第一讲 名词和数词

专题二 需要“变形”的名词、数词、形容词和副词
第一讲 名词和数词
名词
[思维导图
]
一、名词的分类
二、名词的数
1．规则名词的复数
2.不规则名词的复数
3.合成名词的复数
(1)若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数。

passer－by→passers－by，sister－in－law→sisters－in－law，grown－up→grown －ups
(2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数：women engineers。

三、不可数名词
1．常见的不可数名词
一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。

通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk，music，homework，housework，weather，news，butter，information，bread，advice，progress，orange(橙汁)，equipment，meat，fun，luggage，luck，work(工作)，traffic，furniture，wealth，word(消息)，room(空间)，man(人类)等。

[名师指津] word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时，通常不带任何修饰词。

2．抽象名词的具体化
具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考到的有：
四、名词作定语
1．通常用单数名词作定语
cotton goods 棉织品history teacher 历史老师
paper factory 纸厂telephone number 电话号码
test paper 考卷weather forecast 天气预报
2．有时用复数名词作定语
(1)man，woman用于名词前作定语时，其单复数形式与所修饰的名词的单复数形式一致。

a woman writer/some women writers(女作家)
[名师指津] 与man和woman不同，boy和girl用作定语时，总是用单数。

如boy
(girl) friends “男(女)朋友”。

(2)有些名词只有复数形式，没有单数形式，或者用于某一意义时，习惯上要用复数形式，此时它们用作定语显然只能用复数。

如goods train(货车)，customs officer(海关人员)，clothes line(晾衣绳)，sales plan(销售计划)等。

五、名词所有格
1．有生命名词的3种所有格
2.无生命名词的2种所有格
(1)通常用of 所有格表示
The capital of Peru is Lima ，which is in the north on the coast.
秘鲁的首都是利马，位于北部沿海地区。

(2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用－’s 所有格表示 Beijing’s parks 北京的公园
the factory’s output 工厂的产量
3．双重所有格
双重所有格的构成形式为：名词＋of ＋名词所有格/名词＋of ＋名词性物主代词。

He is a friend of my fathe r’s .
他是我父亲的一个朋友。

[名师指津] 名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)，而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。

数词
[思维导图]
数词属于高考试题中不常考查的冷点，主要涉及基数词和序数词的基本用法及区别，序数词前的修饰词以及分数的正确表达等。

一、基数词
1．hundred、thousand与million
(1)名词性数词hundred、thousand与million等前有数词或several时不能用复数形式，其后所跟的复数名词前不加of。

(2)表不确切的数目应用hundreds/thousands/millions of＋复数名词。

2．用以表示年龄时，逢十的基数词复数之前应加形容词性物主代词。

in her forties在她四十多岁时
二、序数词
1．序数词前一般要加上定冠词或形容词性物主代词等限定词。

It was the/my first visit to Europe.
那是我第一次去欧洲。

2．分数的分母部分用序数词，分子为1时，分母用序数词的单数形式；分母为2及以上时，分母用序数词的复数形式。

1/3one－third2/3two－thirds
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause)．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案causes[此处的cause是名词，表示“原因”。

根据其前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes。

]
2．Making Chinese ________(dish) is seen as especially troublesome.(2018·浙江高考)
答案dishes[此处用名词复数泛指中国菜。

]
3．This trend，which was started by the medical community (医学界) as a method of fighting heart disease，has had some unintended side________(effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案effects[此处根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。

]
4．In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London.It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible________(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案crowds[根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有不定冠词a，所以用名词的复数形式。

]
5．The nursery team switches him every few________(day) with his sister so that while one is being bottle－fed，the other is with mum—she never suspects.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案days[every few days表示“每隔几天”，此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。

]
6．Recent________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案studies[Recent是形容词，修饰名词，“Recent________”在句中作主语，根据谓语动词show可知，主语需要用复数形式。

]
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Last winter when I went there again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案chicken→chickens[根据句意可知，此处应该使用可数名词chicken的复数形式。

]
2．When I was little，Friday’s night was our family game night.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案Friday’s→Friday[名词Friday作定语修饰night，意为“周五晚上”。

] 3．After supper，we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案sort→sorts[all 修饰可数名词sort，用其复数形式sorts。

]
4．At that moment，I remembered that my father once said，“The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks，and mistake as well.”(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)
答案mistake→mistakes[与前面的textbooks并列，指从错误中学习，故将mistake改为mistakes。

]
5．The instructor kept repeating the word，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turn left！”(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)
答案word→words[根据后面的举例可知，此处应用word的复数形式。

] 6．Besides，they often get some useful informations from the Internet.(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案informations→information[information是不可数名词，没有复数形式。

] 7．If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)
答案knowledges→knowledge[knowledge意为“知识”，是不可数名词，没
有复数形式。

]
8．The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)
答案year→years[此处指13～19 岁的年龄，故用名词复数形式。

