最蓝的眼睛 论文
黑与白冲突——《最蓝的眼睛》黑人与白人文化冲突分析
- 246-校园英语 / 文艺鉴赏黑与白冲突——《最蓝的眼睛》黑人与白人文化冲突分析三峡大学外国语学院/王琼曼【摘要】《最蓝的眼睛》是非裔美国女作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者托妮•莫里森的处女作。
小说在情节上并不复杂。
本文从黑白两种颜色颜色的角度，剖析了作者想要阐述的主题：黑人在任何时候都必须保持自己的文化传统。
【关键词】颜色 黑 白 文化传统《最蓝的眼睛》是非裔美国女作家、诺贝尔文学奖获得者托妮•莫里森的处女作。
小说在情节上并不复杂：小说以秋、冬、春、夏为叙述框架，讲述了年仅11岁的黑人女孩佩科拉在遭生父强奸，继而怀孕，早产了一个很快就夭折的婴儿后，在无人关心帮助的情况下堕入疯狂状态的悲剧故事。
读完《最蓝的眼睛》，脑海里始终有两种颜色在晃动：黑色，白色。
莫里森同时又是一个运用象征手法的大师。
象征手法使作品主题意义上具有多种解读的深刻性。
本文将粗略地对黑白两种颜色所象征的寓意进行分析。
一、白色的美小说的白色代表着白人文化。
在美国社会里，尽管白人对黑人的公然压迫在逐渐消失，但是白人文化霸权主义仍然存在。
对于白人种族主义者来说，白人和黑人在外观上的不同显示的是其内在特质的区别，意味着他们在智力，道德和精神上的优劣。
在《最蓝的眼睛》中，正是因为内化了白人的价值标准，小说里的部分人物不愿正视和坚持自己民族和文化的传统，一味追求白人文化所倡导的“金发、碧眼、白皮肤”的审美观和白人中产阶级的价值观。
这种审美观和价值观不断渗透到黑人民族中，严重扭曲着黑人民族的民族灵魂。
小说中的部分黑人唯“白”是美。
在黑人社区内部，黑人们普遍存在一种自我厌恶情结。
他们觉得自己天生就丑陋。
如果哪个黑人出生时皮肤是浅色的，那么他就会被认为是高人一等。
主人公佩科拉从一出生就被认为是丑陋的。
随着她不断的成长，这种看法加深了她认为自己丑陋的信念，“她发现所有白人的眼睛里都潜伏着这种神色。
毫无疑问，这厌恶是冲着她来的，是冲着她的黑皮肤来的”。
她从潜意识里把自己的丑陋与黑皮肤联系了起来，从而把所有的罪恶也都归结为她的黑皮肤。
文献综述-论《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉和乔利对黑人文化的不同态度
On the Different Attitudes of Pecola and Cholly Towards Black Culturein The Bluest Eyes论《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉和乔利对黑人文化的不同态度Literature ReviewAbstract:Toni Morrison is a renowned black woman writer in America. Most of her works are about the miserable life of black people in America.As Toni Morrison’s first and most famous novel, The Bluest Eye established her literary reputation in America black literature. During many years, people outside and inside have made many researches on The Bluest Eye from different aspects, such as such as the tragedy of Pecola, the reasons of her tragedy, the meaning of black community,the contrast of Pecola’s and Claudia’s fate, and so on. This article tries to analyze the author, work and others’comments and points out this paper’s significance.摘要：托尼·莫里森是美国著名的黑人女作家。
她的大部分作品是关于美国黑人的痛苦命运的。
论托尼-莫里森小说叙事艺术——关于《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》的一种解读
苏州大学硕士学位论文论托尼?莫里森小说叙事艺术－－关于《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》的一种解读姓名：***申请学位级别：硕士专业：英语语言文学指导教师：***201105摘要托尼·莫里森（１９３１一）是２０世纪最为杰出的非裔美国女作家，因其卓越的创作才华于１９９３年获诺贝尔文学奖，是第一位也是唯一一位获此殊荣的美国黑人女性。
作为一名才华横溢的作家，莫里森是一位叙事艺术的大师。
在其创作的小说中，她总能成功地选择并运用最恰当的写作手法来服务小说的主题。
本论文选择莫里森的三部小说《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》来研究该作家如何运用不同的叙事技巧来深化小说的主题。
本论文分五章。
第一章简要介绍莫里森生平成就以及其三部作品，即《最蓝的眼睛》、《宠儿》和《苏拉》。
第二章主要分析莫里森在《最蓝的眼睛》中运用的多重叙述声音及人物故事对比等手法，说明小说家如何通过特定的叙事手法表明审美标准本应是多元的一少部分黑人内化白人标准是极其有害的。
第三章讨论莫里森在《宠儿》中运用的哥特式叙事以及内心独白等手法，说明小说如何运用这些手法揭示黑人在惨绝人寰的奴隶制下扭曲的心灵，并且指出只有当黑人相互袒露心灵才能治愈伤害。
第四章讨论小说《秀拉》中运用环形叙述和反讽等手法，说明小说家如何运用这些手法叙述一个叛逆的黑人女性成为黑人社区不可或缺的关键人物的故事。
最后一章为结论，对以上章节所讨论的写作手法进行总结，说明在莫里森自己的小说中总能通过将叙述手法与小说主题有机结合起来，使叙事艺术很好地服务于小说的主题。
关键词：托尼·莫罩森，《最蓝的眼睛》，《宠儿》，《苏拉》，叙事艺术。
叙事策略ＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ（１９３１－）ｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｐｒｏｍｉｎｅｎｔａｎｄｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｗｏｍａｎｗｒｉｔｅｒｏｆｔｈｅ２０ｔｈｃｅｎｔｕｒｙ．ＳｈｅｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｔｈｅＮｏｂｅｌＰｒｉｚｅｆｏｒｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｉｎ１９９３ｆｏｒｈｅｒｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔａｃｈｉｅｖｅｍｅｎｔｓｉｎｗｒｉｔｉｎｇ，ａｎｄｈａｓｒｅｍａｉｎｅｄｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔａｎｄｏｎｌｙＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｗｏｍａｎｔｏｗｉｎｔｈｉｓａｗａｒｄ．Ａｓａｇｉｆｔｅｄｗｆｉｔｅｒ’Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｉｓａｍａｓｔｅｒｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｒｔｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎｈｅｒｎｏｖｅｌｓ，ｓｈｅｕｎｆａｉｌｉｎｇｌｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｔｈａｔｂｅｓｔｓｅｒｖｅｈｅｒｍｅｓｓａｇｅ．Ｉｎｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉｓ，Ｉｔａｋｅａｌｏｏｋａｔｔｈｒｅｅｏｆｈｅｒｎｏｖｅｌｓ，ｎａｍｅｌｙ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ，ＢｅｌｏｖｅｄａｎｄＳｕｌａ，ａｎｄｅｘａｍｉｎｅｔｈｅｗａｙｉｎｗｈｉｃｈＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎＵＳｅＳｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｄｅｖｉｃｅｓｔｏｆａｃｉｌｉｔａｔｅｔｈｅｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｅｒｔｈｅｍｅｓ．Ｔｈｉｓｔｈｅｓｉｓｉｓｄｉｖｉｄｅｄｉｎｔｏｆｉｖｅｃｈａｐｔｅｒｓ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＯｎｅｉｓｔｈｅｉｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｓａｂｒｉｅｆｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｃａｒｅｅｒａｎｄｈｅｒｔｈｒｅｅｂｏｏｋｓ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ，ＳｕｌａａｎｄＢｅｌｏｖｅｄ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＴｗｏａｎａｌｙｚｅｓｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｕｓｅｄｉｎＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ．Ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｍｕｌｔｉｐｌｅｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｐｅｒｓｐｅｃｔｉｖｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏｎｔｒａｓｔｉｎｇｌｉｆｅｓｔｏｒｉｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ．Ｂｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈｅｓｔａｎｄａｒｄｏｆｂｅａｕｔｙｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｉｎｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｐｅｏｐｌｅ’Ｓｅｙｅｓ．Ｉｔｉｓｈａｒｍｆｕｌｆｏｒｂｌａｃｋｐｅｏｐｌｅｔｏｉｎｔｅｒｎａｌｉｚｅｗｈｉｔｅｂｅａｕｔｙａｓｔｈｅｏｎｌｙｓｔａｎｄａｒｄ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＴｈｒｅｅｄｉｓｃｕｓｓｅｓｔｈｅｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｉｎＢｅｌｏｖｅｄ．ＢｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇｔｈｅＧｏｔｈｉｃｍｏｄｅｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｉｏｒｍｏｎｏｌｏｇｕｅ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｓｈｏｗｓｒｅａｄｅｒｓｔｈｅｄｉｓｔｏｒｔｅｄｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌｉｔｙａｎｄｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｚｅｄｈｅａｒｔｓｏｆｂｌａｃｋｐｅｏｐｌｅｂｒｏｕｇｈｔｂｙｓｌａｖｅｒｙ．ＡｎｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎａｌｓｏｉｎｄｉｃａｔｅｓｔｈａｔｏｎｌｙｗｈｅｎｂｌａｃｋｐｅｏｐｌｅｏｐｅｎｔｈｅｉｒｈｅａｒｔｓｔｏｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒＣａｎｔｈｅｙｆｉｎｄｔｒｕｅｌｏｖｅａｎｄｈａｖｅｔｈｅｉｒｓｐｉｒｉｔ＂ｓａｖｅｄ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＦｏｕｒｇｉｖｅｓａｓｕｒｖｅｙｏｆｔｈｅｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｅｄｉｎＳｕｌａ，ｗｈｉｃｈａｒｅｃｅｎｔｅｒｅｄａｒｏｕｎｄｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｃｉｒｃｕｌａｒｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｉｒｏｎｙ．Ｂｙｅｍｐｌｏｙｉｎｇｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓ，ＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｓｈｏｗｓＵＳｔｈａｔａｒｅｂｅｌｌｉｏｕｓｂｌａｃｋｗｏｍａｎｃａｎｂｅｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｉｖｅｔｏｈｅｒｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｙａｔｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｉｍｅｓ．Ｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｉｒｏｎｙ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎａｌｓｏｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｓｔｈｅｔｈｅｍｅｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｓ：ａｐｐｅａｒａｎｃｅｓｃａｌｌｂｅｄｅｃｅｐｔｉｖｅ．ＴｈｅｌａｓｔｃｈａｐｔｅｒｉｓｔｈｅｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｉｎｗｈｉｃｈＩｃｏｎｔｅｎｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｉｓａｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅａｒｔｉｓｔｗｈｏｓｅｎｏｖｅｌｓｓｔａｎｄｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｎｔｌｙａｓａｃｏｍｂｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅｔｅｃｈｎｉｑｕｅｓａｎｄｔｈｅｍａｔｉｃｃｏｎｔｅｎｔｓ．ＡｎｄＩｂｅｌｉｅｖｅｔｈａｔｔｈｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｗｉｌｌｈｅｌｐｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｔｏｄｅｅｐｅｎｏｕｒｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇａｎｄａｐｐｒｅｃｉａｔｉｏｎｏｆＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ，ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｔｏｓｕｇｇｅｓｔａｎｅｗｗａｙｏｆｓｔｕｄｙｉｎｇｈｅｒｎｏｖｅｌｓ．Ｗｏｒｄｓ：ＴｏｌｌｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ，Ｂｅｌｏｖｅｄ，Ｓｕｌａ，ａｒｔｏｆｎａｒｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｎａｒｒａｔｉｖｅＫｅｙｓｔｒａｔｉｇｉｅｓＡｃｋｎｏｗｌｅｄｇｅｍｅｎｔｓＩｔｉｓｉｍｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｆｏｒｍｅｔｏｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅｍｙｓｔｕｄｙａｓａｎＭＡｃａｎｄｉｄａｔｅａｔＳｏｏｃｈｏｗＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｔｈｅｈｅｌｐｏｆｍａｎｙｐｅｏｐｌｅ．ＷａｎｇＬａｂａｏ，ｉｓｔｈｅｍｏｓｔｉｍｐｏｒｔａｎｔＡｍｏｎｇｔｈｏｓｅｐｅｏｐｌｅ，ｍｙｓｕｐｅｒｖｉｓｏｒ，Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｏｎｅ．Ｈｉｓｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｅｎｃｏｕｒａｇｅｍｅｎｔｈａｓｎｏｕｒｉｓｈｅｄｍｅｉｎｍｙｓｔｕｄｙ．Ｈｉｓｉｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅａｃｈｓｔａｇｅｏｆｔｈｅｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｈａｖｅｈｏｎｅｄｍｙｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｓｋｉｌｌｓ·Ａｓａｓｔｒｉｃｔｇｕｉｄａｎｃｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｒａｎｄｄｅｖｏｔｅｄｓｃｈｏｌａｒ，ｈｅｈａｓｓｅｔａｇｏｏｄｅｘａｍｐｌｅｆｏｒｍｅａｎｄｔａｕｇｈｔｍｅｔｈｉｎｇｓｎｏｔｌｉｍｉｔｅｄｔｏｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅｏｎｌｙ．１ｗｉｓｈｔｏｅｘｔｅｎｄｍｙｓｉｎｃｅｒｅｔｈａｎｋｓｔｏｈｉｍｆｏｒａｌｌｔｈａｔｈｅｈａｓｄｏｎｅｆｏｒｍｅ．ＭｙｇｒａｔｉｔｕｄｅａｌｓｏｇｏｅｓｔＯＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＺｈｕＸｉｎｆｕ，ＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＸｕＱｉｎｇｇｅｎａｎｄＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｍｅｗｉｔｈａｃｌｅａｒａｎｄｓｙｓｔｅｍａｔｉｃＨｏｎｇＱｉｎｇｆｕｗｈｏｈａｖｅｈｅｌｐｅｄｂｙｅｑｕｉｐｐｉｎｇｉｔｉｓｔｏｓｔｕｄｙＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｌｉｔｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．ＰｒｅｃｉｏｕｓａｄｖｉｃｅｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇｏｆｗｈａｔｆｒｏｍＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＺｈｕＸｉｎｇｆｕｉｎｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｒｈａｓｂｅｎｅｆｉｔｅｄｍｅｉｍｍｅａｓｕｒａｂｌｙ．ＡｎｄＩａｍｍｅｓｏｍｕｃｈｇｒａｔｅｆｕｌｔｏＰｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒＳｏｎｇＹａｎｆａｎｇｗｈｏｓｅｔｈｏｕｇｈｔ－ｐｒｏｖｏｋｉｎｇｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｓｔａｕｇｈｔａｂｏｕｔｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙｔｈｅｏｒｙ．Ｔｈｅｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｍｏｒｅｃｈａｌｌｅｎｇｉｎｇｈａｄｉｔｎｏｔｂｅｅｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｕｎｆａｉｌｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｍｙｇｏｏｄｆｒｉｅｎｄｓ．ＡｎｄＩａｌｓｏｗｉｓｈｔｏｔｈａｎｋｍｙｆａｍｉｌｙｆｏｒｕｎｄｅｒｓｔａｎｄｉｎｇａｎｄｓｕｐｐｏｒｔｔｈｅｉｒｕｎｓｗｅｒｖｉｎｇｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｃｅｉｎｍｅａｎｄｕｎｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｌｏｖｅ．ＣｈａｐｔｅｒＯｎｅＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＣｈｌｏｅＡｎｔｈｏｎｙＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ，ｌａｔｅｒｋｎｏｗｎａｓＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ，ｗａｓｂｏｒｎｉｎＬｏｒａｉｎ，Ｏｈｉｏ，ｏｎＦｅｂｒｕａｒｙ１８，１９３１．Ｓｈｅｗａｓｔｈｅｄａｕｇｈｔｅｒｏｆａｓｈｉｐｙａｒｄｗｅｌｄｅｒａｎｄａｒｅｌｉｇｉｏｕｓｗｏｍａｎｗｈｏｓａｎｇｉｎｔｈｅｃｈｕｒｃｈｃｈｏｋ．ＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｈａｄａｓｉｓｔｅｒＬｏｉｓａｎｄｔｗｏｙｏｕｎｇｅｒｂｒｏｔｈｅｒｓ，ＧｅｏｒｇｅａｎｄＲａｙｍｏｎｄ．ＨｅｒｐａｒｅｎｔｓｈａｄｍｏｖｅｄｔｏＯｈｉｏｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈ，ｈｏｐｉｎｇｔｏｒａｉｓｅｔｈｅｉｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｉｎａｌｌｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｆｒｉｅｎｄｌｉｅｒｔｏｂｌａｃｋｓ．ＤｅｓｐｉｔｅｔｈｅｍｏｖｅｔｏｔｈｅＮｏｒｔｈ，ｔｈｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄｈｏｕｓｅｈｏｌｄｗａｓｓｔｅｅｐｅｄｉｎｔｈｅｏｒａｌｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎｓｏｆＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎａｎｄｓｔｏｒｉｅｓｏｆＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ’Ｓｃｈｉｌｄｈｏｏｄｕｎｄｏｕｂｔｅｄｌｙｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｔｉｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｓｏｎｇｓｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄｈｅｒｌａｔｅｒｗｏｒｋ；ｉｎｄｅｅｄ，ＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’ＳｏｅｕｖｒｅｄｒａｗｓｈｅａｖｉｌｙｕｐｏｎｔｈｅｏｒａｌａｒｔｆｏｒｍｓｏｆＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｓ．ＡｌｔｈｏｕｇｈＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｉｓｎｏｔａｕｔｏｂｉｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃａｌ，ｓｈｅｆｏｎｄｌｙａｌｌｕｄｅｓｔｏｈｅｒｐａｓｔ，”Ｍｙｂｅｇｉｎｎｉｎｇｓａｒｅａｌｗａｙｓｔｈｅｒｅ…Ｎｏｍａｔｔｅｒｗｈａｔ１ｗｒｉｔｅ，Ｉｂｅｇｉｎｔｈｅｒｅ…．Ｉｔ’Ｓｔｈｅｍａｔｒｉｘｆｏｒｍｅ…．Ｏｈｉｏａｌｓｏｏｆｆｅｒｓａｎｅｓｃａｐｅｆｒｏｍｓｔｅｒｅｏｔｙｐｅｄｂｌａｃｋｓｅｔｔｉｎｇｓ．Ｉｔｉｓｎｅｉｔｈｅｒｐｌａｎｔａｔｉｏｎｎｏｒｇｈｅｔｔｏ．＂（Ｗａｔｋｉｎｓ，１９９４：２０）ＴｏｎｉＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓｗｒｉｔｉｎｇｗａｓａｌｓｏｇｒｅａｔｌｙｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄｂｙｈｅｒｆａｍｉｌｙ．ＨｅｒｇｒａｎｄｐａｒｅｎｔｓｈａｄｒｅｌｏｃａｔｅｄｔｏＯｈｉｏｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｎａｔｉｏｎａｌｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｂｌａｃｋｓｏｕｔｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈｋｎｏｗｎａｓｔｈｅＧｒｅａｔＭｉｇｒａｔｉｏｎ．Ｈｅｒｍｏｔｈｅｒ’Ｓｐａｒｅｎｔｓ，ＡｒｅｄｅｌｉａａｎｄＪｏｈｎＳｏｌｏｍｏｎＷｉｌｌｉｓ，ａｆｔｅｒｌｅａｖｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｒｆａｒｍｉｎＡｌａｂａｍａ，ｍｏｖｅｄｔｏＫｅｎｔｕｃｋｙ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｎｔｏＯｈｉｏ．Ｔｈｅｙｐｌａｃｅｄｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｖａｌｕｅｉｎｔｈｅｅｄｕｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎａｎｄｔｈｅｍｓｅｌｖｅｓ．ＪｏｈｎＷｉｌｌｉｓｍｕｇｈｔｈｉｍｓｅｌｆｔｏｒｅａｄａｎｄｈｉｓｓｔｏｒｉｅｓｂｅｃａｍｅｉｎｓｐｉｒａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ’Ｓ跖愕ｏｆＳｏｌｏｍａｎ（１９７７）．ＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄｗａｓａｎｅｘｔｒｅｍｅｌｙｇｉｆｔｅｄｓｔｕｄｅｎｔ，ｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇｔｏｒｅａｄａｔａｌｌｅａｒｌｙａｇｅａｎｄｄｏｉｎｇｗｅｌｌａｔｈｅｒｓｔｕｄｉｅｓａｔａｎｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｓｃｈ００１．Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ，ｗｈｏａｔｔｅｎｄｅｄＨａｗｔｈｏｒｎｅＥｌｅｍｅｎｔａｒｙＳｃｈｏｏｌ，ｗａｓｔｈｅｏｎｌｙＡｆｒｉｃａｎＡｍｅｒｉｃａｎｉｎｈｅｒ１ｓｔｇｒａｄｅｃｌａｓｓｒｏｏｍ．Ｓｈｅｗａｓａｌｓｏｔｈｅｏｎｌｙｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｗｈｏｂｅｇａｎｓｃｈｏｏｌｗｉｔｈｔｈｅａｂｉｌｉｔｙｔｏｒｅａｄ．ＢｅｃａｕｓｅｓｈｅｗａｓＳＯａｓｋｅｄｔｏｈｅｌｐｏｔｈｅｒｓｔｕｄｅｎｔｓｌｅａｒｎｔｏｒｅａｄ．Ｓｈｅｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｌｙｗｏｒｋｅｄｓｋｉｌｌｅｄ，ｓｈｅｗａｓｏｆｔｅｎｗｉｔｈｔｈｅｃｈｉｌｄｒｅｎｏｆｎｅｗｉｍｍｉｇｒａｎｔｓｔｏＡｍｅｒｉｃａ．１ＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ’Ｓｐａｒｅｎｔｓ’ｄｅｓｉｒｅｔＯｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｔｈｅｉｒｃｈｉｌｄｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｒａｃｉｓｔｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈｓｕｃｃｅｅｄｅｄｉｎｍａｎｙｒｅｓｐｅｃｔｓ：ｒａｃｉａｌｐｒｅｊｕｄｉｃｅｗａｓｌｅｓｓｏｆａｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｉｎＬｏｒａｉｎ，Ｏｈｉｏ，ｔｈａｎｉｔｗｏｕｌｄｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｉｎｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈ，ａｎｄＣｈｌｏｅＷｏｆｆｏｒｄｐｌａｙｅｄｗｉｔｈａｒａｃｉａｌｌｙｄｉｖｅｒｓｅｇｒｏｕｐｏｆｆｒｉｅｎｄｓｗｈｅｎｓｈｅｗａｓｙｏｕｎｇ．Ｉｎｅｖｉｔａｂｌｙ，ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｓｈｅｂｅｇａｎｔｏｅｘｐｅｒｉｅｎｃｅｒａｃｉａｌｄｉｓｃｒｉｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎａｓｓｈｅａｎｄｈｅｒｐｅｅｒｓｇｒｅｗｏｌｄｅｒ．Ｓｈｅｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈｈｏｎｏｒｓｉｎ１９４９ａｎｄｗｅｎｔｔｏＨｏｗａｒｄＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｉｎＷａｓｈｉｎｇｔｏｎＤ．Ｃ．ＡｔＨｏｗａｒｄ，ｓｈｅｍａｊｏｒｅｄｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄｍｉｎｏｒｅｄｉｎｃｌａｓｓｉｃｓ，ａｎｄｗａｓａｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｄｉｎｔｈｅａｔｅｒａｒｔｓｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｔｈｅＨｏｗａｒｄＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙＰｌａｙｅｒｓ．ＳｈｅｇｒａｄｕａｔｅｄｆｒｏｍＨｏｗａｒｄｉｎ１９５３ｗｉｔｈａＢ．Ａ．ｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈａｎｄａｎｅｗｎａｍｅ：ＴｏｎｉＷｏｆｆｏｒｄ（Ｔｏｎｉｂｅｉｎｇａｓｈｏｒｔｅｎｅｄｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆｈｅｒｍｉｄｄｌｅｎａｍｅ）．ＳｈｅｗｅｎｔｏｎｔｏｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｈｅｒＭ．Ａ．ｉｎＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｆｒｏｍＣｏｒｎｅｌｌｉｎ１９５５．ＡｆｔｅｒｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｆｏｒｓｏｍｅｔｉｍｅａｔＴｅｘａｓＳｏｕｔｈｅｒｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ｓｈｅｒｅｔｕｒｎｅｄｔｏＨｏｗａｒｄＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙａｎｄｍｅｔＨａｒｏｌｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｙｍａｒｒｉｅｄ，ａｎｄｂｅｆｏｒｅｔｈｅｉｒｄｉｖｏｒｃｅｉｎ１９６４，ＴｏｎｉａｎｄＨａｒｏｌｄＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｈａｄｔｗｏｓｏｉｌｓ．Ｉｔｗａｓａｌｓｏｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｉｓｔｉｍｅｔｈａｔｓｈｅｗｒｏｔｅｔｈｅｓｈｏｒｔｓｔｏｒｙｔｈａｔｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｋ：ｏｍｅｔｈｅｂａｓｉｓｆｏｒｈｅｒｆｉｒｓｔｎｏｖｅｌ，ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔｅｙｅ．Ｉｎ１９６４，ｓｈｅｔｏｏｋａｊｏｂｉｎＳｙｒａｃｕｓｅ，ＮｅｗＹｏｒｋ，ａｓａｎａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｅｄｉｔｏｒａｔＲａｎｄｏｍＨｏｕｓｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｈｅｒａｉｓｅｄｈｅｒｓｏｎｓａｓａｓｉｎｇｌｅｍｏｍ，ａｎｄｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｄｔＯｗｒｉｔｅｆｉｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｉｎ１９６７，ｓｈｅｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄａｐｒｏｍｏｔｉｏｎｔｏｓｅｎｉｏｒｅｄｉｔｏｒａｎｄｇｏｔａｍｕｃｈ－ｄｅｓｉｒｅｄｔｒａｎｓｆｅｒｔＯＮｅｗＹｏｒｋＣｉｔｙ．ＴｈｅＢｌｕｅｓｔＥｙｅｗａｓｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１９７０．Ｔｈｅｓｔｏｒｙｏｆａｙｏｕｎｇｇｉｒｌｗｈｏｌｏｓｅｓｈｅｒｍｉｎｄ，ｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｗａｓｗｅｌｌｒｅｃｅｉｖｅｄｂｙｃｒｉｔｉｃｓｂｕｔｆａｉｌｅｄｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｌｙ．Ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ１９７１ａｎｄ１９７２，ＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｗｏｒｋｅｄａｓａｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒｏｆＥｎｇｌｉｓｈｆｏｒｔｈｅＳｔａｔｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＮｅｗＹｏｒｋａｔＰｕｒｃｈａｓｅｗｈｉｌｅｈｏｌｄｉｎｇｈｅｒｊｏｂａｔＲａｎｄｏｍＨｏｕｓｅａｎｄｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｏｎＳｕｌａ，ａｎｏｖｅｌａｂｏｕｔａｄｅｆｉａｎｔｗｏｍａｎａｎｄｈｅｒｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎｓｗｉｔｈｏｔｈｅｒｂｌａｃｋｆｅｍａｌｅｓ．Ｓｕｌａｗａｓｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１９７３．Ｔｈｅｙｅａｒｓ１９７６ａｎｄ１９７７ｓａｗＭｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｗｏｒｋｉｎｇａｓａｖｉｓｉｔｉｎｇｌｅｃｔｕｒｅｒａｔＹａｌｅａｎｄｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｏｎｈｅｒｎｅｘｔｎｏｖｅｌ，ＳｏｎｇｏｆＳｏｌｏｍｏｎ．Ｔｈｉｓｎｅｘｔｎｏｖｅｌｄｅａｌｔｍｏｒｅｆｕｌｌｙｗｉｔｈｂｌａｃｋｍａｌｅｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒｓ．ＡｓｗｉｔｈＳｕｌａ，Ｍｏｒｒｉｓｏｎｗｒｏｔｅｔｈｅｎｏｖｅｌｗｈｉｌｅｈｏｌｄｉｎｇａｔｅａｃｈｉｎｇｐｏｓｉｔｉｏｎ，ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｉｎｇｈｅｒｗｏｒｋａｓａｎｅｄｉｔｏｒｆｏｒＲａｎｄｏｍＨｏｕｓｅ，ａｎｄｒａｉｓｉｎｇｈｅｒｔｗｏｓｏｎｓ．ＳｏｎｇｏｆＳｏｌｏｍｏｎｗａｓｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｉｎ１９７７ａｎｄｅｎｊｏｙｅｄｂｏｔｈｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌａｎｄｃｒｉｔｉｃ，．ａｌ。
最蓝的眼睛 论文开题报告
5、论文提纲
本文主要研究小说《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象及其产生的原因和其对黑人社会造成的影响。首先，本文要对作者托尼·莫里森及其作品《最蓝的眼睛》做简要介绍，向读者展示当时美国社会的文化背景及他者的悲剧命运的具体体现。其次，本文主要从以下几个方面分析他这形象：一、利用拉康的镜像理论介绍他者的概念；二、分析小说中波琳、佩科拉两位“他者”形象。再次，分析他者形象产生的原因：白人文化的冲击、黑人的自我蔑视。最后，对本论文进行总结，阐述文章的主旨及意义。
本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目：The Image of Other inThe Bluest Eye
院（系）：外语系
班 级：
姓 名：学 号：Βιβλιοθήκη 指导教师：教师职称：
黑龙江科技学院本科毕业论文开题报告
题 目
《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象
来源
自拟题目
1、研究目的和意义
托尼·莫里森的首部作品《最蓝的眼睛》描述了一个黑人女孩为渴求一双白人所拥有的蓝眼睛而经历的悲惨遭遇。莫里森通过她的作品，细腻地描写了黑人的不同命运及他们的屈辱生活，同时也描述了生活在暗无天日的阶层的人们的命运和屈辱，让人们感到一种彻骨之痛，看到了一条模糊的朦胧若雾的艰辛的求生的路径。艺术表现手法上，《最蓝的眼睛》具有将黑人传统艺术与现代文学技巧相结合的独特魅力；在小说的主题方面，作者以黑人女性的视角为出发点，对美国黑人的生存现状进行了细微的描述以及深入的探讨。本文将利用后殖民主义批评方法及拉康的镜像理论，拟就《最蓝的眼睛》中的他者形象进行分析，对文化殖民主义影响下黑人与本土文化疏离的现象进行剖析，揭示出他者形象产生的原因，即黑人在长期种族歧视下价值观与审美观发生的变异过程以及这种变异对黑人造成的精神上以及心里上的影响。希望能引起更多学者对该问题的关注和重视，这对进一步了解美国黑人文学动态、研究当今活跃于美国文坛的黑人女作家群体极具现实意义。此外，通过此论文的写作，还可以使读者更好地了解黑人生活及文化。
最蓝的眼睛-莫里森
Toni Morrison and 《The Bluest Eye》I、Toni MorrisonToni Morrison (born Chloe Anthony Wofford on February 18, 1931), is a Nobel Prize-winning American author, editor, and professor. Her novels are known for their epic themes, vivid dialogue, and richly detailed black characters; among the best known are her novels The Bluest Eye, Song of Solomon, and Beloved, which won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1988. In 2001 she was named one of the "30 Most Powerful Women in America" by Ladies' Home Journal.1、Early life and careerToni Morrison was born in Lorain, Ohio, the second of four children in a working-class family. As a child, Morrison read constantly; among her favorite authors were Jane Austen and Leo Tolstoy. Morrison's father, George Wofford, a welder by trade, told her numerous folktales of the black community (a method of storytelling that would later work its way into Morrison's writings).In 1949 Morrison entered Howard University to study English. While there she began going by the nickname of "Toni," which derives from her middle name, Anthony. Morrison received a B.A. in English from Howard in 1953, then earned a Master of Arts degree, also in English, from Cornell University in 1955, for which she wrote a thesis on suicide in the works of William Faulkner and Virginia Woolf. After graduation, Morrison became an English instructor at Texas Southern University inHouston, Texas (from 1955-57) then returned to Howard to teach English. She became a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Inc.In 1958 she married Harold Morrison. They had two children, Harold and Slade, and divorced in 1964. After the divorce she moved to Syracuse, New York, where she worked as a textbook editor. Eighteen months later she went to work as an editor at the New York City headquarters of Random House.As an editor, Morrison played an important role in bringing African American literature into the mainstream. She edited books by such black authors as Toni Cade Bambara, Angela Davis and Gayl Jones.2、Writing careerMorrison began writing fiction as part of an informal group of poets