新高考英语作文新题型(summary writing)

2019级高一英语学案
新高考英语作文新题型——概要写作
一. 概要写作题型特点
概要写作（summary），《牛津高阶英语词典》（第8 版）对它的定义如下:“A summary is a brief statement that gives only the main points of something not the details”。

也就是要求考生在整体把握原文的前提下，用自己简洁、精练的语言，对原文的主旨大意进行高度的浓缩，写出一篇语义连贯的短文，也可称之为摘要。

这一题型一方面考查学生通过阅读获取文章主旨大意和关键词的能力，另一方面也考查学生的写作能力即用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。

因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达的，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。

从《考试说明》上对概要写作的评分原则以及各档次的给分范围和要求的规定中，我们可以发现概要写作有以下特点：
客观性：概要写作其实是一种客观的复述，在正确理解原文的基础上，用自己的语言忠实地再现作者的思想，写作内容要全面，既不能漏掉任何要点，也不能随意增加内容；写作时要尽可能避免使用原文中的字句。

考生应通过释义的方式，用自己的语言呈现原文主要内容。

需要注意的是，考生不能对原文进行解释和评论，也不能掺杂任何个人想法，或做出任何评判，因此不能出现“I believe”, “I think”等字句。

简洁性：简洁是概要写作的一个显著特点。

概要写作是一种对原文“浓缩”后产生的新语篇，通过删除原文中的细节减少例证，简化描述内容以及去除重复来实现语言的简洁性，但是简洁的同时还要做到意义的完整。

连贯性：概要写作并不是写提纲那样只是要点的罗列。

写概要时，必须在各要点之间增加一些体现逻辑的关系词，使概要衔接紧密、脉络清晰。

写出的概要读起来要完整连贯、独立成篇。

二. 评分原则
《考试说明》中关于概要的评分原则中第一条：本题总分为25分，按5个档次给分；评分时，先根据所写概要的内容和语言初步确定其所属档次，然后以该档次的要求衡量、确定或调整档次，最后给分。

其中最高档次第五档（21-25分）的给分描述如下：理解准确，涵盖全部要点；能准确使用相应的语法结构和词汇；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使所完成的概要结构紧凑；完全使用自己的语言。

三. 解题思路
1. 通读全文，确定文体，明确文章结构，标出关键信息。

（注意区分事实和观点，重要和次要，普遍与特殊，相关和不相关信息，原因和结果等逻辑关系）
2. 改写，重组关键词。

用同义表达替换；分词短语，从句，语态转换整合信息；关键词可以不变。

（注意语言简练，客观）
3. 润色全文，连句成篇。

（尽可能恰当使用功能连接词）
从不同文体入手，解题思路如下：
记叙文：
1. 通读全文，寻词，摘句，定要素。

把握六要素who,when,where,what,how,why (5w1h) 和故事情节plot (引入---发展---高潮---结局---尾声)
引入（Exposition）: 作为故事的开端，主要交代故事的背景（时间，地点，人物，矛盾冲突）；
发展（Rising action）: 故事矛盾不断变化发展的过程；
高潮（Climax）：故事矛盾冲突的转折点，故事最紧张的部分;
结局（Falling action）: 故事发展的结局，矛盾最终的解决；
尾声（Resolution）: 故事结局的影响以及作者的总结思考。

