学英语第三版读写教程第三册课文翻译及练习答案
目录Reading Passage Translation (1)Understanding The Text (8)BankedCloze (12)视听说 (13)Skimming and Scanning (Multiple Choice) (14)Reading Comprehension (Multiple Choice) (24)U1A文翻译P3、U1BankedCloze P12U2A文翻译P33、U2UnderstandingTheText P39、U3A文翻译P63、U3UnderstandingTheText P70、U3BankedCloze P73U4A文翻译P93、U4UnderstandingTheText P99、U5A文翻译P123、U5UnderstandingTheTextP129、U5BankedClozeP132U6A 文翻译 P151、U6UnderstandingTheTextP157、U6BankedClozeP160 Reading Passage TranslationUnit1TextA P3永不言弃1.英国的伟大首相温斯顿·丘吉尔爵士，小时候在哈罗公学上学。
当时他可不是个好学生，要不是出身名门，他可能早就因为违反纪律被开除了。
谢天谢地，他总算从哈罗毕业了。
在那里犯下的错误并没影响到他上大学。
后来，他凭着军旅生涯中的杰出表现当选英国首相。
他的才思、智慧、公民责任感以及在二战痛苦而黑暗的时期拒绝投降的无畏勇气，为他赢得了美名。
他非凡的决心，不仅激励了整个民族，还鼓舞了全世界。
2.在他首相任期即将结束时，他应邀前往母校哈罗公学，为满怀报国之志的同学们作演讲。
校长说：“年轻的先生们，当代最伟大的演说家过几天就会来为你们演讲，他提出的任何中肯的建议，你们都要听从。
”那个激动人心的日子终于到了。
温斯顿爵士站了起来——他只有5英尺5英寸高，体重却有107 公斤。
40篇文章掌握3500词 passage8 Computers
Passage8Exercise1.语法填空ComputersThe goal of early calculating machines was to1(simple)difficult sums.But with the help of new technology,electronic chips replaced tubes and a revolution of artificial intelligence2(arise).From then on,the appearance of computers totally changed our lives.They can not only download information from the wet when3(connect)by the network or mobile phone signals,but also solve different4(type)of logical problems. With operators as their coaches,they can even control rockets to explore the moon and instruct androids5the human race’s characters6floors and watch over your naughty niece.Anyhow,computers are so helpful7 they do bring happiness.8,computers are easily attacked by viruses.This reality has become 9hard-to-deal with-problem.As a result,computers are dangerous in a way. So,personally,I worry about their universal10(apply)in some fields, such as finance.Exercise2.翻译理解ComputersThe goal of early calculating machines was to simplify difficult sum s.But with the help of new technology,electronic chip s replaced tube s and a revolution of artificial intelligence has arise n.From then on,the appearance of computers totally changed our lives.They can not only download information from the wet when connected by the network or mobile phone signal s,but also solve different type s of logical problems.With operator s as their coach es,they can even control rocket s to explore the moon and instruct android s with the human race’s character s to mop floors and watch over your naughty niece. Anyhow,computers are so helpful that they do bring happiness.However,computers are easily attacked by virus es.This reality has become a hard-to-deal with-problem.As a result,computers are dangerous in a way.So, personally,I worry about their universal application s in some fields,such as finance.Exercise3.核对译文计算机早期计算机器的目的是简化比较难的计算。
朗读翻译题59
第七章朗读Passage 1A person who wants to be a Marine Engineer must be prepared to spend a long period of time in training. Normally, a young man will enroll with a college which offers a course in marine engineering after completing ‘O’ levels. The course offered by m arine colleges normally consists of a period of full time study and a period of industrial training in shipyards and on board ships. The subjects usually covered are thermodynamics, mechanics, materials, control, mathematics, electrical, naval architecture, maritime laws , workshop skills , engineering drawing, etc. The course duration may vary with the different colleges. Normally, there will be 2 years of classroom study, followed by from 6 months to 1 year of practical training. There may be another year of final classroom study after this.Passage 2Sea training is done when the marine engineer has accumulated sufficient knowledge to enable him to go to sea on an ocean. This is the time when he can live the life of a seaman. The cadet marine engineer receives his uniform as an officer. He usually undergoes his apprenticeship under the 2nd engineer, who will assign him duties. Because various engineers have specific duties and responsibilities, the cadet engineer may be assigned to help other engineers during his tour of duty on board ship. The sea training can be anything from 6 months to 1 year , depending on the college he attends , and the requirement of the various country’s government which issue out marine certificates of competency.Passage 3The marine engineer has to be a jack of all trade, especially in engineering. He has to know all bout the mechanical and electrical engineering involved in the operation and maintenance of a ship. He has to be able to service all the machinery without help from outside. He has to maintain the machinery in good running condition, so that they can last for many years, and especially during the voyage from one end of the earth to the other.. The machinery is designed to be run continuously for the whole voyage, which in many instances will be a month or so . Any breakdown in machinery, or piping, or steel structure will have to be repaired as best as can be done while the ship is still at sea. Any leaks in piping, propeller shaft, machinery, tanks, will have to be repaired, or at least patched up temporarily until the next stop.Passage 4Shipping has its own tradition and practices, Names like bosun, AB, OS, Greaser, GP, are some of the titles given to certain personnel on board a ship. Parts of a ship like bow , stern , starboard, port , bridge, telegraph, aft peak tank , double bottom, shaft tunnel , stern tube, and many others are common on board a ship, but hardly heard of on the land.Marine engineering became a profession at the dawn of the engine driven ship. The basic concept of propulsion has remained pretty much the same, but there were many improvements since then. Many of the marine disaster like the sinking of the Titanic, major oil spillage’s , collisions , and many others , set the stage for international regulations and conventions onsafety of life at sea , marine pollution and many others.Passage 5“All work and no play makes jack a dull boy.” The seamen have to have some leisure activities in order to relax. Some larger ships have all the luxuries like swimming pools, gymnasiums , and sports room. Smaller ships have only the officer’s lounge. When space is limited, indoor games like darts, cards , are played in the officer’s lounge. Movies, videos are freely available. Books, magazines are also available, usually donated by seamen mission. Serious study for professional advancement like competency exams can also be done during the leisure time.Even games like table tennis can be played. If there is no sports room, the table may be placed along the alleyways between the cabins. To play table tennis while the ship is rolling is quite an art . Not only the ball moves, but also the player moves because of the ship movement.Passage 6It is an exciting time for everyone on board when the ship arrives in port. The radios and television begin to receive foreign programs. The language are different, the advertisements are different , and all the music is different. The latest hits of that country becomes the normal songs heard everywhere . The people are different , the whole environment changes. Some seamen pick up a few foreign languages while they are at sea so that they can converse easily when they arrive at a foreign country.Many seamen take the opportunity to travel by themselves or as a group to all the curious nooks and corners of the port, or to surrounding towns. If time permits , tours are organized to famous spots perhaps 100 miles away from the port.Passage 7Refrigeration is needed on board a cargo ship for storing of food provisions. Food provisions are stored in cold rooms . The cold room are demarcated for various temperatures.The rooms for storing meat and fish are set at minus 25oC , while those used for vegetables are set at 10`c . when the proper temperatures are maintained , the food can last very long . This is required if the ship were to travel for long voyages lasting several months . The lack of fresh food it can be demoralizing for the seamen at sea. It is the engineer’s job to make sure that the refrigeration system works well all the time.The refrigeration system on board ship is not much different from land installations , using refrigerant like R-22 , compressor , evaporator , and condenser.Passage 8The air-conditioning system on a cargo ship is usually a simple direct expansion ducted system. It must also be able to provide heating during cold weather . Usually steam coils are provide for heating , and injected steam for control of humidity .As in refrigeration system , the air conditioning system uses seawater for cooling . A shell and tube type of heat exchanger is installed for that purpose . It has its own cooling seawater pump. The air conditioning system sometimes trips when the cooling system flow is reduced or the sea temperature is high. The heavily polluted river waters in some ports can sometimes cause the cooling water strainers to choke up with plastic bags as often as every 4 hours . A ship travelingthrough the Red Sea can experience air conditioning system tripping at the control room because the sea temperature is high , and the heating load is high.Passage 9Oily water separators are used to separate oil from bilge water before the latter is pumped overboard . On the tank top of the engine room, we can very often find water . The water usually comes from the pump and valve packing glands , leaks , spills , washing water , air reservoir drains , and many other sources . Over a period of time , water accumulates as bilge water.The oily water separator works on the principle of coalescing small oil droplets in the water to form larger oil drops . When the oil drops become large enough, the lower density oil drops floats up and collects at the top of the vessel . The water remains at the lower portion and is pumped overboard . The oil layer is pumped into an oily bilge tank which can be pumped out at an oil collecting facility when the ship arrives at a port.Passage 10Steam boilers are used either as main machinery for propulsion , as in steam ships , or as auxiliary machinery in motor ships.Because of this difference , the size and pressures of the steam boilers in steam ships will be very much larger than that in motor ships . The dryness of the steam produced will also be different. Basically , the boiler is a huge pressurized kettle , using fire to heat water to a boil and extracting the steam. The steam is used to channel heat energy from the fire to power machines , or to heat remotely located areas .All the steamships use water tube boilers because of the higher pressures , but many motor-ships use fire tube boilers for lower pressures.Passage 11The ship traveling on long voyages must be able to generate their own fresh water for the boilers, machinery and for washing. Fresh Water Generators are installed to convert the seawater from the sea to freshwater.The most common type makes use of the distillation process. Using the heat from the engines, the seawater is evaporated into vapor. This vapor is then led into a cooling section and it condenses into water again distilled water. The cooling section consists of tubes or plates which uses sea water as the cooling agent.The air inside the evaporation chamber is evacuated to a near vacuum, so that the boiling point of water becomes lower. It then becomes possible to evaporate the seawater at a temperature of about 40`C.Passage 12Water pumps are normally of centrifugal type . The impeller inside the pump casing is rotated to a high speed of about 1450 rpm. flinging the water out