最蓝的眼睛 论文开题报告
黑与白冲突——《最蓝的眼睛》黑人与白人文化冲突分析
- 246-校园英语 / 文艺鉴赏黑与白冲突——《最蓝的眼睛》黑人与白人文化冲突分析三峡大学外国语学院/王琼曼【摘要】《最蓝的眼睛》是非裔美国女作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者托妮•莫里森的处女作。
小说在情节上并不复杂。
本文从黑白两种颜色颜色的角度，剖析了作者想要阐述的主题：黑人在任何时候都必须保持自己的文化传统。
【关键词】颜色 黑 白 文化传统《最蓝的眼睛》是非裔美国女作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者托妮•莫里森的处女作。
小说在情节上并不复杂：小说以秋、冬、春、夏为叙述框架，讲述了年仅11岁的黑人女孩佩科拉在遭生父强奸，继而怀孕，早产了一个很快就夭折的婴儿后，在无人关心帮助的情况下堕入疯狂状态的悲剧故事。
读完《最蓝的眼睛》，脑海里始终有两种颜色在晃动：黑色，白色。
莫里森同时又是一个运用象征手法的大师。
象征手法使作品主题意义上具有多种解读的深刻性。
本文将粗略地对黑白两种颜色所象征的寓意进行分析。
一、白色的美小说的白色代表着白人文化。
在美国社会里，尽管白人对黑人的公然压迫在逐渐消失，但是白人文化霸权主义仍然存在。
对于白人种族主义者来说，白人和黑人在外观上的不同显示的是其内在特质的区别，意味着他们在智力，道德和精神上的优劣。
在《最蓝的眼睛》中，正是因为内化了白人的价值标准，小说里的部分人物不愿正视和坚持自己民族和文化的传统，一味追求白人文化所倡导的“金发、碧眼、白皮肤”的审美观和白人中产阶级的价值观。
这种审美观和价值观不断渗透到黑人民族中，严重扭曲着黑人民族的民族灵魂。
小说中的部分黑人唯“白”是美。
在黑人社区内部，黑人们普遍存在一种自我厌恶情结。
他们觉得自己天生就丑陋。
如果哪个黑人出生时皮肤是浅色的，那么他就会被认为是高人一等。
主人公佩科拉从一出生就被认为是丑陋的。
随着她不断的成长，这种看法加深了她认为自己丑陋的信念，“她发现所有白人的眼睛里都潜伏着这种神色。
毫无疑问，这厌恶是冲着她来的，是冲着她的黑皮肤来的”。
她从潜意识里把自己的丑陋与黑皮肤联系了起来，从而把所有的罪恶也都归结为她的黑皮肤。
bluest-eye-最蓝的眼睛-英语小论文
Eco-feminism Reflected in The Bluest Eye I. Brief introduction of the authorIn 1993，a black woman took off the crown of Nobel Prize for literature. She is Toni Morrison, who is the first black women writer in the history of America. Her works, most conce rned with black female’s life, spiritual world and destiny, root deeply in the reality of the black human beings searching for living space and self- identity under the pressure of the white human beings values. Morrison, therefore, gained high praise in the literature for her great literary and artistic talent and unique, deep description of American black females’ lives.Her first novel The Bluest Eye was published in 1970,which made her become famous .then she published six major novels—Sula (1973), Song of Solomon(1977), Tar Baby(1981), Beloved(1987),Jazz(1992) and Paradise(1998), Toni Morrison has placed black women’s existence, feelings, life and experience as her major theme. She fought for these human beings who are at the marginal status. Throughout her writing career, Morrison devoted all her creative contributions to the black.II. Brief introduction of the novelThe 1960s “Black is Beautiful” movement has a deep influence on The Bluest Eye. Toni Morrison sets the story of The Bluest Eye at a time when black people are denied by powerful white society.In the novel , Morrison mold many characters of black women .The heroin is a little black girl called Pecola who needs blue eyes and believes white are beautiful, but the story is a nightmare for her asking for blue eyes and as a result, she is insane. Pecola has a wrong perception of herself longing for white beauty. She believes she is ugly. She believes if she had bluest eyes, she would be loved by her parents, her classmates and all the others. Finally, she begins to lose the black identity and owns the beautiful big blue eyes which only she can see. The narrator is another black girl called Claudia, who is completely different from Pecola and who searches for her own values. Eventually, on one hand, the braveblack women are the survivals; on the other hand, the pursuit of false self-identity ends as a tragedy.With the development of the literary criticism, the scholars study Morrison and her works mainly with the theory of the psychoanalytic, the postcolonial, the deconstruction, feminism and so on. What I will use is the eco-feminism, which connected tightly with the nature.III. My own insightPecola, was ruined, by whom? Those black boys? The white stars? Her father, Cholly? Actually it was because of the social system, the value system and the aesthetic standard with the social discrimination came into being in America. That’s the root of Pecola’s tragedy. In fact, black people have their own culture and values. If they can stick to and live with their own culture, the tragedy may be avoided. This innocent girl should have lived happily under the black people culture.There is another vital reason to cause the tragedy of her. It is that she is full of cowardice and doesn’t have a str ong faith. When she was conscious, she was torturous. She wants to be loved. Maybe somebody will say that the tragedy is because of her terrible family. But there are still some people treat her good and give her love such as Claudia, Frieda ,their mother and three cynical whores. But her weak heart can only see those bad things on her. So self-destroyed is also an important factor. What a satire, illusion becomes a person’s savior. On the contrary, Claudia chooses a different way. The doll which was given to Claudia as birthday present was a white girl, white skin and a pair of big blue eyes. She tears the doll and hates them. She never despised herself. So she is the real survivor.IV. Combined with eco-feminismEco-feminism is the social movement that regards the oppression of women and nature as interconnected. It is one of the few movements and analyses that actually connect two movements. More recently, ecofeminist theorists have extended their analyses to consider theinterconnections between sexism, the domination of nature (including animals), and also racism and social inequalities. Consequently it is now better understood as a movement working against the interconnected oppressions of gender, race, class and nature.Ecofeminists explore the intersectionality between sexism, the domination of nature, racism, speciesism, and other characteristics of social inequality.Morrison uses various views to tell the relations of human and nature, men and women, and complicated different racial cultures，so the ecofeminism will lead a better understanding of her work, the bluest eye. Now I will mainly talk about the relations of natural images and black female.1.Four seasonsAs for harmony between man and nature, Morrison chooses a very representativeness image that is the changeable season. Morrison connects this kind of change with the sufferings of the black girl, thereby, sets off the contradictions, conflicts and misfortune that black women has suffered under the white culture. The author Use the four seasons as the mainly natural image, is on the purpose to tell that black women ‘s tragic fate is just like the cycle of the seasons ,inevitable and independent of man's will .,at the same time it deeply reveal the source of the social culture that brings the pains to the black women. What should we pay more attention, also is most different from others, is that Morrion changes the order of the seasons as autumn, winter, spring