中西文化比较第三讲

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➢ 缺少公民意识,族群意识、地方意识代替公民意 识和民族意识/
➢ 公民意识 civic awareness /civic consciousness
长城精神:防的精神prevention
➢ 社会力量Social Forces被各个大大小小家族
各个派系相互抗衡counterbalance、角逐中消耗 掉了。
Menelaus
➢ In Greek mythology, Menelaus was a legendary king of Mycenaean Sparta, the husband of Helen of Troy, and a central figure in the Trojan War.
➢ This double pressure threatens both his survival and his freedom. According to Rousseau, by joining together into civil society through the social contract and abandoning their claims of natural right, individuals can both preserve themselves and remain free. This is because submission to the authority of the general will of the people as a whole guarantees individuals against being subordinated to the wills of others and also ensures that they obey themselves because they are, collectively, the authors of the law.
➢ 《礼记冠义》:“冠者,礼之始也,故童子不 冠,冠而后人,亦可娶妻矣。冠礼,成人礼也, 即责其为人子,为人弟,为人臣,为人少者之 礼。”
➢ 吾日三省吾身,为人谋而不忠乎?与朋友交而 不信乎?传不习乎?
➢ 修身,齐家,治国,平天下。
➢ 先天下之忧而忧,后天下之乐而乐。
氏族源神化/人类共源神化
➢ 英雄崇拜受到压抑deify; be deified; apotheosis ➢ 氏族家族祖先崇拜clanism ➢ 家族传统削弱了中国人的民族精神 ➢ 祖庙,宗祠Ancestral Shrine /temple ➢ 黄帝陵Mausoleum of the Yellow Emperor ➢ 炎帝陵Emperor Yandi Mausoleum ➢ 伏羲崇拜
➢ Human beings are intelligent, with dignity and free will and independence. Any individual should be responsible for his fate
个人英雄主义 individualistic heroism/ individual privacy
➢ The Speed ➢ 生死时速
➢ The Jackal ➢ 狙击职业杀手 ➢ 香水 ➢ 一个谋杀犯的故事
➢ Swordfish ➢ 剑鱼行动
➢ Army of Darkness ➢ 魔界英豪
➢ WaterWorld ➢ 未来水世界
➢ James Bond
➢ Spider-Man
➢ Superman
➢ 萨特:人在为自己做出选择时,也为所有 人做出选择。
契约论
➢ Contractual Theory ➢ Epicurus : 自然的公正乃是引导人们避免彼
此伤害和受害的互利的约定。 ➢ Cicero: 政府是在人们为了实现相互波阿哈
而达成的契约中产生。 ➢ 卢梭Jean-Jacques Rousseau :the state
氏族文化与老人政治 gerontocracy/old-man politics
➢ In that era of old-man politics, the immortals dictated mainland government and party policy even though they had formally retired from office and had little day-to-day role in government.
➢ Terminator ➢ Independence Day(天
煞) ➢ 勇闯夺命岛(The Rock)
➢ Air Force One ➢ 生死狙击(Shooter) ➢ 《国家公敌》(Enemy of
the State)
➢ The Patriot
Group identification
➢ 义务本位的群体原则:obligation-based collectivism
of natural human
Ru ➢ Rousseau claimed that the state of nature was a primitive condition without law or morality, which human beings left for the benefits and necessity of cooperation. As society developed, division of labor and private property required the human race to adopt institutions of law.
➢ 望洞庭湖赠张丞相 孟浩然 八月湖水平,涵虚混太清。 气蒸云梦泽,波撼岳阳城。 欲济无舟楫,端居耻圣明。 坐观垂钓者,徒有羡鱼情。
➢ 破阵子
为陈同甫赋壮词以寄之
辛弃疾
醉里挑灯看剑,梦回吹角连营。八百里分麾下炙, 五十弦翻塞外声。沙场秋点兵。
马作的卢飞快,弓如霹雳弦惊。了却君王天下事, 赢得生前身后名。可怜白发生!
➢ 宗族称孝焉,乡党称悌焉。
➢ 称兄道弟,拜把子,become sworn brothers
➢ 父慈,子孝,兄良,弟悌,夫义,妇听,长惠,幼顺, 君仁,臣忠。[礼记礼运]
Individual’s value
➢ Social Responsibility begins when the rite of adulthood is carried out.