by centrifugal force from the center towards the edges. By means of specially shaped volute housing or by means of diffuser plates.the high velocity water stream is converted to a lower speed, pressurized water at the discharge of the pump.Oil pumps are usually positive displacement pumps. Because the moving parts have very close fit, oil is needed to provide a lubricating film between the surfaces.Some common positive displacement pumps in use on board ships are gear pumps, screw pumps. piston and plunger pumps, vane pumps, and lobe pumps. All of these pumps have pressure relief valves installed at the discharge side.Passage 13The engine telegraph is a device with a pointer and handle, which is used to convey orders between the bridge and the engine. room. Orders like dead slow ahead , half astern, full ahead, stop , are some examples of orders. When the personnel on the bridge move the handle of the telegraph on the bridge, there is a corresponding movement of the pointer of the engine room telegraph together with the sound of a gong. The engineer maneuvering the engine at the engine room on hearing the gong and the movement of the pointer will acknowledge the order by moving the handle to the same indication. The gong will then stop sounding.Passage 14When the ship arrives at a port, the ship has to prepare for maneuvering. This is a critical period as any loss of propulsion, or steering, can lead to collision, grounding, or other damage to the ship.The navigation officer on the bridge will give the engineer in the engine room one-hour notice to prepare for maneuvering while the ship is still proceeding towards the port. The messages are all recorded in a maneuvering book, indicating the exact time the notice was given. Later on , throughout the maneuvering, all the orders through the engine telegraph are also recorded in the book.Passage 15As the ship draws near to port, the order may come from the bridge to slow down to certain speed. Usually the ship will stop to pick up a pilot to assist in the maneuvering. The pilot will have local knowledge on the location of markers, shallow areas, tides, and currents. The pilot wil1 give the orders to transmitted to the engine room from then onwards.Usually tugboats will assist the ship to go along side the wharves at the port. These take orders from the pilot. The seamen at both fore and aft of the ship will throw up rope lines to the shore men. The ship will go ahead , astern in small steps and eventually be tied up securely at the wharf.Once the ship is tied up the final order from the bridge will be Finished with Engines.Passage 16During the one-hour notice for maneuvering, the engineer has to prepare the engines for maneuvering. Extra electrical generators have to be started up and synchronized so that there is sufficient electrical capacity to prevent blackout due to overloading of the generators. Ai this period, many other machines will be started up, e.g. mooring winches, cargo winches, cargo cranes, anchor winches, and others.For main diesel engines, the starting air supply is opened up. The sir reservoirs are shared so thatthe maximum capacity of air is available for engine starting. The main engine fuel oils are gradually changed over from heavy C oil to light diesel engine, anticipating the loss of heating of the fuel oil due to the slowing down of the main engines.Passage 17One of the most important knowledge that a Marine Engineer has to know is how to prevent and put off fires. Should a big fire occur in a ship, there is almost no other place to go except the surrounding seas. Tankers carry flammable oils. Engines use fuel oils. Boilers use furl oils or gas. Gas welding or cutting repair work uses flammable gases. There is a strong possibility of fire if they are not careful or vigilant. To understand how a fire can start , we have to know the concept of the Fire Triangle. A fire can only start when there is fuel, heat and oxygen. The 3 sides of a triangle represent this fact . If one of these is absent or removed, the fire does not exist anymore. So to prevent fires, the best thing to do is to isolate either one of them or better still, all of them.Passage 18A typical modern ship relies on the combustion of fuel oil to power her engines. No matter whether it is a steam ship powered by steam turbine, or a motor ship powered by diesel engines, a tremendous amount of fuel oil is consumed during a voyage. A ship has to store enough fuel oil to last throughout its voyage. It would indeed be a disaster if a ship were caught in the middle of the vast ocean without fuel.Because of its importance, the Chief Engineer is directly in charge of the fuel. He has to keep track of its usage and its remaining quantity, at any time during a voyage. He has to order sufficient quantity in a timely manner and to use it efficiently. For economical reasons, he must not take in too much excess fuel because it would weigh down the ship.Bunkering is a term used for receiving heavy fuel oil, diesel oil and lubrication oil directly pumped into the tanks of a ship, for its own engines.Passage 19Toot.... toot. . . toot..., toot.,, Loot.. + . toot,. . . tooooooooot. Six short blasts on the horn followed by a long blast. All of us on board know this by heart. It means ?Abandon Ship! Luckily, this is not the real thing! It is just a drill. Seamen working on foreign-going ships often have lifeboat and fire drills. The voyages are long and very often the ship is the only Large object in the vast ocean for hundreds of mils.The temperature outside the ship was cold, the sky was cloudy, but the sea was relatively calm. We could hear people moving out from their cabins towards the lifeboat deck. All of them were familiar with the muster list posted at the alleyways. Each person knew his duties.Passage 20Generally deck officers, with the Captain, will take the leading role in the lifeboat drill. The engineers will test the lifeboat engines, or help out with machinery like hoisting motor, gravity brake. The catering department will be in charge of blankets, and other necessities of survival. Because of the cold weather, all that took part in the drill wore woolen clothing to keep warm. Each person wore his own life jacket. As they assembled underneath the lifeboats, one group to port and another to starboard, their names were called up. The deck officer in charge of thatlifeboat will verify the names to make sure that nobody is missing. In this case, the engineer on duty was exempted from the drill. He had to look after the engines. The ship was still running at full speed.Passage 21A person putting out to sea will most certainly encounter rough seas. A foreign-going ship travels in all kinds of weather and seasons, The most severe sea conditions occur during the winter months. Below is an essay on the experiences of a seaman on board a foreign-going ship: For all its sophistication, the ship is still a floating object in the vast ocean. It is subjected to the waves and the winds. The most commonly encountered movements of a ship are the rolling and pitching movements. Rolling can even occur dining mild weather. Rolling is a rotational motion of a ship about the longitudinal axis, while pitching is in the transverse axis. In more severe weather, all kinds of movements are encountered. Very often. all of these movement come together. No wonder people get seasick!Passage 22Have you ever wondered what would happen if all the electrical generators were stopped? Or tripped due to abnormal operating conditions? If that were to happen, there will not be any electricity on board, and all the motors on board will stop. This means that all the pumps driven by motors will also stop. The main propulsion engine, boilers steering gear, air compressors and other equipment will be stopped. All the lighting and ventilation fans will also be off. There will only be some small amount of light from battery supplied emergency lights.The engine room will be very dark. The engineers will move around using torch-lights. They have to work fast. The batteries for the lighting have quite a limited charge. The ventilation is off, and the engine room can become stuffy and hot in a short while.Passage 23In the case of a fire on board ship, each person on board has to carry out his assigned duty. Each person has a specific task to do. Fire drills are conducted as soon as the ship departs on a long journey. Usually it is about one day after departure.Engineering staffs will attend to equipment in the engine room. In case of fire in the machinery space, the engineering staffs will play the major role in controlling the fire, and putting it out. In case of fire on the deck, the navigation staffs will be the frontline fire fighters, while the engineering staffs will play a supporting role.In a normal situation, the Captain and the Chief Engineer will be overall in charge of the fire-fighting operation, and the Chief Officer and the Second Engineer Officer will assist them.Passage 24we just have a scavenge fire in our main engine and now the cylinder liner is cracked !Bad news! We are in the middle of the ocean and we have a cylinder liner crack. The engine cannot be run long in this Condition. The leaking water is finding its way into the lubricating oil. There is air lock in the cooling water and the temperatures cannot be maintained. The liner hasto be changed. It is going to be a major repair job.The most logical step to take then is to isolate the faulty cylinder. Once that was decided, all the engine room personnel started their preparation. In addition to the tools normally used for dismantling piston and cylinder head, some special components like blanks have to be prepared to isolate compressed air, scavenging air, cylinder cooling water, piston cooling water, fuel valve cooling water, fuel oil, and cylinder lubrication oil from the rest of the engine.Passage 25Shipyard training is essential for the young Marine Engineer A shipyard is the place where ships come in for major repairs, The marine engineer will be able to observe and work with skilled tradesmen to do various repairs on the many types of main engines, boilers, pumps, shafting, hull, deck machinery, from different types of ships.He will also be able to observe how riggers transport heavy equipment, how mechanics open up huge propellers, how hull painters clear barnacles from hulls, how boiler repairs are done, how piping are renewed, and valves reconditioned, and many others.Passage 26Why is it so quiet? I woke up asking myself. Not even the generators are running! Very unusual! Then I realized. My ship was in dry dock. This was the only time when the generators were not running. Even while the ship was at anchorage or alongside the wharf, the noise from the generators was ever present. But not now. The dry dock is the repair or service yard for the ship. The whole ship is brought to dry land so that the submerged portions of the hull can be cleaned or inspected. The dry-docking is done every 12 months to 24 months. Of course, because there will be machinery and systems that cannot stop while the ship is in use, these are also serviced, repaired or replaced at the same time.Passage 27Large ships are brought in to a graving dock that consists of a large basin with a gate that can be closed watertight. After the ship is positioned over carefully arranged resting blocks, the water from the basin is pumped out. As the water level drops, the ship gradually rests on the blocks. Wooden wedges are then knocked in to take up any clearances