and summer .this reverse trick not only implies the white press their values and standard of beauty on the blavk , but also symbolize the reverse of the truth and disorder of the women’s fate. What’s more, it reve als that if the black accept the extremist ideas and life style of the white, they would lose themselves and get the mental distortion.Autumn should be a harvest time. Pecola gets ministration and turn to be mature and want to be loved. But what she gets? Her family is totally mass, parents quarrel and fight every day and nobody payattention to her. She also becomes the laughing stock of others around her. People think she is too ugly because of the deep dark color. And her own kinds also curse and mock her. This merciless world has hurt the girl deeply. unkind winter is coming, the pains are going on, the boys mock her with “black e mo black e mo, your daddy sleeps nicked”, and the new girl in school named Maureen peal who is loved by all others also strike her heart with full malice. To make things worse, the spring is coming.springshould be a lively season with hope, but totally different, her mother completely ignores her and do best to the white girl. Her biological father, rapes her, which destroys her to the full. When the lovely summer is coming, she gives a dead baby. Just like the society refuse this innocent life. Four seasons won’t stop here. It will circle again and again, pains will Increase endless.2.MarigoldsMarigolds, is the symbol of hope and life. Claudia and Frieda seed the marigolds but “there were no marigolds. That it was because Pecola was having her father’s baby that the marigolds didn’t grow.” “It never occurred to either of us that the earth itself might have been unyielding.” Mari golds are tied up with the women’s destiny. They are beautiful .the nature and women both have the ability to give birth but they are oppressed. Marigolds didn’t grow, not the only ones did not sprout, and nobody’s did. We can see the whole land of the bla ck are sacrifice of the violence and oppression of white racial and culture. Pecola is just a representive; the dead baby is the death of hope.3.DandelionsDandelions, at first pecola thinks they are beautiful and love them, but people treat it as weeds and think it is ugly. Her heart melted with pity of them. She shows her love for nature. As for the black women they are also beautiful and are a part of nature. She doesn’t know why she is ugly. She has the sense of herself. But others think she is ugly .after the cold eyes of the host of grocery store, she think dandelions are most ugly weeds. She also lost herself. Her view has transferred gradually . She feelsashamed for herself. It equals that she give up the nature and also herself. We can see how harmful the injustice society, just like poison corrupt the innocent heart of the black.4.CatAnimals are also parts of the nature. In the story, there is a innocent cat which is also has a tragedy ending just like pecola .Cats and women, are all disadvantaged groups and have the familiar fate..it was a cat of Geraldine .But her son Junior hates it very much and bully Pecola with the cat. Both of the cat and Pecola was the weaker that are teased and persecuted by the boy. Finally the cat died. The innocent life is dead.References:［1］梁志健．自然意象在《最蓝的眼睛》中的象征意义［J］．湖北教育学院学报，2007，［2］王晓春．《最蓝的眼睛》———精神生态困境下的悲剧与解救［J］．文学教育，2008，( 11) ．［3］Eco-feminism 维基百科。
最蓝的眼睛 论文开题报告
5、论文提纲
本文主要研究小说《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象及其产生的原因和其对黑人社会造成的影响。首先，本文要对作者托尼·莫里森及其作品《最蓝的眼睛》做简要介绍，向读者展示当时美国社会的文化背景及他者的悲剧命运的具体体现。其次，本文主要从以下几个方面分析他这形象：一、利用拉康的镜像理论介绍他者的概念；二、分析小说中波琳、佩科拉两位“他者”形象。再次，分析他者形象产生的原因：白人文化的冲击、黑人的自我蔑视。最后，对本论文进行总结，阐述文章的主旨及意义。
本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目：The Image of Other inThe Bluest Eye
院（系）：外语系
班 级：
姓 名：学 号：Βιβλιοθήκη 指导教师：教师职称：
黑龙江科技学院本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目
《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象
来源
自拟题目
1、研究目的和意义
托尼·莫里森的首部作品《最蓝的眼睛》描述了一个黑人女孩为渴求一双白人所拥有的蓝眼睛而经历的悲惨遭遇。莫里森通过她的作品，细腻地描写了黑人的不同命运及他们的屈辱生活，同时也描述了生活在暗无天日的阶层的人们的命运和屈辱，让人们感到一种彻骨之痛，看到了一条模糊的朦胧若雾的艰辛的求生的路径。艺术表现手法上，《最蓝的眼睛》具有将黑人传统艺术与现代文学技巧相结合的独特魅力；在小说的主题方面，作者以黑人女性的视角为出发点，对美国黑人的生存现状进行了细微的描述以及深入的探讨。本文将利用后殖民主义批评方法及拉康的镜像理论，拟就《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象进行分析，对文化殖民主义影响下黑人与本土文化疏离的现象进行剖析，揭示出他者形象产生的原因，即黑人在长期种族歧视下价值观与审美观发生的变异过程以及这种变异对黑人造成的精神上以及心里上的影响。希望能引起更多学者对该问题的关注和重视，这对进一步了解美国黑人文学动态、研究当今活跃于美国文坛的黑人女作家群体极具现实意义。此外，通过此论文的写作，还可以使读者更好地了解黑人生活及文化。
thebluesteye最蓝的眼睛
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Part 1 Biography
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美国黑人女小说家。生于俄亥俄 州洛雷恩。霍华德大学毕业。20 世纪60年代末登上文坛，其作品 情感炽热，简短而富有诗意，并 以对美国黑人生活的敏锐观察闻 名。主要作品有《最蓝的眼睛》 (1970)、《苏拉》(1974)、《所 罗门之歌》(1977)和《黑婴》 (1981)等。她所主编的《黑人之 书》（The Black Book)，记叙了 美国黑人300年历史，被称为“美 国黑人史的百科全书”。1989年 起出任普林斯顿大学教授，讲授 文学创作。主要成就在于长篇小 说方面。1993年获诺贝尔文学奖。
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1955--1957
• became an English instructor at Texas Southern University after graduation in 1955.
• returned to Howard to teach English in 1957.
• became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority.
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1996
• The National Endowment for the Humanities selected Morrison for the Jefferson Lecture. • “Time, it seems, has no future.”
• be honored with the 1996 National Book Foundation’s Medal of Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.
女性成长小说之比较研究以《布谷鸟鸣叫》和《最蓝的眼睛》为中心
女性成长小说之比较研究以《布谷鸟鸣叫》和《最蓝的眼睛》为中心女性成长小说是现代文学中经典坚实的类别之一。
它探索了女性在成长过程中所面临的人生体验和挑战，强调了女性在现代社会中所面临的生活压力和不平等。
本次论文研究以托尼·莫里森的《最蓝的眼睛》和加德纳的《布谷鸟鸣叫》为中心，对两部小说进行比较研究，探讨女性成长小说在不同时间、地点和社会背景下的相似之处和差异之处。
一、引言二、《最蓝的眼睛》和《布谷鸟鸣叫》的背景介绍三、女性成长小说的定义和特点四、两部小说主人公的同异比较五、家庭关系对主人公成长的影响六、主人公自我认知的变化七、批判种族和性别压迫的必要性八、历史背景对小说的影响九、小说的后果和影响十、结论两部小说均是关注非洲裔美国女性成长的小说，共同探讨了自我认同、家庭关系和自我反思等主题。
但每个人物的个性、社会环境和历史背景却在两部小说中有所不同。
通过详细的比较分析，我们可以更好地理解女性成长小说在探索女性经验方面的重要性，以及如何在小说中使用不同的文学技术来突出主题。
1. 引言引言应该简要介绍女性成长小说的研究现状，突出本篇论文研究的重要性，阐明研究方法及结构，以引发读者对该主题的兴趣。
2.《最蓝的眼睛》和《布谷鸟鸣叫》的背景介绍作者的背景、作品的出版历史、社会和文化背景对作品的影响等方面进行介绍，以帮助读者更好地理解两个作品。
3.女性成长小说的定义和特点重点介绍女性成长小说的定义和特点。
这个部分应该具体阐述女性成长小说在文学中的定义，并探讨与其他类型小说的不同之处，特别是在描述和反映女性成长和经验方面的独特性。
4.两部小说主人公的同异比较两部小说的主人公经历了非常不同的生活体验，有着截然不同的性格。
通过比较一下两部小说的主人公，可以更好地了解他们的相同点和不同点。
在此基础上可以挖掘出两个主人公背后的文化和社会历史背景。
5.家庭关系对主人公成长的影响本部分需要探索小说中女性角色在家庭中扮演的角色，特别是主人公与父母、兄弟姐妹、丈夫和自己的子女之间的关系。
托妮·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的话语研究的开题报告
托妮·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的话语研究的开题报告
开题报告
题目：托妮·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的话语研究