]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空
1．There are various types of tea that offer different health benefits(benefit) and flavours.(2019·临沂模拟)
2．While there are amazing stories of instant transformation，for most of us the changes (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work，like cleaning up a polluted river.(2019·长春模拟)
3．I suddenly regretted that we had no photos(photo) from this vacation together.(2019·贵阳模拟)
4．One spring afternoon，we went to one of the grocery stores (store) nearby to buy some food for dinner.(2019·佛山模拟)
5．Ecotourism is typically defined as travel to places where the unique plants，animals and cultural heritage are the primary attractions__(attraction)．(2019·太原模拟) 6．Don’t try to make friends(friend) with managers，but be respectful.(2019·大庆模拟)
7．He gained his wealth by printing works (work) of famous writers.(2019·衡阳模拟) 8．The British have many traditions (tradition) but there is nothing more quintessential (典型的) than taking afternoon tea.(2019·衡水模拟)
9．Many of these had benefited from the government’s special new policies encouraging people to start their own businesses(business)．(2019·武邑中学二模) 10．And it evaluates how well you combine your listening，reading，speaking and
writing skills (skill)to perform academic tasks.(2019·日照模拟)
Ⅱ.单句改错
1．Some sellers were shouting at the top of their voice to attract people’s attentions.(2019·忻州模拟)attentions→attention
2．To my great joys，Mary took good care of me.(2019·枣庄模拟)joys→joy 3．Why not come and join us if you want to know more informations about our future space school?(2019·开封模拟)informations→information
4．It is well known that doing exercise can help people lose weights and have a healthy life.(2019·贵州模拟)weights→weight
5．Sometimes failure can make us lose hearts.(2019·林芝模拟)hearts→heart 6．They may be too young to tell right from wrong without the guidance of their parents.Some may take illegal activity.(2019·太原模拟)activity→activities
7．But my father’s dead changed me.My life became poorer，but my mother tried her best to give me what I wanted even though it was too difficult for her.(2019·哈密模拟)dead→death
8．After we walked along the bank for forty minute，we reached the Happy Valley.(2019·天一大联考)minute→minutes
9．It is necessary that one should eat various kind of healthy food such as fish，eggs，vegetables and fruits.(2019·临夏模拟)kind→kinds
10．By the way，after the contest，I am to drop in at your universities to visit you.(2019·大庆模拟)universities→university
Ⅲ.语法填空
(2019·合肥模拟)What exactly is social media? Social media can be defined as web－based，mobile media that 1.________ (use) to connect with each other.
There are several types of social media.The first type involves people getting together
to work on a project.Wikipedia is 2.________ example of this type of social media.There are other types that allow people 3.________ (share) content such as pictures and articles.Another type of social media is websites like Second Life，4.________people can create objects，as if they 5.________ (be) in the real world.The final type is social networking sites that can make people stay in touch with 6.________(friend)．
Social media is different from 7.________(tradition) media.In the past，media was created in one place，8.________ (normal) a company.Then the company would send out the media to consumers，like newspapers and magazines.But 9.________ social media，many individual people in different locations can create content.In addition，a few minutes are spent 10.________ (write) a twitter post today while it would take many months to edit a magazine in the past.
Some people think social media is good and some think it is bad.But whatever you might think，social media is here to stay.
【语篇解读】本文为我们介绍了社交媒体。

1．is used[考查动词的语态。

social media和use之间是动宾关系，所以用被动语态。

]
2．an[考查冠词。

“维基网站是这种社交媒体的一个例子”表示泛指，用不定冠词an。

]
3．to share[考查非谓语动词。

此句谓语动词是allow，“允许某人做某事”用to do不定式作宾语补足语。

]
4．where[考查定语从句的关系词。

此句中where引导的句子在主句中作定语，先行词在定语从句中作地点状语，所以用where引导。

]
5．were[考查动词的时态。

根据前面的as if可知后面用虚拟语气，所以填were。

] 6．friends[考查名词的单复数。

根据这里的意思：和朋友保持联系，friend是可数名词单数形式，前面没有限定词修饰，所以填friends。

]
7．traditional [考查形容词。

修饰后面的名词media ，用tradition 的形容词形式。

]
8．normally [考查副词。

这里用副词normally 修饰，表示“正常情况下，通常”。

]
9．with [考查介词。

这里填“with ”，表示有了社交媒体。

]
10．writing [考查非谓语动词。

some time is spent (in) doing sth 是 “spend some time(in) doing sth ”的变式。

]
Ⅳ.短文改错
Every year ，my school hold summer camps.I love it very much ，because I can have a lot fun with my friends.What’s more ，I can take a break from study st year ，we went to a country farm and experienced different life.I was so impressed by the clear river and fresh air here.We woke up early and then walked on the country road ，what was extremely quiet.I am so close to nature and could appreciate its beauty.I felt peacefully in my heart.I am looking forward to the summer camp on this year.
答案
Every year ，my school hold holds summer camps.I love it them very much ，because I
can have a lot fun with my friends.What’s more ，I can take a break from study
times time .Last year ，we went to a country farm and experienced different life.I was
so impressed by the clear river and fresh air here there .We woke up early and then walked
on the country road ，what which was extremely quiet.I am was so close to nature and could
appreciate its beauty.I felt peacefully peaceful in my heart.I am looking forward to the
summer camp
this year.。