between the hull of the ship and the resting blocks. In another arrangement the whole basin can be floated and submerged at will like a submarine. The basin is first submerged and the ship is brought into position as before. Once the ship is in position, the basin is floated up, bring the ship above the water level. This is called a floating dock.Passage 28For safety purposes, fire hoses connected to shore hydrants are laid on deck and pressurized. Precautions are taken to avoid tools or other materials from falling from the sides of the ship. Safety helmets are a must. Cables or hoses do not obstruct excess to passageways. Fire extinguishers are made available near welding sites. For long stay or cold climates, water in engines or pipes has to be drained away to prevent freezing. Some of the normal utilities may notbe functional at that time. Often, the seamen will have to use the shore shower and toilet facilities. If for any reason cooling seawater is not supplied to the air-conditioning system on board by hoses, then there will not be air-conditioning.Passage 29To the ship`s personnel, this is a busy time. Although shipyard workers will do a lot of work, many of the repair and servicing work will be assigned to them. As with everybody working on the ship, this is a time to be extra careful on safety. Many people are working in the same place at the same time. Some rigging workers are lifting heavy materials using chain blocks, while some machinery workers are dismantling foundation bolts for the engine below. Some welders are cutting pipes just a few feet away. Some workers have removed floor plates so that they can crawl down to inspect the cofferdam. Engine mechanics have dripped lubrication oil on the floor while removing the main bearings. People on the next level are cleaning the boiler tubes, and soot has spilled on the floor. The whole ship, especially the engine room has become a mess.Passage 30In your cabin you became aware of the movement of the ship as you dragged yourself up from your bed. Being a Third Engineer Officer, your time of work was from 4.00 a.m. to 8.00 a.m. After freshening up a bit, you put on your overalls, came out from your cabin, and opened the door to the engine room. It was now about 3. 45 a.m. local ships time.Immediately, you noticed the heat and noise. The door was heavily padded to absorb all the noise from the engine room. As a 3rd Engineer Officer, your cabin was quite high up in the accommodation block. When you were doing watch in the afternoon, you normally stepped outdoors to see the funnel of the ship before you entered into the engine room. You wanted to see the color of the smoke coming out from the funnel. When the engines are running in good condition, the smoke is colorless. Blacksmoke, blue smoke, or white smoke indicates that something is not working right.Passage 31The Marine Engineer is trained in tradesman skills because any repairs on board ship must be done on board the ship itself. The nearest shore repair facility might be 1000 miles away, or the port of call may be in a forested area far away from workshops.The training done at the college is the starting point for any skills training. With the knowledge and proper guidance from instructors, the proper handling of welding electrodes, oxy-acetylene torch, cylinders, lathe machines, milling machines, shaping machines, drilling machines will be very useful when the Marine Engineer has to put the skills to use.Once he has learned the theoretical aspects of the skills, he has to spend time to work on his physical skills, which is what is required in actual use. In order to do a good repair work, he must practice, practice and practice. On board a ship, a marine engineer may have to do vertical arc welding in ship rolling condition. Although the weld may not look very nice. but because he knows what he is doing, the penetration is sufficient to produce a strong weld.Passage 32A Marine Engineer is also called upon to be skillful in adjustments of controls, so that the processes can be stable. In machine repairs, he has to be able to open up bearings, sleeves. rusty nuts and bolts, change valve packing. reconditioning valve seats.He will also he called upon to fix any emergency repair when ordinary repairs cannot be used. One example of this is to stop a leaking sea water pipe that is below the sea level. Tue normal repair will be to patch up the pipe by welding, or replace the pipe. In a diesel engine, if one cylinder or piston has deve1oped a crack, he must be able to isolate the cylinder and still run the main engine. If the stern tube seal at the propeller shaft leaks in seawater, he must be able to do some temporary measures to stop water from coming in through the stern tube.In short, he must have the skill to make do with whatever he has available to do a temporary fix, and continue to run the ship until she arrives at a repair facility where a permanent repair can he done.Passage 33Fire drills are meant to prepare the crew for any fire that can occur in any part of the ship. By design the engine room and machinery spaces are well protected by fire protection systems. Portable fire extinguishers provide the first line of defense for small fires. Fire hoses provide the second line of defense for a larger lire. Fixed foam piping over oil tanks, boilers, and oily areas provide protection for oil fires, Remote quick-closing valves are installed at oil tank outlets so that they can be closed at a secure position to cut off the supply of oil that feeds an oil fire.If the fire has become too huge and cannot be controlled by the hoses, all the people will evacuate from the engine room. Doors, skylights, hatches and other openings will be tightly closed and all the ventilation fans will be stopped. Carbon dioxide gas will be used to flood the whole engine room as a last resort.Passage 34The housing of a general service seawater pump is badly corroded. Jack intends to patch up the corroded parts by using plastic steel repair kit compound. But the valve servicing this pump cannot be closed properly Most probably the valve sent is already damaged.In order to patch up the corroded pump housing using plastic steel, Jack has to ensure that the pump housing is completely dry. It`s in the instructions. Wet areas will not stick.The problem Jack has to solve is how to make the pump housing dry. He wants to do a good repair job. He knows that the plastic steel compound he has will not stick well to any wet surface on the pump housing. Further-more, the amount of seawater coming out is a lot! The valve cannot be closed properly. The compound will take at least one day to set to full strength. It`s a not advisable to keep the leaking water flowing out like this. It will increase the engine room bilge.What advice will you give Jack?Passage 35The problem Jack has to solve is how to repair the leaking seawater pipe. He knows that the wall of the pipe is already very thin due to corrosion. He cannot afford to do patching up by arc welding. The heat from the arc will melt the thin wall of the pipe and create a bigger hole than now. Furthermore, the seawater is connected to the diesel generator mains. If he were to shut off the seawater supply, the generators will be overheated and trip. If the generators were stopped, there will not be any electrical power on board his ship not even to the welding set. His ship is in the middle of the pacific Ocean, too far away from the nearest repair yard. His ship does not keep any spare pipe of this size.What advice will you give Jack?Passage 36September 11th or 9/Il stands out in our minds for obvious reasons However there was another 9/Il, 9th September 1947, when a crankcase explosion on the Pacific killed 28 men and injured 23 and led to the development of crankcase relief valves and oil mist detectors. Of course there had been crankcase explosions before this, but none which had such devastating consequences. Between 1990 and 2001 , 143 crankcase explosions were reported to Lloyds Register which have about 20% of the worlds shipping in its class, so if we use that as a factor, we can estimate the total reported incidents were 715 in 11 years or about 65 a year. Don t forget that these are reportable incidents, i. e. those where the damage sustained has warranted a major repair or has resulted in injury. Minor explosions may have gone unreported, and it is possible that the actual number of incidents is more than double those reported maybe 3 a week!! Of those incidents reported to Lloyds, 21 explosions happened in two stroke engines and 122 in four stroke engines.37.Cracks in the cylinder and cylinder covers may result from unequal heating.The cylinder covers should be regularly vented by opening the vent coocks.Cracks usually resulting from local overheating are caused by troubles with the fuel pumps or one or more cylinders not firing.If indicator diagrams are taken at regular intervals,any unequal distributiong of load will be easily found out.Therefore,most troubles likely to occur with marine diesel engine can,if located in time,be remedied with no difficulty and many can be avoided if the engine is maintained with a high sense of responsibility to the people on the part of the motormen and engineers.38. A recent incident involving a crankcase explosion on a large slow speed diesel engine caused injury to one of the engineers and extensive damage to the engine and machinery space. In the event, the time between the oil mist detection alarm/request for slow down and the crankcase explosion was just a few minutes and therefore the following control system feature, if not already fitted, is now recommended: To expedite the slowdown of the engine in the event of the high concentration of oil mist in the crankcase. The slowdown should be affected automatically instead of manually with only a few seconds delay and should override the normal load down。
外研版英语八年级下册课文翻译
外研版英语八年级下册课文翻译要增强八年级学生的综合素质,提高学生的英语交际能力,就必须深入研究英语翻译教学,并提出相应的发展措施。
为大家整理了外研版八年级英语下册的课文翻译，欢迎大家阅读!外研版英语八年级下册课文翻译(一) Module2 Unit11Listen and number the words as you hear them.部分翻译ever□曾经exciting□令人兴奋的tired□疲倦的visit□参观wonderful□精彩的2Listen again and choose the correct answer.部分翻译1 Lingling has visited/hasnt ever visited the US.玲玲已经去过/还没有去过美国。
2 Betty has asked/hasnt asked her parents.贝蒂已经请求/还没有请求她的父母。
3 Lingling has travelled/hasnt travelled by plane.玲玲已经乘飞机旅行过/还没有乘飞机旅行过。
Everyday English日常英语. Good luck!(祝你)好运!. Thats a pity.太遗憾了。
. That sounds wonderful!那听起来很好!3Listen and read.部分翻译Tony: Hi,Lingling. What are you doing?托尼：嗨，玲玲。
你在做什么?Lingling: Im entering a competition.玲玲：我在报名参加一个比赛。
Tony:What kind of competition?托尼：什么类型的比赛?Lingling:A speaking competition.玲玲：一个演讲比赛。
Tony：Great.Itll help you improve your speaking. And maybe you will win a prize.托尼：太好了。
人教版八年级下册英语单词表汉语翻译1