尾声不是情节发展的必要部分，并非所有文章都必备。

2. 明确文章结构，整合信息。

保留改写重要信息，删减次要信息。

注意人称的转述，一般会把第一人称转述为第三人称。

记叙文一般是过去式。

但如若有体悟到的“启示，意义”时，一般用一般现在时。

语句的连贯性要强，如果事件按时间顺序发展，注意时间点的改写，如two years later，after two weeks…
3. 润色全文，连句成篇。

注意语句逻辑关系，功能连接词的恰当使用。

一般3，4个句子即可。

Meet The Member Who Quit Sugar
When I was 15, I weighed 100 kg.
I was a size 20+ and hated the way I looked. I was a serial big eater and quite depressed. I would sit in front of the fridge, eat something, move to the cupboard, eat a packet of chips, and move back to the fridge.
It was a heartbreaking cycle of hate and food. I didn’t feel confident, pretty, or worthwhile. Shopping made me cry, I avoided mirrors, and my social life came to an end. I actually lost friends because they told me I was antisocial. It became so bad that I wanted to abuse myself; my skin and
my mind became my enemy.①引入部分
But then, I turned my life around. I quit sugar.
It started with my mum. She staged an intervention (干预) that made me cry. I wanted to change - I needed to change - and she could see how unhappy I was.
She put me onto a diet that mostly aimed to schedule meals, and - to my shock horror - cut out all processed sugar. It was so hard at first. I remember the shame of sneaking chocolate and candies when the three o’clock hunger hits.②发展部分
But the weeks kept coming and it just got easier. I stopped eating sugar, and I stopped loving it; simple as that.
I substituted chips and biscuits for fruit and nuts, and had cup-of-soups after school when I was hit by the desire. I also had more energy, having a 20-minute walk with my dog into my everyday routine;
I began to love that personal time.
Cutting out sugar gave me so much more control over my body, and my outlook on life improved. So many people are intimidated by the words “quit sugar”. It’s not true. Fruit, honey, et cetera are natural sugars, and believe me, they fuel you better than chocolate bars ever could.③高潮部分
Now I’m 17, turning 18, and I weigh 70 kg. I still struggle with my weight, but this is where I sit naturally, and I am very proud of myself. I never thought I would be confident enough to wear dresses or skirts, and take leadership roles to put myself out there and develop my social skills.④结尾部分
I could never have done it without the support of my friends and family, and I urge everyone who wants to do right by themselves and change their diet - quitting sugar or otherwise - to share their decision with people. Develop a support network, online or offline, which can offer you advice or pick you up when you’re down. And I can assure you, from my own personal experience, your body will thank you, and you will thank yourself too.（446 words）⑤尾声部分
第一步：通读，划关键词
第二步：明确结构改写
①引入部分用due to或because of改写为
____________________________________________________________________________
②发展部分用with the help of her mom 改写为
____________________________________________________________________________
③高潮部分用despite 和get used to 改写为
____________________________________________________________________________
④结尾部分用比较级改写为
____________________________________________________________________________
⑤尾声部分改写为
____________________________________________________________________________
第三步润色全文，连句成篇（Summary）
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________
实战演练:
A shop owner placed a sign above his door that said: “Puppies For Sale.”
Signs like this always have a way of attracting young children, and to no surprise, a boy saw the sign and approached the owner; “How much are you going to sell the puppies for?” he asked.
The store owner replied, “Anywhere from $30 to $50.”
The little boy pulled out some change from his pocket. “I have $2.37,” he said. “Can I please look at them?”
The shop owner smiled and whistled. Out of the kennel came Lady, who ran down the aisle of his shop followed by five teeny, tiny balls of fur. One puppy was lagging considerably behind. Immediately the little boy singled out the lagging, limping puppy and said, “What’s wrong with that little dog?”
The shop owner explained that the veterinarian had examined the little puppy and had discovered it didn’t have a hip socket（膝盖骨）. It would always limp. It would always be lame. The little boy became excited. “That is the puppy that I want to buy.”
The shop owner said, “No, you don’t want to buy that little dog. If you really want him, I’ll just give him to you.”
The little boy got quite u pset. He looked straight into the store owner’s eyes, pointing his finger, and said; “I DON’T WANT YOU TO GIVE HIM TO ME. THAT LITTLE DOG IS WORTH EVERY BIT AS MUCH AS ALL THE OTHER DOGS AND I’LL PAY FULL PRICE. IN FACT, I’LL GIVE YOU $2.37 NOW, AND 50 CEN TS A MONTH UNTIL I HAVE HIM PAID FOR.”
The shop owner countered, “You really don’t want to buy this little dog. He is never going to be able to run and jump and play with you like the other puppies.” To his surprise, the little boy reached down and rolled up his pant leg to reveal a badly twisted, crippled left leg supported by a big metal brace. He looked up at the shop owner and softly replied, “Well, I don’t run so well myself, and the little puppy will need someone who understands!”
summary:
_______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
论说类文章：
1. 通读全文，明话题，划关键词，主旨句。

主旨句或句首，或句末，尤其注意转折连词后。

In the past a lot of people were reluctant to shop online. Many were worried about the security of entering their card details on the Internet and the reliability of the Internet. But with shopping online becoming more widespread, it hasn’t slowed down the increasing numbers of online shoppers. As the BBC reports ,average spending online this Christmas in America will rise to $240 or so.
➢Topic sentence:_________________________________________________________ We shouldn’t judge a person by their appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isn't the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
➢Topic sentence:_________________________________________________________
2.明确文章结构，整合信息。

论说类文章一般以自然段为基础，结构一般为：
topic（论点）---supporting sentences（论据）---结论（conclusion）
phenomenon (现象)—reasons（原因）
phenomenon (现象)—effects （影响）
phenomenon (现象)—solutions（解决办法）
3. 润色全文，连句成篇
W e shouldn’t judge a person by their appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isn't the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why?
A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they can't judge each other because of their clothes. It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable.
However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctor’s white coat. When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses. Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol, to make themselves easily identifiable to non-police officers or their colleagues who require assistance, and to quickly identify each other at crime scenes for ease of coordination. In fact, a lot of
companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.
But can our clothes really tell people what we are like? Maybe not, but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment. When people see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing. Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.
第一步通读全文，明话题，划关键词，主旨句。

