第二讲：句子成分、简单句、主谓一致

句子成分

定义: 构成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。句子成分有主要和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语，次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。

一、主语

（一）主语是一个句子叙述的主体。主语一般位于句首，但在there be 结构、疑问句和倒装句中，主语位于谓语助动词或情态动词后面。

（二）表现形式

主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

1.名词

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.

2.代词

We often speak English in class.

Who is the man standing over there?

3.数词

One third of the students in this class are girls. Two times five is ten.

4.不定式

To swim in the Lijiang River is a great pleasure.

To master a foreign language is necessary.

5.动名词

Smoking does harm to the health.

Playing football in the street is dangerous.

6.名词化的形容词

The rich should help the poor.

In new China the old are living a happy life.

7.从句

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.

Whether he’ll join us in the discussion is of great importance.

8.it 作形式主语

It is necessary to master a foreign language.

It is dangerous playing with fire.

Ti is a pity that he can’t swim.

二、谓语

（一）定义谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。（二）构成

1.简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。

He practices running every morning.

Yesterday afternoon he reached Beijing.

She takes good care of her sick mother.

He has got rid of his bad habit.

2.复合谓语

（1）由情态动词或其它助动词加动词原形构成You may keep the book for two weeks.

You’d better not take the magazine out of the reading-room.

He has caught a bad cold. He has to go to see a doctor.

She doesn’t seem to like dancing.

We are going to call on him tonight.

（2）由系动词加表语构成

We are students.

He looked a bit excited.

三、宾语

（一）定义

宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词后面。但英语介词后也要求用宾语。

（二）表现形式

1.名词

They went to see an exhibition yesterday.

He is going to buy a dictionary.

2.代词

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.

We should learn from him.

3.数词

—How many dictionaries do you have?

—I have five.

4.名词化的形容词或分词

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

We should take the wounded to the hospital immediately.

5.不定式（短语）

He pretended not to see me.

She didn’t know what to do next.

6.动名词

I enjoy listening to popular music.

He practices speaking English every day.

7.从句

I think (that) he is fit for his office.

He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class.

(三)宾语的种类

1.直接宾语(承受者或结果)

Lend me your dictionary.

Excuse me, could you tell me the way to the railway station?

2.间接宾语（人）

The company sent us a few computers last year. He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday.

3.复合宾语

They helped me with my English.

I find it easy to answer this question.

4.介词宾语

In our school about three fourths of the students are from the north.

四、定语

（一）定义

修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。（二）表现形式

1.形容词

Guilin is a beautiful city.

A bright future shines before our eyes.

2.分词（短语）

China is a developing country; while America is a developed country.

Who is the man shaking hands with our teacher? This is the bridge built last year.

3.名词

There are thirty women teachers in our school. They are going to put a wall newspaper next week.

4.代词

His rapid progress in English made us surprised. Do you know the students whose English pronunciation is the best n your class?

5.数词

More than thirty students in our class have read the book.

The teacher asked the students to copy the third paragraph of the text. 6.名词所有格

You should follow the doctor’s advice and do more exercise.

Mary’s parents have gone abroad.

7.不定式

Ore monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.

I can’t go with you. I still have a lot of work to do.

8.动名词

The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.

You mustn’t take the magazine out the reading room.

9.介词短语

He is reading an article about how to learn English. Who is the girl in red?

10.副词（多位于被修饰词之后）

A noise outside made him turn around.

The man in the room below is friendly.

11.从句

There is nothing that worries him.

I will remember the day when I first met you.

五、状语

（一）定义

修饰动词、形容词、副词、或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫状语。

（二）表现形式

1.副词及副词性词组

Light travels most quickly.

Factories and buildings are seen here and there. 2.介词短语

He has lived in the city for ten years.

In spite of the difficulties, we went on with our work.

3.不定式

He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examinations.

4.分词

He is in the room making a model plane.

Not knowing what to do, he decided to ask the teacher, I made up my mind to learn English well.

5. 名词

Wait a minute.

Would you please come this way?