and writers at Howard University who met to discuss their work. She went to one meeting with a short story about a black girl who longed to have blue eyes. The story later evolved into her first novel, The Bluest Eye (1970), which she wrote while raising two children and teaching at Howard. In 2000 it was chosen as a selection for Oprah's Book Club.In 1973 her novel Sula was nominated for the National Book Award. Her third novel, Song of Solomon (1977), brought her national attention. The book was a main selection of the Book-of-the-Month Club, the first novel by a black writer to be so chosen since Richard Wright's Native Son in 1940. It won the National Book Critics Circle Award.In 1988 Morrison's novel Beloved became a critical success. When the novel failed to win the National Book Award as well as the National Book Critics Circle Award, a number of writers protested the omission. Shortly afterward, it won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction. Beloved was adapted into the 1998 film of the same name starring Oprah Winfrey and Danny Glover. Morrison later used Margaret Garner's life story again in an opera, Margaret Garner, with music by Richard Danielpour. In May 2006, The New York Times Book Review named Beloved the best American novel published in the previous twenty five years.In 1993 Morrison was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the first black woman to win it. Her citation reads: Toni Morrison, "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality." Shortly afterwards, a fire destroyed her Rockland County, New York home. Although her novels typically concentrate on black women, Morrison does not identify her works as feminist. She has stated that she thinks "it's off-putting to some readers, who may feel that I'm involved in writing some kind of feminist tract. I don't subscribe to patriarchy, and I don't think it should be substituted with matriarchy. I think it's a question of equitable access, and opening doors to all sorts of things. In addition to her novels, Morrison has also co-written books for children with her youngest son, Slade Morrison, who works as a painter and musician.3、Later lifeMorrison taught English at two branches of the State University of New York. In 1984 she was appointed to an Albert Schweitzer chair at the University at Albany, The State University of New York. From 1989 until her retirement in 2006, Morrison heldthe Robert F. Goheen Chair in the Humanities at Princeton University.Though based in the Creative Writing Program, Morrison did not regularly offer writing workshops to students after the late 1990s, a fact that earned her some criticism. Rather, she has conceived and developed the prestigious Princeton Atelier, a program that brings together talented students with critically acclaimed, world-famous artists. Together the students and the artists produce works of art that are presented to the public after a semester of collaboration. In her position at Princeton, Morrison used her insights to encourage not merely new and emerging writers, but artists working to develop new forms of art through interdisciplinary play and cooperation. At its 1979 commencement ceremonies, Barnard College awarded her its highest honor, the Barnard Medal of Distinction. Oxford University awarded her an honorary Doctor of Letters degree in June 2005.In November 2006, Morrison visited the Louvre Museum in Paris as the second in its "Grand Invité" program to guest-curate a month-long series of events across the arts on the theme of "The Foreigner's Home."She currently holds a place on the editorial board of The Nation magazine.PoliticsMorrison caused a stir when she called Bill Clinton "the first Black President;" saying "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas." This opinion was both adopted by Clinton supporters like the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) and ridiculed by critics. It should be noted that, in the context of the 2008 Democratic Primary campaign, during which Clinton made some remarks that were construed as unsympathetic to African-Americans, Morrison revisited her statement. Morrison stated to Salon magazine: "People misunderstood that phrase. I was deploring the way in which President Clinton was being treated, vis-à-vis the sex scandal that was surrounding him. I said he was being treated like a black on the street, already guilty, already a perp. I have no idea what his real instincts are, in terms of race." However, in the 2008 presidential race, Morrison has endorsed Senator Barack Obama over Senator Hillary Clinton.II、The Bluest EyeThe Bluest Eye is 1970 novel by American author Nobel Prize recipient Toni Morrison. Morrison's first novel, which was written while Morrison taught at Howard University and was raising her two sons on her own, the story is about a year in the life of a young black girl in Lorain, Ohio named Pecola. It takes place against the backdrop of America's Midwest as well as the Great Depression. The Bluest Eye is told from five perspectives: Pecola's, her mother's, her father's, her friend Claudia's, and Soaphead Church's. Because of the controversial nature of the book, which deals with racism, incest, and child molestation, there have been numerous attempts to ban it from schools and libraries. In 2000, the novel became a selection for Oprah's Book Club.1、Plot summaryThe narrator advises the reader not to look at the "why" of the story but at the "how." The novel, with child sex, irresponsible adults, and corrupt society seeks to show the misery of black people living in a white society. When she indirectly refers to Pecola as "dirt" and to the Breedloves as animals, she is exposing the ills to which they are submitted. Soaphead Church's letter to God is a summary of the insanity of the world around him, as the novel could be for the author. The Bluest Eye is the story of eleven-year-old Pecola Breedlove--a black girl who is regarded “ugly” by everyone, including her parents--who prays for her eyes to turn blue: so that she will be beautiful, so that people will look at her, so that her world will be different. She is raped by her drunk father and get pregnant, later she gives birth to a stillborn（夭折的）child. Finally Pecola lose her mind and spend the rest of her life as a madwoman thinking she has the bluest eyes of the world…Pecola's parents' history is examined throughout the novel, showing who they are in three main parts: her father Cholly's background, her mother Pauline's past life, and the couple's conflicted marriage. Cholly was deserted by both his parents, and was rebuked when he tried to contact his father. His son seems to do the same thing later on, running away repeatedly.In the afterword, Morrison explains that she is attempting to humanize all the characters that attack Pecola or cause her to be the way she is; that it is not a matter where one person can be pointed out as being the cause of all this pain.Ideas of beauty, particularly those that relate to racial characteristics, are a majortheme in this book. The title refers to Pecola's wish that her eyes would turn blue. Claudia is given a white baby doll to play with and is constantly told how lovely it is. Insults to the appearance are often given in racial terms. A light-skinned schoolmate is favored by the teachers.There is a contrast between the world shown in the cinema, the one in which Pauline is a servant, the WASP society, and the existence the main characters live in. Most chapters' titles are extracts from a Dick and Jane reading book, presenting a happy white family. This family is contrasted with Pecola's existence.ThemeSource of the tragedy: black people accepted and internalized white values and developed self-contempt and self-hatred for themselves or other black people, making some of their own people victims and scapegoats .The impact of mainstream white culture upon black people, which make them victim of the circumstances.2、CharactersPecola Breedlove - The protagonist of the novel, a poor black girl who believes she is ugly because she and her community base their ideals of beauty on "whiteness". The title The Bluest Eye is based on Pecola's fervent wishes for beautiful blue eyes. She is rarely developed during the story, which is purposely done to underscore the actions of the other characters. Her insanity at the end of the novel is her only way to escape the world where she cannot be beautiful and to get those blue eyes she wanted to get since the beginning of the novel.Cholly Breedlove - Pecola's abusive father, an alcoholic man who rapes his daughter at the end of the novel. Rejected by his father and discarded by his mother as a four day old baby, Cholly was raised by his Great Aunt Jimmy. After she dies, Cholly runs away and pursues the life of a "free man", yet he is never able to escape his painful past, nor can he live with the mistakes of his present. Tragically, he rapes his daughter in a gesture of madness mingled with affection. He realizes he loves her, but the only way he can express it is to rape her.Pauline Breedlove - Pecola's mother. Mrs. Breedlove is married to Cholly and lives the self-righteous life of a martyr, enduring her drunk husband and raising her two awkward children as best she can. Mrs. Breedlove is a bit of an outcast herself with her shriveled foot and Southern background. Mrs. Breedlove lives the life of a lonely and isolated character who escapes into a world of dreams, hopes and fantasy that turns into the motion pictures she enjoys viewing.Sam Breedlove - Pecola's older brother. Sammy is Cholly and Mrs. Breedlove's one son. Sam's part in this novel is relatively low key. Like his sister Pecola, he is affected by the disharmony in their home and deals with his anger by running away from home.Claudia MacTeer - Much of the novel is told from the perspective of Claudia. She is the primary narrator in the book. Claudia