研究背景：
托妮·莫里森是美国著名的黑人女作家，其著作《最蓝的眼睛》是一部探讨种族、阶级、性别等复杂问题的重要作品。
该小说中的话语是塑造人物形象、构建情境、表
现社会现实等方面的重要手段。
然而，迄今为止对该小说中的话语还没有进行深入研究。
因此，对该小说中的话语进行研究，可以更好地理解小说的内涵和意义，同时也
有助于深入了解托妮·莫里森的创作风格和思想。
研究目的：
本研究旨在分析《最蓝的眼睛》中的话语特点及其在小说中的作用，探讨话语如何构建人物形象、反映社会现实和呈现作者的价值观，以增进人们对该小说的理解和
认知。
研究内容：
本研究将从以下几个方面进行探讨：
1. 分析小说中的话语类型，包括直接话语、间接话语、内心独白等，探究不同话语类型在小说中的作用。
2. 探讨话语和人物形象的关系，分析话语如何描绘人物性格、内心世界和行为特点。
3. 揭示话语反映的社会现实和历史背景，探究话语如何反映种族、阶级、性别等问题。
4. 分析话语的价值观和文学风格，探讨话语如何呈现作者的思想和文化背景。
研究方法：
本研究采用文本分析法和批评分析法，通过对《最蓝的眼睛》中的话语进行深入分析和批评，系统地掌握话语的特点和作用，从而对小说的内涵和意义进行探讨。
预期结果：
本研究可以为人们深入了解托妮·莫里森的创作思想和文化价值提供帮助，同时也可以为读者更好地理解和评价《最蓝的眼睛》提供重要参考。
精神分析法下的《最蓝的眼睛》
70精神分析法下的《最蓝的眼睛》詹 莲（四川大学锦城学院，四川 成都 611731）摘 要：托尼莫里森是当今美国最有影响的黑人女作家。
她凭借处女作《最蓝的眼睛》，确立了其在美国黑人文坛上的地位。
该作品中许多动机和现象都可以置于精神分析的角度进行解读，从而更全面的理解角色的内心冲突，和对作品的深层认识。
关键词：莫里森；最蓝的眼睛；精神分析；深层认识一、创作动机弗洛伊德认为人的精神活动的能量来源于本能，性本能冲动是人一切心理活动的内在动力，当这种能量（力比多）积聚到一定程度就会造成机体的紧张，寻求释放。
在其文艺观中，文学是性欲的升华，文学的本质是作家性欲本能的升华。
作者群体有着异常强烈的本能欲望，又具有异常强大的审美和升华能力。
他们可以通过文学创作，将这种本能转移升华为被社会道德所允许的，具有价值的艺术创新活动。
所以作者的创作动机跟自身的经历和发泄欲望是有关联的。
这本书的作者托尼莫里森，她的母亲，如她书中所著，同样在白人家做女佣。
同样是现实生活中在白人家作女佣的黑人妇女的女儿，她熟悉母亲工作的流程，母亲的情感，她有现成的材料。
相似的经历和感受，对于塑造人物的真实性、逻辑性、共鸣性有巨大的帮助，使作品更具说服力。
这是她出生和成长的城市，在这里她接受教育，结识朋友，开始接触到她作为有色人种和主流人群的差异。
书中描绘的某条街道，某个商铺，某座教堂，都是她曾进出过的。
某个人物，在现实中也有原型。
莫里森曾说，这部书的创作灵感，就是基于她和儿时朋友的谈话。
那位朋友最大的愿望即是一双蓝色的眼睛。
因为熟悉，所以描写才能如信手拈来般真实。
她知道众多黑人小女孩的生活环境和心理状况，她们爱吃的冰激凌，爱收集的玛丽珍糖纸，爱讨论的白人女星，还有受欺负和歧视的悲惨经历。
而且，众多日后成为了作家的黑人女性，她们也多在童年有过被强暴的经历。
莫里森也难逃此劫。
这段不堪的往事深藏在她们心中，像一座火山，喷发出了许多创作的火花。
通过创作，她们一方面在描述别人的事件，一方面在发泄自身的苦闷，并希望能引起读者的深思。
最蓝的眼睛小论文
An Analysis of Black Female’s Identity Loss in Toni Morrison’s TheBluest Eye[Review]Toni Morrison is a uniquely distinguished contemporary novelist in the history of American literature of the 20th century. All her novels deal with African American characters and communities. Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye, depicts a vivid picture of the life of a little black girl, Pecola, who loathes her blackness and desires nothing more than a pair of blue eyes，which ultimately drives her into madness. The invasion of white culture and the loss of black identity is an interesting topic in The Bluest Eye. By showing the symptoms of the loss of black identity and their negative effects, this essay attempts to analyze the reasons and explore some solutions for the black female’s identity loss.[Argumentation]1.Symptoms of the Black Female’s Identity Loss and Its Effects1.1 Pauline’s Identity L oss and Its EffectsThe devastating effects of dominant white culture is embodied first in Pauline, Pecola’s mother. In American society, it is argued that by reproducing the ideological hegemony of the dominant white culture, the mass media helps to legitimate the inequalities in class, race, gender, and generational relations of commercial purposes. Before Pauline has any children, she would go to see movies, the most direct carrier of the dominant culture. From the film, she accepts the white standard of beauty unconsciously and gradually loses her black identity under the influence of the mass media.However, the negation of her blackness only increases her alienation and ontological instability. Afterwards she becomes a responsible servant in a rich middle class white’s house. In the Fisher home, she finds beauty, order and cleanliness. She looks at their house, smells their linen, touches their silk draperies, and loves all of it. In a word, she finds psychological satisfaction there. She hates the ugliness of her house, her family, herself and blames it on being black and poor. Instead, she aspires to the polished copper and sheen of the kitchen she works in where everyone is clean, well -behaved, and pretty. For her, any violation of that paradise by anyone, even her daughter, amounts to a crime.As Susan Willis says of Pe cola’s mother: “The tragedy of a woman’s alienation is its effect on her role as mother. Her emotions split; she showers tenderness and love on her employer’s child, and rains violence and disdain on her own.”[1] In order to keep her marginal footing in the white world, she gives up her family and retreats into the world of snow-white beauty and order in the Fisher’s home, thus cuts the final link to her racial identity. By depicting the totally distorted maternal relationship, Morrison exposes the devastating impact of dominant white culture on the identity of black women.1.2 Pecola’s I dentity Loss and Its EffectsIn The Bluest Eye, the heroine Pecola is in every way a pathetic character, believing self-ugliness, exposing to family abuse, succumbing to oth ers’ taunt. She has every reason to yield her potential self-value to the “negating and dehumanizing cultural defi nition” that causes her to “to lose selfhood and have no place in the world” [2].Pecola is instilled with the white people’s beauty standard and learns to hate herself for the dark skin and brown eyes. The Breed loves’ severe poverty, storefront existence, the parents’ unashamed quarrels and brutal physical abuse, as well as their sense of being relentlessly and aggressively ugly undermines any possible positive development of the Pecola’s life. Moreover,the boys in the neighborhood abuse her; the white storeowner even refuses to admit her existence. When Pecola is tortured by her yearning for blue eyes, she turns to Soap head Church; however, he cruelly exploits her child ignorance. Worse still, her mother prefers the sheltered white girl to Pecola’s needy presence, and her own father enacts the ultimate brutality by raping her.Facing all the malicious treatment, Pecola insists all things happen to her are due to her not having a pair of blue eyes, and she sinks down into her solitary, and self-deceptive fantasy world. She swallows her misfortunes and communicates to no one, which cuts her from the reality completely. Worse still, she creates a severely circumscribed vision of herself that fluctuates compulsively in her memory between painful images of her traumatic experiences and imagined attainment the blue eyes.Pecola is never able to go through a spiritual journey to find her genuine self but finally driven into insanity and destruction bit by bit. Pecola’s identity loss results in her tragic life. She suffers an identity crisis and falls victim to the standard of the white norms of beauty. The fervent desire for a pair of blue eyes drives her insane. Finally, she owns a pair of “beautiful big blue eyes” that only she herself can see.2.The Causes of Black Females Identity Loss2.1 The Corrosion of Culture and Distortion of BeautyThe