自考语言学复习大纲

自考英语语言学复习大纲

Chapter 1Introduction 绪论1.What is linguistics?什么是语言学

1.1Definition:Linguistics is generally defined as scientific study of language.语言学普遍被定义为对语言进行的科学研究。

2.What is language?什么是语言？

2.1Definitions:Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.语言是用于人类交流的一个任意的语音符号系统。(1)language is a system (2)language is arbitrary (3)language is vocal (4)language is human specific Chapter 2Phonology 音位学

1.The phonic medium of language 语言的语音媒介

2.Phonetics 语音学 a.The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics.普通语言学。

b.The study of sounds,which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics.语音学

c.The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication is called phonology.音位学

d.The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words are called morphology.形态学

e.The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is called syntax.句法学

f.The study of meaning in language is called semantics.语义学

g.The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics.语用学

h.The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.社会语言学

i.The study of language with reference to the working of mind is called psycholinguistics.心理语言学

j.The study of applications(as the recovery of speech ability)is general known as applied linguistics.应用语言学

h.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics,(人类语言学)neurological linguistics(神经语言学),mathematical linguistics(数字语言学)and computational linguistics(计算机语言学).

1.2The scope of linguistics 语言学的研究范畴

a.语言的任意性（武断性）Arbitrariness

b.语言的能产性Productivity

c.语言的双重性Duality

d.语言的移位性Displacement

e.语言的文化传递性Cultural transmission

1Prescriptive vs.Descriptive 规定性与描写性

2Synchronic vs.Diachronic 共时性与历时性(Saussure)3Speech and Writing 口头语和书面语

4Langue and Parole (both from French words)语言（抽象）和言语（具体）(Saussure)5Competence and Performance 语言能力与语言运用(Chomsky)

1.3Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学研究中的一些重要的区分

2.2Design features

语言的甄别性特征

Hockett

人类语言和其他动物的交际系统区别开来的一些特征

语言学内部的主要分支

跨学科分支

2.1Definition:phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language.语音学关注的是语言世界中的所有声音

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three points of view 2.2Organs of speech 从三个角度审视

语言的发音器官

2.3Orthographic representation of speech sounds —broad and narrow transcriptions IPA-International Phonetic Alphabet 国际音标

语音的正字表征—宽式标音和严式标音

There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds:两种标音方法

2.4Classification of English speech sounds 英语语音的分类

(1)articulatory phonetics 发音语音学→研究语言的产生(2)auditory phonetics 听觉语音学→研究语言怎样被感知(3)acoustic phonetics 声学语音学→研究语音的物理属性

The pharyngeal cavity 咽腔(the throat)→喉咙

The oral cavity 口腔(the mouth)→嘴巴The nasal cavity 鼻腔(the nose)→鼻子

One is the transcription with letter-symbols only called broad transcription.

The other is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics called narrow transcription.stops 闭塞音/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,/g/

fricatives 摩擦音/f/,/v/,/s/,/z/,/ʃ/,/ʒ/,/θ/,/ð/,/h/affricates 塞擦音/tʃ/,/dʒ/liquids 流音/l/,/r/

nasals 鼻音/m/,/n/,/ŋ/glides 滑音/w/,/j/

bilabial 双唇音/p/,/b/,/m/,/w/labiodental 唇齿音/f/,/v/dental 齿音/θ/,/ð/

alveolar 齿龈音/t/,/s/,/d/,/z/,/n/,/l/,/r/palatal 鄂音/ʃ/,/ʒ/,/tʃ/,/dʒ/,/j/velar 软腭音/k/,/g/,/ŋ/glottal 喉音/h/

Front 前元音/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/,/a/Central 中元音/ɜ:/,/ə/,/ʌ/back 后元音/u:/,/u/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/,/a:/

close vowels 闭元音/i:/,/i/,/ɜ:/,/u/

semi-close vowels 半闭元音/e/,/ɜ:/

semi-open vowels 半开元音/ə/,/ɔ:/open vowels 开元音/æ/,/a/,/ʌ/,/ɔ/,/a:/

Consonants 辅音in terms of manner of articulation 按照发音方式in terms of place of articulation

按照发音部位

Vowels

元音

the position of the tongue in the mouth

按照舌在口腔的位置

the openness of the mouth 按照嘴的张合度

the shape of the lips 按照嘴唇形状

the length of the vowels 按照音的长度

rounded vowels 圆唇元音/u:/,/u/,/ɔ:/,/ɔ/

unrounded vowels 不圆唇元音/i:/,/i/,/e/,/æ/,/a/,/ɜ:/,/ə/,/ʌ/long vowels 长元音/a:/,/ɔ:/,/ə:/,/i:/,/u:/

short vowels 短元音/ʌ/,/ɔ/,/ə/,/i/,/u/,/e/,/æ/

monophthong 单元音