is Pecola's friend and the younger sister of Frieda MacTeer. The MacTeer family serves as a foil for the Breedloves, and althoughboth families are poor, Mr. and Mrs. MacTeer are strict but loving parents towards their children - a sharp contrast to the dysfunctional home of the Breedloves.Frieda MacTeer - Claudia's older sister and close companion. The two MacTeer girls are often seen together and while most of the story is told through Claudia's eyes, her sister Frieda plays a large role in the novel.Henry Washington - a man who comes to live with the MacTeer family and is subsequently thrown out by Claudia's father when he inappropriately touches Frieda. Soaphead Church - a pedophile and mystic fortune teller who "grants" Pecola her wish for blue eyes. The character is somewhat based on Morrison's Jamaican ex-husband.Great Aunt Jimmy - Cholly's aunt who takes him in to raise after his parents abandon him. She dies when he is a young boy.Maureen Peal - A light-skinned, wealthy mulatto girl who is new at the local school. She accepts everyone else’s assumption that she is superior and is capable of both generosity and cruelty. She changes her attitude throughout the novel towards Pecola.3、AdaptationThe Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois commissioned Lydia R. Diamond to adapt the novel into a full-length stage production. The play was developed through the Steppenwolf for Young Adults and the New Plays Initiative where it received its world premiere in February, 2005. The play was reprised in Chicago at the Steppenwolf Theatre in October, 2006 by popular demand. The Bluest Eye received its off-Broadway premiere at the New Victory Theater in New York in November, 2006.The Bluest Eye written by African American writer Toni Morrison narrates a tragic story about a black girl who longs for a pair of blue eyes owned exclusively by white people. Strongly influenced by white dominated culture, many other black women are also lost in the myth of white beauty. However, in addition to the description of this negative impact, Morrison, in her novel, also explores effective approaches to demystify the myth of white beauty and maintain the real-self of the black people through the voice of a rebellious narrator.4、MotifsMotifs are recurring structures, contrasts, or literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.The Dick-and-Jane NarrativeThe novel opens with a narrative from a Dick-and-Jane reading primer, a narrative that is distorted when Morrison runs its sentences and then its words together. The gap between the idealized, sanitized, upper-middle-class world of Dick and Jane (who we assume to be white, though we are never told so) and the often dark and ugly world of the novel is emphasized by the chapter headings excerpted from the primer. But Morrison does not mean for us to think that the Dick-and-Jane world is better—in fact, it is largely because the black characters have internalized white Dick-and-Jane values that they are unhappy. In this way, the Dick and Jane narrative and the novel provide ironic commentary on each other.The Seasons and NatureThe novel is divided into the four seasons, but it pointedly refuses to meet the expectations of these seasons. For example, spring, the traditional time of rebirth and renewal, reminds Claudia of being whipped with new switches, and it is the season when Pecola’s is raped. Pecola’s baby dies in autumn, the season of harvesting. Morrison uses natural cycles to underline the unnaturalness and misery of her characters’ ex periences. To some degree, she also questions the benevolence of nature, as when Claudia wonders whether “the earth itself might have been unyielding” to someone like Pecola.Whiteness and ColorIn the novel, whiteness is associated with beauty and cleanliness (particularly according to Geraldine and Mrs. Breedlove), but also with sterility. In contrast, color is associated with happiness, most clearly in the rainbow of yellow, green, and purple memories Pauline Breedlove sees when making love with Cholly. Morrison uses this imagery to emphasize the destructiveness of the black community’s privileging of whiteness and to suggest that vibrant color, rather than the pure absence of color, is a stronger image of happiness and freedom.Eyes and VisionPecola is obsessed with having blue eyes because she believes that this mark of conventional, white beauty will change the way that she is seen and therefore the way that she sees the world. There are continual references to other characters’ eyes as well—for example, Mr. Yacobowski’s hostility to Pecola resides in the blankness in his own eyes, as well as in his inability to see a black girl. This motif underlines the novel’s repeated concern for the difference between how we see and how we are seen, and the difference between superficial sight and true insight.Dirtiness and CleanlinessThe black characters in the novel who have internalized white, -middle-class values are obsessed with cleanliness. Geraldine and Mrs. Breedlove are excessively concerned with housecleaning—though Mrs. Breedlove cleans only the house of her white employers, as if the Breedlove apartment is beyond her help. This fixation on cleanliness extends into the women’s moral and emotional quests for purity, but the obsession with domestic and moral sanitation leads them to cruel coldness. In contrast, one mark of Claudia’s strength of character is her pleasure in her own dirt, a pleasure that represents self-confidence and a correct understanding of the nature of happiness.5、SymbolsSymbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.The HouseThe novel begins with a sentence from a Dick-and-Jane narrative: “Here is thehouse.” Homes not only indicate socioeconomic status in this novel,but they also symbolize the emotional situations and values of the characters who inhabit them. The Breedlove -apartment is miserable and decrepit, suffering from Mrs. Breedlove’s preference for her employer’s home over her own and symbolizing the misery of the Breedlove family. The MacTeer house is drafty and dark, but it is carefully tended by Mrs. MacTeer and, according to Claudia, filled with love, symbolizing that family’s comparative cohesion.Bluest Eye(s)To Pecola, blue eyes symbolize the beauty and happiness that she associates with the white, middle-class world. They also come to symbolize her own blindness, for she gains blue eyes only at the cost of her sanity. The “bluest” eye could also mean the saddest eye. Furthermore, eye puns on I, in t he sense that the novel’s title uses the singular form of the noun (instead of The Bluest Eyes) to express many of the characters’ sad isolation.The MarigoldsClaudia and Frieda associate marigolds with the safety and well-being of Pecola’s baby. Their ceremonial offering of money and the remaining unsold marigold seeds represents an honest sacrifice on their part. They believe that if the marigolds they have planted grow, then Pecola’s baby will be all right. More generally, marigolds represent the constant renewal of nature. In Pecola’s case, this cycle of renewal is perverted by her father’s rape of her.。
歧视酿悲剧《最蓝的眼睛》悲剧根源分析
歧视酿悲剧《最蓝的眼睛》悲剧根源分析摘要：在托尼·莫里森笔下的《最蓝的眼睛》中存在许多悲剧，如佩克拉的悲剧，佩克拉的母亲保琳的悲剧，佩克拉的父亲查理的悲剧，黑人民族的悲剧等。
本文从种族歧视、文化歧视和性别歧视等三重歧视的角度对这些悲剧进行分析，意在指出美国社会中的三重歧视是诱发各种悲剧的根源。
关键词：悲剧；种族歧视；文化歧视；性别歧视托尼莫里森和《最蓝的眼睛》托尼莫里森，美国著名黑人女作家，1993年获得诺贝尔文学奖。
其主要作品有《最蓝的眼睛》《秀拉》《所罗门之歌》《柏油娃娃》《宠儿》《爵士乐》等。
《最蓝的眼睛》是莫里森第一部作品，描写的是11岁的黑人女孩佩科拉的悲惨遭遇。
故事以第三人称视角描写，由佩科拉的同龄人克罗蒂亚讲述。
佩科拉出生于一个穷苦的黑人家庭，由于肤色比其他的黑人女孩更深，她遭到了同学和老师的嘲笑和奚落，周围邻居的冷漠和忽视。
更为悲惨的是，她的父亲在一次醉酒后将其强暴。
佩科拉将所有的不幸和痛苦都归咎于她的丑陋。
因此，她对白种人漂亮的蓝眼睛有着强烈的渴望，最终走向疯狂。
小说在围绕佩科拉的悲剧人生进行叙述时，同时也诉说着发生在其他人(如其母保林，其父查理)身上的悲剧故事。
11岁黑人小女孩佩科拉的悲剧，从另一角度上来说映射的是整个黑人民族的悲剧。
这些悲剧的背后隐藏着各种各样的危机，而种族歧视，文化歧视，性别歧视等使这些危机一触即发。
种族歧视种族歧视是指根据种族将人们分割成不同的社会阶层从而加以区别对待的行为。
小说中主要体现的是白种人对黑种人的歧视。
种族歧视体现在小说《最蓝的眼睛》中，弥散在整个黑人社区，很大程度上酿成了整个黑人民族的悲剧。
小说中，当保琳在医院生产时，白人医生当着她的面谈论道：“像她们这种黑人，你根本用不着费心，她们很快就生完的，就像马一样，一点痛苦都没有。
”小说中，黑人处处遭到白人的歧视，白人把自己视为生来就比黑人优越的民族。
托尼莫里森在小说中引用了这样一个假说：“所有的文明都有白人一手创造，没有白人一切将不复存在。
论《最蓝的眼睛》中白人文化价值观对黑人的影响及戕害
论《最蓝的眼睛》中白人文化价值观对黑人的影响及戕害一、本文概述《论<最蓝的眼睛>中白人文化价值观对黑人的影响及戕害》一文旨在探讨美国小说《最蓝的眼睛》中所呈现的白人文化价值观对黑人的影响以及这种影响的危害。
本文将分析这些价值观在小说中的具体表现，并阐述其如何对黑人产生负面影响，揭示白人文化对黑人的压迫和歧视。
《最蓝的眼睛》是一部具有深远社会意义的文学作品，它通过描绘一个黑人女孩的视角，揭示了美国历史上种族歧视和不平等的本质。
小说中呈现的白人文化价值观，如种族优越论、种族隔离制度等，对黑人产生了深远的影响，并对他们的生活和命运造成了严重的伤害。
白人文化价值观：指美国主流社会的意识形态和行为准则，包括种族优越论、种族隔离制度等。
这些价值观在小说中被广泛提及和展示。
黑人：代表整个黑人群体，他们在历史和社会背景下遭受了长期的种族歧视和不平等对待。
影响：指白人文化价值观对黑人所造成的负面影响，包括剥夺权利、排斥、压迫等。
这些影响贯穿于小说的始终，是本文的研究重点之一。
戕害：指白人文化对黑人的摧残和伤害，包括精神上的虐待、心理创伤等。
这些戕害不仅存在于小说所描绘的时代，也具有普遍性，是对黑人的长期而广泛的侵害。
本文将采用文献资料分析和文本细读的方法进行研究。
通过对小说的深入研究和分析，揭示白人文化价值观对黑人的影响和戕害，并探讨其根源和危害。
同时，也将结合其他相关研究成果和理论进行综合分析，以深化对这一问题的认识。
二、白人文化价值观对黑人的影响压迫与歧视：在历史上，白人文化曾对黑人实施过严重的压迫和歧视。
这种歧视不仅体现在经济、社会和文化层面，还渗透到黑人的思想、情感和日常生活中。
这种歧视影响了黑人的生存和发展环境，使他们在社会中处于劣势地位。
排斥与隔离：由于种族差异的存在，白人和黑人在许多方面都存在明显的界限。
这导致了黑人被排斥在主流文化之外，无法充分参与和融入其中。
这种隔离使得黑人难以获得平等的机会和资源，限制了他们的发展和成长。
《最蓝的眼睛》黑人妇女悲剧的立体性透视
摘要：《最蓝的眼睛》以小说主人公佩科拉的悲惨遭遇在声讨种族歧视的同时，更暴露了黑人内部的矛盾。
黑人女性的悲剧引人深思，追溯到非裔文化的根源，传统宗教中由对上帝的敬畏而引发的与女人有关的神话以及历史悠久的成年仪式又揭示了美国黑人女性悲剧的必然性。
关键词：《最蓝的眼睛》；黑人女性；悲剧；传统文化；必然性美国黑人女性首先是黑人，其次是女人，最后才是美国人，但要想真正成为美国人则是一个漫长复杂的过程。
黑人女性是个特殊的弱势群体，即承受着白人种族歧视的摧残，同时还要在男人面前忍气吞声，成为性别歧视的牺牲品。
小说《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉母女的悲剧便是适例。
她们的命运谱写了一曲催人泪下，更是意味深长的悲歌，展示了黑人女性悲剧的多维性，呈现出立体感，成为一个可以从不同角度审视的“多面体”。
一、本是同根生，相煎何太急：黑人种族内部的歧视佩科拉在家中得不到温暖和关爱，反而成为父母发泄的对象。
家人尚且如此待她，外人的态度便可想而知。
买糖果时杂货店老板用一种莫名其妙的眼神好像要将她看穿，周围的男孩总是嘲弄她，她新交的朋友不但没有真心实意地去安慰她受伤的心灵，反而以种种方式来讽刺她。
黑人社区将所有的污垢倒在了佩科拉身上，因为她是社区里最适合被当作替罪羊的人。
社区成员内心恐惧的黑皮肤和丑陋外表如今都成了佩科拉一个人的缺点。
种族内部的压迫进一步加强了佩科拉对蓝眼睛的渴望，这种不能实现的愿望更加强了主人公的悲剧性，让我们看到了黑人对自己同胞的残酷。
具有讽刺意味的是，佩科拉神志不清后的身影始终萦绕在人们心头，时刻提醒着他们自己的丑陋和心中难以抑制的仇恨，所以她的痛苦其实象征了整个黑人社区挥之不去的苦恼。
莫里森籍此表明，这种在内部转嫁痛苦的做法之愚蠢和残忍，黑人在法律上取得平等之后所面临的新的问题。
当种族歧视与迫害被明令禁止后，黑人所遭受的伤害更直接的来自黑人内部，从黑人自身来看，其主观上的原因是难以抹煞的。
二、黑人的自我异化：微妙的白人种族歧视《最蓝的眼睛》是一部关于种族歧视的小说，但是书中却很少提到黑人受到白人直接压迫的事情，而主要是通过黑人之间的矛盾以及黑人内心的自我否定，自我憎恨的描述间接地反映了“白人至上”的种族审美观长期以来对黑人的影响。
最蓝的眼睛小论文