Bluest Eye depicts an abnormal value of black people on beauty: White is beauty, black is ugly. Toni Morrison explores the reasons of the distorted beauty value through Claudia and Pecola's stories.Claudia always receives a big, blue -eyed baby doll as her Christmas gifts. All the carriers of beauty surrounding her transmit the same information -- the beauty is the typical appearance of Anglo -Saxon race, such as blue eyes, golden hair and white skin. The powerful propaganda made the white people's aesthetic standards penetrates and affected other ethnic groups. Claudia's heart is full of hatred and jealousy to white girls because the white girls deprived the love and carefulness from her. The Bluest-eye doll doesn't give her any pleasure, but only evokes her desire to dismember it to find the beauty and the reason why the entire world said it was lovable? Claudia's abnormal action reflects that black children's aesthetic standards are confused and denied by white culture. To some degree, Claudia's impulses reflect black people's popular psychology, that is, they against those white people who think they are superior and discriminate Blacks.When Claudia gives vent to her anger by violent impulses, another black girl in the novel -- Pecola is praying for a pair of blue eyes like Shirley Temple's. Pecola's yearning for a pair of bluest eyes is not a simply love for beauty. It reflects a poor black child's longing for love, caring, friendship and the value of existence. Because she is helpless in face to reality, she places her last hope on God and miracle. Naturally, when the miracle is destroyed, her mind collapses. Pecola's unavoidable insanity is the most forceful annotation for the spiritual torment from which Black Americans suffered.The essential reason is just as what Morrison said, "Beauty is not an isolated concept. As the measure of values, it should have the social/economic basis and political, cultural origin. [3]" The society is hierarchy -- people's destiny is determined by the class level to which he belongs. White is on the top, the mixed blood is in the middle, and the poor black is at the bottom. In this sense, if black people want to be freed from the boundary of white people's aesthetic standards, they should get the success in politics and economy at first.2.2 The Deformation of Maternal InstinctAs a black female writer, Morrison always consider "feminine" as the center of which she concerned about. She said to journalist, "When I am writing, the most part of my brain iscontrolled by female problems. Because female is the origin of culture, they bring up and teach children the basic values. [4]" As a mother and wife, black woman suffered more than man in the cultural crash. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison describes how Pauline Breedlove became an indifferent wife and irresponsible mother.Pauline was neglected by her parents and neighbors for her lame leg and plain appearance. After marriage, she came to a northern town with her husband, but she was soon disappointed, "Everything changed, it was hard to get to know folks up here…Northern colored folk were different too. No better than whites for meanness ... (p.92)" Pauline feels that she is abounded by all the people. The only way for her to get comforts is seeing the movies. As the result, her values on life are distorted by white people. She begins to hate her husband and children and dream to be as one member of white society. The white people even deprived her dignity as a mother -- Morrison describes the scene detailed, "... some more doctors com... When they got to me he said ... They deliver right away and with no pain. Just like horses ... They never said nothing to me ... (p.102)" But she didn't realize the real origin of her mistress, the way she expressing her disappointment and pursuing for her dream is to serve for white family even more hardly and estrange black community, her husband and her daughter gradually.2.3 The Internalization of RacismIn the American society of this particular novel, racist attitudes are so harsh, so pervasive, and so damaging that the blacks are forced at times to turn racism in upon themselves and seemingly agree with some of the conditioning, internalizing the messages of racism. Internalized racism has caused them to accept many of the stereotypes of blacks created by the oppressive majority society.The identity loss of the black female is not only caused by the white but also caused by the black themselves. The internalization of racism and values and the loss of communal responsibility are the essential and most important factors of their identity loss.Inside the black community, the black “believed they were ugly”,and “their ugliness was unique”, though no evident source of their ugliness can be found through careful observation. According to Claudia, the narrator of the novel, their ugliness comes from not facts about their real body, but from their conviction. Internalizing the aesthetic attitudes and values of the white, the black admire the beauty of the white and hate themselves for their ugliness. [Conclusion]The low social status and harsh living conditions of black female has always been a problem in the United States. Although slavery has been abolished, the white dominant culture still affects black people’s life and social status. As blacks are continually tapped in spiritual crisis that e dged with a mental breakdown and living an isolated, alienated and distorted life under the enormous spiritual pressure from the defects of the white society, Morrison strives to be vigilant over this situation and to inspire them to think about ways to improve the fate of the black race. She suggests them to go back to the south to find the root and rebuild the black community. By speaking the unspeakable and revealing the cruel social realities, she appeals to her people for preserving the black tradition and culture and safeguarding their black identity.Everyone，no matter what she does and who she is，she has her own merits．It is good to pursuit，but in reality there is always something that one can’t get and change even at the expense of lives，and the be st method is to meet it directly and make good use of one’s own merits and advantages．[References][1] Gates, Henry Louis and K.A. Appiah, eds. Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present [M]. New York: Armstad. 1993: 192.[2] Frye, Joanne. Living Stories, Telling Lives: Women and the Novel in Contemporary Experience [M]. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1986.[3] John Updike. Dreamy Wilderness--Unmastered Women in Colonial Virginia [N]. The New Yorker, 2008-11-03.[4] Russel, Sandi. It’s OK to Say OK [C]//Nellie Y, McKay. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison.G.K.Hall&Co.Boston, 1986.。
