山东中医药大学中医文献学2019年考博真题考博试卷
山东中医药大学中医文献学2017,2019年考博真题
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东中医药大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：3004中医文献学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上、写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（10*10分=100分）
1.《四库全书总目提要》的特点。
2.陈垣的理校法。
3.避讳的概念，形式，及意义？
考试科目：中医文献学
注意：（10*10分=100分）
1医经七家，医经为何？
2经方十一家
3目录书的结构与特点
4图书亡佚的十次浩劫
5何为辨伪？图书做伪原因
6辨伪12公例
7明清文献有哪些种类
8何为版本？择本的意义
9简椟行制，建国后出土的医书典籍
10因声求义有何作用
4.辨伪八法由谁提出，内容？
5.宋代方剂文献整理特点及代表作。
6.寒凉学派和滋阴学派的代表人物，著作，及特点。由此可见当代评价学派的核心要素有哪些？
7.何谓輯佚？中医文献輯佚工作的目的和意义？
8.版本鉴别。
9.注释需要注意的一般规律？
10.胡适提出的辨伪五个方法。
山东中医药大学
2019年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
山东中医药大学中医专业中医文献学概论期末考试试题及答案
山东中医药大学中医专业中医文献学概论期末考试试题及答案Company number【1089WT-1898YT-1W8CB-9UUT-92108】山东中医药大学中医专业中医文献学概论期末考试试题一、单项选择题（本大题共10题，每题1分，共10分）1．根据现存考古实物来看，商周时期的文献载体主要为（）。
A简牍和兽骨 B甲骨和金石 C金石和简牍 D缣帛和甲骨2．马王堆汉墓出土的方书是（）。
A《合阴阳》 B《天下至道谈》 C《五十二病方》 D《阴阳十一脉灸经》3．最早使用经史子集四部分类的目录着作是（）。
A《晋中经簿》 B《晋元帝四部书目》 C《隋书·经籍志》 D《汉书·艺文志》4．古籍书页中行与行之间的界限，称为（）A栏框 B栏线 C行格 D行款5．原着内容完整，没有残缺或删减的古籍版本，称为（）。
A精刻本 B足本 C精校本 D原刻本6．下列不属于校勘方式的有（）A存真式 B求真式 C校异式 D他校式7．对发音方法简单描写的注音方式称为（）。
A譬况 B读若 C直音 D反切- 1 -装订线8．校正医书局是（）代的官方医籍整理机构。
A汉 B唐 C宋 D明9．在四部分类法中，医学类书籍应当归属于（）。
A经部 B史部 C子部 D集部10．具有范围最广，用力最劳特点的校勘方法是（）。
A对校法 B本校法 C他校法 D理校法得分阅卷人二、填空题（本大题共10题，每题1分，共 10分）1．文献是记录有的一切。
2．一部完整的书目，是由、、和等部分组成。
3．行款是指古籍书页中正文的和字数。
4．历代避讳采用的方法主要有三种，即、和缺笔。
5．与中医药学有关的古代卷子，主要有和两大类。
得分阅卷人三、名词解释（本大题共4 题，每题5分，共20分）1．因形求义2．目录3．版本学4．校勘学得分阅卷人四、简答题（本大题共4题，共30分）1．注释的方法主要包括哪些（7分）2．注释的内容都有哪些（7分）3．何为误字、脱文、衍文、倒错（8分）4．什么是他校法，他校法有何特点（8分）- 2 -装订线五、论述题（本大题共2题，每题15分，共30分）1．校勘有哪几种方法，对校法的前提是什么（15分）2．学习中医文献学概论对你的专业学习和研究有何作用（15分）山东中医药大学中医专业《中医文献学概论》考查试卷答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10题，每题1分，共10分）1．根据现存考古实物来看，商周时期的文献载体主要为（B）。
中医博士试题及答案
中医博士试题及答案一、选择题1. 下列哪项不属于中医的基本理论之一？A. 经络学说B. 阴阳学说C. 五行学说D. 科学哲学答案：D2. 中医的四诊法是指以下哪四项？A. 望、闻、问、切B. 望、闻、嗅、问C. 望、闻、触、问D. 望、味、问、摸答案：A3. 中医中的“气”是指？A. 生命活动的基本物质B. 天地间的能量C. 人体内的能量D. 卫生部门的缩写答案：B4. 中医治疗的核心是？A. 扶正祛邪B. 彻底清除病菌C. 病灶切除手术D. 使用化学药物答案：A5. 中医的经典著作《黄帝内经》是哪个朝代的作品？A. 春秋战国时期B. 东汉时期C. 宋朝时期D. 清朝时期答案：B二、简答题1. 中医的治疗原则有哪些？答案：中医的治疗原则主要包括扶正祛邪、辨证施治、因势利导和整体观念，即辨证施治、因势利导。
2. 中医中的“阴阳学说”是什么意思？答案：中医的“阴阳学说”是指一切存在都是由阴阳两个相反而又统一的方面构成，阴阳具有相互转化、互相依存的关系。
三、论述题中医博士试题及答案仅供参考，以下为一篇论述题的范例，供您参考。
论述：中医药的应用与发展中医药作为中国传统医学的重要组成部分，具有悠久的历史和深厚的理论基础。
随着时代的发展，中医药在世界范围内得到了广泛的应用和认可。
然而，中医药的应用与发展还面临着一些挑战和困境。
首先，中医药在西方医学体系中的地位尚不明确。
西方医学注重以实证为基础的科学研究，而中医药的理论基础和临床经验多源于中医医案和中医经典著作。
因此，中医药在西方医学体系中的地位和认可度相对较低，限制了其在西方国家的发展和应用。
其次，中医药的标准化和规范化仍需加强。
中医药是一门综合性学科，涉及到中药、针灸、推拿等多种治疗手段。
由于地域差异和个体差异，中医药的标准化和规范化存在一定的困难。
因此，加强对中医药治疗方法和药物的标准化研究，建立统一的规范和标准，对于推动中医药的应用和发展具有重要意义。
山东中医药大学考博中医文献学资料
中医文献学1 文献文献一词，首见于《论语·八佾》，其云：“夏礼吾能言之，杞不足征也；殷礼吾能言之，宋不足征也，文献不足故也”。
朱熹《论语正义》中认为“文”即“典策”，也就是书籍；“献”指秉礼贤者的学识。
所以，古代多数学者在解释文献时，均认为“文”即典籍；“献”即贤士大夫的言论。
元代马端临则对“文献”的概念进行了更为明晰的解释，认为“文”泛指一切书本上的记载，“献”则泛指诸贤士名流的议论，以及稗官之记录。
此后，随着社会的发展，“文献”一词的概念有了变化，除泛指书籍外，把具有历史价值的古迹、古物、模型、碑石、绘画等，统称为历史文献。
而在图书情报中，文献一词的含义更广，泛指一切记录知识的印刷型和非印刷型的出版物。
现代广义文献范围更广，凡以文字、图像、符号、声频、视频等手段记录下来的一切知识载体，均属文献范围。
国家标准局于1985年1月31日公布的国家标准规定，文献是指记录有知识的一切载体。
文献又可分为古典文献和现代文献。
是指五四运动以前，雕版、活字版印刷和手抄等古籍，以及碑铭拓本等。
总之，凡是有文字记载，有某种载体的，具有一定历史价值或科学价值的图书文件资料，均可称为古典文献，但不包括没有文字记载的文物。
是指五四运动以后的一切文献资料。
1文献学、中医文献学是指对历史文献进行编纂、校勘、注释等研究整理工作的一门学科。
总体而言是一门新兴学科，其基本任务是继承过去校雠学家的方法、经验和成就，把历史上保存下来的图书资料，运用历史唯物主义和辩证唯物主义观点方法，通过去粗取精、去伪存真、考镜源流，使杂乱无章或古奥难懂的资料条理化、通俗化，为学习研究古籍者提供方便。
是指对中医、中药历史文献进行编篡、校勘、注释等整理工作的一门学科。
1 六书“六书”始自东汉许慎之《说文解字》，其在自序中指出汉字发展的六条规律，称为“六书”，即象形、会意、指事、形声、转注、假借。
象形“象形者，画成其物，随体诘诎，日月是也”。
是字象实物，以描摹实物形状来造字，象形字是汉字的基础。
历年中医药大学博士考题资料
山东中医药大学历年中内及西内考博真题（2000-2010）2000年中医内科1.请阐述水肿、淋证、癃闭、关格的临床特点及联系。
（10分）2.请论述内伤头痛与肝、脾、肾三脏的关系。
（10 分）3.胸痹的发病基础和病理因素是什么？其病理特点如何？怎样辨别阴寒证、痰浊证、气滞证、血瘀证的不同？各证型治疗要点是什么？（10分）4.如何理解“治痿独取阳明”的意义？（10分）5.试述“真中”“类中”的源流考略？（10分）6.痰饮发病的内在病理基础是什么？为什么?其治则如何？为什么？（10分）7.消渴病（糖尿病）临床常见哪些急慢性并发症？请写出消渴病（糖尿病）周围神经病变辨证分型（只写分型）、治法、方剂。
（10分）8.如何理解《血证论》提出的治血四法？（10分）9.调补脾肾为何是治疗虚劳的关键？请论述之。
（10分）10.通窍活血汤方义如何？你在临床应用如何体会？（10分）西内内科一、名词解释：Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭，卓－艾综合症，脾功能亢进，肾病综合症，Graves病，高血压危象。
二、试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。
三、试述PSVT的ECG 表现及临床表现。
四、试述再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。
五、试述急性肾功能衰竭的分类及原因。
六、试述DM的诊断标准。
七、肝硬化腹水形成的主要原因有哪些?2001年中医内科1.你对中西医结合治疗风湿病的看法。
2.中风病（中脏腑、中经络）的临床表现。
3.“开鬼门、洁净府”结合心血管（心衰）的应用。
4.胃痞、胃胀、痞满的鉴别诊断。
5.试述扶正治疗肿瘤（祛邪需要扶正，邪去正自安）6.肝癌、积症的治疗方法，在何时用何法？7.石棉在《内经》的论述及其治法（3个）8.试述“病痰饮者当以温药和之”9.试述糖尿病的非药物治疗。
10.血府逐瘀汤的组成，能治疗心系的那些疾病？西医内科1.慢性腹泻的发病机理。
2.感染性心内膜炎的诊断标准。
3.白血病前期多发MDX 的分类标准。
4.再障的鉴别诊断。
5.癫痫及其处理。
中医博士考试试卷
中医博士考试试卷一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 中医理论体系中，“五行”学说中“木”对应的季节是：A. 春B. 夏C. 秋D. 冬2. 以下哪项不是中医“四诊”的内容：A. 望B. 闻C. 问D. 摸3. 中医中“气”的概念，主要指的是：A. 呼吸的空气B. 生命活动的基本物质C. 食物中的营养成分D. 身体中的水分4. 以下哪个不是中医“八法”中的治疗方法：A. 汗B. 吐C. 下D. 补5. 根据中医理论，以下哪项不是影响“肝气”的因素：A. 情绪B. 饮食C. 环境D. 遗传6. 中医认为“脾”的主要功能是：A. 疏泄B. 运化C. 储藏D. 排泄7. 以下哪个是中医“三焦”理论中的“中焦”：A. 心B. 脾C. 肺D. 肾8. 中医理论中，以下哪项不是“五脏”：A. 心B. 肺C. 肾D. 胆9. 中医中“肾”的功能主要是指：A. 呼吸B. 消化C. 生殖D. 排泄10. 中医中“痰”的概念主要指的是：A. 呼吸道分泌物B. 体内湿气的凝聚C. 血液D. 尿液二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）1. 请简述中医“阴阳”学说的基本理论及其在中医诊断和治疗中的应用。
2. 描述中医“五行”学说中的相生相克规律，并举例说明其在中医治疗中的应用。
3. 请解释中医中的“气”、“血”、“津液”三者之间的关系及其在人体健康中的作用。
三、案例分析题（每题25分，共50分）1. 患者，男，45岁，主诉：长期工作压力大，最近出现头晕、失眠、记忆力减退等症状。
请根据中医理论分析可能的病因，并给出相应的治疗建议。
2. 患者，女，35岁，主诉：月经不调，经期腹痛，面色苍白，舌质淡，脉细。
请根据中医理论分析其可能的病理变化，并给出相应的治疗建议。
四、论述题（共30分）请论述中医的整体观念在现代健康管理中的应用及其意义。
五、附加题（10分，选做）请结合个人经验，谈谈中医在现代疾病预防和治疗中的作用。
【注】：本试卷为模拟试卷，旨在考察考生对中医基本理论、诊断方法、治疗原则的掌握程度以及应用能力。
近5年 中医基础理论考博真题
2016—2020年中医基础理论考博真题上海中医药大学中医基础理论2019年考博真题试卷名词解释(5题，每题4分，共20分)1.土爱稼穑2，阴病治阳3.审证求因4.湿性黏滞5.塞因塞用论述题(5题，每题8分，共40 分)1.营气与卫气有何异同，营卫失和的临床表现2.水湿痰饮的区别与联系3.何为十二经脉的表里关系?其特点与其意义如何?4.外燥与内燥的异同5.脾与精，气，血，津液的生理联系湖南中医药大学2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试考试科目:中医基础理论注意:所有答案-律写在答题纸上。
写在试题纸上或其他地方--律不给分。
、名词解释1.肝主疏泄2.肺主治节3.循经取穴4. 内生五邪5.塞因塞用6.阴病治阳7.精血同源8. 心肾不交二、简答题1. 脾胃的关系。
2. 饮的分类。
3. 药邪的形成及致病特点。
4.风邪致病的特点。
5.心主神明与脑主神明的认识。
6. 三焦的认识。
7.脏腑之别。
山东中医药大学中医基础理论2018年考博真题考试科目:中医基础理论注意:所有答案-律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一-律不给分。
论述题: .1.试述心与肾的关系。
2.《内经》中津液的产生与输布。
3.如何理解冲为血海。
4.火热内生的临床表现及致病因素。
5.体质的概念及形成因素。
6.如何理解大实有赢状，至虚有盛候。
7.试述”阴病治阳，阳病治阴”与”阴中求阳，阳中求阴”有何异同?8.试述湿邪致病特点，及与外湿有何异同?9.谈谈对益火补土法的认识及临床中的应用。
山东中医药大学中医基础理论考博真题1.风邪性质和致病特征，为什么说风为百病之长?2.从病机转化角度说明寒证转化为热证的转变形式?3.虚实的病机机制?2018年山东中医药大学博士考试中医基础理论试题1.试述心与肾的关系。
2.《内经》中津液的产生与输布。
3.如何理解冲为血海。
4.火热内生的临床表现及致病因素。
5.体质的概念及形成因素。
6.如何理解大实有羸状，至虚有盛候。
中医考博试题.doc
中医文献学2005年1何谓文献学？屮医文献学的基础知识包括哪些方而？2金元时期中医学术发展的特点是什么？试述此期的主要医家和医著。
3请问汉刘歆的《七略》中提出的六略分类法是哪六略，其中医经、经方等书籍分在哪一略？4请简述校勘与校觥的关系。
5请简述古籍的丿力代版本类别。
6伪书的形成主要有哪些因素？如何辨析和利用伪书？7宋代校正医书局的主要成员冇哪几位？在中医古籍整理方面有何成就？（举出5例）8中医文献研究中选择善本有何重要意义？9请简述《伤寒杂病论》传本系统。
10试述中医文献研究对于当代中医临床研究的意义和作用。
2006年1何谓文献？简述我国古代文献载体。
2类书与丛书有何区别？各举出三部较著名的中医类书和丛书。
3简述六朝至隋唐时期医药文献发展的特点和代表作品。
4简述避讳的概念、避讳方法并举例说明研究避讳对中医占籍的校勘与利用的意义。
5校勘的主要方法有几种？请简述之。
6请简述点校说明与校勘的概念，并说明两者的区别？7请简述训诂（注释）的基本方法。
8请简述占代书目的基木结构。
9请简述四部分类法，其中“医学类”书籍分在哪一部？10请结合您所从事的研究，谈谈对屮医文献学的认识。
2007年1简述胡适捉出辨别伪书的五种方法。
2我国占代解题课分为几类，请分别进行简述。
3从哪几个方而进行版本鉴别，请试述Z。
4请简述校勘的方式。
5什么是因声求意。
请试述之。
6以《古今图书集成医部全录》为例，分析中医类书的常见体例。
7《黄帝内经》冇哪几个主要传本系统、请简述Z。
8陈垣先生总结占籍校勘“四校法”的主要内容是什么？9六朝至隋唐时期医药文献发展的特点是什么？冇哪些代表作品？10屮国古代书口的基木结构和特点是什么？2008年1什么是类书、丛书？以屮医书籍为例说明二者的特点。
2什么是“比较互证”，其方式主要有哪些？3评判辑佚书优劣的标准是什么？4胡适在《屮国哲学史大纲》对辨别伪书如何认识的？5试述《晋中经簿》一书对目录学分类方法的影响。