An Analysis of Black Female’s Identity Loss in Toni Morrison’s TheBluest Eye[Review]Toni Morrison is a uniquely distinguished contemporary novelist in the history of American literature of the 20th century. All her novels deal with African American characters and communities. Morrison’s first novel, The Bluest Eye, depicts a vivid picture of the life of a little black girl, Pecola, who loathes her blackness and desires nothing more than a pair of blue eyes，which ultimately drives her into madness. The invasion of white culture and the loss of black identity is an interesting topic in The Bluest Eye. By showing the symptoms of the loss of black identity and their negative effects, this essay attempts to analyze the reasons and explore some solutions for the black female’s identity loss.[Argumentation]1.Symptoms of the Black Female’s Identity Loss and Its Effects1.1 Pauline’s Identity L oss and Its EffectsThe devastating effects of dominant white culture is embodied first in Pauline, Pecola’s mother. In American society, it is argued that by reproducing the ideological hegemony of the dominant white culture, the mass media helps to legitimate the inequalities in class, race, gender, and generational relations of commercial purposes. Before Pauline has any children, she would go to see movies, the most direct carrier of the dominant culture. From the film, she accepts the white standard of beauty unconsciously and gradually loses her black identity under the influence of the mass media.However, the negation of her blackness only increases her alienation and ontological instability. Afterwards she becomes a responsible servant in a rich middle class white’s house. In the Fisher home, she finds beauty, order and cleanliness. She looks at their house, smells their linen, touches their silk draperies, and loves all of it. In a word, she finds psychological satisfaction there. She hates the ugliness of her house, her family, herself and blames it on being black and poor. Instead, she aspires to the polished copper and sheen of the kitchen she works in where everyone is clean, well -behaved, and pretty. For her, any violation of that paradise by anyone, even her daughter, amounts to a crime.As Susan Willis says of Pe cola’s mother: “The tragedy of a woman’s alienation is its effect on her role as mother. Her emotions split; she showers tenderness and love on her employer’s child, and rains violence and disdain on her own.”[1] In order to keep her marginal footing in the white world, she gives up her family and retreats into the world of snow-white beauty and order in the Fisher’s home, thus cuts the final link to her racial identity. By depicting the totally distorted maternal relationship, Morrison exposes the devastating impact of dominant white culture on the identity of black women.1.2 Pecola’s I dentity Loss and Its EffectsIn The Bluest Eye, the heroine Pecola is in every way a pathetic character, believing self-ugliness, exposing to family abuse, succumbing to oth ers’ taunt. She has every reason to yield her potential self-value to the “negating and dehumanizing cultural defi nition” that causes her to “to lose selfhood and have no place in the world” [2].Pecola is instilled with the white people’s beauty standard and learns to hate herself for the dark skin and brown eyes. The Breed loves’ severe poverty, storefront existence, the parents’ unashamed quarrels and brutal physical abuse, as well as their sense of being relentlessly and aggressively ugly undermines any possible positive development of the Pecola’s life. Moreover,the boys in the neighborhood abuse her; the white storeowner even refuses to admit her existence. When Pecola is tortured by her yearning for blue eyes, she turns to Soap head Church; however, he cruelly exploits her child ignorance. Worse still, her mother prefers the sheltered white girl to Pecola’s needy presence, and her own father enacts the ultimate brutality by raping her.Facing all the malicious treatment, Pecola insists all things happen to her are due to her not having a pair of blue eyes, and she sinks down into her solitary, and self-deceptive fantasy world. She swallows her misfortunes and communicates to no one, which cuts her from the reality completely. Worse still, she creates a severely circumscribed vision of herself that fluctuates compulsively in her memory between painful images of her traumatic experiences and imagined attainment the blue eyes.Pecola is never able to go through a spiritual journey to find her genuine self but finally driven into insanity and destruction bit by bit. Pecola’s identity loss results in her tragic life. She suffers an identity crisis and falls victim to the standard of the white norms of beauty. The fervent desire for a pair of blue eyes drives her insane. Finally, she owns a pair of “beautiful big blue eyes” that only she herself can see.2.The Causes of Black Females Identity Loss2.1 The Corrosion of Culture and Distortion of BeautyThe Bluest Eye depicts an abnormal value of black people on beauty: White is beauty, black is ugly. Toni Morrison explores the reasons of the distorted beauty value through Claudia and Pecola's stories.Claudia always receives a big, blue -eyed baby doll as her Christmas gifts. All the carriers of beauty surrounding her transmit the same information -- the beauty is the typical appearance of Anglo -Saxon race, such as blue eyes, golden hair and white skin. The powerful propaganda made the white people's aesthetic standards penetrates and affected other ethnic groups. Claudia's heart is full of hatred and jealousy to white girls because the white girls deprived the love and carefulness from her. The Bluest-eye doll doesn't give her any pleasure, but only evokes her desire to dismember it to find the beauty and the reason why the entire world said it was lovable? Claudia's abnormal action reflects that black children's aesthetic standards are confused and denied by white culture. To some degree, Claudia's impulses reflect black people's popular psychology, that is, they against those white people who think they are superior and discriminate Blacks.When Claudia gives vent to her anger by violent impulses, another black girl in the novel -- Pecola is praying for a pair of blue eyes like Shirley Temple's. Pecola's yearning for a pair of bluest eyes is not a simply love for beauty. It reflects a poor black child's longing for love, caring, friendship and the value of existence. Because she is helpless in face to reality, she places her last hope on God and miracle. Naturally, when the miracle is destroyed, her mind collapses. Pecola's unavoidable insanity is the most forceful annotation for the spiritual torment from which Black Americans suffered.The essential reason is just as what Morrison said, "Beauty is not an isolated concept. As the measure of values, it should have the social/economic basis and political, cultural origin. [3]" The society is hierarchy -- people's destiny is determined by the class level to which he belongs. White is on the top, the mixed blood is in the middle, and the poor black is at the bottom. In this sense, if black people want to be freed from the boundary of white people's aesthetic standards, they should get the success in politics and economy at first.2.2 The Deformation of Maternal InstinctAs a black female writer, Morrison always consider "feminine" as the center of which she concerned about. She said to journalist, "When I am writing, the most part of my brain iscontrolled by female problems. Because female is the origin of culture, they bring up and teach children the basic values. [4]" As a mother and wife, black woman suffered more than man in the cultural crash. In The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison describes how Pauline Breedlove became an indifferent wife and irresponsible mother.Pauline was neglected by her parents and neighbors for her lame leg and plain appearance. After marriage, she came to a northern town with her husband, but she was soon disappointed, "Everything changed, it was hard to get to know folks up here…Northern colored folk were different too. No better than whites for meanness ... (p.92)" Pauline feels that she is abounded by all the people. The only way for her to get comforts is seeing the movies. As the result, her values on life are distorted by white people. She begins to hate her husband and children and dream to be as one member of white society. The white people even deprived her dignity as a mother -- Morrison describes the scene detailed, "... some more doctors com... When they got to me he said ... They deliver right away and with no pain. Just like horses ... They never said nothing to me ... (p.102)" But she didn't realize the real origin of her mistress, the way she expressing her disappointment and pursuing for her dream is to serve for white family even more hardly and estrange black community, her husband and her daughter gradually.2.3 The Internalization of RacismIn the American society of this particular novel, racist attitudes are so harsh, so pervasive, and so damaging that the blacks are forced at times to turn racism in upon themselves and seemingly agree with some of the conditioning, internalizing the messages of racism. Internalized racism has caused them to accept many of the stereotypes of blacks created by the oppressive majority society.The identity loss of the black female is not only caused by the white but also caused by the black themselves. The internalization of racism and values and the loss of communal responsibility are the essential and most important factors of their identity loss.Inside the black community, the black “believed they were ugly”,and “their ugliness was unique”, though no evident source of their ugliness can be found through careful observation. According to Claudia, the narrator of the novel, their ugliness comes from not facts about their real body, but from their conviction. Internalizing the aesthetic attitudes and values of the white, the black admire the beauty of the white and hate themselves for their ugliness. [Conclusion]The low social status and harsh living conditions of black female has always been a problem in the United States. Although slavery has been abolished, the white dominant culture still affects black people’s life and social status. As blacks are continually tapped in spiritual crisis that e dged with a mental breakdown and living an isolated, alienated and distorted life under the enormous spiritual pressure from the defects of the white society, Morrison strives to be vigilant over this situation and to inspire them to think about ways to improve the fate of the black race. She suggests them to go back to the south to find the root and rebuild the black community. By speaking the unspeakable and revealing the cruel social realities, she appeals to her people for preserving the black tradition and culture and safeguarding their black identity.Everyone，no matter what she does and who she is，she has her own merits．