《最蓝的眼睛》的生态女权主义解读的开题报告
《最蓝的眼睛》的生态女权主义解读的开题报告论文题目：《最蓝的眼睛》的生态女权主义解读研究背景和意义：《最蓝的眼睛》是著名美国黑人女作家托妮·莫里森的代表作之一，作品中突出描绘了黑人女性在美国社会中的痛苦经历，反映了种族歧视与性别歧视交织的社会现象。
本论文将从生态女权主义的视角出发，对《最蓝的眼睛》进行深入解读。
生态女权主义强调自然界与人类环境的平衡和谐，以及女性在保护环境中的重要角色，对于探讨人类与自然、人类与社会的关系，以及女性在这些关系中所处的地位都具有重要的现实意义。
研究内容和方法：本论文将从以下三个方面进行研究：1.探讨作品中自然环境和社会环境的关系。
作品中描述了黑人女性生活的社会环境极其恶劣，同时隐含了自然环境的破坏与失衡与社会环境的息息相关。
2.分析作品中人与自然的关系。
作品主人公洛瑞娜的孩提时代经历了大量的自然景观描写，引发读者对于自然、生命与人类的关系的思考。
3.剖析女性在保护环境中的重要性。
作品中的女性人物对于自然环境的保护有着重要的意义，说明女性在环境保护中发挥的积极作用。
本论文将采用批评性文本分析方法，对文本进行多层次的解读，视角包括生态文学、文化研究、女性主义和环境研究，通过对作品的细致解读，探究作品中包含的深层次的社会和生态信息。
预期研究结果：本论文通过分析《最蓝的眼睛》中生态女权主义的个性化呈现，帮助读者更好地理解问题所在，并由此建立对于环境和社会的更加全面和深刻的认识，为推进女性权利与环境保护事业提供具有启示性的思路和方法。
同时，论文还有望加深对于托妮·莫里森的作品和生态女权主义的理论研究。
最蓝的眼睛 论文
Racial Discrimination and Surging Desire in the Bluest Eye Abstract: As one of the most outstanding black writers in contemporary American literature，Toni Morrison is the first African American woman winner of the Nobel Prize for literature. The Bluest Eye is her first novel, which establishes her literary reputation as a renowned black writer. Her works always explore and reflect the black’s destiny. This easy focuses on internalized racism which leads to deep hurt on the black. And in this environment, the undercurrent of desire popples fiercely.Key words: Toni Morrison; The black; Racial discrimination; Surging desire摘要：作为美国文坛中一位杰出的黑人作家，托尼.莫里森是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的黑人女作家。
《最蓝的眼睛》是她的第一本小说，奠定了她在文坛上的地位，使她成为一个有名的黑人作家。
她的作品都以探索和反映黑人命运为主题。
本文主要讨论的是内化的种族主义对黑人造成的心灵创伤，并且在这种环境下，欲望的横流汹涌澎湃。
关键词：托尼.莫里森；黑人；种族歧视；欲望横流1. BackgroundThe Bluest Eye is a 1970 novel by American author Toni Morrison. It is Morrison's first novel, written while Morrison was teaching at Howard University and was raising her two sons on her own. The story is about a year in the life of a young black girl in Lorain, Ohio named Pecola. It takes place against the backdrop of America's Midwest as well as in the years following the Great Depression. At that time, although slave system had been cancelled, the black had been unable to get rid of racial discrimination that exists in every corner of American society. The Bluest Eye is told from the perspective of Claudia MacTeer as a child and an adult, as well as from a third person omniscient viewpoint. Claudia and Frieda MacTeer live in Ohio with their parents. The MacTeers take in a boarder, Mr. Henry and Pecola. The protagonist of the novel, Pecola is a troubled young girl with a hard life. Her parents are constantly fighting, both physically and verbally. Pecola is continually being told and reminded of what an “ugly” girl she is, thus fueling her desire to be a Caucasian girl with blue eyes. Throughout the novel it is revealed that not only has Pecola had a life full of hatred and hardships, but her parents have as well. Pecola’s mother, Pauline only feels alive and happy when she is working for a rich white family. Her father, Cholly, is a drunk who was left with his aunt when he was young and ran away to find his father, who wanted nothing to do with him. Both Pauline and Cholly eventually lost the love they once had for one another. While Pecola is doing dishes, her father rapes her. His motives are unclear and confusing, seemingly a combination of both love and hate. Cholly flees after the second time he rapes Pecola, leaving her pregnant. The entire town of Lorain turns against her, except Claudia and Frieda. In the end Pecola’s child is born prematurely and dies. Claudia and Frieda give up the money they had been saving and plant flower seeds in hopes that if the flowers bloom, Pecola's baby will live; the marigolds never bloom. Pecola always eagers to have a pair of blue eyes and hope this pair of eyes gets her out of the pain of life. However, atthe end of the story, tortured Pecola goes mad, believing that her cherished wish has been fulfilled and that she has the bluest eyes.2. The reason of racial discriminationWhite people have strong racial discrimination to the black. We easily find the reason in the history. First, there is the existence of an institutionalized racism. Although it had ben legally cancelled. But it showed us that before the policy the United States government has defined the black culture, behavior and morality of completely negative. This determines the black cannot escape the influence of racism. Second, there exists the performance of black discrimination in the provision of an excuse. Black people have their own reasons, many black people themselves for the performance of the Government to implement its policies of racial discrimination in the provision of a pretext.In addition, there are black people, in particular, a number of black women, who used to rely on government relief of life, nothing.3. Influence of racial discriminationA. Imperceptible change on aestheticsThroughout the novel, the concept that whiteness is superior is everywhere. White people think their skin is more beautiful than the black. Sadly, the black people have accepted white standards of beauty, thinking Maureen’s light skin to be attractive and Pecola’s dark skin to be ugly. The adoration of the Shirley Temple doll given to Claudia also proved it. And we can see that Pauline Breedlove’s preference for the little white girl she cares for. The person who suffers most from white beauty standards is Pecola. She believes that if she has a pair of blue eyes her life will full of respect and love, instead of bias and abuse. In her mind, it’s the simple of having a bright happy future. However, strong desire just destroys her. It’s one of the most vital facts which lead to the tragedy.B.Profound damage on everyone’s lifeIn the novel, the Chollys are always victims of racial discrimination. They suffer from the loneliness, humiliation, prejudice and the violence. Even one’s life has been changed because of this. It can’t be hard to find that all of these terrible things extend from generation to generation. And Pecola is the most obvious candidate for our sympathy because she undergoes a shocking amount of abuse. Thomas Merton said, “ the truth that many people never understand, is that the more you try to avoid suffering, the more you