语言学教程_第三版_第一章_语言学导论
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■ Language distinguishes human beings from animals in that it is far more sophisticated than any animal
communication system.
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
Chapter 1
Invitations to Linguistics
主讲人
齐振海
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
1.1 Why Study Language? 1.2 What Is Language? 1.3 Design Features of Language 1.3.1 Arbitrariness 1.3.2 Duality 1.3.3 Creativity 1.3.4 Displacement 1.4 Origin of Language 1.5 Functions of Language 1.5.1 Informative Function 1.5.2 Interpersonal Function 1.5.3 Performative Function 1.5.4 Emotive Function 1.5.5 Phatic Communion 1.5.6 Recreational Function 1.5.7 Metalingual Function 1.6 What Is Linguistics?
essential one. It is both a social product of the faculty of speech and a collection of necessary conventions that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty‖. —Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913): Course in General Linguistics (1916)
■(3) All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system
of semantics. ■(4) Everyone speaks a dialect. ■(5) Language slowly changes. ■(6) Speakers of all languages employ a range of styles and a set of jargons.
effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.
■ Language is ―the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of
habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.‖ —Robert A. Hall (1911-1997): Introductory Linguistics (1964)
■“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a society interact in
terms of their total culture.‖ —George Trager: The Field of Linguistics (1949)
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
■Definitions of language in the textbook: ■“Language is a means of verbal communication.‖ ■It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. ■It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place
1.2 What Is Language?
■Some most frequently used senses of the word ―language‖ from Webster’s New World Dictionary: Namely: (a) human speech; (b) the ability to communicate by this means; (c) a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; (d) the written representation of such a system; ■Other senses: e.g. the study of multimodal discourses which resorts to such symbolic resources as images and
英 语 专 业 考 研 真 题 精 选
一、选择题 Which of the following statement is NOT true? [大连外国语学院2008研] A. Language is a means of vocal communication. B. Language is instrumental. C. Language is social and conventional. 【答案】B 二、判断正误 1. ―Language operates by rules‖ is a fundamental view about language. [大连外国语学院2008研]
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
■Several important definitions of language: ■Language ―is not to be confused with human speech, of which it is only a definite part, though certainly an
■“Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of symbols principally transmitted by
vocal sounds.‖ —Stuart C. Poole: An Introduction to Linguistics (1999)
wk.baidu.com
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
1.1 Why Study Language?
■Some myths about language: ■Language is only a means of communication. ■Language has a form-meaning correspondence. ■The function of language is to exchange information. ■English is more difficult to learn than Chinese. ■Black English is not standard and should be reformed. ■Some fundamental views about Language: ■(1) Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction. ■(2) Language operates by rules.
■(7) Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
■(8) Writing is derivative of speech.
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
sounds.
■The term multimodal refers to at least five modes of meaning-making: linguistic, visual, gestural, spatial and audio, working together to texts.
【答案】T
2. It is conclusive that Chinese is regarded as the primeval language. [清华大学2000研] 【答案】F 3. Wherever humans exist, language exists. [对外经济贸易大学2006研] 【答案】F
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
三、简答题
Why is it difficult to define language? [北京第二外国语学院2004研]
【答案】It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
1.7 Main Branches of Linguistics 1.7.1 Phonetics 1.7.2 Phonology 1.7.3 Morphology 1.7.4 Syntax 1.7.5 Semantics 1.7.6 Pragmatics 1.8 Macrolinguistics 1.8.1 Psycholinguistics 1.8.2 Sociolinguistics 1.8.3 Anthropological Linguistics 1.8.4 Computational Linguistics 1.9 Important Distinctions in Linguistics 1.9.1 Descriptive vs. Prescriptive 1.9.2 Synchronic vs. Diachronic 1.9.3 Langue & Parole 1.9.4 Competence and Performance
communication system.