Social relationships: Graded love
➢ 亲亲大也[中庸]
➢ 凡为天下国家有九经:修身也,尊贤也,亲亲也,敬大 臣也,体群臣也,子庶民也,来百工也,柔远人也,怀 诸侯也。Win over and control, pacify, appease
➢ 仁之实,事亲也。[孟子离娄上] ➢ 亲亲而仁民。[孟子尽心上] ➢ 母以子贵,夫贵妻荣;一人得道,鸡犬升天
➢ The uttermost goodness is to realize oneself. Aristotle
➢ Epicurus confirmed the rights of seeking individual happiness
➢ The subordination to the family was much reduced though inheritance laws
➢ Social basis consists of individuals. ➢ Man is the measure of all things.
Protagoras
马斯洛-需求层次理论Maslow-Needhierarchy theory
➢ Hermes sent by Zeus has allotted to each his due justice and dignity.
➢ 血缘关系kinship, blood lineage家庭,宗族 集团,patriarchal clan
➢ 处事哲学philosophy:内外有别的标准 ➢ 对宗族、乡党的依赖心理anaclisis ➢ 重视亲情family love、人情connections,
重视关系纽带 ➢ 仁,亲也。 以家族宗族为起点。
➢ 君子之道,辟(譬)则坊欤,坊(动词,同Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu, 意为提防)民之所不足者也。大为之坊,民犹逾 之。故君子礼以坊德,刑以防淫,命以坊欲。“
➢ 作者用“坊”来比喻自己心目里民族传统中人类 的防范心理。“坊”作动词解,有规范、遏制、 固定的意思,但无引伸、刺激、变更之义。
➢ 坊以消灭人的创造性、进取心为代价。求稳、怕 冒险,老态龙钟的价值观,扼杀文化生机
文化一元论cultural monism
➢ 《尚书·大禹谟》:“帝曰:“嘉言罔攸伏, 野无遗贤,万邦咸宁。稽于众,舍己従人, 不虐无告,不废困穷,惟帝时克。”
➢ 文化一元论/文化多元论cultural pluralism: 道家文化为典范:强调个体心性自由,众 妙归于道。一与多的统一。儒家更多强调 济众,抑制个人意志,或将个人意志统一 到君权上来。
➢ 人的高贵就其许许多多的成果而言,超过 了天时的高贵。[但丁]
➢ 并非家族使个人高贵,而是个人使家族高 贵。[但丁]
➢ 人为了自己的目的,而不是为了别人的目 的而生存。[但丁]
➢ 边沁Jereme Bentham:不了解个人利益是什 么,而侈谈社会利益是无益的。
➢ 斯宾诺莎Spinoza: “一个人愈努力并且愈能 够寻求他自己的利益或保持他自己的存在, 则她便愈具有德性;反之,只要一个人忽 略他自己的利益或忽略他自己的存在的报 酬,则他便算是软弱无能。”
Individualist freedom and rights
➢ Individualism originated from the handicraft industry and commerce
➢ Exchange on equal basis helped to form individual consciousness
中西文化比较第三讲
Paulcheng
群体认同与个人本位
Group identification individualism
Different understanding of the individuals
➢ Human beings are existence of a kind, a group, or category. The individual is a member of a group, attached to his social community, whose value is expressed through the group. The individual entrust his fate and interests to the collective
➢ 希腊人是个乐观主义者,确信生命只有为其自己 的目的而或者才有价值。……他是一个利己主义 者,为自我满足而奋斗。……他拒绝肉体上的苦 修,反对会造成损害生命的所有形式的科技行为。 [伯恩斯和拉尔夫《世界文明史》]
➢ 德谟克利特Democritus:“对于好的公民来说, 准们去管别人的事而忽略了自己的事是没有好处 的,这样自己的事一定会弄得很糟。
你自己幸福, 你也就能使别人幸福;幸福的 人人,但愿在自己周围只能看到幸福的人。
All for one, and one for all.
➢ 西方个人本位的文化典型标志的利己主义 道德原则:逐步向利己兼历任的道德目标 转化。
➢ 孔德,斯宾塞,萨特(存在主义)
➢ 斯宾塞:“”我们的俄行为除了要使每个 人不得阻碍别人去达到目的,社会成员还 需互相帮助以求达此目的。[己欲立而立人, 己欲达而达人]
How to solve the social conflicts?
➢ 合理的利己主义,合理的功利主义。 ➢ 协调自私愿望与无私义务之间的关系。 ➢ 善的富于同情心的,合乎人情的利己主义。 ➢ Spinoza: 自然权利,收归公有。All rights are
derived from the State. ➢ 霍布斯,孔子,己所不欲,勿施于人。 ➢ Laws: 个人自由以不损害别人的自由为前提。 ➢ 费尔巴哈:你的第一个责任便是使自己幸福。
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