It is good to pursuit，but in reality there is always something that one can’t get and change even at the expense of lives，and the be st method is to meet it directly and make good use of one’s own merits and advantages．[References][1] Gates, Henry Louis and K.A. Appiah, eds. Toni Morrison: Critical Perspectives Past and Present [M]. New York: Armstad. 1993: 192.[2] Frye, Joanne. Living Stories, Telling Lives: Women and the Novel in Contemporary Experience [M]. Ann Arbor: U of Michigan P, 1986.[3] John Updike. Dreamy Wilderness--Unmastered Women in Colonial Virginia [N]. The New Yorker, 2008-11-03.[4] Russel, Sandi. It’s OK to Say OK [C]//Nellie Y, McKay. Critical Essays on Toni Morrison.G.K.Hall&Co.Boston, 1986.。
《最蓝的眼睛》的生态女权主义解读的开题报告
《最蓝的眼睛》的生态女权主义解读的开题报告论文题目：《最蓝的眼睛》的生态女权主义解读研究背景和意义：《最蓝的眼睛》是著名美国黑人女作家托妮·莫里森的代表作之一，作品中突出描绘了黑人女性在美国社会中的痛苦经历，反映了种族歧视与性别歧视交织的社会现象。
本论文将从生态女权主义的视角出发，对《最蓝的眼睛》进行深入解读。
生态女权主义强调自然界与人类环境的平衡和谐，以及女性在保护环境中的重要角色，对于探讨人类与自然、人类与社会的关系，以及女性在这些关系中所处的地位都具有重要的现实意义。
研究内容和方法：本论文将从以下三个方面进行研究：1.探讨作品中自然环境和社会环境的关系。
作品中描述了黑人女性生活的社会环境极其恶劣，同时隐含了自然环境的破坏与失衡与社会环境的息息相关。
2.分析作品中人与自然的关系。
作品主人公洛瑞娜的孩提时代经历了大量的自然景观描写，引发读者对于自然、生命与人类的关系的思考。
3.剖析女性在保护环境中的重要性。
作品中的女性人物对于自然环境的保护有着重要的意义，说明女性在环境保护中发挥的积极作用。
本论文将采用批评性文本分析方法，对文本进行多层次的解读，视角包括生态文学、文化研究、女性主义和环境研究，通过对作品的细致解读，探究作品中包含的深层次的社会和生态信息。
预期研究结果：本论文通过分析《最蓝的眼睛》中生态女权主义的个性化呈现，帮助读者更好地理解问题所在，并由此建立对于环境和社会的更加全面和深刻的认识，为推进女性权利与环境保护事业提供具有启示性的思路和方法。
同时，论文还有望加深对于托妮·莫里森的作品和生态女权主义的理论研究。
《最蓝的眼睛》中乔利的悲剧探析
摘要：托妮·莫里森的《最蓝的眼睛》通过描写一位名叫佩科拉的黑人小女孩的悲剧展现了在白人主流文化冲击下黑人的悲惨生活。
佩科拉的亲生父亲，乔利，虽说是造成她的悲剧的直接推手，但同时也是种族主义的牺牲品。
本文以拉康镜像理论为依据探析乔利的悲剧命运，在认识自我、建立主体意识的过程中，乔利经历了想像界，象征界和真实界，正如拉康所指出的那样，自我的实质是他者，主体本质上是分裂的，最终造成了不可挽回的悲剧。
关键词：镜像，乔利，他者，悲剧拉康的镜像理论推翻了传统的自我主体的神话，认为主体实质上是分裂的，“所谓统一自主的自我不过是主体在想像界形成的虚幻镜像，必然会在象征秩序中遭到瓦解。
”[1](p133)他将主体的自我分裂分为三个境界：想像界，象征界和真实界。
关于三者之间的关“主体之破裂有如主体行进于两堵墙之间，一者希望在真实界追求满足，系，拉康如此比喻说，另一者希望在想像界追求满足，结果，欲望的主体经压制而转入‘地下的’象征系统内。
”[1](p133)主体通过识别自己在镜中（他者的反应）的意象形成自我意识，但处于想像界阶段的主体的自我意识，只能说是他者的误认，实际上只是一种幻觉、虚像。
经由象征界转向真实界，主体认为以自我为中心的自我的构成实质上是一种自我的异化，主体本质上是分裂的。
托妮·莫里森的处女作《最蓝的眼睛》主要描写的是一个普通的黑人小女孩佩科拉的悲惨故事。
尽管在书中莫里森几乎没有直接地描述过白人，但处处隐含着美国白人对黑人的影响，特别是白人的主流文化和种族歧视对黑人在认识自我、构建自我主体意识的过程中造成的不良影响。
小说中佩科拉的父亲乔利虽说是女儿悲剧的直接推手，但他自身的悲剧命运同样令人叹息。
乔利在认识自我、构建男性自我主体意识的过程中，经历了“他者”的误认，自我的异化和主体的分裂，最终造成了不可挽回的悲剧结局。
一、想像界——“他者”的误认拉康认为，6至18个月的婴儿刚开始能够从镜子中，母亲或周围其他人的形象中意识到自身的存在，但这时婴儿所感知的自我是“基于残缺的自我体验与完整的镜像之间的想像关系之上，这种关系的影响持续终身，也是将来各种心理病态的来源。
论最蓝的眼睛中萨特式存在主义
描写困境、孤独、绝望、疯狂，对黑人社区恶劣的生存 环境进行思考，探讨人如何追求自身的超越性是莫里森小说 的一大主题，这也是存在主义的一个关键命题。莫里森的作 品不是“为了艺术而艺术”，她的作品将艺术与政治相结 合，这与萨特的文学介入说不谋而合。她说她写《最蓝的眼 睛》是为了向人们展示“在这个人人都不同程度地受害的世 上如何完整地生存”［３］Ｐ４０。这部作品所反映的哲学意义正与 萨特的存在主义哲学相吻合。
对于非洲人来说，现在的世界是痛苦的世界，生命的悲 剧性存在无法摆脱，必须面对和承认，但是个体可以通过自 己的主观努力，实现自我的价值，逃避只能是无路可走。然 而佩科拉的母亲葆琳受白人文化毒害太深，无法意识到这一 点。葆琳尽管过着黑人正常的生活，但是她渴望白人社会的 生活模式，她宁愿忘记自己的身份沉迷于电影里“体面的生 活”，把自己打扮得像个电影明星；她将自己的情感于教堂 中排遣，因为教堂被西方文化认为是清心寡欲的圣地；她把
bluest eye 最蓝的眼睛 英语小论文
Eco-feminism Reflected in The Bluest EyeI. Brief introduction of the authorIn 1993，a black woman took off the crown of Nobel Prize for literature. She is Toni Morrison, who is the first black women writer in the history of America. Her works, most conce rned with black female‟s life, spiritual world and destiny, root deeply in the reality of the black human beings searching for living space and self- identity under the pressure of the white human beings values. Morrison, therefore, gained high praise in the literature for her great literary and artistic talent and unique, deep description of American black females‟ lives.Her first novel The Bluest Eye was published in 1970,which made her become famous .then she published six major novels—Sula (1973), Song of Solomon(1977), Tar Baby(1981), Beloved(1987),Jazz(1992) and Paradise(1998), Toni Morrison has placed black women‟s existence, feelings, life and experience as her major theme. She fought for these human beings who are at the marginal status. Throughout her writing career, Morrison devoted all her creative contributions to the black.II. Brief introduction of the novelThe 1960s “Black is Beautiful” movement has a deep influence on The Bluest Eye. Toni Morrison sets the story of The Bluest Eye at a time when black people are denied by powerful white society.In the novel , Morrison mold many characters of black women .The heroin is a little black girl called Pecola who needs blue eyes and believes white are beautiful, but the story is a nightmare for her asking for blue eyes and as a result, she is insane. Pecola has a wrong perception of herself longing for white beauty. She believes she is ugly. She believes if she had bluest eyes, she would be loved by her parents, her classmates and all the others. Finally, she begins to lose the black identity and owns the beautiful big blue eyes which only she can see. The narrator is another black girl called Claudia, who is completely different from Pecola and who searches for her own values. Eventually, on one hand, the braveblack women are the survivals; on the other hand, the pursuit of false self-identity ends as a tragedy.With the development of the literary criticism, the scholars study Morrison and her works mainly with the theory of the psychoanalytic, the postcolonial, the deconstruction, feminism and so on. What I will use is the eco-feminism, which connected tightly with the nature.III. My own insightPecola, was ruined, by whom? Those black boys? The white stars? Her father, Cholly? Actually it was because of the social system, the value system and the aesthetic standard with the social discrimination came into being in America. That‟s the root of Pecola‟s tragedy. In fact, black people have their own culture and values. If they can stick to and live with their own culture, the tragedy may be avoided. This innocent girl should have lived happily under the black people culture.There is another vital reason to cause the tragedy of her. It is that she is full of cowardice and doesn‟t have a str ong faith. When she was conscious, she was torturous. She wants to be loved. Maybe somebody will say that the tragedy is because of her terrible family. But there are still some people treat her good and give her love such as Claudia, Frieda ,their mother and three cynical whores. But her weak heart can only see those bad things on her. So self-destroyed is also an important factor. What a satire, illusion becomes a person‟s savior. On the contrary, Claudia chooses a different way. The doll which was given to Claudia as birthday present was a white girl, white skin and a pair of big blue eyes. She tears the doll and hates them. She never despised herself. So she is the real survivor.IV. Combined with eco-feminismEco-feminism is the social movement that regards the oppression of women and nature as interconnected. It is one of the few movements and analyses that actually connect two movements. More recently, ecofeminist theorists have extended their analyses to consider theinterconnections between sexism, the domination of nature (including animals), and also racism and social inequalities. Consequently it is now better understood as a movement working against the interconnected oppressions of gender, race, class and nature.Ecofeminists explore the intersectionality between sexism, the domination of nature, racism, speciesism, and other characteristics of social inequality.Morrison uses various views to tell the relations of human and nature, men and women, and complicated different racial cultures，so the ecofeminism will lead a better understanding of her work, the bluest eye. Now I will mainly talk about the relations of natural images and black female.1.Four seasonsAs for harmony between man and nature, Morrison chooses a very representativeness image that is the changeable season. Morrison connects this kind of change with the sufferings of the black girl, thereby, sets off the contradictions, conflicts and misfortune that black women has suffered under the white culture. The author Use the four seasons as the mainly natural image, is on the purpose to tell that black women …s tragic fate is just like the cycle of the seasons ,inevitable and independent of man's will .,at the same time it deeply reveal the source of the social culture that brings the pains to the black women. What should we pay more attention, also is most different from others, is that Morrion changes the order of the seasons as autumn, winter, spring and summer .this reverse trick not only implies the white press their values and standard of beauty on the blavk , but also symbolize the reverse of the truth and disorder of the women‟s fate. What‟s more, it reveals t hat if the black accept the extremist ideas and life style of the white, they would lose themselves and get the mental distortion.Autumn should be a harvest time. Pecola gets ministration and turn to be mature and want to be loved. But what she gets? Her family is totally mass, parents quarrel and fight every day and nobody payattention to her. She also