人教版八年级下册英语单词表汉语翻译1-CAL-FENGHAI.-(YICAI)-Company One1人教版八年级下册英语单词表汉语翻译1-3单元1Unit 1What's the matter?1 matter n.问题，事情2 What's the matter 怎么了出什么事了3 sore adj.疼痛的，酸痛的4 have a cold 感冒5 stomachache n.胃痛，腹痛6 have a stomachache 胃痛7 foot n.足，脚8 neck n.颈，脖子9 stomach n.胃，腹部10 throat n.咽喉，喉咙11 fever n.发烧12 lie v.躺，平躺13 lie down 躺下14 rest v&n.放松，休息15 cough v. 咳嗽16 X-ray n. X射线，X光16 toothache n.牙痛18 take one's temperature 量体温19 headache n.头痛20 have a fever 发烧21 breakn.间歇;休息22 take breaks(take a break) 休息23 hurt v.(使)疼痛，受伤24 passenger n.乘客，旅客25 off adv.&prep. 离开(某处);不工作;从……去掉26 get off 下车27 o one's surprise 使……惊讶的，出乎……意料28 onto prep.向;朝29 trouble n. 问题，苦恼30 hit v. (用手或器具)击，打31 right away 立即;马上32 get into 陷入;参与33 herself pron.(she的反身代词)她自己34 bandage n.绷带 v.用绷带包扎35 sick adj.生病的;有病毒36 knee n.膝盖，膝37 nosebleed n.鼻出血38 breathe n.呼吸39 sunburned adj.晒伤的40 ourselves pron. (we的反身代词)我们自己，自己41 climber n.登山者;攀登者42 be used to 习惯于……，适应于……43 risk n&v.危险，风险44 take risks (take a risk)冒险45 accident n.(交通)事故;意外遭遇46 situation n.情况，状况47 kilo (=kilogram) n.千克48 rock n.岩石49 run out (of) 耗尽50 knife n.(pl.knives) 刀51 cut off 切除52 blood n.血53 mean v.意思是，打算，意欲54 get out of 离开，从……出来55 importance n.重要性，重要56 decision n.决定，抉择57 control n.﹠v.限制，约束，管理58 be in control of 掌管，管理59 spirit n.勇气，意志60 death n.死，死亡61 give up 放弃62 nurse n.护士2Unit 2I'll help to clean up the parks.1 clean up 打扫(或清除)干净2 cheer v.欢呼，喝彩3 cheer up (使)变得更高兴，振奋起来4 give out 分发，散发5 volunteer v.义务做，自愿做 n.自愿者6 notice n.公告牌，通告，布告7 used to 曾经……，过去……8 onely adj.孤独的，寂寞的9 several pron 几个，数个，一些10 feeling n.感觉，感触11 satisfaction n.满足，满意12 joy n.高兴，愉快13 owner n.物主，主人14 journey n.(尤指长途)旅行，行程15 sign n.标志，信号16 sick adj.生病的，有病的17 raise v.募集，征集18 alone adv.独自，单独 lonely adj. 孤独19 repair v.修理，修补20 fix v.安装，使固定21 give away 赠送，捐赠22 wheel n.车轮，轮子23 letter n.信，函24 miss n.女士，小姐25 set up 建起，设立26 make a difference 影响，有作用27 blind adj.瞎的，失明的28 deaf adj.聋的29 imagine v.﹠n. 想象，设想30 difficulty n. 困难，难题31 open v.开，打开32 door n. 门33 carry v. 拿，提，扛34 train v.训练，培训35 excited adj.激动的，兴奋的36 training n.训练，培训37 kindness n.仁慈，善良38 clever adj.聪明的，聪颖的39 understand v.理解，领会40 change v.变化，改变41 disabled adj.丧失能力的，有残疾的42 strong adj.强壮的，强健的43 sir n.先生44 madam n.夫人，女士3Unit 3Could you please clean your room?1 rubbish n.垃圾;废弃物2 take out the rubbish 倒垃圾3 fold v. 折叠;对折4 sweep v.扫;打扫5 floor n. 地板6 mess n.杂乱;不整洁7 throw v.扔;掷8 all the time 频繁;反复9 neither adv.也不10 shirt n. 衬衫11 pass v.给;递;走过;通过12 borrow v. 借;借用13 lend v. 借给;借出14 finger n.手指15 hate v. 厌恶;讨厌16 while conj. 在……期间;当……的时候17 snack n. 点心;小吃;快餐18 chore n. 杂务;乏味无聊的工作19 stress n. 精神压力;心理负担20 waste n .浪费;滥用2 1in order to 目的是;为了22 provide v. 提供;供应23 anyway adv.而且;加之24 depend v. 依靠;信赖25 depend on 依靠;信赖26 develop v . 发展;壮大27 fairness n. 公平性;公平合理性28 since conj.从……以后;自……以来29 neighbor (=neighbour) n. 邻居30 esult n. 后果;结果31 ill adj. 有病;不舒服32 drop v. 落下;掉下33 independence n .独立34 independent adj. 独立的;自主的35 take care of 照料;爱护36 fair adj. 合理的;适当的人教版八年级下册英语单词表汉语翻译4-6单元4Unit 4Why don't you talk to your parents?151 allow v. 允许;准许152 wrong adj. 错误的，不对的what's wrong 哪儿不舒服153 guess v. 猜测;估计154 deal n. 协议;交易big deal 重要的事155 work out 成功的发展;解决156 get on with 和睦相处;关系良好157 relation n. 关系;联系;交往158 communication n.交流;沟通159 argue v.争吵;争论160 cloud n.云;云朵161 elder adj.年纪较长的162 instead adv.代替;反而;却163 whatever pron. 任何;每一164 nervous adj. 焦虑的;担忧的165 offer 主动提出;自愿给予166 proper adv. 正确地;恰当地167 secondly adv .第二;其次168 communicate v .交流;沟通169 explain v . 解释;说明170 clear adj. 清楚易懂的;不含混的171 copy v. 复制;复印172 return v. 回来;回去173 member n.成员;分子174 pressure n. 压力175 compete v .竞争，对抗176 opinion n. 意见;想法;看法177 skil l n. 技艺;技巧178 typical adj. 典型的179 football n. 足球180 cut out 删去;删除181 continue v. 持续;继续存在182 compare v.比较183 compare…with…比较;对比184 crazy adj.不理智的;疯狂的185 push v.推动;移动186 development n.发展;发育;成长187 cause v.造成;引起188 usual adj.通常的;寻常的189 perhaps adv.可能;大概;也许5Unit 5What were you doing when the190 rainstorm n.暴风雨191 suddenly adv.突然;忽然192 alarm n.闹钟193 go off (闹钟)发出响声194 pick up 接电话195 strange adj.奇特的;奇怪的196 storm n.暴风雨197 report v.报道;公布198 area n.地域;地区199 wind n.风200 light n.光;光线;光亮201 wood n.木;木头202 window n.窗;窗户203 flashlight n.手电筒;火炬204 match n.火柴复数形式： matches 205 beat v.敲打;锤砸206 heavily adv.在很大程度上;大量地207 against prep. 倚;碰;撞208 asleep adj.睡着209 fall asleep 进入梦乡;睡着210 die down 逐渐变弱;逐渐消失211 rise v.增加;提高;增强212 apart adv.分离;分开213 passage n.章节;段落214 pupil n.学生215 bright adj.明亮的;光线充足的217 completely adv.彻底地;完全地218 silence n.沉默;缄默;无声219 in silence 沉默;无声220 recently adv.不久前221 terrorist n.恐怖主义者;恐怖分子222 date n.日期;日子223 tower n.塔;塔楼224 at first 首先;最初225 realize v.理解;领会;认识到226 truth n.实情;事实重点词组I was so busy looking for the umbrella that Ididn't see a car coming. took a hot shower6Unit 6An old man tried to move the mountains.228 once upon a time 从前229 shoot v.(shot)射击;发射230 begin v.(began)开始231 god n.神;上帝232 remind v.提醒;使想起233 bit n.有点;稍微234 silly adj.愚蠢的;不明事理的235 instead of 代替;反而236 monkey n.猴子237 magic adj.有魔力的;有神奇力量的238 birth n.出生;诞生239 give birth (to do sth.)生孩子;产仔240 stick n.棍;条241 hide v.隐藏;隐蔽242 tail n.尾;尾巴243 turn…into 变成244 Western adj.西方的245 weak adj.虚弱;无力的246 stepsister n.继姐(妹)247 prince n.王子248 fit v.适合;合身249 couple n.两人;两件事物250 smile v.笑;微笑251 marry v.结婚252 get married 结婚253 born v.出生254 be born 出生255 object n.物体;物品256 gold adj.金色的257 emperor n. 国王258 underwear n.内衣259 silk n.丝绸;丝织物260 stupid adj.愚蠢的261 cheat v.欺骗;蒙骗262 stepmother n.继母263 wife n.妻子;太太264 husband n.丈夫265 whole adj.全部的;整体的266 scene n.(戏剧或歌剧的)场;场景267 stone n.石头268 shine v.(shone) 发光;照耀269 as soon as 一……就……;尽快270 ground n.地;地面271 lead v.(led) 带路;领路272 voice n.声音273 inside adv.里面274 brave adj.勇敢的;无畏的。
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案（test4）
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案(test4)为了帮助大家备考，店铺为大家整理收集了剑桥雅思阅读8真题：test4阅读原文，希望对各位考生的备考有所帮助,祝每位烤鸭考试顺利，都能取得好成绩!剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test4)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 on the following pages.Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has six sections, A-F.Choose the correct heading for sections B-F from the list of headings below.Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.List of HeadingsI The influence of Monbushoii Helping less successful studentsiii The success of compulsory educationiv Research findings concerning achievements in mathsv The typical format of a maths lessonvi Comparative expenditure on maths educationvii The key to Japanese successes in maths educationix The role of homework correctionExample AnswerSection A iv1 Section B2 Section C3 Section D4 Section E5 Section FLAND OF THE RISING SUMA Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils’ attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was alsoa larger proportion of ‘low’ attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?B Lower secondary schools in Japan cover three school years, from the seventh grade (age 13) to the ninth grade (age 15). Virtually all pupils at this stage attend state schools: only 3 per cent are in the private sector. Schools are usually modern in design, set well back from the road and spacious inside. Classrooms are large and pupils sit at single desks in rows. Lessons last for a standardised 50 minutes and are always followed by a 10-minute break, which gives the pupils a chance to let off steam. Teachers begin with a formal address and mutual bowing, and then concentrate on whole-class teaching.Classes are large — usually about 40 — and are unstreamed. Pupils stay in the same class for all lessons throughout the school and develop considerable class identity and loyalty. Pupils attend the school in their own neighbourhood, which in theory removes ranking by school. In practice in T okyo, because of the relative concentration of schools, there is some competition to get into the ‘better’ school in a particular area.C Traditional ways of teaching form the basis of the lessonand the remarkably quiet classes take their own notes of the points made and the examples demonstrated. Everyone has their own copy of the textbook supplied by the central education authority, Monbusho, as part of the concept of free compulsory education up to the age of 15. These textbooks are, on the whole, small, presumably inexpensive to produce, but well set out and logically developed. (One teacher was particularly keen to introduce colour and pictures into maths textbooks: he felt this would make them more accessible to pupils brought up in a cartoon culture.) Besides approving textbooks, Monbusho also decides the highly centralised national curriculum and how it is to be delivered.D Lessons all follow the same pattern. At the beginning, the pupils put solutions to the homework on the board, then the teachers comment, correct or elaborate as necessary. Pupils mark their own homework: this is an important principle in Japanese schooling as it enables pupils to see where and why they made a mistake, so that these can be avoided in future. No one minds mistakes or ignorance as long as you are prepared to learn from them.After the homework has been discussed, the teacher explains the topic of the lesson, slowly and with a lot of repetition and elaboration. Examples are demonstrated on the board; questions from the textbook are worked through first with the class, and then the class is set questions from the textbook to do individually. Only rarely are supplementary worksheets distributed in a maths class. The impression is that the logical nature of the textbooks and their comprehensive coverage of different types of examples, combined with the relative homogeneity of the class, renders work sheets unnecessary. Atthis point, the teacher would circulate and make sure that all the pupils were coping well.E It is remarkable that large, mixed-ability classes could be kept together for maths throughout all their compulsory schooling from 6 to 15. Teachers say that they give individual help at the end of a lesson or after school, setting extra work if necessary. In observed lessons, any strugglers would be assisted by the teacher or quietly seek help from their neighbour. Carefully fostered class identity makes pupils keen to help each other — anyway, it is in their interests since the class progresses together.This scarcely seems adequate help to enable slow learners to keep up. However, the Japanese attitude towards education runs along the lines of ‘if you work hard enough, you can do almost anything’. Parents are kept closely informed of their children’s progress and will play a part in helping their children to keep up with class, s ending them to ‘Juku’ (private evening tuition) if extra help is needed and encouraging them to work harder. It seems to work, at least for 95 per cent of the school population.F So what are the major contributing factors in the success of maths teaching? Clearly, attitudes are important. Education is valued greatly in Japanese culture; maths is recognised as an important compulsory subject throughout schooling; and the emphasis is on hard work coupled with a focus on accuracy.Other relevant points relate to the supportive attitude of a class towards slower pupils, the lack of competition within a class, and the positive emphasis on learning for oneself and improving one’s own standard. And the view of repetitively boring lessons and learning the facts by heart, which is sometimes quoted in relation to Japanese classes, may be unfair and unjustified. Nopoor maths lessons were observed. They were mainly good and one or two were inspirational.