suffer, because smaller and more insignificant things begin to torture you." At school, school boys humiliate her by making fun of her father and want her to absorb their self-hatred. A group of boys circle around her and scream, “Black e mo. Black a mo., Yadaddy sleeps necked”, defensively ignoring the color of their own skins. They forget that they are black, too. What they do is just an admittance of the insecurity that they have about their own identities. What’s more, Pecola sits alone. And teachers ignore her. Worse, even at home, Pecola can’t get a little love and care. Her mother thinks she is ugly and prefers the white baby who she looks after as a baby-sitting in a white family. Continuingly, she is forced to witness her parent’s quarrels, she is tormented by Junior, she is raped by her father, and she is used by Soaphead Church.Pecola had a life full of hatred and hardships, but her parents have as well. Pauline,her mother, has a lame foot and has always felt isolated. She loses herself in movies, which reaffirm her belief that she is ugly and that romantic love is reserved for the beautiful. She encourages her husband’s violent behavior in order to reinforce her own role as a martyr. She feels most alive when she is at work, cleaning a white woman’s home. She loves this home and despises her own. Cholly, Pecola’s father, was abandoned by his parents and raised by his great aunt, who died when he was a young teenager. He was humiliated by two white men who found him having sex for the first time and made him continue while they watched. He ran away to find his father but was rebuffed by him. By the time he met Pauline, he was a wild and rootless man. He feels trapped in his marriage and has lost interest in life. Later, he rapes Pecola with the mixed emotions of love and hatred. After Pecola miscarries of her pregnancy, Cholly rapes her again. What happens in Pauline and Cholly make them sensible. They can’t take good care of themselves. Their values still haven’t shape well. So how can Pecola have a happy life? We can imagine that good parents will have good children. But their family obviously has no fortune.4.Surging DesireA number of characters seem always hide their desires; maybe are the normal bodily needs or some abnormal desires. Geraldine prefers cleanness and order. She can’t tolerate anything about messiness of sex. It makes she becomes indifferent as a result. Similarly, Pauline indulged in leaning and organizing the house of a while family and even had little care of her family. She forgets to show her affection to her husband and daughter. Lacking of mother love leads Pecola tragic ending of life. What’s more, Soaphead Church is very disgusted to human body. And such peculiarity not only leads to preference for objects but also makes he had special affection to little girls. In the book, there is much distortion of human nature. Owing to the denial of the desire, people become another one and lost themselves.We shouldn’t suppress our needs. Of course, neither can we pour the desire casually. However in the book, Cholly can’t control himself. It embodied in Cholly rapes her daughter this thing. One Saturday afternoon, drunken Cholly returnes home and see the daughter Pecola is washing dishes in the kitchen. Disgust, guilt, pity and love all of these are mixed in Cholly’s heart. Scene that Pecola scratches by the thumb of foot reminds Cholly the past he spent happily with Pauline. Gradually, it leads to the initiation of sexual desire. On the other hand, Pecola does not revolt eventually leads to the tragedy. Precisely because of his irreversible mistake, his daughter has a miserable life. It’s a mistake that has no doubt presented darkness of human nature. In contrast, Frieda’s experience is less painful than Pecola’s because her parents immediately come to her rescue, playing the appropriate role of protector. How important the parents mean to their children. Considering Cholly’s childhood and adolescent, we may be more forgiving to him. Cholly is abandoned by his parents. The lack of love nutrition afflicts little Cholly’s heart. In the process of growth, he suffers whites insult; it can be said to him buried violence. With the fall of the deep-rooted bad habits Cholly became another one. It is not difficult to explain the possibility of tragedy and will Nature. This tragedy is not isolated cases, but such as four seasons cycle kike occurs in each generation of black body.No matter how messy and sometimes violent human desire is, it is also the origin of happiness. Read carefully, it is clear that many characters are getting happiness by reliving their desire. These experiences satisfy their body needs and know more about sexuality. Claudia prefers to have her sense indulged by wonderful scents, sounds, and tastes than to be given a hard white doll. Cholly’s greatest happiness is eating the best part of a watermelon and touching a girl for the first time. Pauline’s happiest memory is of sexual fulfillment with her husband. To a large degree, The Bluest Eye is about the pleasures and dangers of sexual initiation. At that time, parents wouldn’t teach the children what is sex. At the age of right time, they explore the difference of man and women. It’s the nature of human being. Only follow the nature people develop smoothly.5. ConclusionToni Morrison said, “I wrote the Bluest Eye because someone would actually be apologetic about the fact that their skin was so dark…so the book was about to taking it in, before we all decide that we are all beautiful, and have always been beautiful; I wanted to speak on the behalf of those who didn’t catch this right away. I was deeply concerned about the feeling of being ugly.” Through the tragedy of Pecola, Morrison strives to expose the damages caused by the racial discrimination and strong condemns the oppression of the blacks by white mainstream culture. More importantly, the book shows us different perspectives towards such difficult dilemma. Claudia’s brave and kind, Cholly’s cruelty, Pauline’s cold and carelessness and Pecola’s innocence, all of these rich the level of theme. In addition, the undercurrent of desire flows and flows. The people who depress their desire get their heart distorted. The people who expose the body needs causally results the bitter life of the victim and himself. Only the people who relive their needs appropriately get happiness. We can explore many more themes from different ways .In a word; it’s really a meaningful book.。