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, andit will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in theworld.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in aprocess that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem oftraffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriatefor this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by KalinaMichalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was published in the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59, the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may sca r a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care hada neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day car e in the last decade?A. The children’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day car e the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s developmen t.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves. Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense,the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life an d economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along theBeaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in theregion to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil andgas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the countryhome.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物）is blooming two tothree weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for whenfood is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior canevolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade,rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economicdevelopment and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large researchaircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,”he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver developmentand increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lowerbirthweights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with anincreased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a debilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. Abetter understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent thesehealth issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormonelevels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of theliver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1,which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occurafter birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver diseasecaused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birthweight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potentialmechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growthfactor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when takingin prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore theresults.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the health Passage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on astrange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and wentback to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up inthe middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. Hewould take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or aBritish farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago.He issaid to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know thatthere are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none ofmy sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment,I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to removethe worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four millionsomnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate countcan never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightlywanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. ZeidaTeplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says,“So me people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalkerthrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in thesensory area."In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and doother things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are lik e salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. ZeidaTeplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified twosources of psychic e nergy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key tohis theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. Thework of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay therole of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in consciouslife. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and theyhave their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostlybelow the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referred to as emotions, themodem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, JaakPanksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal wouldsniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry?No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other objectPanksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,”he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ”Pankseppcalledthis seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksep p discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which isassociated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreamingwas actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure。
医学考博2019真题
Listening ：无Vocabulary ：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines 32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acid rain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and itwill not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous disease in the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medicalhelp to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD. accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take place right underour noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD. contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have ______effects onbones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a processthat can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly by giving ______to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at nightwhen it ’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problemof traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing oneappropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understandswhy.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number ofindustrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices,and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overlydependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array ofemergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-preventiontechniques that hiscolleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helpsus understand a person ’emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have knownfar 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychologyat the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend toavoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to beafraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Sympand Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”w,as published in the journal TheJournal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone ’s eyes helps us understand whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respondand what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children —so,understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of sociallearning, ”Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchersshowed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old,images of two women ’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped withan eye tracking device that allowed them to measure54 on the screen children werelooking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the twowomen a total of four times. Next, one of the images was55 with a loud scream anda fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both facesagain without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired withthe loud scream t han