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this6 There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.7 The percentage of Gross National Product spent on education generally reflects the level of attainment in mathematics.8 Private schools in Japan are more modern and spacious than state-run lower secondary schools.9 Teachers mark homework in Japanese schools.Questions 10-13Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.10 Maths textbooks in Japanese schools areA cheap for pupils to buyB well organized and adapted to the needs of the pupils.C written to be used in conjunction with TV programmes.D not very popular with many Japanese teachers.11 When a new maths topic is introduced，A students answer questions on the board.B students rely entirely on the textbook.C it is carefully and patiently explained to the students.D it is usual for students to use extra worksheets.12 How do schools deal with students who experience difficulties?A They are given appropriate supplementary tuition.B They are encouraged to copy from other pupils.C They are forced to explain their slow progress.D They are placed in a mixed-ability class.13 Why do Japanese students tend to achieve relatively high rates of success in maths?A It is a compulsory subject in Japan.B They are used to working without help from others.C Much effort is made and correct answers are emphasized.D there is a strong emphasis on repetitive learning.READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.Biological control of pestsThe continuous and reckless use of synthetic chemicals for the control of pests which pose a threat to agricultural crops and human health is proving to be counter-productive. Apart from engendering widespread ecological disorders, pesticides have contributed to the emergence of a new breed of chemical-resistant, highly lethal superbugs.According to a recent study by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), more than 300 species of agricultural pests have developed resistance to a wide range of potent chemicals. Not to be left behind are the disease-spreading pests, about 100 species of which have become immune to a variety of insecticides now in use.One glaring disadvantage of pesticides’ application is that,while destroying harmful pests, they also wipe out many useful non-targeted organisms, which keep the growth of the pest population in check. This results in what agroecologists call the ‘treadmill syndrome’. Because of their tremendous breeding potential and genetic diversity, many pests are known to withstand synthetic chemicals and bear offspring with a built-in resistance to pesticides.The havoc that the ‘treadmill syndrome’ can bring about is well illustrated by what happened to cotton farmers in Central America. In the early 1940s, basking in the glory of chemical-based intensive agriculture, the farmers avidly took to pesticides as a sure measure to boost crop yield. The insecticide was applied eight times a year in the mid-1940s, rising to 28 in a season in the mid-1950s, following the sudden proliferation of three new varieties of chemical-resistant pests.By the mid-1960s, the situation took an alarming turn with the outbreak of four more new pests, necessitating pesticide spraying to such an extent that 50% of the financial outlay on cotton production was accounted for by pesticides. In the early 1970s, the spraying frequently reached 70 times a season as the farmers were pushed to the wall by the invasion of genetically stronger insect species.Most of the pesticides in the market today remain inadequately tested for properties that cause cancer and mutations as well as for other adverse effects on health, says a study by United States environmental agencies. The United States National Resource Defense Council has found that DDT was the most popular of a long list of dangerous chemicals in use.In the face of the escalating perils from indiscriminate applications of pesticides, a more effective and ecologicallysound strategy of biological control, involving the selective use of natural enemies of the pest population, is fast gaining popularity — though, as yet, it is a new field with limited potential. The advantage of biological control in contrast to other methods is that it provides a relatively low-cost, perpetual control system with a minimum of detrimental side-effects. When handled by experts, bio-control is safe, non-polluting and self-dispersing.The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control (CIBC) in Bangalore, with its global network of research laboratories and field stations, is one of the most active, non-commercial research agencies engaged in pest control by setting natural predators against parasites. CIBC also serves as a clearing-house for the export and import of biological agents for pest control world-wide.CIBC successfully used a seed-feeding weevil, native to Mexico, to control the obnoxious parthenium weed, known to exert devious influence on agriculture and human health in both India and Australia. Similarly the Hyderabad-based Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), supported by CIBC, is now trying out an Argentinian weevil for the eradication of water hyacinth, another dangerous weed, which has become a nuisance in many parts of the world. According to Mrs Kaiser Jamil of RRL, ‘The Argentinian weevil does not attack any other plant and a pair of adult bugs could destroy the weed in 4-5 days.’ CIBC is also perfecting the technique for breeding parasites that prey on ‘disapene scale’ insects — notorious defoliants of fruit trees in the US and India.How effectively biological control can be pressed into service is proved by the following examples. In the late 1960s, when Sri Lanka’s flouri shing coconut groves were plagued by leaf-mininghispides, a larval parasite imported from Singapore brought the pest under control. A natural predator indigenous to India, Neodumetia sangawani, was found useful in controlling the Rhodes grass-scale insect that was devouring forage grass in many parts of the US. By using Neochetina bruci, a beetle native to Brazil, scientists at Kerala Agricultural University freed a 12-kilometre-long canal from the clutches of the weed Salvinia molesta, popularly called ‘African Payal’ in Kerala. About 30,000 hectares of rice fields in Kerala are infested by this weed.Questions 14-17Choose the correct letter, A, B, C, or D.Write the correct letter in boxes 14-17 on your answer sheet.14 The use of pesticides has contributed toA a change in the way ecologies are classified by agroecologists.B an imbalance in many ecologies around the world .C the prevention of ecological disasters in some parts of the the world .D an increase in the range of ecologies which can be usefully farmed.15 The Food and Agriculture Organisation has counted more than 300 agricultural pests whichA are no longer responding to most pesticides in use.B can be easily controlled through the use of pesticides.C continue to spread disease in a wide range of crops.D may be used as part of bio-control’s replacement of pesticides.16 Cotton farmers in Central America began to use pesticidesA because of an intensive government advertising campaign.B in response to the appearance of new varieties of pest.C as a result of changes in the seasons and the climate.D to ensure more cotton was harvested from each crop.17 By the mid-1960s, cotton farmers in Central America found that pesticidesA were wiping out 50% of the pests plaguing the crops.B were destroying 50% of the crop they were meant to protect.C were causing a 50% increase in the number of new pests reported.D were costing 50% of the total amount they spent on their crops.Questions 18-21Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 18-21 on your answer sheet, writeYES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writerNo if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it impossible to say what the write thinks about this18 Disease-spreading pests respond more quickly to pesticides than agricultural pests do.19 A number of pests are now born with an innate immunity to some pesticides.20 Biological control entails using synthetic chemicals to try and change the genetic make-up of the pests’ offspring.21 Bio-control is free from danger under certain circumstances.Questions 22-26Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-I, below.Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 22-26 on your answersheet.22 Disapene scale insects feed on23 Neodumetia sangawani ate24 Leaf-mining hispides blighted25 An Argentinian weevil may be successful in wiping out26 Salvinia molesta plaguesA forage grass.B rice fields.C coconut trees.D fruit trees.E water hyacinth.F parthenium weed.G Brazilian beetles.H grass-scale insects.I larval parasites.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.Collecting Ant SpecimensCollecting ants can be as simple as picking up stray ones and placing them in a glass jar, or as complicated as completing an exhaustive survey of all species present in an area and estimating their relative abundances. The exact method used will depend on the final purpose of the collections. For taxonomy, or classification, long series, from a single nest, which contain all castes (workers, including majors and minors, and, if present, queens and males) are desirable, to allow the determination of variation within species. For ecological studies, the most important factor is collecting identifiable samples of as many of the different species present as possible. Unfortunately, thesemethods are not always compatible. The taxonomist sometimes overlooks whole species in favour of those groups currently under study, while the ecologist often collects only a limited number of specimens of each species, thus reducing their value for taxonomic investigations.To collect as wide a range of species as possible, several methods must be used. These include hand collecting, using baits to attract the ants, ground litter sampling, and the use of pitfall traps. Hand collecting consists of searching for ants everywhere they are likely to occur. This includes on the ground, under rocks, logs or other objects on the ground, in rotten wood on the ground or on trees, in vegetation, on tree trunks and under bark. When possible, collections should be made from nests or foraging columns and at least 20 to 25 individuals collected. This will ensure that all individuals are of the same species, and so increase their value for detailed studies. Since some species are largely nocturnal, collecting should not be confined to daytime. Specimens are collected using an aspirator (often called a pooter), forceps, a fine, moistened paint brush, or fingers, if the ants are known not to sting. Individual insects are placed in plastic or glass tubes (1.5-3.0 ml capacity for small ants, 5-8 ml for larger ants) containing 75% to 95% ethanol. Plastic tubes with secure tops are better than glass because they are lighter, and do not break as easily if mishandled.Baits can be used to attract and concentrate foragers. This often increases the number of individuals collected and attracts species that are otherwise elusive. Sugars and meats or oils will attract different species and a range should be utilised. These baits can be placed either on the ground or on the trunks of trees or large shrubs. When placed on the ground, baits should besituated on small paper cards or other flat, light-coloured surfaces, or in test-tubes or vials. This makes it easier to spot ants and to capture them before they can escape into the surrounding leaf litter.Many ants are small and forage primarily in the layer of leaves and other debris on the ground. Collecting these species by hand can be difficult. One of the most successful ways to collect them is to gather the leaf litter in which they are foraging and extract the ants from it. This is most commonly done by placing leaf litter on a screen over a large funnel, often under some heat. As the leaf litter dries from above, ants (and other animals) move downward and eventually fall out the bottom and are collected in alcohol placed below the funnel. This method works especially well in rain forests and marshy areas. A method of improving the catch when using a funnel is to sift the leaf litter through a coarse screen before placing it above the funnel. This will concentrate the litter and remove larger leaves and twigs. It will