蓝色霸权下的身份建构—论《最蓝的眼睛》中的“蓝色”意象
蓝色霸权下的身份建构—论《最蓝的眼睛》中的“蓝色”意象摘要：《最蓝的眼睛》是诺贝尔文学奖获得者托尼·莫里森的第一部小说。
《最蓝的眼睛》描述了生活于霸权环境中的非裔美国女性的逆境，她们遭受着来自白人霸权社会和黑人群体内部父权制双重压迫。
本文以蓝色意象为切入点，通过分析蓝色的象征意义进而指出非裔美国黑人女性应在艰巨的生存环境中反思黑人传统文化底蕴，重塑黑人女性自我身份。
论文关键词：托尼·莫里森,《最蓝的眼睛》,蓝色,象征意义在几乎所有的莫里森小说中，黑人民众凄惨的命运以及黑人文化与白人文化之间的冲突都成为其永恒的主题。
在白人强势文化的冲击下，黑人传统文化在一定程度上受到了腐蚀，一些黑人甚至开始排斥甚至舍弃自己的文化传统。
如何处理黑人文化和白人文化的关系，并爱护和进展本民族的文化传统，这一直是莫里森在其作品中所要探讨的问题。
本文拟以《最蓝的眼睛》中的“蓝色”意象为切入点，通过分析蓝色意象的多重象征意义，透视出黑人女性的生存逆境。
白人关于黑人的种族鄙视和文化霸权是如影随形﹑无处不在的。
“蓝眼睛”和“蓝莓汁”象征种族鄙视和白人文化霸权对黑人女性的戕害，而“蓝色”布鲁斯音乐则象征着黑人文化传统，它也是黑人女性寻求自身乃至黑人民族解放的号角。
在它的指引和号召下，黑人女性才能团结一致在白人文化霸权的洪流中重建自我身份并获得新生。
2.从“蓝眼睛”中窥视黑人女性生存逆境—种族鄙视和白人文化霸权蓝眼睛是白人独有的标志，它能够用来象征白人对黑人的种族鄙视。
种族鄙视是指依照种族把人们分割成不同的社会阶层从而加以区别对待的行为，换言之，确实是用异样的眼光看待黑人。
小说中要紧表现为白种人对黑种人的鄙视即用蓝眼睛看待黑人。
种族鄙视表达在小说《最蓝的眼睛》中，充满在整个黑人社区，专门大程度上酿成了整个黑人民族的悲剧。
小说中有多处如此的例子。
如从佩克拉到杂货店买糖所遭受的冷遇便可见一斑：“她脱下鞋从里面拿出三美分。
文化冲击下的多元化黑人男性形象——以《最蓝的眼睛》为例
鲁 和 乔利 的 目光相 遇 了 。他 向乔 利 招 了招手 。‘ 过来 ，孩 子 ， 咱们 俩来 吃 瓜 心吧 ’ 。一老 一少 坐 在 草坪 上分 享 着瓜 心 。这 是 地球 最 甜 蜜的 心脏 ” 。布 鲁给 乔利 残缺 的童年 带 来 了关 爱和 欢 乐 ，让 他 体 会 到 了前所 未 有 的 温 暖和 疼 爱 ，带给 了他 很 多美 好的记 忆 。布鲁 也充 当 了一 个保 护和 发 扬 非洲 传 统文 化 的角 色 ，让 更 多 的孩 子 了解 黑 人 文化 ， 带 给大 家正 能量 。
第 二 章 探 寻 黑 人 男性 悲 惨 命 运 之根 源
第一 节 历 史 因素 美 国 南北战 争 以后 ，黑奴们 得到 了解 放。但 是解 放 的 黑奴 们仍 然 一 贫如 洗 。按照 社 会 学家对 社 会 阶层 的 分类 ，
乔利 ・ 布里德洛夫是佩 克拉的父亲 ， 冲动而暴力。从 美 国大 多数 黑人 正处 于社 会的 最底层 。黑 人无法 使 自身低
便 是既 不被 白人 社会 接受 ，又 不可 能 回归黑 人群体 ，将 自 己置于孤 独状 态之 中 。 第 四节 人格 魅力 与扭 曲的矛盾 结 合体一 亨利 深远 的。 ” 亨利 ・ 华 盛顿 关 心儿 童 、心 思细腻 ，也愿 意跟 孩子 们 注释 ： 交 流 。他 的 幽默 和爱 心无 不体 现着 他 的人格 魅力 。然而 亨 ① 吴泽霖： 《 美国人对黑人犹太 人和东 方的的态度》 ， 中央 利 先 生 却 和 一群 特 殊 的女 子 保 持 着 联系 ，并 且不 得 不 撒 民 族 学院出版社， １ ９ ９ ２ 年， 第２ ２ ４ 页。 谎 。最 终 ，亨利 的这 种压 抑 的心态 渐渐 使他 的 内心发 生变 （ （ 美）托妮 ’ 莫里森： 最蓝的眼睛》． 杨 向荣译 ． 南海 出
论《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人女性成长的困境
038［摘 要］《最蓝的眼睛》是20世纪杰出的非裔黑人女作家托尼·莫里森的处女作。
小说以黑人女性为视角，有力刻画了黑人女性在白人主流文化的冲击下，成长过程中痛苦的精神磨难和扭曲的心路历程。
莫里森通过这部小说深刻揭示了白人文化霸权下的黑人女性成长危机，并指出重塑黑人身份对于黑人女性摆脱成长苦难的重要性。
［关 键 词］《最蓝的眼睛》；黑人女性；白人文化金 哲论《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人女性成长的困境一、白人主流文化的侵蚀白人通过学校、文化机构、大众传媒等手段传播并强化他们的文化价值观。
这些手段建构了他们充满种族歧视的白人霸权意识：白人崇高而美丽；黑人堕落且丑陋。
不幸的是，这一点被那些与自身文化疏远的黑人所认同，因此他们在生理和心理上受到了双重控制。
黑人的无能表现恰恰反映了白人文化霸权的地位，这种霸权阴险而毒害着黑人的生活。
通过这种方式，白人对黑人实行有效的统治。
学校作为最重要的教育机构之一，在影响学生对自己、家庭、社区和国家的看法方面起着举足轻重的作用。
对教育系统的控制和操纵成为社会支配者向被支配者灌输思想的有力手段。
在《最蓝的眼睛》中，狄克与简的故事是美国白人中产阶级文化的一个经典版本，通过学校初级课程，其中的一部分作为某些章节的标题，白人文化为克劳迪娅·麦克蒂尔的故事提供了背景。
在小说中，莫里森也把焦点转向好莱坞和流行文化作为白人展示种族优越思想的渠道。
她揭示了戈宾诺的学说是如何在20世纪40年代的文化形象中被具体化为身体美的表现。
音乐公告牌、杂志、洋娃娃、秀兰·邓波儿的电影充斥着《最蓝的眼睛》。
好莱坞强化了18世纪与19世纪种族主义的束缚，并含蓄地阐述了戈比诺的学说，即白人种族在美的方面优于其他种族；人类群体在美上是不平等的，这种不平等是合理的、永久并不可磨灭的。
莫里森用秀兰·邓波和主人公佩科拉的对比来强调黑人经历的讽刺。
由于渴望成为邓波，佩科拉否认了自己黑人的身份。
从创伤理论视角分析《最蓝的眼睛》的开题报告
从创伤理论视角分析《最蓝的眼睛》的开题报告开题报告：《最蓝的眼睛》是美国作家托尼·莫里森所写的一部小说，被誉为“黑人文学的里程碑”，它通过展示一个身世不幸的黑人小女孩佩肯带来的心灵创伤，探讨了黑人社区的历史、文化和存在状态。
本文将从创伤理论角度出发，分析《最蓝的眼睛》中佩肯的心理创伤、创伤的来源和创伤如何影响其成长。
一、创伤理论及其应用创伤理论是指对人类离奇经历的研究，涉及人类心灵创伤的成因、发展和治疗方法。
根据创伤理论的相关研究，创伤事件对心理有着长期的影响，可能导致创伤后应激障碍、情感混乱、社交退缩等问题。
在分析小说《最蓝的眼睛》中的创伤时，我们将从创伤事件的成因、治疗和影响等一系列方面进行分析。
二、佩肯的心理创伤作为一名黑人小女孩，佩肯经历了许多心灵创伤。
她的父亲常被工作压得喝醉，母亲则因为被家庭暴力和经济压力折磨而失去了理智，将佩肯的姐姐驱逐出家门。
佩肯在黑人社区中的地位不高，遭受歧视和排挤，因此她认为自己的存在是无意义的。
佩肯对于美丽的渴望使得她认为有着蓝眼睛的人是美丽的，而这一愿望也造成了她更深层的伤害。
三、创伤的来源小说中佩肯心灵创伤的来源有两个方面。
一方面是情境创伤，包括家庭暴力、工作压力和社会歧视等，这些环境导致她产生了心理防御机制和对美丽的追求。
另一方面则是性创伤，小说中展示了性侵和性疑惑，佩肯也因此对自己的身体和性别存在质疑。
这些创伤事件对其心理有巨大的负面影响。
四、创伤的影响和治疗方法《最蓝的眼睛》中，佩肯的创伤影响到了她的整个人生。
她丧失了自我价值感、对身体和性别的自信和信心，这导致了长期的成长阻碍，难以抒发内心。
但是，小说尝试以佩肯的成长来揭示其自我认同。
通过广泛的自我探索，佩肯学会了去接纳自己、学会了去重新审视过去的“伤痛”，这有利于她治愈心理创伤并最终获得内心的平衡。
结论：小说《最蓝的眼睛》通过一个身世不幸的黑人小女孩佩肯的经历，展示了黑人社区内心理创伤及其对人类身心发展的巨大影响。
《最蓝的眼睛》中非裔美国人的暴力与非暴力抗争的开题报告
《最蓝的眼睛》中非裔美国人的暴力与非暴力抗争的开题报告《最蓝的眼睛》是著名美国作家托尼·莫里森的经典小说，讲述了一个名叫佩考拉·布莱斯的黑人女孩的故事，她在20世纪40年代的美国南部遭受种族歧视和暴力，最终走上了寻找自我和自由的道路。
本文将探讨小说中非裔美国人的暴力和非暴力抗争，分析其背后的意义。
一、暴力抗争小说中描绘了许多非裔美国人使用暴力反抗种族歧视和压迫的场景。
其中最具代表性的是佩考利的同伴刀锋在被白人忍辱负重后，决定用枪支进行报复，结果却误伤了同族的孩子。
另外还有一些暴力反抗的场景，比如黑人之间的互相殴打和袭击白人行动。
这些行为表现出了非裔美国人对于种族歧视和压迫的不满和愤怒。
二、非暴力抗争除了暴力抗争，小说中还描述了很多非暴力的抗争和争取自由的行为。
其中最引人注目的就是主角佩考利向Mrs.Macteer借书，学习和探索自我，以及最终逃离父母的压制和离开家乡，寻找归属感和自由的故事。
总的来说，小说中暴力与非暴力的抗争都描绘得非常真实，让人反思种族歧视和压迫带来的痛苦和不公。
而非暴力抗争则更多地展现了主角佩考利成长的过程和自我解放的故事。
这样的描写表达了现实中非裔美国人在抗争中需要选择不同的方式，有时候只有非暴力抗争才能带来真正的自由和尊严。
同时，小说也暗示了种族歧视和压迫的深层次原因并不仅仅在于表面的法律或政策，而更在于心灵的深处。
只有通过自我探索和寻找真正的自我，才能最终实现真正的自由。
因此，通过分析小说中非裔美国人的暴力与非暴力抗争，不仅可以加深我们对美国种族歧视历史的理解，更能引发我们对于种族间和社会间关系的思考和反思。
试析《最蓝的眼睛》中的文化创伤以及叙事技巧的开题报告
试析《最蓝的眼睛》中的文化创伤以及叙事技巧的开题报告一、选题背景《最蓝的眼睛》是美国华裔作家莫言的代表作之一，该小说以描述南部黑人社区中的种族歧视和贫困为主题。
小说中采用了多种叙事手法，如回忆、梦境、叙述和对白等，通过多视角的交错叙述，呈现了黑人女性佛多破碎的心灵世界和对身份问题的困扰。
莫言通过小说，深入探究了黑人文化的创伤和其所带来的影响，引起了读者的广泛关注和探讨。
二、选题意义《最蓝的眼睛》中的文化创伤是一种由于种族歧视、贫困、暴力和权利剥夺等原因所导致的心理痛苦和悲痛，影响着黑人女性的人生和心理。
本研究试图通过分析小说中的文化创伤，探究其形成原因和影响，同时分析其对文化认同的影响，并探讨小说中运用的叙事技巧在呈现文化创伤方面的作用，以期对现代社会的种族问题有所启示。
三、拟定研究方向1. 小说中的文化创伤形成原因探究；2. 小说中的文化创伤对文化认同的影响分析；3. 小说中采用的叙事技巧在呈现文化创伤方面的作用探究；4. 小说中表现出的种族问题和现实社会的关系探究。
四、拟定研究方法本研究将采用文本分析法和历史研究法，通过对小说中的文化创伤及其影响和对叙事技巧的分析，结合历史资料梳理黑人文化中的创伤产生的原因和各种不同的影响，同时考虑小说中所表现的种族问题与现实社会的联系，以保证研究的准确性和可靠性。
五、论文结构安排第一章：绪论1.1 研究背景和意义分析1.2 相关研究回顾与分析1.3 研究目的和方法第二章：文化创伤的形成原因探究2.1 种族歧视的历史渊源2.2 贫困和暴力对黑人女性权利的剥夺2.3 表现出的黑人文化中的创伤第三章：文化创伤对文化认同的影响分析3.1 影响黑人女性的个人为单位3.2 影响黑人女性的社会为单位第四章：叙事技巧在呈现文化创伤方面的作用探究4.1 小说中采用的各种叙事手法4.2 叙事技巧的特征和意义4.3 叙事技巧在呈现文化创伤方面的作用探究第五章：小说中表现出的种族问题和现实社会的关系探究5.1 种族问题与现实社会的联系5.2 小说中所表现出的种族问题的影响及其启示第六章：结论6.1 研究结果总结6.2 研究的局限性和展望6.3 研究的意义和价值参考文献附录。
托尼·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的叙事策略的开题报告
托尼·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》的叙事策略的开题报告1. 研究背景和意义托尼·莫里森是美国现代文学的杰出代表，她以揭示黑人女性身份认同问题和批判白人至上主义而著名。
她的小说《最蓝的眼睛》是她的代表作之一，被广泛认为是20世纪美国文学中的杰作之一。
小说通过描述主人公佩科拉的成长经历，揭示了种族、阶级、性别、身份认同等多重问题，探讨了黑人女性的处境和困境，反映了种族主义和性别歧视的问题。
小说的叙事策略和技巧是其成就的重要组成部分，因此本文将以《最蓝的眼睛》为研究对象，探讨其叙事策略的运用和意义。
2. 研究内容和方法本文将以《最蓝的眼睛》为研究对象，分析小说中采用的叙事策略和技巧，探讨其在小说中的运用和意义。
具体内容包括：（1）小说的叙事结构和时间安排，包括回忆、幻想、梦境等叙事手法。
（2）小说中采用的多重叙述者的策略，包括第一人称和第三人称的叙述，以及众多叙述角度的变换。
（3）小说的象征手法和隐喻，包括色彩、光影、动物和植物等形象的象征意义。
本文将采用文本分析法和批评分析法，结合相关文献资料，对研究对象进行分析和探讨。
3. 预期结果和创新点本文的预期结果包括：（1）揭示小说中叙事结构和技巧的运用特点，探讨其在传达主题和意义方面的重要性。
（2）分析小说中多重叙述者的策略，探究其对故事情节和人物塑造的作用，以及对读者观感的影响。
（3）分析小说中象征手法的使用，探究其形象意义和象征层面的含义，以及其对故事深度和内涵的提升。
本文的创新点在于对叙事策略和技巧的全面分析和探讨，以及对小说的深入阐释，有助于读者更好地理解小说的内涵和主题，对美国现代文学和种族、性别问题的研究也具有一定的参考价值。
《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人文化身份的建构的开题报告
《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人文化身份的建构的开题报告
题目：《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人文化身份的建构
研究背景：
《最蓝的眼睛》是美国著名作家托尼·莫里森的代表作之一，该小说
通过对一个黑人女孩佩琳的成长经历进行描写，揭示了种族歧视和人性
的阴暗面。
小说中，黑人身份和文化成为了一个主要的话题，作者通过
佩琳的成长和故事中的其他角色，展现了黑人身份的建构和文化的价值。
因此，该小说对于探讨黑人文化身份的建构有一定的参考价值。
研究目的：
通过分析《最蓝的眼睛》中的黑人文化身份，探讨黑人身份的建构
和文化如何影响个体的成长和人生选择。
研究内容：
1. 小说中黑人身份的建构：探讨小说中如何塑造黑人身份，并分析
黑人身份的不同表现形式。
2. 小说中黑人文化的建构：分析小说中黑人文化的价值观和思想体系，并探讨其与黑人身份的联系。
3. 黑人文化对佩琳成长的影响：探讨小说中佩琳如何通过接受和拥
抱自己的黑人文化，找到自己的身份认同和自我价值。