the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they payattention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they wereof the faces.3. The more children avoided eye conta；cthe more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of aface when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay moreattention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about thesituation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads togreater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety59 , the study finds that — over time — children may be m i s s6i n0g_ o i m u p t ortantsocial information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary,and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parentsduring the sensitive “attachment p”e riod from birth to three may scar a child ’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children shouldnot be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separationit entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under threewho is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisonsbased on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that theinsulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does notusually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as theNgoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone —far from i Certainty, Bowlby ’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayedeffects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statisticalstudies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the resultswould certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children hadproblems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, t here have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on children ’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effectsdifficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parentsand show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children findthe transition to nursery eas，yand this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experienceand available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parental separation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby ’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What ’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children ’s unhappiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children ’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it ’p sracti c ed by so many peoplenowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason forparents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don ’t know about day care ’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care fortheir children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What ’s the author ’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion fromBowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age ofthree?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needsfurther study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature is expected to increasebetween one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animalhabitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the risein temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant andmarine life and economic activity in Canada’N sort h are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississaugawho is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem alongthe Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice inthe region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oiland gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of thecountry home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing animportant change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton（淳游植物） is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Manyanimals time their annual migration to the Arctic forwhen food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behaviorcan evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of adecade, r ather than hundreds of years, ”says Moore, " Animals can't change theirbehavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in theregion, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resourceextraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will helpgovernment, industry and communities make decisions about resource management,economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study — which involves Canadian, American and Europeanresearchersand government agencies will also use a novel technology to gatheratmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a largeresearch aircraft，and they ’re easier to deploy, ” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with pilotedaircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67. To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicatedby the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD. is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can ’t change their behavior that quickly, ”what doesMoore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D. The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in theArctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will _______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby ’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in theJournal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormonelevels and impaired liver development. Thestudy findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day ormore in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animalstudies have further suggestedthat prenatalcaffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liverdevelopment with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated w ith obesity and diabetes. However, theunderlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver developmentremains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates theseeffects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China,investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose(equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function andhormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin likegrowth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of thestress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activityfor liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normalliver function, as IGF-1 activity increasesand stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease causedby prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced,compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lowerbirth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our currentunderstanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest thepotential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, theseanimal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggeststhat prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findingsstill need to be confirmed in people, I wouldrecommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats givencaffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a long run.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has beenachieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development whentaking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The research hasn ’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers.Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, composemusic, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleepHow many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery?No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrelof salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfrontneighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours lateron a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep.And the great French writer V oltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed,dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went backto bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting upin the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back tohis room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, PanditRamrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that hehad left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer,in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker.He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said toknow more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five yearshad lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers becauseI have read about them in the newspapers. B ut none of mysleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, Idoubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of thosedramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. Itlends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking isthat it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is muchmore common than is generally supposed.Some have estimated that there are fourmillion somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Manysleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that anaccurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vividdream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, o r some otheremotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare ’L asdy Macbeth. Hernightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut. ”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weightyproblems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about t heir problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people ’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are stilltruthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identifiedtwo sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives ”: aggression and libido. The keto his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without themediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplaythe role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processesinconscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist,and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operatesmostly below the horizon of consciousness.Now more commonly referred to as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress,lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers.Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of theforebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, aneurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a placenear the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just abovethe hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, theanimal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something.Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matterany other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a generaldesire for something new. “What I was seeing, ” he says, “was the urge to do stuff.Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, that soundsvery much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seekpleasure in the world of objects, ” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically. ” Solms studied the same region of the brain forhis work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takesplace during a particular form of sleep known as REM — rapid eye movement — whichis associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. WhenSolms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “”s e e m k i o n t g i o n. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libid—o which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it alsohappensto be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience,meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin,who lived before the discovery of genes, ” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision ofmental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it. ” Perhaps it ’sof proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.。
医学考博2019真题
Listening：无Vocabulary：Section A31. According to the Geneva ______no prisoners of war shall be subjectto abuse.A. CustomsB. CongressesC. ConventionsD. Routines32. Environmental officials insist that something be done to ______acidrain.A. curbB. sueC. detoxifyD. condemn33. It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it willhappen______, and it will not be a long process.A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. principallyD. approximately34. Diabetes is one of the most______ and potentially dangerous diseasein the world.A. crucialB. virulentC. colossalD. prevalent35. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and painsfirst seek medical help to ______the problem.A. affiliateB. alleviateC. aggravateD.accelerate36. How is it possible that such______ deception has come to take placeright under our noses?A. obviousB. significantC. necessaryD. widespread37. Now a paper in Science argues that organic chemicals in the rockcome mostly from ______on earth rather than bacteria on Mars.A. configurationB. constitutionC. condemnationD.contamination38. Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.A. adverseB. prevalentC. instantD. purposeful39. Generally, vaccine makers _____ the virus in fertilized chickeneggs in a process that can take four to six months.A. penetrateB. designateC. generateD. exaggerate40. We are much quicker to respond, and we respond far too quickly bygiving ______ to our anger.A. ventB. impulseC. temperD. offenceSection B41. The patient's condition has worsened since last night.A. improvedB. returnedC. deterioratedD. changed42. Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looksmagnificent at night when it’s lit up.A. decoratedB. illustratedC. illuminatedD. entertained43. Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A. amelioratedB. aggregatedC. deterioratedD. duplicated44. The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.A. sufficientB. plentifulC. adequateD. countable45. The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.A. deficitB. deviationC. draw backD. discrepancy46. He has been on hormone alternate therapy for four years and looks fantastic.A. successorB. replacementC. surrogateD. choice47. It had over 2,000 apartment complexes, a great market, a large number of industrial workshops, an administrative center, a number of massive religious edifices, and a regular grid pattern of streets and buildings.A. ancientB. carefullyC. very largeD. carefully protected48. When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A. extremelyB. exclusivelyC. exactlyD. explicitly49. The anxious parent was vigilant over the injured child in spite of a full array of emergency room of doctors and nurses.A. preoccupiedB. unwaryC. watchfulD. dozing50. The doctor vacillated so frequently on disease-prevention techniques that his colleagues accused him of inconsistency.A. waveredB. instigatedC. experimentedD. reliedClozeWe spend a lot of time looking at the eyes of others for social 51 —it helps us understand a person’ emotions, and make decisions about how to respond to them. We also know that adults avoid eye contact when anxious. But researchers have known far 52 about eye gazing patterns in children.According to new research by Kalina Michalska, assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Riverside, we