also allow more litter to be sampled when using a limited number of funnels.The pitfall trap is another commonly used tool for collecting ants. A pitfall trap can be any small container placed in the ground with the top level with the surrounding surface and filled with a preservative. Ants are collected when they fall into the trap while foraging. The diameter of the traps can vary from about 18 mm to 10 cm and the number used can vary- from a few to several hundred. The size of the traps used is influenced largely by personal preference (although larger sizes are generally better), while the number will be determined by the study being undertaken. The preservative used is usually ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, as alcohol will evaporate quickly and the trapswill dry out. One advantage of pitfall traps is that they can be used to collect over a period of time with minimal maintenance and intervention. One disadvantage is that some species are not collected as they either avoid the traps or do not commonly encounter them while foraging.Questions 27-30Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27 Taxonomic research involves comparing members of one group of ants.28 New species of ants are frequently identified by taxonomists.29 Range is the key criterion for ecological collections.30 A single collection of ants can generally be used for both taxonomic and ecological purposes.Questions 31-36Classify the following statements as referring toA hand collectingB using baitC sampling ground litterD using a pitfall trapWrite the correct letter, A,B,C or D, in boxes 31-36 on your answer sheet.31 It is preferable to take specimens from groups of ants.32 It is particularly effective for wet habitats.33 It is a good method for species which are hard to find.34 Little time and effort is required.35 Separate containers are used for individual specimens.36 Non-alcoholic preservative should be used.Questions 37-40Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet.剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文(test4)PASSAGE 1 参考译文：数学崛起之地A.就数学的平均成绩而言，日本的纪录要比英格兰和威尔士好得多。
冀教版八年级上册英语第八单元课文翻译
UNIT 8 Celebrating Me! Lesson 57:Help!][0:00.738]UNIT 8 第八单元[0:02.496]Celebrating Me! 赞美我！[0:05.388]Lesson 57: 第57课：[0:07.202]Help! 求助！[0:09.300]THINK ABOUT IT![0:10.888]What do you think of yourself?[0:13.723]How are you unique?[0:16.105]Are you proud of yourself?[0:18.487]Why or why not?[0:20.642]What makes Li Ming a good student?[0:24.498]From: 来自：[0:25.405]Li-Ming@[0:28.297]To: 到：[0:29.261]jenny@compmail.ca jenny@compmail. ca[0:31.473]Subject: 主题：[0:32.777]My report for school 为全校作报告[0:34.818]Date: 日期：[0:35.612]08/12 9:03 AM 12月8日上午9点03[0:39.071]Dear Jenny, 亲爱的珍妮：[0:40.489]I hope you can help me with my English project this week. 这周我希望你可以帮助我完成英语课的任务。
[0:44.061]We are describing ourselves in a report. 我们要在报告中描述自己。
[0:46.500]I don't know what to write about myself. 我不知道写我自己什么。
[0:49.392]We are writing about what makes us unique - our special talents, our personal strengths. 我们要写的是是什么使我们独一无二——我们特殊的才能，我们个人的长处。
上外版大学英语精读第5册1-8单元完整版翻译答案（包括短文翻译）
上外版大学英语精读第5册1-8单元完整版翻译答案（包括短文翻译）Passage TranslationUnit1 page 12Mastering a large bank of vocabulary is crucial to speak a foreign language fluently. Unofficial but often quoted statistics about Cambridge First Certificate Examination show that students whose vocabulary less than 3500 words are less likely to pass this exam.The recent research also indicates that the native English speakers educated to or above 18 years old know at least 16000 English words.Unless you can speak a language like Spanish or German already, there is no short-cut to a large vocabulary: you have to depend on diligence and dedication.Of course, you can infer from the context the meaning of some new words you come across in reading, but you often have to look up in a dictionary to clarify their exact meanings.A practical method to learn new words may be reading widely, especially those you find interesting or exciting.Reading the same book repeatedly i s of great use: You’ll learn different new words every time you read, and the familiar context also helps to engrave those new words on your mind deeply.Unit 24. page 361) I don’t think it is realistic to turn to him for help. As a matter of fact, he himselfis in need of help.2) More and more people are being awakened to the urgent need of combating airpollution.3) There are visible signs that some of the time-honored old traditions and valuesare no longer cherished by the young people.4) Many of us find the notion of the immeasurable (boundless) universe hard to grasp.5) Because of so many loopholes in the laws and regulations, it is little(small)wonder that a handful of speculators got rich overnight.6) An unprecedented boom in tourism brought sudden prosperity to the smallborder town, which was formerly inhabited by only three hundred people.7) In the light of this information, that country already has the capabilities to makenuclear weapons.8) Regardless of repeated warnings from his friends, he staked all his money onhigh-risk ventures.Unit3 page 65If you set out to do some business but failed, do not lose your confidence. There are great differences between that “I failed three times” and “I am a failure”. As long as you try to learn from your failure instead of holding a negative view about yourself or identifying with failure, you are very likely to succeed in the future. Have you ever thought that those who have failed again and again are always the victims of bad self-image? They failed often because of not external reasons but internal reasons.Countless examples verify that if those people could be prevailed on the change of their view and set up positive self-image, their performance would change miraculously. Success can come at any time, whenever you are thirty, forty or when itseems that you have failed all your life. Success in early years is sweet, but the late one is tastier.Unit4 Page 874.1) Far from being permissive, many parents are putting tremendous pressure on their children to beexceptional in everything.2) Owing to her academic excellence, this Changsha girl has been accepted by several prestigious,American universities, including Harvard, Yale and MIT.3) Many parents start their children in piano or violin lessons at ever-earlier ages in hopes that theywill become exceptional pianists or violinists.4) In modern society, clothing styles change yearly. Some are in this year but will be out the next.5) More likely than not, what this“new” parenting idea brings about will be“super problems”rather than “super kids”.6) Young people should be given the opportunity to take the initiative, to take responsibility fortheir mistakes and credit for their achievement.7) In my view, he is so weak-willed that he could hardly give up smoking. To my surprise, he haseasily cured himself of this bad habit.8) Demands on students have to be tailored to their interests and abilities.Unit5Scientists are a small group of people who are striving to gain insight into nature and seek for laws in the superficial disorder. They have a special ability to think and analyze, and unlimited patience in observing and collecting data. However, not all scientific discoveries can be ascribed to (归因于) abilities and patience; they usually connect closely with creative imagination. Of course, the leap of imagination is often the first step leading to discoveries. Moreover, scientists are famous for their honesty. They put a high premium to honesty, mainly because their honesty is crucial to their career. Every theory they put forward has to be further tested. Ever error and lie are sure to be found. So, if finding some evidence contradicting with their ideas, scientists modify even abandon their ideas, instead of concealing them. In this way, they accumulate an immense amount of knowledge, which can help us understand ourselves and surroundings better.Unit6One day, we received an invitation from my father to his sixtieth birthday party. Jenny regarded it as my father’s actively reaching out to reconciliation, so we should accept it. I was in the midst of abstracting an important case and preparing for the coming exams at that time, hence I only used the simplest words to tell her no day to reconcile forever. My refusal apparently made Jenny depre ssed, but as a rational woman, she didn’t quarrel with me. She just tried to persuade me. But it only made me furious, thinking that Jenny made me upset deliberately. I must have been crazy then, because I did a thing for which I would never forgive myself—I shouted at Jenny and hurled the phone at her. When I turned back to see her, she had alreadydisappeared. I went out to look for her everywhere, but in vain. I was scared to death, not knowing what to do next. When I was going to give up, I suddenly saw Jenny sitting in front of our house. I walked forward to her, saying“Jenny，I’m sorr y—”But she interrupted my apology and said, “ Love means not ever having to say sorry.”Unit74.1. When I was a kid, I was so fascinated with the idea of travelling round the world that I would spend hours in my grandfather’s sanctum for several hours, rolling the globe and dreaming of the places I would like to visit.2. A time bomb exploded this afternoon in one of London’s biggest supermarkets, evoking a great panic among people.3. Accompanied by his father, Bill went to the police station and confessed to the police officer that he had robbed an old man of his gold watch two weeks ago.4. After getting engaged to Jane, Stephen started working hard for the first time in his life. And before long he distinguished himself as a young theoretical physicist.5. Prof. Stone is well-know for his sternness. But, to everyone’s surprise, the speech he made at his daughter’s wedding last Saturday was full of wit and humor.6.To our surprise, there are so many people willing to do voluntary work for the benefit of the community.Unit81.The increasing prosperity of the country in a sense owes the government’s policyof economic reform.2.The Negro leader regarded it as his sacred obligation todevote himself to realizingracial equality.3.In 1976, the three main architects of the People’s Republic of China—PremierZhou Enlai，Marshal Zhu De and Chairman Mao Zedong died in sequence.4.I reminded the headmaster more than once of his promise to protect the retiredteacher’s legitimate behalf.5.The main idea of the story is that one’s destiny ties up with the whole country’s.6.The riches the young man fell heir to made him realize his dream.。
形容词作定语-passage 8
8.形容词作定语(1)Did you have a good dinner?您这顿饭吃得满意吗？(2)That altered, frightened, fat face, told his secret well enough.他的胖脸吓得走了样子，使他心里的打算也就充分地泄露了出来。
(3)During January, February, and part of March, the deep snows, andafter their melting, the almost impassable roads prevented our stirringbeyond the garden wails, except to go to church.一月、二月，还有三月的部分时间，雪积得厚厚的，一旦融化，道路就几乎无法通行，我们除了去教堂做礼拜以外，不到花园围墙外面去活动。
(4)He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapidsuccession.他说的意思矛盾百出，一会儿一个样，变得很快，这习惯真叫人受不了。
(5)Many incipient crises with Soviet Union have been contained or settledwithout ever reaching the point of public disagreement.对苏关系中许多危机在发生之初，还没有发展到分歧公开化的时候就受到遏制或解决了。
(6)This film is a dramatic treatment of a threatened stoppage in a factory.本片用戏剧手法，表现了一家工厂面临罢工威胁的情况。
Teacher’s notes：上述译文集各家之长（包括翻译界名人和评论家），具有一定的权威性，因此可以据之立论。
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案解析（test1）
剑桥雅思阅读8原文翻译及答案解析(test1)雅思阅读是块难啃的硬骨头，需要我们做更多的题目才能得心应手。
下面小编给大家分享一下剑桥雅思阅读4test1原文翻译及答案解析，希望可以帮助到大家。