becomes the laughing stock of others around her. People think she is too ugly because of the deep dark color. And her own kinds also curse and mock her. This merciless world has hurt the girl deeply. unkind winter is coming, the pains are going on, the boys mock her with “black e mo black e mo, your daddy sleeps nicked”, and the new girl in school named Maureen peal who is loved by all others also strike her heart with full malice. To make things worse, the spring is coming.springshould be a lively season with hope, but totally different, her mother completely ignores her and do best to the white girl. Her biological father, rapes her, which destroys her to the full. When the lovely summer is coming, she gives a dead baby. Just like the society refuse this innocent life. Four seasons won‟t stop here. It will circle again and again, pains will Increase endless.2.MarigoldsMarigolds, is the symbol of hope and life. Claudia and Frieda seed the marigolds but “there were no marigolds. That it was because Pecola was having her father‟s baby that the marigolds didn‟t grow.” “It never occurred to either of us that the earth itself might have been unyielding.” Marigolds are tied up with the women‟s destiny. They are beautiful .the nature and women both have the ability to give birth but they are oppressed. Marigolds didn‟t grow, not the only ones did not sprout, and nobody‟s did. We can see the whole land of the black ar e sacrifice of the violence and oppression of white racial and culture. Pecola is just a representive; the dead baby is the death of hope.3.DandelionsDandelions, at first pecola thinks they are beautiful and love them, but people treat it as weeds and think it is ugly. Her heart melted with pity of them. She shows her love for nature. As for the black women they are also beautiful and are a part of nature. She doesn‟t know why she is ugly. She has the sense of herself. But others think she is ugly .after the cold eyes of the host of grocery store, she think dandelions are most ugly weeds. She also lost herself. Her view has transferred gradually . Shefeels ashamed for herself. It equals that she give up the nature and also herself. We can see how harmful the injustice society, just like poison corrupt the innocent heart of the black.4.CatAnimals are also parts of the nature. In the story, there is a innocent cat which is also has a tragedy ending just like pecola .Cats and women, are all disadvantaged groups and have the familiar fate..it was a cat of Geraldine .But her son Junior hates it very much and bully Pecola with the cat. Both of the cat and Pecola was the weaker that are teased and persecuted by the boy. Finally the cat died. The innocent life is dead.References:［1］梁志健．自然意象在《最蓝的眼睛》中的象征意义［J］．湖北教育学院学报，2007，［2］王晓春．《最蓝的眼睛》———精神生态困境下的悲剧与解救［J］．文学教育，2008，( 11) ．［3］Eco-feminism 维基百科。
试析《最蓝的眼睛》中的神话运用
试析《最蓝的眼睛》中的神话运用
最蓝的眼睛是波西米亚作家卡罗琳贝尔特斯著作的一部童话集，故事的主要内容描述了一个叫娜思的少女和她的童年伙伴卡梅隆的
神话经历。
该故事充满了神秘、不可思议的元素，很大程度上受到了神话故事的启发与影响。
在最蓝的眼睛中，卡罗琳贝尔特斯通过丰富多彩的神话元素让读者沉浸在美丽的虚幻世界中，感受到超越现实世界的自由和富有想象力。
在这个世界中，传说中的神灵降临娜思家中，带给她那种神奇的力量，从而拯救他们免遭令人恐惧的灾难。
而卡梅隆，作为娜思的童年伙伴，也有着令人惊叹的神话色彩，他利用自身的灵魂能力去对抗邪恶的恶魔，发挥了出人头地的英勇作为，使一切灾难得以克服，使危险的力量被驱散。
此外，书中还描述了娜思对神话世界的奇妙探索，她通过探索发现了神话世界中未曾被发现的秘密，从而有助于她成功完成艰巨的任务。
这暗示了神话元素对角色个人发展的重要作用。
更重要的是，神话是娜思和卡梅隆在旅程中获得一致性的力量。
这表明，神话元素是一种超越于现实的觏约，可以帮助角色实现自我改变和发展。
总之，《最蓝的眼睛》中神话运用的运用是多方面的。
它不仅是故事中重要的元素，具有超自然的意义，还能帮助角色发展成长，找到自我实现的力量。
从而，神话在故事情节中发挥了极大的作用，令故事充满了魔幻的气息。
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关于《最蓝的眼睛》中的非洲传统意义的上帝论文
《最蓝的眼睛》中的非洲传统意义的上帝论文关于《最蓝的眼睛》中的非洲传统意义的上帝论文关于《最蓝的眼睛》中的非洲传统意义的上帝论文论文关键词：莫里森最蓝的眼睛非洲文化上帝论文摘要：通过对莫里森的小说《最蓝的眼睛》中浓郁的非洲文化气息的评述，向人们展示出昨洲传统意义上的上帝的形象与西方的上帝相去甚远，它在美籍黑人的生活中起着重要的作用。
从而别析了莫里森的小说中非洲文化传统的深刻意义:如果黑人放弃自身文化，迷失在白人文化中，只能造成人生的恶剧。
一、非洲文化传统的重要内容之一:异于西方观念的上帝的形象美国黑人作家对美国文学的发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献，黑人文学己经成为美国文学及美国文化不可或缺的组成部分。
托尼·莫里森于1993年获诺贝尔文学奖，成为历史上该奖的唯一黑人女性得主。
“她在创作过程中致力于保持和弘扬黑人文化，使作品深深根植于美国黑人独特的历史传说和现实生活中，始终以表现和探索黑人的历史命运和精神世界为主题《最蓝的眼睛》以黑人小女孩作为故事的主角，通过描写在白人文化冲击下黑人心灵的扭曲，告诉读者:如果放弃黑人文化，迷失在白人的文化观念中，只能造成人生的悲剧。
在美国，黑人文化处于劣势。
莫里森强调，黑人民族要生存下去，除了拥有政治权利和经济独立以外，必须保留住黑人文化。
《最蓝的眼睛》这部作品本身则始终充满了浓郁的非洲文化特色，其中，非洲传统的上帝的形象是点睛之笔。
二、非洲民俗和传说中的上帝在西方传统里，上帝自己是完美的，所以他要求他创造出的人类也应该完美。
不同于欧美的上帝形象.非洲传说和神话里的神的形象既非确定也非万能，而是更接近凡夫俗子，甚至有些时候对生活中的灾难也无可奈何。
他通常表现为在外貌、性格和能力等各方面和人很类似的形象。
他有和人类一样的面孔，性格可爱，有幽默感，偶尔也会犯错误。
他总是在尽力使世界更美好，但是很多时候他并不知道他正在做什么。
“这种传说里的神的形象不仅被看做人类的创造者，而且也被看作人类的祖先，因此他就具有很多他的不完美的‘作品’—人类—的特点，这与西方的万能的、从不犯错误的、鄙夷人类缺点的上帝完全不同。
蓝色霸权下的身份建构—论《最蓝的眼睛》中的“蓝色”意象
蓝色霸权下的身份建构—论《最蓝的眼睛》中的“蓝色”意象摘要：《最蓝的眼睛》是诺贝尔文学奖获得者托尼·莫里森的第一部小说。
《最蓝的眼睛》描述了生活于霸权环境中的非裔美国女性的逆境，她们遭受着来自白人霸权社会和黑人群体内部父权制双重压迫。
本文以蓝色意象为切入点，通过分析蓝色的象征意义进而指出非裔美国黑人女性应在艰巨的生存环境中反思黑人传统文化底蕴，重塑黑人女性自我身份。
论文关键词：托尼·莫里森,《最蓝的眼睛》,蓝色,象征意义在几乎所有的莫里森小说中，黑人民众凄惨的命运以及黑人文化与白人文化之间的冲突都成为其永恒的主题。
在白人强势文化的冲击下，黑人传统文化在一定程度上受到了腐蚀，一些黑人甚至开始排斥甚至舍弃自己的文化传统。
如何处理黑人文化和白人文化的关系，并爱护和进展本民族的文化传统，这一直是莫里森在其作品中所要探讨的问题。
本文拟以《最蓝的眼睛》中的“蓝色”意象为切入点，通过分析蓝色意象的多重象征意义，透视出黑人女性的生存逆境。
白人关于黑人的种族鄙视和文化霸权是如影随形﹑无处不在的。
“蓝眼睛”和“蓝莓汁”象征种族鄙视和白人文化霸权对黑人女性的戕害，而“蓝色”布鲁斯音乐则象征着黑人文化传统，它也是黑人女性寻求自身乃至黑人民族解放的号角。
在它的指引和号召下，黑人女性才能团结一致在白人文化霸权的洪流中重建自我身份并获得新生。
2.从“蓝眼睛”中窥视黑人女性生存逆境—种族鄙视和白人文化霸权蓝眼睛是白人独有的标志，它能够用来象征白人对黑人的种族鄙视。
种族鄙视是指依照种族把人们分割成不同的社会阶层从而加以区别对待的行为，换言之，确实是用异样的眼光看待黑人。
小说中要紧表现为白种人对黑种人的鄙视即用蓝眼睛看待黑人。
种族鄙视表达在小说《最蓝的眼睛》中，充满在整个黑人社区，专门大程度上酿成了整个黑人民族的悲剧。
小说中有多处如此的例子。
如从佩克拉到杂货店买糖所遭受的冷遇便可见一斑：“她脱下鞋从里面拿出三美分。
论《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人女性成长的困境
038［摘 要］《最蓝的眼睛》是20世纪杰出的非裔黑人女作家托尼·莫里森的处女作。
小说以黑人女性为视角，有力刻画了黑人女性在白人主流文化的冲击下，成长过程中痛苦的精神磨难和扭曲的心路历程。
莫里森通过这部小说深刻揭示了白人文化霸权下的黑人女性成长危机，并指出重塑黑人身份对于黑人女性摆脱成长苦难的重要性。
［关 键 词］《最蓝的眼睛》；黑人女性；白人文化金 哲论《最蓝的眼睛》中黑人女性成长的困境一、白人主流文化的侵蚀白人通过学校、文化机构、大众传媒等手段传播并强化他们的文化价值观。
这些手段建构了他们充满种族歧视的白人霸权意识：白人崇高而美丽；黑人堕落且丑陋。
不幸的是，这一点被那些与自身文化疏远的黑人所认同，因此他们在生理和心理上受到了双重控制。
黑人的无能表现恰恰反映了白人文化霸权的地位，这种霸权阴险而毒害着黑人的生活。
通过这种方式，白人对黑人实行有效的统治。
学校作为最重要的教育机构之一，在影响学生对自己、家庭、社区和国家的看法方面起着举足轻重的作用。
对教育系统的控制和操纵成为社会支配者向被支配者灌输思想的有力手段。
在《最蓝的眼睛》中，狄克与简的故事是美国白人中产阶级文化的一个经典版本，通过学校初级课程，其中的一部分作为某些章节的标题，白人文化为克劳迪娅·麦克蒂尔的故事提供了背景。
在小说中，莫里森也把焦点转向好莱坞和流行文化作为白人展示种族优越思想的渠道。
她揭示了戈宾诺的学说是如何在20世纪40年代的文化形象中被具体化为身体美的表现。
音乐公告牌、杂志、洋娃娃、秀兰·邓波儿的电影充斥着《最蓝的眼睛》。
好莱坞强化了18世纪与19世纪种族主义的束缚，并含蓄地阐述了戈比诺的学说，即白人种族在美的方面优于其他种族；人类群体在美上是不平等的，这种不平等是合理的、永久并不可磨灭的。
莫里森用秀兰·邓波和主人公佩科拉的对比来强调黑人经历的讽刺。
由于渴望成为邓波，佩科拉否认了自己黑人的身份。
《最蓝的眼睛》中边缘人形象分析
中文摘要托尼·莫里森是美国著名的黑人女作家，也是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的黑人女作家。
《最蓝的眼睛》作为莫里森的第一部作品，一经出版就赢得了广泛的关注与讨论。
该书将视角投向了处于社会边缘地带的黑人家庭，塑造了布里德洛夫一家三口不同层面的边缘化人物形象。
这些鲜明的人物形象是社会主流意识形态下边缘群体的缩影。
本文试图运用美国边缘人理论来分析小说黑人家庭中父亲乔利，母亲宝林，女儿佩克拉三者在道德，文化，及精神方面的边缘人形象，试图挖掘三种边缘人形象的成因及表现，探讨在恶劣环境下边缘人人性的发展与心理危机，总结其小说创作的艺术价值与意义。
小说描述了三个黑人家庭成员在白人主流文化下产生的不同层面的边缘人形象。
作为道德的边缘人，黑人父亲乔利从小被抛弃，年少时期道德标杆的缺失造成了他是非观念的空白。
来自白人世界的侮辱造成了他极端的自卑心理，后期黑人社会与其家庭的冷漠更是加剧了他道德意识的沦丧和善恶观念的扭曲。
在酒精的作用下，乔利完全沦为了本能和欲望的野兽。
他性侵了自己的女儿，虐待自己的妻子，最终从无能的受害者彻底沦为道德败坏的施害者。
作为文化的边缘人，黑人母亲宝林毅然决然地抛弃了自己的黑人家庭，主动切断了同黑人文化的联系并极度向往和推崇白人文化。
但是因为种族歧视，宝林却始终无法得到白人主流文化的认可。
即使宝林主动迎合白人文化标准，接受白人的审美观念，但是她的存在价值仅仅只是附属品女仆身份，最终宝林沦为了不黑不白的文化边缘人。
年仅11岁的黑人女孩佩克拉从心智正常的失语者沦为了精神边缘的疯子，走向了精神世界的边缘化。
破裂的家庭环境的忽视，学校师生的歧视及社会环境的冷漠造成了佩克拉精神的崩溃，人格的分裂。
因此她疯狂盲目地追求所谓的蓝色眼睛，最终丧失了理性思维，走向了精神层面的癫狂。
本文通过对三种边缘人类型及特征的划分，总结不同角色因种族，文化，性别对其边缘人形象形成的原因，揭示了莫里森对弱势的边缘黑人人性的挖掘，传递了莫里森对弱势边缘黑人命运的悲悯及关怀。
《最蓝眼睛》黑人异化论文
《最蓝眼睛》黑人异化论文摘要：最蓝的眼睛中，莫里森没有回避黑人的劣根性，书中塑造的每一个主要人物都有很大的性格缺陷，存在着“精神失常”、“人格分裂”、“性格扭曲”等心理问题。
莫里森将白人与黑人的文化冲突与心理分析结合起来，探索了黑人人性异化的主题，更加深刻地揭示黑人劣根性形成的根源，美国白人种族主义对黑人经济、政治及精神上的压迫及对白人文化优越性的宣传，使得黑人否认自我主体性，丧失自我的文化意识。
莫里森对异化现象的描写向人们展示“在这个人人都不同程度地受害的世上如何完整地生存”，而且强调了除了拥有政治权利和经济独立以外，黑人要保持和热爱黑人的文化和传统，寻找人的主体性、自由性和人性，反映出她以探索黑人的精神世界为己任的文学创作观，呼唤着黑人文化的自我回归和黑人类本质的回归。
一、引言异化是德国古典哲学中的一个术语，后被黑格尔和马克思发展成异化理论。
人具有类本质，即主体性和人性，指导和支配客体。
可是在一定的外界条件下客体也会反过来作用于主体，使主体丧失了主体性和人性，从而导致人与自身的异化，人和人之间的异化。
在小说《最蓝的眼睛》中，异化是黑人群体中普遍存在的社会现象。
非裔美国人渴望认同白人文化，又需要保持自身的黑人文化传统。
因此，他们总是在自我和被异化之间痛苦地挣扎着。
《最蓝的眼睛》通过一个黑人小女孩佩科拉精神分裂的悲惨遭遇，控诉了白人的意识形态对黑人的精神造成的异化，揭示了美国的社会体制才是导致美国黑人人格异化的真正元凶。
二、自我的异化1.父亲乔利的自我异化乔利从小就被母亲遗弃，又得不到父亲的承认，之前在第一次性行为时又遭到白人侮辱。
经历这一番被遗弃、遭屈辱的事件后，乔利成了黑人社区的流浪儿，白人“物”化黑人的受害者。
他逐步疏离了社会中人的责任感，变得“自由得吓人。
自由地享受他能感受的一切——恐惧、悔恨、羞愧、爱恋、悲伤、怜悯。
自由地表示爱怜，表示暴怒，自由地吹口哨，自由地哭泣。
……只剩下他自己的感官与胃口，他感兴趣的只有这两者。
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Racial Discrimination and Surging Desire in the Bluest Eye Abstract: As one of the most outstanding black writers in contemporary American literature，Toni Morrison is the first African American woman winner of the Nobel Prize for literature. The Bluest Eye is her first novel, which establishes her literary reputation as a renowned black writer. Her works always explore and reflect the black’s destiny. This easy focuses on internalized racism which leads to deep hurt on the black. And in this environment, the undercurrent of desire popples fiercely.Key words: Toni Morrison; The black; Racial discrimination; Surging desire摘要：作为美国文坛中一位杰出的黑人作家，托尼.莫里森是第一位获得诺贝尔文学奖的黑人女作家。
《最蓝的眼睛》是她的第一本小说，奠定了她在文坛上的地位，使她成为一个有名的黑人作家。
她的作品都以探索和反映黑人命运为主题。
本文主要讨论的是内化的种族主义对黑人造成的心灵创伤，并且在这种环境下，欲望的横流汹涌澎湃。