第二步明确文章结构，整合信息。

第三步润色全文，连句成篇。

______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________
实战演练:
Shyness
If you suffer from shyness, you arenot alone, for shyness is a universal phenomenon. It is not surprising that social scientists are learning more about its causes.
The first environmental cause ofshyness many be a child’s home and family life. Today’s children are growing upin smaller and smaller families, with fewer and fewer relatives living nearby.Growing up in homes in which both parents work full time, children may not have the socializing experience of frequent visits by neighbours and friends.Because of their lack of social skills, they may begin to feel sociallyinhibited, or shy, when they start school.
A second environmental cause ofshyness in an individual may b e one’s culture. In a large study conducted inJapan,57 percent of participants rated themselves as shy. Researchers Henderson and Zimbardo say, “One expectation is that inJapanan individual performancesuccess is credited externally to parents, teachers, an d others, while failureis entirely blamed on the person.” Therefore Japanese learn not take risks inpublic and rely instead on group-shared decisions.
Technology may also play a role. In the United States,the number of young people who report being shy has risen from 40 percent to 50percent in recent years .Due to our huge advances in technology, watching television, playing video games, and surfing the Web have replaced recreational activities that involve social interaction for many young people. Adults, too,are
becoming more isolated as aresult of technology. Face-to-face interactions with bank clerks, gas station attendants, and shop assistants are no longer necessary because people can usemachines to do their banking, fill their gas tanks, and order goods. In short,they become shy.
It appears that most people have experienced shyness at some time in their lives. Therefore, if
you are shy, you have lots of company. （307words）
summary:
__________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________
清单二概要写作常用关联词
清单三方法技巧
概要写作是对考生综合能力的考查。

它既考查考生对文章的理解和概括能力,又考查在限定词汇内的表述能力。

所以,要做好概括写作,
考生必须:
一、读懂原文,把握各段要点
概要写作所提供的文章,一般是结构比较清楚明晰的议论文或说明文。

这样的文章,各段的段意很明确,而概括写作就是对这些段意的概括。

在写概要之前,一定要认真阅读文章,确保理解文章的主旨、文章的结构以及各段的段意。

在阅读文章的时候,要善于发现核心词和高频词。

这些词汇是概要写作的基础和核心。

二、以自然段为概括的基础
概要写作的特点决定了自然段的重要性。

各段的要点明确。

大多数情况下,一个自然段自成一个要点。

以自然段为基础概括会帮助我们不遗漏信息,判断主要信息。

当然,以自然段为基础概括并不是说一个自然段一定是一个要点。

有时几个自然段说明一个要点。

有时一个自然段包含数个要点。

三、细节信息可以略过
说明文和议论文中,为了表达观点和说明信息,文章需要提供一些具体的支持性的细节信息,如例举数字、举例、过渡句等。

这些属于补充和辅助信息。

在概要写作中不必一一列出。

四、核心词不必替换
说明文和议论文,尤其是说明文,会有一些核心词,这些词是文章的核心,概要时不要替换。

我们要清楚,核心词是文章的心脏,一般不宜换成其他词。

五、使用正确的时态
概要写作的体裁一般是说明文和议论文,因此一般的概括都要用现在时、完成时或将来时。

慎用过去时。

六、写作时句式要多样化
概要写作是书面化程度比较高的考查题目,因此其表述句式也要多样化。

因此可以酌情选择使用从句、非谓语等结构,合适的语法结构和丰富的词汇,将原文的要点连贯地组织起来。

尽管有字数的限制,但是,作为一段文字,在组织的过程中还是要注意应用合适的连接词。

在组织句子的时候,也要注意使用比较书面化的句子结构,如从句、分词词组、特殊结构等。

但句子结构不可过长,也不要使用太过复杂的句子结构。

七、努力扩充词汇量
尤其要注意积累同根词的不同形式。

用不同词性的同根词替代原词是概要写作的重要手段。

在概要写作中,有一条标准,即“对各要点表达的独立性情况”,也就是说,首先,各个要点要用独立的句子表述;其次,要使用自己的语言总结,不能照搬文章中的句子和结构。

这对词汇的要求很高。

因此,我们平时要注意词汇的积累。

八、合理使用句式转换
有时候,概要写作中会出现主旨句。

那么这种情况下,就要使用相应的句式替换方式。

如主动被动的互换、反向转换(主语和宾语互换)、从句和非谓语动词的转换等。