剑桥雅思阅读8原文(test1)READING PASSAGE 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below.A Chronicle of TimekeepingOur conception of time depends on the way we measure itA According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000 years ago, and long before the advent of the Roman Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time, introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in particular, to regulate planting and harvesting. They based their calendars on three natural cycles: the solar day, marked by the successive periods of light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the changing seasons that accompany our planet's revolution around the sun.B Before the invention of artificial light, the moon had greater social impact. And, for those living near the equator in particular, its waxing and waning was more conspicuous than the passing of the seasons. Hence, the calendars that were developed at the lower latitudes were influenced more by the lunar cycle than by the solar year. In more northern climes, however, where seasonal agriculture was practised, the solar year became more crucial. As the Roman Empire expanded northward, it organised its activity chart for the most part around the solar year.C Centuries before the Roman Empire, the Egyptians had formulated a municipal calendar having 12 months of 30 days, with five days added to approximate the solar year. Each period of ten days was marked by the appearance of special groups of stars called decans. At the rise of the star Sirius just before sunrise, which occurred around the all-important annual flooding of the Nile, 12 decans could be seen spanning the heavens. The cosmic significance the Egyptians placed in the 12 decans led them to develop a system in which each interval of darkness (and later, each interval of daylight) was divided into a dozen equal parts. These periods became known as temporal hours because their duration varied according to the changing length of days and nights with the passing of the seasons. Summer hours were long, winter ones short; only at the spring and autumn equinoxes were the hours of daylight and darkness equal. Temporal hours, which were first adopted by the Greeks and then the Romans, who disseminated them through Europe, remained in use for more than 2,500 years.D In order to track temporal hours during the day, inventors created sundials, which indicate time by the length or direction of the sun's shadow. The sundial's counterpart, the water clock, was designed to measure temporal hours at night. One of the first water clocks was a basin with a small hole near the bottom through which the water dripped out. The falling water level denoted the passing hour as it dipped below hour lines inscribed on the inner surface. Although these devices performed satisfactorily around the Mediterranean, they could not always be depended on in the cloudy and often freezing weather of northern Europe.E The advent of the mechanical clock meant that although itcould be adjusted to maintain temporal hours, it was naturally suited to keeping equal ones. With these, however, arose the question of when to begin counting, and so, in the early 14th century, a number of systems evolved. The schemes that divided the day into 24 equal parts varied according to the start of the count: Italian hours began at sunset, Babylonian hours at sunrise, astronomical hours at midday and 'great clock' hours, used for some large public clocks in Germany, at midnight. Eventually these were superseded by 'small clock', or French, hours, which split the day into two 12-hour periods commencing at midnight.F The earliest recorded weight-driven mechanical clock was built in 1283 in Bedfordshire in England. The revolutionary aspect of this new timekeeper was neither the descending weight that provided its motive force nor the gear wheels (which had been around for at least 1,300 years) that transferred the power; it was the part called the escapement. In the early 1400s came the invention of the coiled spring or fusee which maintained constant force to the gear wheels of the timekeeper despite the changing tension of its mainspring. By the 16th century, a pendulum clock had been devised, but the pendulum swung in a large arc and thus was not very efficient.G To address this, a variation on the original escapement was invented in 1670, in England. It was called the anchor escapement, which was a lever-based device shaped like a ship's anchor. The motion of a pendulum rocks this device so that it catches and then releases each tooth of the escape wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a precise amount. Unlike the original form used in early pendulum clocks, the anchor escapement permitted the pendulum to travel in a very small arc. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a long pendulum which could beat once asecond and thus led to the development of a new floor-standing case design, which became known as the grandfather clock.H Today, highly accurate timekeeping instruments set the beat for most electronic devices. Nearly all computers contain a quartz-crystal clock to regulate their operation. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed down from Global Positioning System satellites calibrate the functions of precision navigation equipment, they do so as well for mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems and nationwide power-distribution grids. So integral have these time-based technologies become to day-to-day existence that our dependency on them is recognised only when they fail to work.Questions 1-4Reading Passage 1 has eight paragraphs, A-H.Which paragraph contains the following information?Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.1 a description of an early timekeeping invention affected by cold temperatures2 an explanation of the importance of geography in the development of the calendarin farming communities3 a description of the origins of the pendulum clock4 details of the simultaneous efforts of different societies to calculate time usinguniform hoursQuestions 5-8Look at the following events (Questions 5-8) and the list of nationalities below.Match each event with the correct nationality, A-F.sheet.5 They devised a civil calendar in which the months were equal in length.6 They divided the day into two equal halves.7 They developed a new cabinet shape for a type of timekeeper.8 They created a calendar to organise public events and work schedules.List of NationalitiesA BabyloniansB EgyptiansC GreeksD EnglishE GermansF FrenchQuestions 9-13Label the diagram below.Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 9-13 on your answer sheet.图片10READING PASSAGE 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-26, which are based on ReadingPassage 2 on the following pages.Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs A and C-G from the list below.sheet.List of Headingsi Disobeying FAA regulationsii Aviation disaster prompts actioniii Two coincidental developmentsiv Setting altitude zonesv An oversimplified viewvi Controlling pilots’ lice ncesvii Defining airspace categoriesviii Setting rules to weather conditionsix Taking off safelyx First steps towards ATC14 Paragraph AExample AnswerParagraph B x15 Paragraph C16 Paragraph D17 Paragraph E18 Paragraph F19 Paragraph GAIR TRAFFIC CONTROLIN THE USAA An accident that occurred in the skies over the Grand Canyon in 1956 resulted in the establishment of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to regulate and oversee the operation of aircraft in the skies over the United States, which were becoming quite congested. The resulting structure of air traffic control has greatly increased the safety of flight in the United States, and similar air traffic control procedures are alsoin place over much of the rest of the world.B Rudimentary air traffic control (ATC) existed well before the Grand Canyon disaster. As early as the 1920s, the earliest air traffic controllers manually guided aircraft in the vicinity of the airports, using lights and flags, while beacons and flashing lights were placed along cross-country routes to establish the earliest airways. However, this purely visual system was useless in bad weather, and, by the 1930s, radio communication was coming into use for ATC. The first region to have something approximating today's ATC was New York City, with other major metropolitan areas following soon after.C In the 1940s, ATC centres could and did take advantage of the newly developed radar and improved radio communication brought about by the Second World War, but the system remained rudimentary. It was only after the creation of the FAA that full-scale regulation of America's airspace took place, and this was fortuitous, for the advent of the jet engine suddenly resulted in a large number of very fast planes, reducing pilots' margin of error and practically demanding some set of rules to keep everyone well separated and operating safely in the air.D Many people think that ATC consists of a row of controllers sitting in front of their radar screens at the nation's airports, telling arriving and departing traffic what to do. This is a very incomplete part of the picture. The FAA realised that the airspace over the United States would at any time have many different kinds of planes, flying for many different purposes, in a variety of weather conditions, and the same kind of structure was needed to accommodate all of them.E To meet this challenge, the following elements were put into effect. First, ATC extends over virtually the entire UnitedStates. In general, from 365m above the ground and higher, the entire country is blanketed by controlled airspace. In certain areas, mainly near airports, controlled airspace extends down to 215m above the ground, and, in the immediate vicinity of an airport, all the way down to the surface. Controlled airspace is that airspace in which FAA regulations apply. Elsewhere, in uncontrolled airspace, pilots are bound by fewer regulations. In this way, the recreational pilot who simply wishes to go flying for a while without all the restrictions imposed by the FAA has only to stay in uncontrolled airspace, below 365m, while the pilot who does want the protection afforded by ATC can easily enter the controlled airspace.F The FAA then recognised two types of operating environments. In good meteorological conditions, flying would be permitted under Visual Flight Rules (VFR), which suggests a strong reliance on visual cues to maintain an acceptable level of safety. Poor visibility necessitated a set of Instrumental Flight Rules (IFR), under which the pilot relied on altitude and navigational information provided by the plane's instrument panel to fly safely. On a clear day, a pilot in controlled airspace can choose a VFR or IFR flight plan, and the FAA regulations were devised in a way which accommodates both VFR and IFR operations in the same airspace. However, a pilot can only choose to fly IFR if they possess an instrument rating which is above and beyond the basic pilot's license that must also be held.G Controlled airspace is divided into several different types, designated by letters of the alphabet. Uncontrolled airspace is designated Class F, while controlled airspace below 5,490m above sea level and not in the vicinity of an airport is Class E. All airspace above 5,490m is designated Class A. The reason for thedivision of Class E and Class A airspace stems from the type of planes operating in them. Generally, Class E airspace