now, know that anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, and this has consequences for how they experience fear. The 53 and less frequently they look at the eyes of others, the more likely they are to be afraid of them, even when there may be no reason to be. Her study, “Anxiety Symptoms and Children's Eye Gaze During Fear Leaming”, was publishedin the journal The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry."Looking at someone’s eyes helps us understan d whether a person is feeling sad, angry, fearful, or surprised. As adults, we then make decisions about how to respond and what to do next. But, we know much less about eye patterns in children—so, understanding those patterns can help us learn more about the development of social learning,” Michalska said.Michalska and the team of researchers showed 82 children, 9 to 13 years old, images of two women’s faces on a computer screen. The computer was equipped with an eye tracking device that allowed them to measure 54 on the screen children were looking, and for how long. The participants were originally shown each of the two women a total of four times. Next, one of the images was 55 with a loud scream and a fearful expression, and the other one was not. At the end, children saw both faces again without any sound or scream.The following three conclusions can be drawn from the study:1. All children spent more time looking at the eyes of a face that was paired with the loud scream than the face that was not paired with the scream, 56 they pay attention to potential threats even in the absence of outward cues.2. Children who were more anxious avoided eye contact during all three phases of the experiment, for both kinds of faces. This had consequences for how afraid they were of the faces.3. The more children avoided eye contact；the more afraid they were 57 the faces.The conclusions suggest that children spend more time looking at the eyes of a face when previously paired with something frightening suggesting they pay more attention to potentially threatening information as a way to learn more about the situation and plan what to do next.However, anxious children tend to avoid making eye contact, which leads to greater 58 experience. Even though avoiding eye contact may reduce anxiety 59 , the study finds that—over time—children may be missing out 60_ important social information. This includes that a person may no longer be threatening or scary, and yet the child continues feeling fearful of that person.51. A. environment B. cues C. relations D. answers52. A. less B. more C. enough D. beyond53. A. longer B. more anxious C. shorter D. more54. A. where B. when C. how D. what55. A. followed B. recorded C. paired D. marked56. A. suggest B. suggesting C. suggests D. being suggested57. A. to B. of C.at D. about58. A. fear B. surprise C. sad D. angry59. A. in the long run B. for a long timeC. in the short timeD. in a long time60. A. with B. without C. of D. onReading ComprehensionPassage OneThe British psychoanalyst John Bowlby maintains that separation from the parents during the sensitive “attachment” p eriod from birth to three may sca r a child’s personality and predispose to emotional problems in later life.Some people have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby' s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three because of the parental separation it entails, and many people do believe this. It has been argued that an infant under three who is cared for outside the home may suffer because of the separation from his parents. But there are also arguments against such a strong conclusion.But traditional societies are so different from modem societies that comparisons based on just one factor are hard to interpret. Firstly, anthropologists point out that the insulated love affair between children and parents found in modem societies does not usually exist in traditional societies. For example, in some tribal societies, such as the Ngoni, the father and mother of a child did not rear their infant alone—far from it.Certainty, Bowlby’s analysis raises the possibilities that early day care had delayed effects. The possibility that such care might lead to, say, more mental illness or crime 15 or 20 years later can only explored by the use of statistics. However, statistical studies of this kind have not yet been carried out, and even if they were, the results would certainly be complicated and controversial. Secondly, common sense tells us that day care would not be so widespread today if parents, care-takers found children had problems with it. Thirdly, in the last decade, there have been a number of careful American studies of children in day care, and they have uniformly reported that care had a neutral or slightly positive effect on childre n’s development.Whatever the long-term effects, parents sometimes find the immediate effects difficult to deal with. Children under three are likely to protest at leaving their parents and show unhappiness. At the age of three or three and a half almost all children find the transition to nursery easy，and this is undoubtedly why more and more parents make use of child care at this time. The matter, then, is far from clear-cut, though experience and available evidence indicate early care is reasonable for infants.61. According to the passage, the consequence of parentalseparation________.A. still needs more statistical studiesB. has been found negative is more seriousC. is obviousD. in modem times62. The author thinks that John Bowlby’s concern___________.A. is relevant and justifiableB. is too strong to RelieveC. is utterly groundlessD. has something that deserve our attention63. What’s the result of American studies of children in day care in the last decade?A. The children’s unh appiness and protest was due to the day care the children received.B. The bad effects of parental separation were hard to deal with.C. The effect of day care was not necessarily negative on children’s development.D. Early care was reasonable for babies since it’s practiced by so many people nowadays.64. According to the passage, which of the following is probably a reason for parents to send their children under three to day care?A. They don’t know about day care’s negative effect.B. They are too busy to care for their children.C. They want their children to be independent as early as possible.D. They want to facilitate their children to adapt to nursery at the age of about three.65. What’s the author’s attitude to people who have drawn the conclusion from Bowlby’s work that children should not be subjected to day care before the age of three?A. He supports most of their belief because Bowlby's proposition is well-grounded.B. He is sympathetic for them, for he thinks they have been misled by Bowlby.C. He doesn't totally agree with them, since the long-term effect of day care still needs further study.D. He doesn't quite understand them, as they are contradictory in themselves.Passage TwoBy the end of this century, the average world temperature isexpected to increase between one and four degrees, with widespread effects on rainfall, sea levels and animal habitats. But in the Arctic, where the effects of climate change are most intense, the rise in temperature could be twice as much.Understanding how Arctic warming will affect the people, animals, plant and marine life an d economic activity in Canada’s North are important to the country's future, says Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at University of Toronto Mississauga who is participating in a long-term, international study of the marine ecosystem along the Beaufort Sea, from Alaska to the Mackenzie delta.The study will add to our