关键词：托尼.莫里森；黑人；种族歧视；欲望横流1. BackgroundThe Bluest Eye is a 1970 novel by American author Toni Morrison. It is Morrison's first novel, written while Morrison was teaching at Howard University and was raising her two sons on her own. The story is about a year in the life of a young black girl in Lorain, Ohio named Pecola. It takes place against the backdrop of America's Midwest as well as in the years following the Great Depression. At that time, although slave system had been cancelled, the black had been unable to get rid of racial discrimination that exists in every corner of American society. The Bluest Eye is told from the perspective of Claudia MacTeer as a child and an adult, as well as from a third person omniscient viewpoint. Claudia and Frieda MacTeer live in Ohio with their parents. The MacTeers take in a boarder, Mr. Henry and Pecola. The protagonist of the novel, Pecola is a troubled young girl with a hard life. Her parents are constantly fighting, both physically and verbally. Pecola is continually being told and reminded of what an “ugly” girl she is, thus fueling her desire to be a Caucasian girl with blue eyes. Throughout the novel it is revealed that not only has Pecola had a life full of hatred and hardships, but her parents have as well. Pecola’s mother, Pauline only feels alive and happy when she is working for a rich white family. Her father, Cholly, is a drunk who was left with his aunt when he was young and ran away to find his father, who wanted nothing to do with him. Both Pauline and Cholly eventually lost the love they once had for one another. While Pecola is doing dishes, her father rapes her. His motives are unclear and confusing, seemingly a combination of both love and hate. Cholly flees after the second time he rapes Pecola, leaving her pregnant. The entire town of Lorain turns against her, except Claudia and Frieda. In the end Pecola’s child is born prematurely and dies. Claudia and Frieda give up the money they had been saving and plant flower seeds in hopes that if the flowers bloom, Pecola's baby will live; the marigolds never bloom. Pecola always eagers to have a pair of blue eyes and hope this pair of eyes gets her out of the pain of life. However, atthe end of the story, tortured Pecola goes mad, believing that her cherished wish has been fulfilled and that she has the bluest eyes.2. The reason of racial discriminationWhite people have strong racial discrimination to the black. We easily find the reason in the history. First, there is the existence of an institutionalized racism. Although it had ben legally cancelled. But it showed us that before the policy the United States government has defined the black culture, behavior and morality of completely negative. This determines the black cannot escape the influence of racism. Second, there exists the performance of black discrimination in the provision of an excuse. Black people have their own reasons, many black people themselves for the performance of the Government to implement its policies of racial discrimination in the provision of a pretext.In addition, there are black people, in particular, a number of black women, who used to rely on government relief of life, nothing.3. Influence of racial discriminationA. Imperceptible change on aestheticsThroughout the novel, the concept that whiteness is superior is everywhere. White people think their skin is more beautiful than the black. Sadly, the black people have accepted white standards of beauty, thinking Maureen’s light skin to be attractive and Pecola’s dark skin to be ugly. The adoration of the Shirley Temple doll given to Claudia also proved it. And we can see that Pauline Breedlove’s preference for the little white girl she cares for. The person who suffers most from white beauty standards is Pecola. She believes that if she has a pair of blue eyes her life will full of respect and love, instead of bias and abuse. In her mind, it’s the simple of having a bright happy future. However, strong desire just destroys her. It’s one of the most vital facts which lead to the tragedy.B.Profound damage on everyone’s lifeIn the novel, the Chollys are always victims of racial discrimination. They suffer from the loneliness, humiliation, prejudice and the violence. Even one’s life has been changed because of this. It can’t be hard to find that all of these terrible things extend from generation to generation. And Pecola is the most obvious candidate for our sympathy because she undergoes a shocking amount of abuse. Thomas Merton said, “ the truth that many people never understand, is that the more you try to avoid suffering, the more you suffer, because smaller and more insignificant things begin to torture you." At school, school boys humiliate her by making fun of her father and want her to absorb their self-hatred. A group of boys circle around her and scream, “Black e mo. Black a mo., Yadaddy sleeps necked”, defensively ignoring the color of their own skins. They forget that they are black, too. What they do is just an admittance of the insecurity that they have about their own identities. What’s more, Pecola sits alone. And teachers ignore her. Worse, even at home, Pecola can’t get a little love and care. Her mother thinks she is ugly and prefers the white baby who she looks after as a baby-sitting in a white family. Continuingly, she is forced to witness her parent’s quarrels, she is tormented by Junior, she is raped by her father, and she is used by Soaphead Church.Pecola had a life full of hatred and hardships, but her parents have as well. Pauline,her mother, has a lame foot and has always felt isolated. She loses herself in movies, which reaffirm her belief that she is ugly and that romantic love is reserved for the beautiful. She encourages her husband’s violent behavior in order to reinforce her own role as a martyr. She feels most alive when she is at work, cleaning a white woman’s home. She loves this home and despises her own. Cholly, Pecola’s father, was abandoned by his parents and raised by his great aunt, who died when he was a young teenager. He was humiliated by two white men who found him having sex for the first time and made him continue while they watched. He ran away to find his father but was rebuffed by him. By the time he met Pauline, he was a wild and rootless man. He feels trapped in his marriage and has lost interest in life. Later, he rapes Pecola with the mixed emotions of love and hatred. After Pecola miscarries of her pregnancy, Cholly rapes her again. What happens in Pauline and Cholly make them sensible. They can’t take good care of themselves. Their values still haven’t shape well. So how can Pecola have a happy life? We can imagine that good parents will have good children. But their family obviously has no fortune.4.Surging DesireA number of characters seem always hide their desires; maybe are the normal bodily needs or some abnormal desires. Geraldine prefers cleanness and order. She can’t tolerate anything about messiness of sex. It makes she becomes indifferent as a result. Similarly, Pauline indulged in leaning and organizing the house of a while family and even had little care of her family. She forgets to show her affection to her husband and daughter. Lacking of mother love leads Pecola tragic ending of life. What’s more, Soaphead Church is very disgusted to human body. And such peculiarity not only leads to preference for objects but also makes he had special affection to little girls. In the book, there is much distortion of human nature. Owing to the denial of the desire, people become another one and lost themselves.We shouldn’t suppress our needs. Of course, neither can we pour the desire casually. However in the book, Cholly can’t control himself. It embodied in Cholly rapes her daughter this thing. One Saturday afternoon, drunken Cholly returnes home and see the daughter Pecola is washing dishes in the kitchen. Disgust, guilt, pity and love all of these are mixed in Cholly’s heart. Scene that Pecola scratches by the thumb of foot reminds Cholly the past he spent happily with Pauline. Gradually, it leads to the initiation of sexual desire. On the other hand, Pecola does not revolt eventually leads to the tragedy. Precisely because of his irreversible mistake, his daughter has a miserable life. It’s a mistake that has no doubt presented darkness of human nature. In contrast, Frieda’s experience is less painful than Pecola’s because her parents immediately come to her rescue, playing the appropriate role of protector. How important the parents mean to their children. Considering Cholly’s childhood and adolescent, we may be more forgiving to him. Cholly is abandoned by his parents. The lack of love nutrition afflicts little Cholly’s heart. In the process of growth, he suffers whites insult; it can be said to him buried violence. With the fall of the deep-rooted bad habits Cholly became another one. It is not difficult to explain the possibility of tragedy and will Nature. This tragedy is not isolated cases, but such as four seasons cycle kike occurs in each generation of black body.No matter how messy and sometimes violent human desire is, it is also the origin of happiness. Read carefully, it is clear that many characters are getting happiness by reliving their desire. These experiences satisfy their body needs and know more about sexuality. Claudia prefers to have her sense indulged by wonderful scents, sounds, and tastes than to be given a hard white doll. Cholly’s greatest happiness is eating the best part of a watermelon and touching a girl for the first time. Pauline’s happiest memory is of sexual fulfillment with her husband. To a large degree, The Bluest Eye is about the pleasures and dangers of sexual initiation. At that time, parents wouldn’t teach the children what is sex. At the age of right time, they explore the difference of man and women. It’s the nature of human being. Only follow the nature people develop smoothly.5. ConclusionToni Morrison said, “I wrote the Bluest Eye because someone would actually be apologetic about the fact that their skin was so dark…so the book was about to taking it in, before we all decide that we are all beautiful, and have always been beautiful; I wanted to speak on the behalf of those who didn’t catch this right away. I was deeply concerned about the feeling of being ugly.” Through the tragedy of Pecola, Morrison strives to expose the damages caused by the racial discrimination and strong condemns the oppression of the blacks by white mainstream culture. More importantly, the book shows us different perspectives towards such difficult dilemma. Claudia’s brave and kind, Cholly’s cruelty, Pauline’s cold and carelessness and Pecola’s innocence, all of these rich the level of theme. In addition, the undercurrent of desire flows and flows. The people who depress their desire get their heart distorted. The people who expose the body needs causally results the bitter life of the victim and himself. Only the people who relive their needs appropriately get happiness. We can explore many more themes from different ways .In a word; it’s really a meaningful book.。