is where one finds general aviation aircraft (few of which can climb above 5,490m anyway), and commercial turboprop aircraft. Above 5,490m is the realm of the heavy jets, since jet engines operate more efficiently at higher altitudes. The difference between Class E and A airspace is that in Class A, all operations are IFR, and pilots must be instrument-rated, that is, skilled and licensed in aircraft instrumentation. This is because ATC control of the entire space is essential. Three other types of airspace, Classes D, C and B, govern the vicinity of airports. These correspond roughly to small municipal, medium-sized metropolitan and major metropolitan airports respectively, and encompass an increasingly rigorous set of regulations. For example, all a VFR pilot has to do to enter Class C airspace is establish two-way radio contact with ATC. No explicit permission from ATC to enter is needed, although the pilot must continue to obey all regulations governing VFR flight. To enter Class B airspace, such as on approach to a major metropolitan airport, an explicit ATC clearance is required. The private pilot who cruises without permission into this airspace risks losing their license.Questions 20-26Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 2?In boxes 20-26 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this20 The FAA was created as a result of the introduction of the jet engine.21 Air Traffic Control started after the Grand Canyon crash in 1956.22 Beacons and flashing lights are still used by ATC today.23 Some improvements were made in radio communication during World War II.24 Class F airspace is airspace which is below 365m and not near airports.25 All aircraft in Class E airspace must use IFR.26 A pilot entering Class C airspace is flying over an average-sized city.READING PASSAGE 3You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40, which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.TELEPATHYCan human beings communicate by thought alone? For more than a century the issue of telepathy has divided the scientific community, and even today it still sparks bitter controversy among top academicsSince the 1970s, parapsychologists at leading universities and research institutes around the world have risked the derision of sceptical colleagues by putting the various claims for telepathy to the test in dozens of rigorous scientific studies. The results and their implications are dividing even the researchers who uncovered them.Some researchers say the results constitute compelling evidence that telepathy is genuine. Other parapsychologists believe the field is on the brink of collapse, having tried to produce definitive scientific proof and failed. Sceptics and advocates alike do concur on one issue, however: that the most impressive evidence so far has come from the so-called 'ganzfeld'experiments, a German term that means 'whole field'. Reports of telepathic experiences had by people during meditation led parapsychologists to suspect that telepathy might involve 'signals' passing between people that were so faint that they were usually swamped by normal brain activity. In this case, such signals might be more easily detected by those experiencing meditation — like tranquillity in a relaxing 'whole field' of light, sound and warmth.The ganzfeld experiment tries to recreate these conditions with participants sitting in soft reclining chairs in a sealed room, listening to relaxing sounds while their eyes are covered with special filters letting in only soft pink light. In early ganzfeld experiments, the telepathy test involved identification of a picture chosen from a random selection of four taken from a large image bank. The idea was that a person acting as a 'sender' would attempt to beam the image over to the 'receiver' relaxing in the sealed room. Once the session was over, this person was asked to identify which of the four images had been used. Random guessing would give a hit-rate of 25 per cent; if telepathy is real, however, the hit-rate would be higher. In 1982, the results from the first ganzfeld studies were analysed by one of its pioneers, the American parapsychologist Charles Honorton. They pointed to typical hit-rates of better than 30 per cent — a small effect, but one which statistical tests suggested could not be put down to chance.The implication was that the ganzfeld method had revealed real evidence for telepathy. But there was a crucial flaw in this argument —one routinely overlooked in more conventional areas of science. Just because chance had been ruled out as an explanation did not prove telepathy must exist; there were manyother ways of getting positive results. These ranged from 'sensory leakage' — where clues about the pictures accidentally reach the receiver —to outright fraud. In response, the researchers issued a review of all the ganzfeld studies done up to 1985 to show that 80 per cent had found statistically significant evidence. However, they also agreed that there were still too many problems in the experiments which could lead to positive results, and they drew up a list demanding new standards for future research.After this, many researchers switched to autoganzfeld tests — an automated variant of the technique which used computers to perform many of the key tasks such as the random selection of images. By minimising human involvement, the idea was to minimise the risk of flawed results. In 1987, results from hundreds of autoganzfeld tests were studied by Honorton in a 'meta-analysis', a statistical technique for finding the overall results from a set of studies. Though less compelling than before, the outcome was still impressive.Yet some parapsychologists remain disturbed by the lack of consistency between individual ganzfeld studies. Defenders of telepathy point out that demanding impressive evidence from every study ignores one basic statistical fact: it takes large samples to detect small effects. If, as current results suggest, telepathy produces hit-rates only marginally above the 25 per cent expected by chance, it's unlikely to be detected by a typical ganzfeld study involving around 40 people: the group is just not big enough. Only when many studies are combined in a meta-analysis will the faint signal of telepathy really become apparent. And that is what researchers do seem to be finding.What they are certainly not finding, however, is any changein attitude of mainstream scientists: most still totally reject the very idea of telepathy. The problem stems at least in part from the lack of any plausible mechanism for telepathy.Various theories have been put forward, many focusing on esoteric ideas from theoretical physics. They include 'quantum entanglement', in which events affecting one group of atoms instantly affect another group, no matter how far apart they may be. While physicists have demonstrated entanglement with specially prepared atoms, no-one knows if it also exists between atoms making up human minds. Answering such questions would transform parapsychology. This has prompted some researchers to argue that the future lies not in collecting more evidence for telepathy, but in probing possible mechanisms. Some work has begun already, with researchers trying to identify people who are particularly successful in autoganzfeld trials. Early results show that creative and artistic people do much better than average: in one study at the University of Edinburgh, musicians achieved a hit-rate of 56 per cent. Perhaps more tests like these will eventually give the researchers the evidence they are seeking and strengthen the case for the existence of telepathy.Questions 27-30Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.Write the correct letter, A-G, in boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet.27 Researchers with differing attitudes towards telepathy agree on28 Reports of experiences during meditation indicated29 Attitudes to parapsychology would alter drastically with30 Recent autoganzfeld trials suggest that success rates will improve withA the discovery of a mechanism for telepathyB the need to create a suitable environment for telepathy.C their claims of a high success rate.D a solution to the problem posed by random guessing.E the significance of the ganzfeld experiments.F a more careful selection of subjects.G a need to keep altering conditions.Questions 31-40Complete the table below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 31-40 on your answer sheet.Telepathy ExperimentsName/DateDescription Result FlawGanzfeldStudies1982 Involved a personacting as a31..............who picked out one32............froma random selectionof four, and a33..............,who then tried toidentify it. Hit-rates werehigher than withrandom guessing. Positive resultscould be producedby factors such as34..............or35.............. .Autoganzfeldstudies1987 36.............were used for keytasks to limit theamount of37..............in carrying out thetest. The results werethen subjected toa 38............. The 39..........between differenttest results wasput down to thefact that samplegroups were not40...................(aswith most ganzfeldStudies).剑桥雅思阅读8原文参考译文test1PASSAGE 1参考译文：时间记录的历史我们对时间的概念取决于我们测量时间的方式有考古证据表明，至少5000年前，早在罗马帝国尚未出现之时，巴比伦人就开始测量时间，他们引进日历来统筹公共活动，计划货物装运，特别是管控作物种植和收割。
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Introduction：
随着个人信息或敏感信息的外泄，数据泄露已经对人们的日常生活形成了严重的安全威胁。
数据泄露包括以下事件：由犯罪团伙做财力支持的黑客的广泛搜索和国家政府对旧的电脑配件及信息存储媒介的疏忽处理。
这样的事件有可能会造成身份（信息）盗窃、公司损失客户或其他严重后果。
如何避免数据泄露？或者数据泄露能否被完全根除？Bill Morrow正在努力解决这些问题。
正文：
2006年12月被报导出的TJX公司大量安全漏洞推动数据泄露成为热点新闻。
长久以来，每年会发生数以百计的数据泄露。
然而，大多数除却被攻击的消费者对日常信息泄露并不在意。
当敏感信息或个人信息（即社会安全账号、银行账号）被暴露在外界情报员时，数据泄露就发生了。
根据身份（信用）盗窃处理中心的统计，发生在2008年1月至8月的数据泄露比2007年全年发生的还多。
总体上，我国平均每月有57间泄露事件发生，11.4%发生在金融企业。
鉴于如此之高的发生率，所有银行拥有一套抵御及预防数据泄露的预案是十分重要的。
提高安全意识
在很多情况下，数据泄露不能被事前预防措施阻止。
事实上，银行可以采取很多手段来减少发生数据泄露的机会。
装有用户信息的手提电脑和其他数码媒介的丢失引起的21.6%的数据泄露，14%是意外上传消费者敏感信息造成的。
由于这些都是突发事件，因此很难防范。
然而，银行可以通过雇员培训来降低此类事件发生的可能性。
通过一共身份（信用）盗窃保护作为员工福利或仅仅提供更健全的安全教育课程，可以提升整个银行的信息安全意识及对欺诈和身份（信用）盗窃的注意。
依照这些主动行为，雇员将更加额外留意敏感信息，以及像管理层竟是不安全的信息业务。
从根本上讲，这建立起了一直监视安全问题的人工防火墙。
公司雇员窃取客户信息占数据泄露的15.6%。
由于不完善的背景筛查过程，每年大约200万信息盗贼通过使用投来的证明材料被雇佣。
通过使用无所不包的背景筛查过程来验证申请人的信息，包括他们的姓名、生日资料，以此在那些罪犯得到工作前阻止他们。
完整的检查也包括别名、化名的公共记录、犯罪记录和性犯罪记录。
另外，不间断的犯罪记录监测将确保雇员不会再受雇期间犯下新罪。
当你成功的从雇员和申请人中清除信息盗贼后，也要从分包商中清除信息盗贼。
2008年有16%的数据泄露被追查到分包商。
不要有雇员拥有整日接近你分部和客户信息的机会。
确保你知道是谁进入你的银行，无论是清洁工、垃圾回收员伙食邮件递送服务。
只与那些利用广泛背景审查制度防止信息盗贼被雇佣的厂商合作。
这个额外的预防措施将帮助你的客户和他们的个人信息周围只有已经审查清除的人。
提前行动做好准备
即使这些措施也许可以帮助防止你的银行的数据泄露，但它们并不足以防止泄露。
因此，你也需要准备一个预案从而能够在信息泄露发生时可以快速反应。
至少44个州，华盛顿特区和波多黎各都已经颁布了要求通知涉及个人信息的泄露的法律。
在德克萨斯州，商家被要求尽可能快的通知他们的客户关于个人信息的泄露，并且民事或刑事的罚款都可能导致商家破产从而导致商家会立即通知客户信息漏洞如。
如果泄露发
生时如何能够一步一步的按计划去着手处理是极其重要的。
这包括了在内部通知谁（如安全主管，CEO），在外部通知谁（如司法部长，FBI），以及如何修改用户的和公共关系的计划。
根据研究隐私和数据保护措施的波尼蒙研究所，31%的客户会在公司出现数据泄漏时放弃那家公司。
极少的商家可以再恢复将近三分之一的客户基础的丢失。
在顾客是否愿意继续在发生数据泄露的公司办理业务，如何处理数据的泄露扮演者很重要的角色。
许多受害的公司是因为他们的通知程序而失去客户的。
客户们都不想在新闻中听到他们的银行发生了信息泄露的事件。
确保客户从你那里得到信息，你可以利用位置服务来找的绝大多数的受害者的正确地址。
听起来好像十分简单，但许多商家都很让人失望，因为他们将信息泄露的通知发到了过期的地址，那也就意味着客户永远接受不到信息。
因此，一旦你已经通知了你的客户关于信息泄露的事，通过提供他们身份盗窃保护来帮助他们保护个人身份信息。
如今又可以使用非常多的身份盗窃的保护措施，但向客户显示是你优先考虑的事，你要选择一个高于基本信用监控的安全措施。
选择一个提供可以实时监控信用卡记录，法庭和公共场合记录，非信贷贷款记录，网络和性犯罪记录的安全措施，从而确保可以查清贷款和非贷款犯罪活动。
一个综合的服务也会提供身份盗窃的保险和身份恢复的服务，从而提供360度的防止身份盗窃的保护。
不要等待，现在就行动
今年早些时候，纽约梅隆银行因未加密的后备的计算机磁盘的丢失，而导致了将近一千两百万的客户的个人和财产信息丢失。
报道估计平均每份信息的泄露造成了197美元的损失。
因此，面对超过一千两百万的客户被影响的局面，纽约梅隆银行在即将到来的月份里面将面对极其艰难的战斗。
这个案例仅是另一个如今全球信息泄露事件频发的例子。
没有商家是免疫的。
因为有太多的因素会导致泄露的发生，在绝大数案件中泄漏发生只是时间问题。
当信息泄露事件发生是，人们将会依据你的反映来评判你。
积极做好准备。
要在信息泄露发生之前知道你的责任，从而确保你自己可以快速的有效的对情况做出回应，进而帮助保护你的公司，你的员工，你的顾客。