knowledge of everything from the extent of sea ice in the region to how fish stocks will change to which areas could become targets for oil and gas exploration to the impact on the indigenous people who call this part of the country home.Moore, who has worked in the Arctic for more than 20 years, says his research hasalready found that thinning sea ice and changes in wind patterns are causing an important change in the marine food chain: phytoplankton （淳游植物）is blooming two to three weeks earlier. Many animals time their annual migration to the Arctic for when food is plentiful, and have not adapted to the earlier bloom. " ' Animals' behavior can evolve over a long time, but these climate changes are happening in the space of a decade, rather than hundreds of year s, ” says Moore, " Animals can't change their behavior that quickly. ”A warmer Arctic is expected to have important effects on human activity in the region, as the Northwest Passage becomes navigable during the summer, and resource extraction becomes more feasible. Information gained from the study will help government, industry and communities make decisions about resource management, economic development and environmental protection.Moore says the study—which involves Canadian, American and European researchers and government agencies will also use a novel technology to gather atmospheric data: remotely piloted drones. "The drones have the capability of a large research aircraft，and they’re easier to deploy,” he says, showing the researchers to gather information on a more regular basis than they would be able to with piloted aircraft.66. By the end of this century, according to the author, global warming will ______.A. start to bring about extreme weather events to humans and animalsB. increase the average world temperature by four degreesC. cause more damages to the whole world than expectedD. affect the Arctic more than any other parts of the earth67.To help understand the destructive mechanism of Arctic warming, as indicated by the passage, the international study ______.A. is conducted with every single discipline of University of TorontoB. pioneers in pursuing the widespread effects of climate changeC. involves so many countries for different investigationsD.is intended to deal with various aspects in research68. When he ways, “Animals can’t change their behavior that quickly,” what does Moore mean by that quickly?A. The migration of the animals to the Arctic.B. The widespread effects of global warming.C. The rate of the climate change in the Arctic.D.The phytoplankton within the marine ecosystem.69. According to the author, to carry out proper human activities in the Arctic______.A. becomes more difficult than ever beforeB. is likely to build a novel economy in the regionC. will surely lower the average world temperatureD. needs the research-based supporting information70. With the drones deployed, as Moore predicts, the researchers will_______.A. involve more collaborating countries than they do nowB. get more data to be required for their researchC. use more novel technologies in researchD. conduct their research at a regular basisPassage ThreeHaving too much caffeine during pregnancy may impair baby’s liver development and increase the risk of liver disease in adulthood, according to a study published in the Journal of Endocrinology. Pregnant rats given caffeine had offspring with lower birth weights, altered growth and stress hormone levels and impaired liver development. The study findings indicate that consumption of caffeine equivalent to2-3 cups of coffee may alter stress and growth hormone levels in a manner that can impair growth and development, and increase the riskof liver disease in adulthood.Previous studies have indicated that prenatal caffeine intake of 300 mg/day or more in women, which is approximately 2 to 3 cups coffee per day, can result in lower birth weights of their children. Animal studies have further suggested that prenatal caffeine consumption may have more detrimental long-term effects on liver development with an increased susceptibility to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, adebilitating condition normally associated with obesity and diabetes. However, the underlying link between prenatal caffeine exposure and impaired liver development remains poorly understood. A better understanding of how caffeine mediates these effects could help prevent these health issues in people in the future.In this study, Prof Hui Wang and colleagues at Wuhan University in China, investigated the effects of low (equivalent to 2-3 cups of coffee) and high dose (equivalent of 6-9 cups of coffee) caffeine, given to pregnant rats, on liver function and hormone levels of their offspring. Offspring exposed to prenatal caffeine had lower levels of the liver hormone, insulin like growth factor (IGF-1), and higher levels of the stress hormone, corticosteroid at birth. However, liver development after birth showed a compensatory 'catch up' phase, characterised by increased levels of IGF-1, which is important for growth.Dr. Yinxian Wen, study co-author, says, “Our results indicate that prenatal caffeine causes an excess of stress hormone activity in the mother, which inhibits IGF-1 activity for liver development before birth. However, compensatory mechanisms do occur after birth to accelerate growth and restore normal liver function, as IGF-1 activity increases and stress hormone signalling decreases. The increased risk of fatty liver disease caused by prenatal caffeine exposure is most likely a consequence of this enhanced, compensatory postnatal IGF-1 activity. ”These findings not only confirm that prenatal caffeine exposure leads to lower birth weight and impaired liver development before birth but also expand our current understanding of the hormonal changes underlying these changes and suggest the potential mechanism for increased risk of liver disease in the future. However, these animal findings need to be confirmed in humans.Dr. Wen comments, "Our work suggests that prenatal caffeine is not good for babies and although these findings still need to be confirmed in people, I would recommend that women avoid caffeine during pregnancy."71. Which of the following is NOT the problem of baby rats of pregnant rats given caffeine?A. Lower birth weight.B. Smaller stress.C. Liver development problem.D. Growth problem.72. If a pregnant woman takes 3 cups of coffee, what will probably happen?A. Her weight will get lower and lower.B. The weight of her baby will get lower and lower.C. She will suffer from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a longrun.D. Her baby will be more vulnerable to obesity and diabetes because of liver problem.73. Which of following is not correct according to the passage?A. A better understanding of the relationship between caffeine and effects has been achieved.B. 4-5 cups of coffee could be categorized as medium-dose intake.C. Liver development problem may be remedied after birth by increased growth factor.D. The study is mainly conducted on the rats instead of human.74. What is the relationship between stress hormone and liver development when taking in prenatal caffeine?A. Lower stress hormone, lower birth weight before birth.B. Higher stress hormone, lower growth hormone before birth.C. Higher stress hormone, more accelerated growth of weight after birth.D. Lower stress hormone, less accelerated growth of liver after birth.75. What can be the best summary of the last paragraph?A. The r esearch hasn’t been done on humans so pregnant women can ignore the results.B. The compensatory mechanism for liver growth makes prenatal caffeine intake safe.C. Experts suggest pregnant women should