4. 文化身份和人生选择：分析小说中其他角色（如佩琳的母亲和姐姐）在身份认同和文化传承方面所做的选择，并探讨这些选择对人生轨
迹和生活结果的影响。
研究方法：
本研究采用文本分析法和理论分析法，主要依靠文学评论和相关学者的研究成果，在比较和分析不同看法的基础上，进一步深入解读小说中的黑人文化身份建构。
预期结果：
通过对《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人文化身份的建构的分析，可以对黑人身份认同和文化传承方面的问题进行较为深入的探讨，提高人们对于黑人文化的认识和理解，为促进跨文化沟通和交流提供有益的参考。
《最蓝的眼睛》的空间叙事研究的开题报告
《最蓝的眼睛》的空间叙事研究的开题报告
题目：《最蓝的眼睛》的空间叙事研究
研究背景：
《最蓝的眼睛》是美国著名作家托尼·莫里森的长篇小说，于1970年首次出版。
该小说以美国南方黑人社区为背景，通过讲述主人公佩科拉·布莱思在种族歧视和贫困环境下成长的故事，揭示了美国种族问题和社会现实。
其中，空间扮演着重要的角色，成为文本中一种独具特色的叙事形式。
因此，本文旨在探究该小说的空间叙事，并分析其在小说中的作用。
研究目的：
1. 分析《最蓝的眼睛》中空间的叙事形式和特征。
2. 探讨空间在小说中的象征意义和文化内涵。
3. 分析小说中不同空间的作用及其对主人公佩科拉成长的影响。
研究方法：
1. 文本分析法：通过对小说《最蓝的眼睛》的文本进行细致的阅读和分析，挖掘其中的空间叙事形式和特征、象征意义和文化内涵等方面的内容。
2. 符号学方法：运用符号学的理论和方法，深入探讨小说中空间的象征意义和文化内涵，并探讨其对主人公佩科拉的成长和身份认同的影响。
3. 文化研究方法：结合当时美国社会的历史背景和文化氛围，通过分析小说中不同空间的作用，探讨其在文化环境下的意义和价值。
预期结果：
1. 揭示《最蓝的眼睛》中空间叙事形式和特征的贡献和重要性。
2. 分析小说中不同空间的象征意义和文化内涵，提供更深入的文化解读。
3. 探讨空间对主人公佩科拉成长的影响，揭示小说中道出的种族歧视和贫困环境对人性的玷污和伤害。
研究价值：
本文对《最蓝的眼睛》中各种空间的叙事形式和特征、象征意义和文化内涵进行探究，能够使读者更加深入地理解小说的内涵和意义，为文化研究提供新的思路和方法。
论_最蓝的眼睛_中_蓝眼睛_对黑人心灵的异化_郭晖
异域文苑论《最蓝的眼睛》中“蓝眼睛”对黑人心灵的异化郭晖（南京师范大学江苏·南京 210097）摘 要：异化是西方文学的主题之一，美国黑人女作家托妮·莫里森在其处女作《最蓝的眼睛》中，通过描述主人公佩科拉悲惨无助而最终疯狂的成长历程，展现了白人文化冲击之下黑人心灵的扭曲与变异，深刻揭露了黑人社区内部的分裂与疏离。
同时，在莫里森的这部处女作中，通过刻画“蓝眼睛”的独特意象，作家赋予“蓝眼睛”丰富的象征意义，从全新的角度揭示出黑人族群心灵异化的深层原因。
关键词：蓝眼睛 异化 托妮·莫里森中图分类号：I021&B024.1 文献标识码：AOn the Theme of Alienation towards Black People in The Bluest EyeGUO Hui(Nanjing Nornal University Jiangsu·Nanjing 210097)Abstract: Alienation is one of the topic themes in western literature.In the book of The Bluest Eye written by Toni Morrison, she depicts the tragic lifetime of the heroine Pecola, points out the variation of the black people’s mind hitten by white culture and the alienation among black community.Meanwhile, Morrison endows multiple meanings on ‘the blue eye’ and uncovers profound reasons about the alienation of the black people through the depiction of ‘the blue eye’.Key words: Blue Eye; Alienation; Toni Morrison异化是西方文学常见的主题之一。
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刘艳芳在“黑人的异化——评托尼·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》”中分析，“在白人强势的主流文化中，黑人已经被不同程度的异化，他们不断地遭受着自己的双重身份的折磨，也折射出了白人的冷漠，这不仅是两个种族的问题，而是全人类面临的人性丧失的危机。唯一的解决方法就是呼吁人类的本质的复归”。
作者Toni Morrison曾在The Bluest Eye的扉页上说到：“凭外表判断人的素质是西方世界最愚蠢、最有害、最具毁灭性的观念之一，我们不应受它影响。白人关于外表美的看法跟我们民族的过去、现在和未来没有任何关系”。
KeithE.Byerman在“Author Morrison Uses Fiction to Challenge Prevailing Images”中发表了自己的看法，他认为：“社会为了控制和塑造科里而对其采取的各种方式产生了一种结果，即剥夺了他以为能为社会接受的、表示人类真实情感的表达方式”。他认为，“科里的堕落，尤其是他对女儿佩科拉的强奸充分说明：一个在有毒的土壤中成长的人，只会变成毒物，因为他所能吸收的营养只有毒素。从这个意义上看，科里的悲剧正是对造成其人生悲剧的‘社会土壤’的控诉”。
3、研究的主要方法、手段：
本论文主要采用叙述法和例证法，研究分析他者形象及其产生的根源。此外通过讨论作者所运用的自然意象等手段来探讨小说中他者的惨痛悲剧，借此，使读者从不同的角度审视黑人的生活境况。通过阅读《最蓝的眼睛》的英文版原著及深入分析国内国外有关文献资料和著作，为文章的论述提供理论依据。同时，阅读一些相关的期刊硕士、博士论文的和研究资料，更好地了解此作品在国内外的不同影响。
3、可行性分析：
《最蓝的眼睛》描述了一个黑人小女孩祈求得到一双白人才能具有的蓝眼睛的悲剧。她的悲剧代表了许多黑人女性在强势文化之下的心灵迷失、自我否定，揭示了种族歧视对黑人造成的精神危害。她的悲惨结局向所有甘为白人社会精神奴隶的黑人竖起了一面镜子。莫里森在小说里为迷途中的黑人同胞指明了方向,她为拯救黑人扭曲的灵魂，唤醒黑人的民族自豪感、和谐团结的意识做出了重大贡献。她认为要想得到白人的认可，黑人首先要接受自我，弘扬文化传统，体现出自己的特色，认识到自己内在的魅力。通过对莫里森的《最蓝的眼睛》中他者形象进行进一步的分析和研究，可以辨证地看待白人文化中对自己有益的东西，取长补短，从而不断壮大自己，避免像佩科拉这样的悲剧再次上演。总之，《最蓝的眼睛》不仅揭示了美国黑人妇女的问题，也揭示出了人类情感的深度和复杂性。这种不同种族、性别和阶级之间寻求平等与和谐的问题，是目前对莫里森的研究中仍然很边沿的领域。此外，国内外有大量学者在此方面进行过细致深刻的分析，这些著作和文章都为本篇论文的写作提供充足的理论材料，是本论文构思与写作的坚实基础。
从文化角度研究的有：
Ogunyemi在“Order and Disorder in Toni Morrison’sThe Bluest Eye”中作出过如下评论:“综观全书，替罪羊(指将自己所受转施与人)自始至终是书的主题，杰娜姐的猫、鲍伯与狗，还有佩科拉，都是替罪羊。他们通过某种暴力仪式而成为美国社会的替罪羊。当人们将屈辱、怨毒倾泄于象佩科拉这样无助的替罪羊身上时，他们从她的贫穷中感到自己尚有温饱，从她的丑陋中感到自己并非最丑，从她的不幸中感到自己不幸中的万幸”。
本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目：The Image of Other inThe Bluest Eye
院（系）：外语系班 级：姓源自名：学 号：指导教师：
教师职称：
黑龙江科技学院本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目
《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象
来源
自拟题目
1、研究目的和意义
托尼·莫里森的首部作品《最蓝的眼睛》描述了一个黑人女孩为渴求一双白人所拥有的蓝眼睛而经历的悲惨遭遇。莫里森通过她的作品，细腻地描写了黑人的不同命运及他们的屈辱生活，同时也描述了生活在暗无天日的阶层的人们的命运和屈辱，让人们感到一种彻骨之痛，看到了一条模糊的朦胧若雾的艰辛的求生的路径。艺术表现手法上，《最蓝的眼睛》具有将黑人传统艺术与现代文学技巧相结合的独特魅力；在小说的主题方面，作者以黑人女性的视角为出发点，对美国黑人的生存现状进行了细微的描述以及深入的探讨。本文将利用后殖民主义批评方法及拉康的镜像理论，拟就《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象进行分析，对文化殖民主义影响下黑人与本土文化疏离的现象进行剖析，揭示出他者形象产生的原因，即黑人在长期种族歧视下价值观与审美观发生的变异过程以及这种变异对黑人造成的精神上以及心里上的影响。希望能引起更多学者对该问题的关注和重视，这对进一步了解美国黑人文学动态、研究当今活跃于美国文坛的黑人女作家群体极具现实意义。此外，通过此论文的写作，还可以使读者更好地了解黑人生活及文化。
从写作技巧方面研究的有：
曾志江，刘明景在“断层的叙事时间之于断裂的人生——解读托尼·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》中的时间叙事策略”中发表了自己的看法，“莫里森运用热奈特的叙事时间理论，从时间顺序、时间频率和时间距离三个方面对《最蓝的眼睛》中时间叙事策略分析，认为作者正是巧妙地运用了这种断层的时间叙事技巧去讲述主人公佩科拉那悲惨、断裂的人生”。
梁志健在“自然意象在《最蓝的眼睛》中的象征意义”中指出，“莫里森从自然环境、社会环境和人自身等诸多因素去探索造成黑人悲剧命运的根源，揭示文化殖民使生活在美国社会边缘的黑人所不得不面对的生存和精神困境。自然意象贯穿《最蓝的眼睛》整部小说,使小说的思想性和艺术性完美地结合在一起”。
以上则是国内外对此论题的相关研究和发展情况。从这些例证中不难看出，中外对此论题的研究侧重点有所不同。外国学者比较重视从文化角度——黑人弱势群体进行研究分析。与此相对的，国内学者侧重探究不同的因素，从而从更广泛的方面进行分析。但国内外学者通过拉康镜像理论分析此部小说，并不多见。镜像理论的应用也是此部小说的创新所在。
从写作技巧方面研究的有：
Barbara Christian在The Contemporary Fables of Toni Morrison中说:“莫里森这部小说的结构或许远比小说中所描述的特殊事件给予这部小说更为贴切的真理，这部小说在结构上的三大特点是狄克——珍妮篇与主要情节的对照，以季节为小说主体框架及叙述角度的变化。批评家们认为这三大特点是使这一人生悲剧故事迸发出火花的导火索”。
张学祥在“最蓝的眼睛——双重歧视悲剧”中评论到“美国黑人女作家托尼·莫里森的第一部小说《最蓝的眼睛》在声讨种族主义、探讨黑人出路的问题上采取了不同于以往多数黑人作家传统的做法，标志着黑人文学逐步走向成熟和理性。小说主人公的悲剧揭示了白人种族文化观对黑人的残害，而黑人对自身的不幸也有不可推卸的责任，黑人的自我歧视埋下了更加痛苦的种子。所以，黑人自我态度的改变成了他们实现真正自我的关键”。
二、国内对《最蓝的眼睛》的研究情况：
从文化角度研究的有：
郑玉荣在“《最蓝的眼睛》中的人物自我同黑人社区的游离与融合”中说到，“事实上，不仅种族主义是小说主人公最终悲惨命运的罪魁祸首，那些以滑头教士和杰拉尔丁为代表的，在认同强势文化过程中失去文化依托、否定自我、丧失自我的黑人们，也是悲剧的深刻根源，他们选择远离自己的社区，企图融入白人社会，但最终却始终游离其外而导致他们陷入了自我分裂的深渊，完成的是自我价值和生命意义的否定与离弃”。
2、国内外发展情况(文献综述)
本篇论文在了解国内国外对《最蓝的眼睛》进行的多方面的解析的基础上，通过对他者形象的产生以及延续进行分析，进而揭示论文的主旨。下面，就分别介绍国内和国外对《最蓝的眼睛》的研究现状。
一、国外对《最蓝的眼睛》的研究情况：
《最蓝的眼睛》一书对于美国文学界的影响很大。纽约时代的评论认为，“小说中充满如此多的痛苦与惊奇，堪称一部诗篇”。豪斯顿日志称赞道:“大胆、全新的写作手法以及超时间性，使其具有伟大文学的特征”。是的，这是“一本生动全面展现那些想进入白人世界的黑人所遭受恐怖经历的全幅画卷……一幅发人深思、催人泪下描述黑人少女生活原貌的全景折射图”。
从女性主义角度分析的有：
在“《最蓝的眼睛》：黑人妇女悲剧的立体性透视”中，张学祥指出，“妇女是上帝远离人类的‘罪魁祸首’，打破了人类的美好梦想，使人类与上帝同在的现实成为泡影。于是乎，非洲女性注定被认为是邪恶的，应该世世代代接受惩罚。妇女作为一个弱势群体便成为人类平衡自己内心情感所需仪式的‘替罪羊’。这一传统在时间上以神话模式被赋予了永恒性和合理性，世代相传，演绎着女性的种种悲剧”。
6、时间进程
一稿：3月21日-5月5日
二稿：5月6日-5月21日
三稿：5月22日-6月1日
定稿：6月8日
7、参考文献：
Byerman，E. Keith. Author Morrison Uses Fiction to Challenge Prevailing Images[J]. Milwaukee Journal，(10)1990:25-28.
王晓宇在“夹缝中生存的‘第三类人’——浅议《最蓝的眼睛》中的布里德洛夫太太”中指出，“黑人与白人本没有优劣之分，但当两种不同身份的人同时出现在一个社会内部，总会因其生活背景等状况不同而分出强弱，黑人便是同白人相比之下的‘劣等人’，没有地位可言，永远作为边缘人的角色出现。在这种恶性循环中，黑人没有机会挣脱种族主义的枷锁。在以白人文化为主要意识形态的美国，黑人只是作为陪衬白人的小丑。他们受白人文化的侵染，认定自己是无比丑陋的。黑人对自己身份的认同竟然和白人达成了一致，丢失了黑人性也丧失了自我，想融入白人社会却不被接纳，这种隔离感伴随他们一生，也导致他们价值观的错位，黑与白之间永远隔着一道不可逾越的鸿沟”。
胡丽英、张传彪在“最蓝的眼睛能给黑人带来什么？——重读托尼·莫里森《最蓝的眼睛》”中说到，“《最蓝的眼睛》以饱含深情的笔触向世人展示了当年美国黑人生活的辛酸与内心的痛苦挣扎。作为被边缘化的群体，美国黑人被主流社会所排斥，长期处于失语状态，其民族意识在种族主义文化暴力的压制下被削弱、被淡化。托妮·莫里森不无感慨地指出，黑人民族要想生存下去，除了拥有政治权利和经济独立外，还必须保留住黑人文化，因为丧失了自己文化的种族，终将丧失一切”。