容易犯的语法错误

1 . Sentence fragments

Make sure each word group you have punctuated as a sentence contains a grammatically complete and independent thought that can stand alone as an acceptable sentence.

我们经常看到句子成分不全，或者两个句子不加任何连词的用在一起的情况，出现这种情况的原因有以下几方面：

1）句子太长

2）还不清楚两个完整的句子不能排在一起而不加任何连词。

还有一种情况是一个完整的单句带有连词，却没有主句。或者将一个主从句断裂开了。

3.）句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明的情况下。

例There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.

本句后半部分“for example by TV, radio,newspaper and so on .”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。

Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.

改正：

Tests of the Shroud of Turin have produced some curious findings. For example, the cloth contains the pollen of forty-eight plants native to Europe and the Middle East.

原句：

Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption. Although caffeine does cause convulsions （惊厥）and death in certain animals.

改正：

Scientists report no human deaths due to excessive caffeine consumption, although caffeine does cause convulsions and death in certain animals.

2. Sentence sprawl

Too many equally weighted phrases and clauses produce tiresome sentences.

过犹不及，虽然我们强调句子要有一定的复杂性，但是实际上专家从来不主张过长的句子，读者也不爱看。

Sentence sprawl

The hearing was planned for Monday, December 2, but not all of the witnesses could be available, so it was rescheduled for the following Friday, and then all the witnesses could attend.

[There are no grammatical errors here, but the sprawling sentence does not communicate clearly and concisely.]

改正：

The hearing, which had been planned for Monday, December 2, was rescheduled for the following Friday so that all witnesses would be able to attend.

3. Misplaced and dangling modifiers

Place modifiers near the words they describe; be sure the modified words actually appear in the sentence. 同一个修饰语置于句子的不同位置，可能会引起句子含义的变化。

E.g. I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside the campus.

原句

Many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m.

改正：

Every day from 9:00 a.m. until 5:00 p.m., many tourists visit Arlington National Cemetery, where veterans and military personnel are buried.

所谓dangling modifiers悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。

例1 At the age of ten, my grandfather died.

改为When I was ten, my grandfather died.

例2 To do well in college, good grades are essential.

剖析句中不定式短语to do well in college的逻辑主语不清楚。

改为To do well in college, a student needs good grades.

When writing a proposal, an original task is set for research.

改正：

When writing a proposal, a scholar sets an original task for research.

4、不一致（Disagreements）

所谓不一致不仅仅指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致、时态不一致及代词不一致等。

例When one have money, he can do what he want to do. 人一旦有了钱，他就能想干什么就干什么。 5、词性误用(Misuse of Parts of Speech)

“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等。

例None can negative the importance of money.

剖析negative 系形容词，误作动词。

改为None can deny the importance of money.

6、指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)

指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。

例1 Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。

改为Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.

例2 And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.

改为We can also know society by serving it ourselves.

7、不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)

Run-on sentences are sentences in which two main clauses are connected without a connecting word or punctuation between them.

例There are many ways we get to know the outside world.

剖析这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to know the outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。

改为There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.

Tom put a match to the papers the pile burst into flames. (run-on sentences)

1）.Make separate sentences of the two main clauses Tom put a match to the papers. The pile burst into flames.

2）.Use a coordinating conjunction and a comma to connect the two clauses (逗号+并列句) Tom put a match to the papers, and the pile burst into flames.

3）.Use a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb between the two clauses (分号+连接副词) Tom put a match to