still avoid caffeine.D. We have known enough about the hormone changes underlying the healthPassage FourThe bizarre antics of sleepwalkers have puzzled police, perplexed scientists, and fascinated writers for centuries. There is an endless supply of stories about sleepwalkers. Persons have been said to climb on steep roofs, solve mathematical problems, compose music, walk through plate-glass windows, and commit murder in their sleep How many of these stories have a basis in fact, and how many are pure fakery? No one knows, but if some of the most sensational stories should be taken with a barrel of salt, others are a matter of record.In Revere, Massachusetts, a hundred policemen combed a waterfront neighborhood for a lost boy who left his home in his sleep and woke up five hours later on a strange sofa in a strange living room, with no idea how he had got there.There is an early medical record of a somnambulist who wrote a novel in his sleep. And the great French writer Voltaire knew a sleepwalker who once got out of bed, dressed himself, made a polite bow, danced a minuet, and then undressed and went back to bed.At the University of Iowa, a student was reported to have the habit of getting up in the middle of the night and walking three-quarters of a mile to the Iowa River. He would take a swim and then go back to his room to bed.The world's champion sleepwalker was supposed to have been an Indian, Pandit Ramrakha, who walked sixteen miles along a dangerous road without realizing that he had left his bed. Second in line for the title is probably either a Vienna housewife or a British farmer. The woman did all her shopping on busy streets in her sleep. The farmer, in his sleep, visited a veterinarian miles away.The leading expert on sleep in America claims that he has never seen a sleepwalker. He is Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman, a physiologist at the University of Chicago. He is said to know more about sleep than any other living man, and during the last thirty-five years had lost a lot of sleep watching people sleep. Says he, "Of course, I know that there are sleepwalkers because I have read about them in the newspapers. But none of my sleepers ever walked, and if I were to advertise for sleepwalkers for an experiment, I doubt that I'd get many takers."Sleepwalking, nevertheless, is a scientific reality. Like hypnosis, it is one of those dramatic, eerie, awe-inspiring phenomena that sometimes border on the fantastic. It lends itself to controversy and misconceptions, what is certain about sleepwalking is that it is a symptom of emotional disturbance, and that the only way to cure it is to remove the worries and anxieties that cause it. Doctors say that somnambulism is much more common than is generally supposed. Some have estimated that there are four million somnambulists in the United States. Others set the figure even higher. Many sleepwalkers do not seek help and so are never put on record, which means that an accurate count can never be made.The simplest explanation of sleepwalking is that it is the acting out of a vivid dream. The dream usually comes from guilt, worry, nervousness, or some other emotional conflict. The classic sleepwalker is Shakespeare’s Lady Macbeth. Her nightly wanderings were caused by her guilty conscience at having committed murder. Shakespeare said of her, “The eyes are open but their sense is shut.”The age-old question is: Is the sleepwalker actually awake or asleep. Scientists have decided that he is about half-and-half. Like Lady Macbeth, he has weighty problems on his mind. Dr. Zeida Teplitz, who made a ten-year study of the subject, says, “Some people stay awake all night worrying about their problems. The sleepwalker thrashes them out in his sleep. He is awake in the muscular area, partially asleep in the sensory area." In other words, a person can walk in his sleep, move around, and do other things, but he does not think about what he is doing.76. The second sentence in the second paragraph means that_________.A. no one knows, but certainly all the sleep walking stories have something incredibleB. the sleepwalking stories are like salt adding flavor to people’s lifeC. sleepwalking stories that are most fantastic should be sorted out from ordinary storiesD. the most fantastic sleepwalking stories may be just fictions, yet there are still truthfully recorded stories77. ________was supposed to be the world's champion sleepwalker.A. The student habitually walked to the Iowa River and swam in his sleepB. The man danced a minuet in his sleepC. The man walker sixteen miles along a dangerous roadD. The boy walked five hours in his sleep78. Sleepwalking is the result of ______ according to the passage.A. emotional disorderB. a vivid dreamC. lack of sleep and great anxietyD. insanity79. Dr. Zeida Teplitz seemed to_________.A. agree that sleepwalking sometimes leads to dangerous actsB. conclude that sleepwalkers are awake in their sensory areaC. disagree with the belief that sleep walkers are immune to injuryD. think that sleepwalking can turn into madness80. The writer makes it obvious that_________.A. sleepwalkers are often awakened by dangersB. most sleepwalkers can find ways to avoid self-injuryC. it is important to find out the underlying cause of sleepwalkingD. sleepwalking is actually a kind of hypnosisPassage FiveBeyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives”: aggression and libido. The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds; they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams. The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life. But researchers have found evidence that Freud s drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system, a primitive part of the brain that operates mostly below the horizon of consciousness. Now more commonly referredto as emotions, the modem suite of drives comprises five: rage, panic, separation distress, lust and a variation on libido sometimes called seeking.The seeking drive is proving a particularly fruitful subject for researchers. Although like the others it originates in the limbic system, it also involves parts of the forebrain, the seat of higher mental functions. In the 1980s, Jaak Panksepp, a neurobiologist at Bowling Green State University in Ohio, became interested in a place near the cortex known as the ventraltegmental area, which in humans lies just above the hairline. When Panksepp stimulated the corresponding region in a mouse, the animal would sniff the air and walk around, as though it were looking for something. Was it hungry? No. The mouse would walk right by a plate of food, or for that matter any other object Panksepp could think of. This brain tissue seemed to cause a general desire for some thing new. “What I was seeing,” he says, “was the urge to do stuff. ” Panksepp called this seeking.To neuropsychologist Mark Solms of University College in London, t hat sounds very much like libido. “Freud needed some sort of general, appetitive desire to seek pleasure in the world of objects,” says Solms. "Panksepp discovered as a neuroscientist what Freud discovered psychologically.” Solms studied the same region of the brain for his work on dreams. Since the 1970s, neurologists have known that dreaming takes place during a particular form of sleep known as REM—rapid eye movement—which is associated with a primitive part of the brain known as the pons. Accordingly, they regarded dreaming as a low-level phenomenon of no great psychological interest. When Solms looked into it, though, it turned out that the key structure involved in dreaming was actually the ventral tegmental, the same structure that Panksepp had identified as the seat of the “seeking”emotion. Dreams, it seemed, originate with the libido—which is just what Freud had believed.Freud's psychological map may have been flawed in many ways, but it also happens to be the most coherent and, from the standpoint of individual experience, meaningful theory of the mind. “Freud should be placed in the same category as Darwin, who lived before the discovery of genes,” says Panksepp. “Freud gave us a vision of a mental apparatus. We need to talk about it, develop it, test it.” Perhaps it’s not a matter of proving Freud wrong or right, but of finishing the job.81. Freud believed that aggression and libido________A. were the only two sources of psychic energyB. could sometimes surface in our conscious lifeC. affected our behavior unconsciouslyD. could appear clearly on our dreams。