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
Chapter 1
Invitations to Linguistics
主讲人
齐振海
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
1.1 Why Study Language? 1.2 What Is Language? 1.3 Design Features of Language 1.3.1 Arbitrariness 1.3.2 Duality 1.3.3 Creativity 1.3.4 Displacement 1.4 Origin of Language 1.5 Functions of Language 1.5.1 Informative Function 1.5.2 Interpersonal Function 1.5.3 Performative Function 1.5.4 Emotive Function 1.5.5 Phatic Communion 1.5.6 Recreational Function 1.5.7 Metalingual Function 1.6 What Is Linguistics?
essential one. It is both a social product of the faculty of speech and a collection of necessary conventions that have been adopted by a social body to permit individuals to exercise that faculty‖. —Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913): Course in General Linguistics (1916)
■(3) All languages have three major components: a sound system, a system of lexicogrammar and a system
of semantics. ■(4) Everyone speaks a dialect. ■(5) Language slowly changes. ■(6) Speakers of all languages employ a range of styles and a set of jargons.
effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues, motivation, and socio-cultural roles.
■ Language is ―the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of
habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols.‖ —Robert A. Hall (1911-1997): Introductory Linguistics (1964)
■“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a society interact in
terms of their total culture.‖ —George Trager: The Field of Linguistics (1949)
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
■Definitions of language in the textbook: ■“Language is a means of verbal communication.‖ ■It is instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a purposeful act. ■It is social and conventional in that language is a social semiotic and communication can only take place
1.2 What Is Language?
■Some most frequently used senses of the word ―language‖ from Webster’s New World Dictionary: Namely: (a) human speech; (b) the ability to communicate by this means; (c) a system of vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed, used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings; (d) the written representation of such a system; ■Other senses: e.g. the study of multimodal discourses which resorts to such symbolic resources as images and
英 语 专 业 考 研 真 题 精 选
一、选择题 Which of the following statement is NOT true? [大连外国语学院2008研] A. Language is a means of vocal communication. B. Language is instrumental. C. Language is social and conventional. 【答案】B 二、判断正误 1. ―Language operates by rules‖ is a fundamental view about language. [大连外国语学院2008研]
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
■Several important definitions of language: ■Language ―is not to be confused with human speech, of which it is only a definite part, though certainly an
■“Language is a form of human communication by means of a system of symbols principally transmitted by
vocal sounds.‖ —Stuart C. Poole: An Introduction to Linguistics (1999)
wk.baidu.com
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
1.1 Why Study Language?
■Some myths about language: ■Language is only a means of communication. ■Language has a form-meaning correspondence. ■The function of language is to exchange information. ■English is more difficult to learn than Chinese. ■Black English is not standard and should be reformed. ■Some fundamental views about Language: ■(1) Children learn their native language swiftly, efficiently and without instruction. ■(2) Language operates by rules.
■(7) Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
■(8) Writing is derivative of speech.
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
sounds.
■The term multimodal refers to at least five modes of meaning-making: linguistic, visual, gestural, spatial and audio, working together to texts.
【答案】T
2. It is conclusive that Chinese is regarded as the primeval language. [清华大学2000研] 【答案】F 3. Wherever humans exist, language exists. [对外经济贸易大学2006研] 【答案】F
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
三、简答题
Why is it difficult to define language? [北京第二外国语学院2004研]
【答案】It is difficult to define language, as it is such a general term that covers too many things. Thus, definitions for it all have their own special emphasis, and are not totally free from limitations.
中华英语学习网 www.100yingyu.com
官方总站：圣才学习网 www.100xuexi.com
1.7 Main Branches of Linguistics 1.7.1 Phonetics 1.7.2 Phonology 1.7.3 Morphology 1.7.4 Syntax 1.7.5 Semantics 1.7.6 Pragmatics 1.8 Macrolinguistics 1.8.1 Psycholinguistics 1.8.2 Sociolinguistics 1.8.3 Anthropological Linguistics 1.8.4 Computational Linguistics 1.9 Important Distinctions in Linguistics 1.9.1 Descriptive vs. Prescriptive 1.9.2 Synchronic vs. Diachronic 1.9.3 Langue & Parole 1.9.4 Competence and Performance