山东中医药大学中医专业中医文献学概论期末考试试题及答案
山东中医药大学中医专业中医文献学概论期末考试试题一、单项选择题（本大题共10题,每题1分,共10分）1．根据现存考古实物来看,商周时期(de)文献载体主要为（）.A简牍和兽骨 B甲骨和金石 C金石和简牍 D缣帛和甲骨2．马王堆汉墓出土(de)方书是（）.A合阴阳 B天下至道谈 C五十二病方 D阴阳十一脉灸经3．最早使用经史子集四部分类(de)目录着作是（）.A晋中经簿 B晋元帝四部书目 C隋书·经籍志 D汉书·艺文志4．古籍书页中行与行之间(de)界限,称为（）A栏框 B栏线 C行格 D行款5．原着内容完整,没有残缺或删减(de)古籍版本,称为（）.A精刻本 B足本 C精校本 D原刻本6．下列不属于校勘方式(de)有（）A存真式 B求真式 C校异式 D他校式7．对发音方法简单描写(de)注音方式称为（）.A譬况 B读若 C直音 D反切- 1 -装订线8．校正医书局是（）代(de)官方医籍整理机构.A汉 B唐 C宋 D明9．在四部分类法中,医学类书籍应当归属于（）.A经部 B史部 C子部 D集部10．具有范围最广,用力最劳特点(de)校勘方法是（）. A对校法 B本校法 C他校法 D理校法得分阅卷人二、填空题（本大题共10题,每题1分,共 10分）1．文献是记录有 (de)一切 .2．一部完整(de)书目,是由、、和等部分组成. 3．行款是指古籍书页中正文(de) 和字数.4．历代避讳采用(de)方法主要有三种,即、和缺笔. 5．与中医药学有关(de)古代卷子,主要有和两大类. 得分阅卷人三、名词解释（本大题共4 题,每题5分,共20分）1．因形求义2．目录3．版本学4．校勘学得分阅卷人四、简答题（本大题共4题,共30分）1．注释(de)方法主要包括哪些（7分）2．注释(de)内容都有哪些（7分）3．何为误字、脱文、衍文、倒错（8分）4．什么是他校法,他校法有何特点（8分）- 2 -装订线五、论述题（本大题共2题,每题15分,共30分）1．校勘有哪几种方法,对校法(de)前提是什么（15分）2．学习中医文献学概论对你(de)专业学习和研究有何作用（15分）山东中医药大学中医专业中医文献学概论考查试卷答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10题,每题1分,共10分）1．根据现存考古实物来看,商周时期(de)文献载体主要为（B）.A简牍和兽骨 B甲骨和金石 C金石和简牍 D缣帛和甲骨2．马王堆汉墓出土(de)方书是（C）.A合阴阳 B天下至道谈 C五十二病方 D阴阳十一脉灸经3．最早使用经史子集四部分类(de)目录着作是（C）.A晋中经簿 B晋元帝四部书目 C隋书·经籍志 D汉书·艺文志4．古籍书页中行与行之间(de)界限,称为（C ）A栏框 B栏线 C行格 D行款5．原着内容完整,没有残缺或删减(de)古籍版本,称为（B）.A精刻本 B足本 C精校本 D原刻本6．下列不属于校勘方式(de)有（D）A存真式 B求真式 C校异式 D他校式7．对发音方法简单描写(de)注音方式称为（A）.A譬况 B读若 C直音 D反切8．校正医书局是（C）代(de)官方医籍整理机构.A汉 B唐 C宋 D明9．在四部分类法中,医学类书籍应当归属于（C）.A经部 B史部 C子部 D集部10．具有范围最广,用力最劳特点(de)校勘方法是（C）.A对校法 B本校法 C他校法 D理校法二、填空题（本大题共10题,每题1分,共 10分）1．文献是记录有知识(de)一切载体 .2．一部完整(de)书目,是由前言、目次、正文和辅助资料等部分组成. 3．行款是指古籍书页中正文(de) 行数和字数 .4．历代避讳采用(de)方法主要有三种,即改字、空字（围）和缺笔.5．与中医药学有关(de)古代卷子,主要有敦煌卷子和日本卷子两大类.三、名词解释（本大题共4 题,每题5分,共20分）1．因形求义：通过字形(de)分析来解释词义(de)方法,称为因形求义.（4分）因形求义是由于汉字具有表意文字(de)特点而产生(de)一种注释方法.（1分）2．目录：目与录合称为目录.（1分）目录是着录一批相关(de)文献,并按照一定(de)次序编排而成(de)一种揭示与报导文献(de)工具.（4分）3．版本学：版本学是研究书籍(de)版本特征和差别,比较其异同,鉴别其真伪优劣,并从中总结工作规律和方法,指导版本利用(de)一门科学.（4分）其研究内容包括古籍版本源流、版本(de)类型、版本鉴定(de)方法以及版本学发展(de)历史等等.（1分）4．校勘学：校勘学是研究与校勘问题有关(de)专门学科,（2分）是当代学者在总结前人校勘实践(de)基础上建立起来(de),其目(de)和任务是研究校勘古籍(de)一般规律和法则（2分）,如校勘(de)历史、对象、依据、方法、条件和程序等,以指导古籍校勘实践.（1分）四、简答题（本大题共4题,共30分）1．注释(de)方法主要包括哪些（7分）答：因形求义：通过字形(de)分析来解释词义(de)方法,称为因形求义.因形求义是由于汉字具有表意文字(de)特点而产生(de)一种注释方法.（2分）因声求义：因声求义,又称声训或音训.是一种利用声音相同或相近(de)词解释词义(de)方法. （2分）比较互证：又叫做“义训”或“直陈词义”.是不借助于字形和字音,而用一个词或者一串词来直接解释词义(de)一种释义方法.（3分）2．注释(de)内容都有哪些（7分）答：注释(de)内容是很广泛(de).主要包括有释词（1分）、释句（1分）、注音（1分）、分析篇章（1分）、解释语法（1分）、考证名物（1分）等.其核心内容是解释词义,其它如释句、注音等也是围绕着解释词义而进行(de).（1分）3．何为误字、脱文、衍文、倒错（8分）答：1.误字:误字亦称“误文”或“讹文”,是指古籍在其传写和翻刻过程中出现(de)错字.（2分）2.脱文：脱文又称“夺文”,是指古籍在传写翻刻过程中脱落遗漏了(de)文字.（2分）3.衍文：又称为“剩文”,是指古籍在流传过程中较原文多出(de)文字.（2分）4.倒错：倒错,是指古籍原文位置(de)颠倒错乱.从倒错(de)形式看,主要有错简和倒置两种情况.（2分）4．什么是他校法,他校法有何特点（8分）答：他校法是指用不同着作(de)相同内容进行相互校勘(de)方法.（2分）他校法(de)特点：(1)范围最广,用力最劳.（2分）(2)非此法不能证明文字(de)讹误.（2分）(3)不宜轻改原文.（2分）五、论述题（本大题共2题,每题15分,共30分）1．校勘有哪几种方法,对校法(de)前提是什么（15分）答：校勘(de)方法,是指依据各种校勘资料,对古籍中(de)误脱衍倒等文字错误所采取(de)勘正方法.包括对校法、本校法、他校法和理校法四种校勘方法.（3分）对校法：对校法即用同一部书(de)各种不同版本相互校勘(de)方法.（2分）对校(de)前提对校(de)前提条件,在于广泛收集现存(de)各种版本,考察版本(de)源流,鉴别版本(de)优劣,确定底本和校本. （3分）鉴别版本(de)优劣,主要应从抄刻时间(de)早晚、内容是否完整以及文字讹误(de)多少去判断.一般地说,凡抄刻时代较早、内容完整、字迹清晰、错误较少(de)版本,均可称为善本.（2分）而底本必须选择善本,当然如果能有原抄或初刻初印(de)祖本作底本更好,因为从版本(de)规律来看,抄刻得越早,越接近于书籍原貌,错误也少,晚出(de)本子经过辗转抄刻,总会增添某些错误.如果祖本有残缺,亦可选用祖本为底本,残缺(de)部分可用早期版本加以配补；如果没有祖本,或祖本残缺较多,则可选用早期善本或经过后世学者精校(de)版本为底本.由于底本是用以校勘(de)工作本,所以选择底本是否恰当,会直接影响校勘工作量(de)大小和书籍(de)使用价值.底本选择得好,错误较少,工作量就小,校勘记也少,使用就比较方便；反之,底本选择得不好,错误较多,校勘工作量就大,校勘记写得也多,使用起来就会增加许多麻烦.底本确定之后,还要选择对校本.（2分）此时,如果除底本外,只有几种可供校勘(de)版本,则可全部作为对校本；如果不同(de)版本较多,就应在弄清版本源流(de)基础上,选择部分与底本不同渊源(de)本子,或经过后人精校(de)本子,作为主校本；其他本子,若经后人校勘过,改正了部分错误,则可作为参校本.（2分）对校法(de)作用主要是通过各本对校发现版本间存在(de)异文,从而为进一步确定底本正误提供可靠(de)内证.所以陈垣说：“故凡校一书,必须先用对校法,然后再用其他校法.”（1分）2．学习中医文献学概论对你(de)专业学习和研究有何作用（15分）有一定创见,文笔流畅者16—20分,言之成理,自圆其说者10—16分,能够运用文献学专业术语答题者6—10分,其它1—5分,不回答0分.。
(完整版)历年中医药大学博士考题
山东中医药大学历年中内及西内考博真题（2000-2010）2000年中医内科1.请阐述水肿、淋证、癃闭、关格的临床特点及联系。
（10分）2.请论述内伤头痛与肝、脾、肾三脏的关系。
（10 分）3.胸痹的发病基础和病理因素是什么？其病理特点如何？怎样辨别阴寒证、痰浊证、气滞证、血瘀证的不同？各证型治疗要点是什么？（10分）4.如何理解“治痿独取阳明”的意义？（10分）5.试述“真中”“类中”的源流考略？（10分）6.痰饮发病的内在病理基础是什么？为什么?其治则如何？为什么？（10分）7.消渴病（糖尿病）临床常见哪些急慢性并发症？请写出消渴病（糖尿病）周围神经病变辨证分型（只写分型）、治法、方剂。
（10分）8.如何理解《血证论》提出的治血四法？（10分）9.调补脾肾为何是治疗虚劳的关键？请论述之。
（10分）10.通窍活血汤方义如何？你在临床应用如何体会？（10分）西内内科一、名词解释：Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭，卓－艾综合症，脾功能亢进，肾病综合症，Graves病，高血压危象。
二、试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。
三、试述PSVT的ECG 表现及临床表现。
四、试述再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。
五、试述急性肾功能衰竭的分类及原因。
六、试述DM的诊断标准。
七、肝硬化腹水形成的主要原因有哪些?2001年中医内科1.你对中西医结合治疗风湿病的看法。
2.中风病（中脏腑、中经络）的临床表现。
3.“开鬼门、洁净府”结合心血管（心衰）的应用。
4.胃痞、胃胀、痞满的鉴别诊断。
5.试述扶正治疗肿瘤（祛邪需要扶正，邪去正自安）6.肝癌、积症的治疗方法，在何时用何法？7.石棉在《内经》的论述及其治法（3个）8.试述“病痰饮者当以温药和之”9.试述糖尿病的非药物治疗。
10.血府逐瘀汤的组成，能治疗心系的那些疾病？西医内科1.慢性腹泻的发病机理。
2.感染性心内膜炎的诊断标准。
3.白血病前期多发MDX 的分类标准。
4.再障的鉴别诊断。
5.癫痫及其处理。
山东中医药大学中医文献学2017,2019年考博真题+资料
格昂贵，非一般人所能用，故一方面简策与帛书同时流行，另一方面，三国魏晋 以后，渐渐减少而最终被纸所代替。
5纸 魏晋三国以后，纸日渐通行。纸的出现，是人类历史上具有划时代意义的大 事，对传播知识，保存文献提供了方便。 6 印本 隋唐时期是写本书的极盛时期，学术的传播，主要领先辗转传抄。印刷术发 明以后，书籍的流传即以雕版印刷为主了。雕版印刷的书籍称“印本”，宋代是 其黄金时期。明清时期，印书事业也十分兴盛，印本书籍已成为人们文化生活中 的重要内容。自 19 世纪中叶，石印、铜版印刷及铅字排印等新技术兴起后，逐 渐取代了古老的雕版印刷术，从而结束了我国古代雕印古籍的历史。 1 简述我国医药文献的兴起与发展过程 我国医药文献起源十分入远，早在远古时期，为了生存和解除疾苦，经过 长期与疾病作斗争，人们逐渐总结出一系列的如砭古、药物、外治、按摩等治疗 方法，故早在新石器时代，就已有用砭古和火治病以及所谓“神农尝百草”的传 说。所有这些，均可从现存的早期文献中看到。 殷商时期 由于生产工具的重大更新，社会物质财富不断增长，为适应人们生产与生 活的需要，天文、历法、医药等学术应运而生，并且渐渐出现了从事这些事业的 专业人员，从而促使医、巫分离而互相独立。殷商时期，不仅有药物，而且有汤 液。近代出土的殷商甲骨文中，据不完全统计，载有疾病的有三百二十三片，四 百一十五辞，包括疾首、疾目、疾耳、疾齿及疾子等二十余种疾病，如上这些文 字记录，虽比较简略，但却表明当时人们对疾病已有了一定的认识。甲骨文的出 现，可算是我国较早的医药文献。 西周时期 人们通过不断的观察与实践，对疾病与药物的认识日益提高，而且在许多 方面上升为理论，还初步认识到自然界的气候变化对人体的影响。这些内容，虽 无医药专著，但却散见于《诗经》、《尚书》、《周易》、《山海经》等许多古典著作 中。
山东中医药大学中医专业中医文献学概论期末考试试题及答案bb
山东中医药大学中医专业中医文献学概论期末考试试题一、单项选择题（本大题共10题，每题1分，共10分）1．根据现存考古实物来看，商周时期的文献载体主要为（）。
A简牍和兽骨 B甲骨和金石 C金石和简牍 D缣帛和甲骨2．马王堆汉墓出土的方书是（）。
A《合阴阳》 B《天下至道谈》 C《五十二病方》 D《阴阳十一脉灸经》3．最早使用经史子集四部分类的目录着作是（）。
A《晋中经簿》 B《晋元帝四部书目》 C《隋书·经籍志》 D《汉书·艺文志》4．古籍书页中行与行之间的界限，称为（）A栏框 B栏线 C行格 D行款5．原着内容完整，没有残缺或删减的古籍版本，称为（）。
A精刻本 B足本 C精校本 D原刻本6．下列不属于校勘方式的有（）A存真式 B求真式 C校异式 D他校式7．对发音方法简单描写的注音方式称为（）。
A譬况 B读若 C直音 D反切- 1 -装订线8．校正医书局是（）代的官方医籍整理机构。
A汉 B唐 C宋 D明9．在四部分类法中，医学类书籍应当归属于（）。
A经部 B史部 C子部 D集部10．具有范围最广，用力最劳特点的校勘方法是（）。
A对校法 B本校法 C他校法 D理校法得分阅卷人二、填空题（本大题共10题，每题1分，共 10分）1．文献是记录有的一切。
2．一部完整的书目，是由、、和等部分组成。
3．行款是指古籍书页中正文的和字数。
4．历代避讳采用的方法主要有三种，即、和缺笔。
5．与中医药学有关的古代卷子，主要有和两大类。
得分阅卷人三、名词解释（本大题共4 题，每题5分，共20分）1．因形求义2．目录3．版本学4．校勘学得分阅卷人四、简答题（本大题共4题，共30分）1．注释的方法主要包括哪些（7分）2．注释的内容都有哪些（7分）3．何为误字、脱文、衍文、倒错（8分）4．什么是他校法，他校法有何特点（8分）- 2 -装订线五、论述题（本大题共2题，每题15分，共30分）1．校勘有哪几种方法，对校法的前提是什么（15分）2．学习中医文献学概论对你的专业学习和研究有何作用（15分）山东中医药大学中医专业《中医文献学概论》考查试卷答案一、单项选择题（本大题共10题，每题1分，共10分）1．根据现存考古实物来看，商周时期的文献载体主要为（B）。
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医学考博真题试卷
山东中医药大学
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2019 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：中医文献学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题（10*10 分=100 分） 1 医经七家，医经为何？ 2 经方十一家 3 目录书的结构与特点 4 图书亡佚的十次浩劫 5 何为辨伪？图书做伪原因 6 辨伪 12 公例 7 明清文献有哪些种类 8 何为版本？择本的意义பைடு நூலகம்9 简椟行制，建国后出土的医书典籍 10 因声求义有何作用
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